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396:, is determined by the spring's recharge basin. Factors that affect the recharge include the size of the area in which groundwater is captured, the amount of precipitation, the size of capture points, and the size of the spring outlet. Water may leak into the underground system from many sources including permeable earth, sinkholes, and
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The geothermally heated groundwater that flows from thermal springs is greater than human body temperature, usually in the range of 45–50 °C (113–122 °F), but they can be hotter. Those springs with water cooler than body temperature but warmer than air temperature are sometimes referred to
443:
Springs are often classified by the volume of the water they discharge. The largest springs are called "first-magnitude", defined as springs that discharge water at a rate of at least 2800 liters or 100 cubic feet (2.8 m) of water per second. Some locations contain many first-magnitude springs,
1034:
describes a young man who fell in love with his reflection in the still pool of a spring. Narcissus gazed into "an unmuddied spring, silvery from its glittering waters, which neither shepherds nor she-goats grazing on the mountain nor any other cattle had touched, which neither bird nor beast nor
793:
or bottled spring water. Springs have taken on a kind of mythic quality in that some people falsely believe that springs are always healthy sources of drinking water. They may or may not be. One must take a comprehensive water quality test to know how to use a spring appropriately, whether for a
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Springs fall into three general classifications: perennial (springs that flow constantly during the year); intermittent (temporary springs that are active after rainfall, or during certain seasonal changes); and periodic (as in geysers that vent and erupt at regular or irregular intervals).
700:, or run. Groundwater tends to maintain a relatively long-term average temperature of its aquifer; so flow from a spring may be cooler than other sources on a summer day, but remain unfrozen in the winter. The cool water of a spring and its branch may harbor species such as certain
228:
Non-artesian springs may simply flow from a higher elevation through the earth to a lower elevation and exit in the form of a spring, using the ground like a drainage pipe. Still other springs are the result of pressure from an underground source in the earth, in the form of
1146:
353:; they have a water temperature significantly higher than the mean air temperature of the surrounding area. Geysers are a type of hot spring where steam is created underground by trapped superheated groundwater resulting in recurring eruptions of hot water and steam.
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created a comprehensive series of photographs documenting the historical springs of New York City before they were capped by the city after the advent of the municipal water system. Smith later photographed springs in Europe leading to his book,
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typically occur at the lowest point in a given area. An artesian spring is created when the pressure for the groundwater becomes greater than the pressure from the atmosphere. In this case the water is pushed straight up out of the
381:
225:. This is possible even if the outlet is in the form of a 300-foot-deep (91 m) cave. In this case the cave is used like a hose by the higher elevated recharge area of groundwater to exit through the lower elevation opening.
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as holy wells. The term "holy well" is commonly employed to refer to any water source of limited size (i.e., not a lake or river, but including pools and natural springs and seeps), which has some significance in local
1725:
Li, Chaoliu; Kang, Shichang; Chen, Pengfei; Zhang, Qianggong; Mi, Jue; Gao, Shaopeng; Sillanpää, Mika (2014). "Geothermal spring causes arsenic contamination in river waters of the southern
Tibetan Plateau, China".
1027:. She delivered prophesies in a frenzied state of divine possession that were "induced by vapours rising from a chasm in the rock". It is believed that the vapors were emitted from the Kerna spring at Delphi.
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contains 2,217 hot spring well heads that provide the city with hot water. Hot springs have also been used as a source of sustainable energy for greenhouse cultivation and the growing of crops and flowers.
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802:
Springs are often used as sources for bottled water. When purchasing bottled water labeled as spring water one can often find the water test for that spring on the website of the company selling it.
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Hot springs have been used as a heat source for thousands of years. In the 20th century, they became a renewable resource of geothermal energy for heating homes and buildings. The city of
952:, bathing, and relaxation for thousands of years. Because of the folklore surrounding hot springs and their claimed medical value, some have become tourist destinations and locations of
2672:
360:, are springs that emit naturally occurring carbonated water, due to dissolved carbon dioxide in the water content. They are sometimes called boiling springs or bubbling springs.
1079:
435:
or Spring of
Vaucluse in France discharges about 470 million US gallons (1,800,000 m) of water per day at a rate of 727 cu ft (20.6 m) per second.
380:
221:
in which the recharge area of the spring water table rests at a higher elevation than that of the outlet. Spring water forced to the surface by elevated sources are
666:. Mineral springs are alleged to have healing properties. Soaking in them is said to result in the absorption of the minerals from the water. Some springs contain
1279:
681:
Water from springs is usually clear. However, some springs may be colored by the minerals that are dissolved in the water. For instance, water heavy with iron or
1944:
Clement, Christopher Ohm; Moseley, Michael E. (1991). "The Spring-Fed
Irrigation System of Carrizal, Peru: A Case Study of the Hypothesis of Agrarian Collapse".
312:
Tubular springs occur when groundwater flows from circular fissures such as those found in caverns (solution tubular springs) or lava tubular springs found in
1364:
420:. Human activity may also affect a spring's discharge—withdrawal of groundwater reduces the water pressure in an aquifer, decreasing the volume of flow.
2665:
651:'. (Springs without such mineral content, meanwhile, are sometimes distinguished as 'sweet springs'.) Springs that contain large amounts of dissolved
412:
is an example of an entire creek vanishing into the groundwater system. The water emerges 9 miles (14 km) away, forming some of the discharge of
2508:
647:. Mineral water contains no less than 250 parts per million (ppm) of tds. Springs that contain significant amounts of minerals are sometimes called '
2903:
2607:
2189:
3271:
1073:
is known as "a City of
Springs" (Chinese: 泉城), because of its 72 spring attractions and numerous micro spring holes spread over the city centre.
1488:
Westbrook, Cherie J. (2017). "Heads Above Water: The Inside Story of the
Edwards Aquifer Recovery Implementation Program by Robert L. Gulley".
2258:
253:
2658:
2310:
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in 1513, though it has not demonstrated the power to restore youth and most historians dispute the veracity of Ponce de León's discovery.
733:
or hydrogen sulfide in the water. Historically they have been used to alleviate the symptoms of arthritis and other inflammatory diseases.
1611:"Biogeochemical specificity of adjacent natural carbonated spring waters from Swiss Alps promptly revealed by SERS and Raman technology"
1008:
is a mythical spring, which was said to restore youth to anyone who drank from it. It has been claimed that the fountain is located in
276:
1921:
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1853:
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Fracture, or joint occur when groundwater running along an impermeable layer of rock meets a crack (fracture) or joint in the rock.
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Oracle of Delphi, red-figure kylix, Kodros
Painter, depicting Pythia with a cup presumably holding water from a spring, 440-430 BC
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405:
3428:
2611:
1704:
750:
Radium springs (or radioactive springs) have a detectable level of radiation produced by the natural radioactive decay process
3892:
1587:
210:, in which ground water travels through a network of cracks and fissures—openings ranging from intergranular spaces to large
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1301:
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A sacred spring, or holy well, is a small body of water emerging from underground and revered in some religious context:
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Springs have been used for a variety of human needs - including drinking water, domestic water supply, irrigation,
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1878:"Natural radioactivity in geothermal waters, Alhambra Hot Springs and nearby areas, Jefferson County, Montana"
906:
often recount how the action of a saint caused a spring's water to flow - a familiar theme, especially in the
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31:
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Springs have been used as sources of water for gravity-fed irrigation of crops. Indigenous people of the
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678:. Where such springs feed rivers they can also raise the arsenic levels in the rivers above WHO limits.
329:
are freshwater submarine exit points for coral and sediment-covered, sediment-filled old river channels.
44:
1609:
Cinta
Pinzaru, Simona; Ardeleanu, Mircea; Brezestean, Ioana; Nekvapil, Fran; Venter, Monica M. (2019).
1013:
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of nearly zero to more than 14,000 litres per second (490 cu ft/s) for the biggest springs.
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Springs have been represented in culture through art, mythology and folklore throughout history. The
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662:, are called 'soda springs'. Many resorts have developed around mineral springs and are known as
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mineral bath or drinking water. Springs that are managed as spas will already have such a test.
39:
959:
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that directed water to fields through canals. The
Spanish missionaries later used this method.
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Hale, John R.; de Boer, Jelle
Zeilinga; Chanton, Jeffrey P.; Spiller, Henry A. (August 2003).
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A Woman Drinks at the Carmen Spring, on West 175th Street and
Amsterdam Avenue, New York City
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Springs and bottled water of the world: Ancient history, source, occurrence, quality and use
2509:"Sokokura, from the series Two Artists Tour the Seven Hot Springs (Sōhitsu shichitō meguri)"
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1953:
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2462:"James Reuel Smith springs and wells photograph collection 1893–1902 – Brooklyn collection"
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On an average day nearly 303 million US gallons (1,150,000 m) of water flow from
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Natural spring in Pennsylvania where runoff flows from above down through grass and rocks
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Contact springs, which occur along the side of a hill or mountain, are created when the
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785:. Modern uses include recreational activities such as fishing, swimming, and floating;
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55:
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1913:
Bottlemania: Big Business, Local Springs, and the Battle Over America's Drinking Water
306:
is underlaid by an impermeable layer of rock or soil known as an aquiclude or aquifuge
3912:
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3829:
3814:
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1820:
Identifying Systematic Behaviors in Borax Lake Geothermal Springs, Southeast Oregon
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2259:"Water from St. Pete's famed Fountain of Youth contained high levels of lithium"
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2018:
Ray, Celeste (2011). "The Sacred and the Body Politic at Ireland's Holy Wells".
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through which it passes. This is why spring water is often bottled and sold as
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The action of the groundwater continually dissolves permeable bedrock such as
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149:
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83:
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activity. The result can be water at elevated temperature and pressure, i.e.
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Springs and Wells in Greek and Roman Literature, Their Legends and Locations
827:
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carrying the outflow of a spring to a nearby primary stream may be called a
663:
641:
313:
261:
17:
2402:
2152:
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seemingly disappear as the water sinks into the ground via the stream bed.
117:
Springs are driven out onto the surface by various natural forces, such as
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The forcing of the spring to the surface can be the result of a confined
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111:
48:
2394:
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1769:
Pearl, Richard Howard; Ringrose, Charles D.; Zacharakis, Ted G. (1982).
1665:
1418:
1386:
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3281:
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3238:
3143:
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2424:
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887:
815:
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682:
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Helocrene springs are diffuse that sustain marshlands with groundwater.
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118:
75:
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730:
689:
652:
456:
401:
296:
242:
99:
2285:"St. Augustine Fountain of Youth may be Florida's oldest attraction"
2093:
1410:
291:
Depression springs occur along a depression, such as the bottom of
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3637:
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3133:
3118:
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958:
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springs. In medieval Europe, pagan sacred sites frequently became
842:
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715:
701:
655:
620:
become dissolved in the water as it moves through the underground
597:
468:
427:
374:
340:
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200:
148:
54:
38:
1771:"Geothermal Resource Assessment of Hot Sulphur Springs, Colorado"
3727:
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3248:
3208:
3173:
1259:
1118:
Two Artists Tour the Seven Hot Springs (Sōhitsu shichitō meguri)
1064:
Two Artists Tour the Seven Hot Springs (Sōhitsu shichitō meguri)
610:
459:, which contain 10 known of first-magnitude; and 11 more in the
211:
107:
2654:
789:; water for livestock; fish hatcheries; and supply for bottled
3647:
3088:
2645:
1994:"Drought Hits the Southwest, and New Mexico's Canals Run Dry"
882:. This can take the form of a particular name, an associated
2190:"Japan builds a head of steam for an alternative to nuclear"
2045:
Byrne, Garreth (2002). "Holy Wells in Britain and Ireland".
1449:
1447:
1445:
1443:
2169:. U.S. Department of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
1330:"Springs - The Water Cycle, from USGS Water-Science School"
27:
Point at which water emerges from an aquifer to the surface
2610:, Division of Geology and Land Survey in cooperation with
1876:
Leonard, Robert B.; Janzer, Victor J. (July–August 1978).
1182:
where all the water sources are springs located within it.
1194:
depicting the view of springs and mountains in Jinan, by
861:
was replete with sacred and storied springs—notably, the
2311:"Ponce De Leon Never Searched for the Fountain of Youth"
168:
flows onto the surface. This typically happens when the
2212:"Case Studies in Hot Spring Use for Sustainable Energy"
448:
where there are at least 27 known to be that size; the
51:
at a rate of 469 cubic feet per second (13.3 m/s).
1660:
1658:
948:
Hot springs or geothermal springs have been used for
1711:
on 12 December 2012 – via University of Idaho.
3797:
3736:
3618:
3480:
3452:
3353:
3325:
3257:
3079:
2946:
2863:
2785:
2696:
2584:LaMoreaux, Philip E.; Tanner, Judy T, eds. (2001),
2068:Pentecost, Allan; Jones, B.; Renault, R.W. (2003).
176:sharply. Springs may also be formed as a result of
172:reaches above the surface level, or if the terrain
2590:, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer-Verlag,
1885:Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey
1035:branch fallen from a tree had disturbed." (Ovid)
729:Sulfur springs contain a high level of dissolved
2464:. New York Historical Society digital collection
1380:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1085:John William Waterhouse Echo And Narcissus, 1903
704:that are otherwise ill-suited to a warmer local
2486:Springs and Wells in Greek and Roman Literature
628:(TDS). This may give the water flavor and even
388:Drone video of Aegviidu blue springs in Estonia
1615:Analytical Methods; Royal Society of Chemistry
1038:The early 20th century American photographer,
524:100 US gal/min to 1 ft/s (448 US gal/min)
2666:
2619:Springs of the Virginias: A Pictorial History
2614:and Missouri Department of Conservation, 1982
8:
640:, although the term is often the subject of
110:regions which have relatively little annual
2167:"A History of Geothermal Energy in America"
471:. The scale for spring flow is as follows:
2673:
2659:
2651:
2489:. New York and London: G.P. Putnam's Sons
2142:
1845:Touring California and Nevada hot springs
1720:
1718:
992:Spring runs also called rheocrene springs
188:. Springs have also been observed on the
2608:Missouri Department of Natural Resources
1848:. Guilford, Connecticut: Falcon Guides.
1454:Poehls, D.J.; Smith, Gregory J. (2011).
1282:. New Zealand Department of Conservation
894:presence of its guardian spirit or of a
857:and/or other. The lore and mythology of
632:bubbles, depending on the nature of the
473:
363:"Gushette springs pour from cliff faces"
125:. A spring produced by the emergence of
3272:International scale of river difficulty
2337:"For Delphic Oracle, Fumes and Visions"
1539:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation.
1457:Encyclopedic Dictionary of Hydrogeology
1271:
1075:
98:. Springs have long been important for
2112:
2110:
1666:"USGS Surface-Water Data for Missouri"
1324:
1322:
624:. This mineral content is measured as
2531:"Overview - Jinan, a City of Springs"
2283:Connolly, Patrick (5 November 2020).
2238:
2236:
2234:
2232:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1367:from the original on 21 October 2020.
579:no flow (sites of past/historic flow)
283:spring below Cascada de los Colores,
254:Fish Springs National Wildlife Refuge
137:of spring water varies widely from a
7:
2617:Cohen, Stan (Revised 1981 edition),
2020:International Social Science Journal
1357:"Well Design and Spring Development"
1351:
1349:
1347:
62:, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming
2511:. Fine Arts Museum of San Francisco
2335:Broad, William J. (19 March 2002).
1705:"Thousand Springs Research Project"
1099:Der Jungbrunnen (Fountain of Youth)
890:qualities to the water through the
299:made of highly permeable materials.
2074:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
1543:from the original on 19 April 2019
1050:The 19th century Japanese artists
25:
2387:10.1038/scientificamerican0803-66
2257:Sowers, Lloyd (25 October 2021).
1676:from the original on 4 March 2018
70:is a natural exit point at which
2363:"Questioning the Delphic Oracle"
2123:Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases
2119:"A brief history of spa therapy"
2117:van Tubergen, A (1 March 2002).
1795:Gemici, Burcu; Wallace, John L.
1694:Vineyard and Fender, 1982. p. 12
1566:. London: Penguin. p. 291.
1564:Dictionary of Physical Geography
1209:
1164:
1145:
1133:
1106:
1090:
1078:
746:Iron springs (chalybeate spring)
688:In parts of the United States a
3429:Flooded grasslands and savannas
2188:Holtz, Michael (9 March 2018).
1797:"Encyclopedia of Inland Waters"
196:water directly into the ocean.
2423:Nelson, Max (April–May 2000).
1992:Romero, Simon (13 July 2021).
1531:Horstman, Mark (18 May 2006).
1198:, Song Dynasty (Chinese:鹊华秋色图)
1023:was the high priestess of the
929:, Pagosa Hot Springs, Colorado
670:levels that exceed the 10 ppb
480:Flow (ft/s, gal/min, pint/min)
268:, creating vast cave systems.
214:, later emerging in a spring.
199:Springs formed as a result of
78:and flows onto the top of the
1:
2217:. Oita Prefectural Government
1385:Bryan, Kirk (November 1919).
1361:National Engineering Handbook
1302:"Springs and the Water Cycle"
1156:
3595:Universal Soil Loss Equation
3545:Hydrological transport model
3439:Storm Water Management Model
2309:Shaer, Matthew (June 2013).
1972:"Acequias and River Systems"
1946:Journal of Field Archaeology
1728:Environmental Earth Sciences
1707:. 9 May 2006. Archived from
356:Carbonated springs, such as
2483:Smith, James Reuel (1922).
2425:"Narcissus: Myth and Magic"
2192:. Christian Science Monitor
1817:Zakrajsek, John R. (2006).
1387:"Classification of Springs"
902:centered on the well site.
720:Natural iron hot spring in
685:will have an orange color.
94:, as well as a part of the
90:. It is a component of the
3965:
3099:Antecedent drainage stream
2556:"Jinan: a City of Springs"
1958:10.1179/009346991791549059
1842:Bischoff, Matt C. (2018).
1775:Colorado Geological Survey
1019:Pythia, also known as the
932:
825:
605:is spring-fed in the arid
591:
252:Sunrise at Middle Spring,
129:groundwater is known as a
29:
3863:
3835:River valley civilization
3718:Riparian-zone restoration
2623:Charleston, West Virginia
2244:"Springs characteristics"
1916:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
1910:Royte, Elizabeth (2011).
1748:10.1007/s12665-013-2804-2
944:Bathing and balneotherapy
672:World Health Organization
3898:Countries without rivers
3873:Rivers by discharge rate
3585:Runoff model (reservoir)
3550:Infiltration (hydrology)
2636:"The Science of Springs"
2053:(1636): 295 – via
1280:"Te Waikoropupū Springs"
1155:, by James Reuel Smith,
1012:, and was discovered by
1000:Cultural representations
712:Types of mineral springs
164:Springs are formed when
3570:River Continuum Concept
3335:Agricultural wastewater
2070:"What is a hot spring?"
1646:"Springs of New Jersey"
954:physical rehabilitation
400:. In some cases entire
32:Spring (disambiguation)
3893:River name etymologies
3820:Hydraulic civilization
3678:Floodplain restoration
3454:Point source pollution
3229:Sedimentary structures
2612:U.S. Geological Survey
2606:, Vineyard and Feder,
1562:Whittow, John (1984).
1391:The Journal of Geology
1245:Spring line settlement
1199:
1010:St. Augustine, Florida
964:
930:
846:
783:electricity generation
774:
725:
626:total dissolved solids
614:
436:
389:
287:
257:
192:, spewing warmer, low-
161:
63:
60:Grand Prismatic Spring
52:
3505:Discharge (hydrology)
3467:Industrial wastewater
2948:Sedimentary processes
2429:The Classical Journal
1823:. University of Idaho
1502:10.1353/gpr.2017.0022
1490:Great Plains Research
1190:
1172:Belqais Spring Garden
962:
925:
886:, the attribution of
835:
762:
719:
601:
431:
406:Grand Gulf State Park
392:Spring discharge, or
387:
335:occur as outflows of
279:
251:
152:
58:
42:
3610:Volumetric flow rate
3194:Riffle-pool sequence
2560:The World of Chinese
2535:english.jinan.gov.cn
2315:Smithsonian Magazine
2135:10.1136/ard.61.3.273
1460:. Elsevier Science.
1122:Utagawa Toyokuni III
1058:created a series of
1056:Utagawa Toyokuni III
568:Less than 1 pint/min
433:Fontaine de Vaucluse
343:hydrological system.
153:A natural spring on
139:volumetric flow rate
123:hydrostatic pressure
30:For other uses, see
3944:Subterranean rivers
3919:Springs (hydrology)
3784:Whitewater kayaking
3779:Whitewater canoeing
3580:Runoff curve number
3424:Flood pulse concept
2641:"What Is a Spring?"
2604:Springs of Missouri
2379:2003SciAm.289b..66H
2367:Scientific American
2289:orlandosentinel.com
2086:2003CaJES..40.1443P
2047:Contemporary Review
2026:(205/206): 271–85.
1740:2014EES....71.4143L
1537:Catalyst transcript
1403:1919JG.....27..522B
898:, or a ceremony or
674:(WHO) standard for
557:2 pint to 1 gal/min
502:10 to 100 ft/s
358:Soda Springs Geyser
351:geothermal activity
339:that are part of a
127:geothermally heated
3929:Freshwater ecology
3810:Aquatic toxicology
3723:Stream restoration
3688:Infiltration basin
3540:Hydrological model
3056:Sediment transport
2879:Estavelle/Inversac
2757:Subterranean river
2341:The New York Times
2032:10.1111/issj.12000
1998:The New York Times
1670:waterdata.usgs.gov
1200:
1192:Que Hua Qiu Se Tu,
1030:The Greek myth of
1014:Juan Ponce de León
965:
931:
847:
812:American Southwest
781:, navigation, and
775:
726:
615:
491:> 100 ft/s
437:
390:
288:
258:
162:
64:
53:
3906:
3905:
3883:Whitewater rivers
3789:Whitewater slalom
3620:River engineering
3520:Groundwater model
3481:River measurement
3409:Flood forecasting
3224:Sedimentary basin
3081:Fluvial landforms
2986:Bed material load
2762:River bifurcation
2625:: Quarrier Press.
2080:(11): 1443–1446.
1334:ga.water.usgs.gov
1230:List of spa towns
1126:Utagawa Hiroshige
1069:The Chinese city
1060:wood-block prints
1052:Utagawa Hiroshige
1040:James Reuel Smith
1006:Fountain of Youth
968:Geothermal energy
940:as warm springs.
927:The Mother Spring
904:Christian legends
814:built spring-fed
585:
584:
535:10 to 100 gal/min
513:1 to 10 ft/s
385:
186:volcanic activity
74:emerges from the
16:(Redirected from
3956:
3868:Rivers by length
3703:River morphology
3605:Wetted perimeter
3510:Drainage density
3021:Headward erosion
2850:Perennial stream
2722:Blackwater river
2675:
2668:
2661:
2652:
2600:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2552:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2505:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2480:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2458:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2306:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2240:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2216:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2163:
2157:
2156:
2146:
2114:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2065:
2059:
2058:
2042:
2036:
2035:
2015:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2004:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1907:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1882:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1734:(9): 4143–4148.
1722:
1713:
1712:
1701:
1695:
1692:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1662:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1642:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1598:on 25 July 2020.
1594:. Archived from
1588:"Spring | water"
1584:
1578:
1577:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1485:
1479:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1451:
1438:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1382:
1369:
1368:
1363:. January 2010.
1353:
1342:
1341:
1336:. Archived from
1326:
1317:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1298:
1292:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1276:
1219:
1214:
1213:
1168:
1158:
1149:
1137:
1110:
1094:
1082:
1025:Temple of Apollo
1021:Oracle at Delphi
660:sodium carbonate
538:0.63 to 6.3 L/s
505:280 to 2800 L/s
474:
461:Thousand Springs
386:
320:Artesian springs
293:alluvial valleys
178:karst topography
106:, especially in
21:
3964:
3963:
3959:
3958:
3957:
3955:
3954:
3953:
3949:Bodies of water
3909:
3908:
3907:
3902:
3878:Drainage basins
3859:
3793:
3732:
3708:Retention basin
3668:Erosion control
3663:Detention basin
3614:
3530:Hjulström curve
3482:
3476:
3448:
3392:Non-water flood
3349:
3321:
3267:Helicoidal flow
3253:
3154:Fluvial terrace
3149:Floating island
3075:
2950:
2942:
2933:Rhythmic spring
2867:
2859:
2840:Stream gradient
2781:
2767:River ecosystem
2732:Channel pattern
2700:
2692:
2679:
2632:
2598:
2583:
2580:
2578:Further reading
2575:
2574:
2564:
2562:
2554:
2553:
2549:
2539:
2537:
2529:
2528:
2524:
2514:
2512:
2507:
2506:
2502:
2492:
2490:
2482:
2481:
2477:
2467:
2465:
2460:
2459:
2455:
2445:
2443:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2407:
2405:
2360:
2359:
2355:
2345:
2343:
2334:
2333:
2329:
2319:
2317:
2308:
2307:
2303:
2293:
2291:
2282:
2281:
2277:
2267:
2265:
2256:
2255:
2251:
2242:
2241:
2230:
2220:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2209:
2205:
2195:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2182:
2172:
2170:
2165:
2164:
2160:
2116:
2115:
2108:
2098:
2096:
2094:10.1139/e03-083
2067:
2066:
2062:
2044:
2043:
2039:
2017:
2016:
2012:
2002:
2000:
1991:
1990:
1986:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1943:
1942:
1938:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1909:
1908:
1904:
1894:
1892:
1880:
1875:
1874:
1870:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1841:
1840:
1836:
1826:
1824:
1816:
1815:
1811:
1801:
1799:
1794:
1793:
1789:
1779:
1777:
1768:
1767:
1763:
1724:
1723:
1716:
1703:
1702:
1698:
1693:
1689:
1679:
1677:
1664:
1663:
1656:
1648:
1644:
1643:
1634:
1624:
1622:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1574:
1561:
1560:
1556:
1546:
1544:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1487:
1486:
1482:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1453:
1452:
1441:
1431:
1429:
1384:
1383:
1372:
1355:
1354:
1345:
1328:
1327:
1320:
1310:
1308:
1300:
1299:
1295:
1285:
1283:
1278:
1277:
1273:
1268:
1215:
1208:
1205:
1183:
1169:
1160:
1150:
1141:
1138:
1129:
1116:from the series
1111:
1102:
1097:Lucas Cranach,
1095:
1086:
1083:
1002:
983:
970:
946:
937:
920:
918:Thermal springs
896:Christian saint
838:Fontes Tamarici
830:
824:
808:
800:
757:
714:
649:mineral springs
596:
590:
549:63 to 630 mL/s
546:1 to 10 gal/min
463:area along the
426:
375:
373:
347:Thermal springs
274:
155:Mackinac Island
147:
102:as a source of
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3962:
3960:
3952:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3924:Drinking water
3921:
3911:
3910:
3904:
3903:
3901:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3864:
3861:
3860:
3858:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3801:
3799:
3795:
3794:
3792:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3769:Stone skipping
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3740:
3738:
3734:
3733:
3731:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3653:Drop structure
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3633:Balancing lake
3630:
3624:
3622:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3560:Playfair's law
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3515:Exner equation
3512:
3507:
3502:
3500:Bradshaw model
3497:
3492:
3486:
3484:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3458:
3456:
3450:
3449:
3447:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3395:
3394:
3389:
3387:Urban flooding
3379:
3374:
3372:Crevasse splay
3369:
3367:100-year flood
3363:
3361:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3331:
3329:
3327:Surface runoff
3323:
3322:
3320:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3307:Stream capture
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3263:
3261:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3219:Rock-cut basin
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3085:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3061:Suspended load
3058:
3053:
3051:Secondary flow
3048:
3043:
3041:Retrogradation
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3006:Dissolved load
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2957:
2955:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2940:
2938:Spring horizon
2935:
2930:
2925:
2923:Mineral spring
2920:
2919:
2918:
2908:
2907:
2906:
2904:list in the US
2901:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2875:
2873:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2830:Stream channel
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2791:
2789:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2752:Drainage basin
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2712:Alluvial river
2708:
2706:
2694:
2693:
2680:
2678:
2677:
2670:
2663:
2655:
2649:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2631:
2630:External links
2628:
2627:
2626:
2615:
2601:
2596:
2579:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2547:
2522:
2500:
2475:
2453:
2435:(4): 363–389.
2415:
2353:
2327:
2301:
2275:
2249:
2228:
2203:
2180:
2158:
2129:(3): 273–275.
2106:
2060:
2037:
2010:
1984:
1963:
1952:(4): 425–443.
1936:
1923:978-1596913721
1922:
1902:
1868:
1854:
1834:
1809:
1787:
1761:
1714:
1696:
1687:
1654:
1632:
1601:
1579:
1572:
1554:
1523:
1480:
1466:
1439:
1411:10.1086/622677
1397:(7): 522–561.
1370:
1343:
1340:on 9 May 2009.
1318:
1293:
1270:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1235:Petroleum seep
1232:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1204:
1201:
1185:
1184:
1180:Persian garden
1170:
1163:
1161:
1151:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1132:
1130:
1112:
1105:
1103:
1096:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1077:
1001:
998:
997:
996:
993:
990:
987:
982:
979:
969:
966:
945:
942:
933:Main article:
919:
916:
859:ancient Greece
826:Main article:
823:
822:Sacred springs
820:
807:
804:
799:
798:Drinking water
796:
768:Maramec Spring
756:
753:
752:
751:
748:
743:
742:Saline springs
740:
739:Gypsum springs
737:
734:
713:
710:
676:drinking water
630:carbon dioxide
594:Mineral spring
592:Main article:
589:
586:
583:
582:
580:
577:
573:
572:
569:
566:
562:
561:
558:
555:
551:
550:
547:
544:
540:
539:
536:
533:
529:
528:
527:6.3 to 28 L/s
525:
522:
518:
517:
516:28 to 280 L/s
514:
511:
507:
506:
503:
500:
496:
495:
492:
489:
485:
484:
481:
478:
425:
424:Classification
422:
414:Mammoth Spring
398:losing streams
372:
369:
368:
367:
364:
361:
354:
349:are heated by
344:
330:
324:
317:
310:
307:
300:
273:
270:
223:artesian wells
146:
143:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3961:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3934:Geomorphology
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3916:
3914:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3865:
3862:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3850:Surface water
3848:
3846:
3845:Sacred waters
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3830:Riparian zone
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3815:Body of water
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3802:
3800:
3796:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3764:Riverboarding
3762:
3760:
3759:River surfing
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3735:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3625:
3623:
3621:
3617:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3483:and modelling
3479:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3457:
3455:
3451:
3445:
3444:Return period
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3404:Flood control
3402:
3400:
3399:Flood barrier
3397:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3364:
3362:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3328:
3324:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3260:
3256:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3082:
3078:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3031:Palaeochannel
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2991:Granular flow
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2954:
2949:
2945:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2912:
2909:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2896:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2866:
2862:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2784:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2737:Channel types
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2717:Braided river
2715:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2676:
2671:
2669:
2664:
2662:
2657:
2656:
2653:
2647:
2646:Find a spring
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2629:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2602:
2599:
2597:3-540-61841-4
2593:
2589:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2577:
2561:
2557:
2551:
2548:
2536:
2532:
2526:
2523:
2510:
2504:
2501:
2488:
2487:
2479:
2476:
2463:
2457:
2454:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2419:
2416:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2357:
2354:
2342:
2338:
2331:
2328:
2316:
2312:
2305:
2302:
2290:
2286:
2279:
2276:
2264:
2260:
2253:
2250:
2245:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2229:
2213:
2207:
2204:
2191:
2184:
2181:
2168:
2162:
2159:
2154:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2113:
2111:
2107:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2064:
2061:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2041:
2038:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2014:
2011:
1999:
1995:
1988:
1985:
1973:
1967:
1964:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1940:
1937:
1925:
1919:
1915:
1914:
1906:
1903:
1890:
1886:
1879:
1872:
1869:
1857:
1855:9781493029112
1851:
1847:
1846:
1838:
1835:
1822:
1821:
1813:
1810:
1798:
1791:
1788:
1776:
1772:
1765:
1762:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1710:
1706:
1700:
1697:
1691:
1688:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1661:
1659:
1655:
1647:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1633:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1605:
1602:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1583:
1580:
1575:
1573:0-14-051094-X
1569:
1565:
1558:
1555:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1533:"Wonky Holes"
1527:
1524:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1484:
1481:
1469:
1467:9780080925271
1463:
1459:
1458:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1344:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1307:
1303:
1297:
1294:
1281:
1275:
1272:
1265:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1250:Spring supply
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1167:
1162:
1154:
1148:
1143:
1136:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1109:
1104:
1100:
1093:
1088:
1081:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1048:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1033:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1007:
999:
994:
991:
988:
985:
984:
980:
978:
975:
967:
961:
957:
955:
951:
950:balneotherapy
943:
941:
936:
928:
924:
917:
915:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
876:
875:Christianized
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
844:
840:
839:
834:
829:
821:
819:
817:
813:
805:
803:
797:
795:
792:
791:mineral water
788:
784:
780:
773:
769:
765:
764:Trout fishing
761:
754:
749:
747:
744:
741:
738:
736:Borax springs
735:
732:
728:
727:
723:
718:
711:
709:
707:
703:
699:
695:
694:spring branch
691:
686:
684:
679:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
654:
650:
646:
643:
639:
638:mineral water
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
612:
608:
604:
600:
595:
588:Water content
587:
581:
578:
575:
574:
570:
567:
565:8th magnitude
564:
563:
560:8 to 63 mL/s
559:
556:
554:7th magnitude
553:
552:
548:
545:
543:6th magnitude
542:
541:
537:
534:
532:5th magnitude
531:
530:
526:
523:
521:4th magnitude
520:
519:
515:
512:
510:3rd magnitude
509:
508:
504:
501:
499:2nd magnitude
498:
497:
493:
490:
488:1st magnitude
487:
486:
482:
479:
476:
475:
472:
470:
466:
462:
458:
455:
451:
447:
441:
434:
430:
423:
421:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
370:
365:
362:
359:
355:
352:
348:
345:
342:
338:
334:
333:Karst springs
331:
328:
325:
321:
318:
315:
311:
308:
305:
301:
298:
295:, basins, or
294:
290:
289:
286:
282:
278:
271:
269:
267:
263:
255:
250:
246:
244:
240:
236:
232:
226:
224:
220:
215:
213:
209:
208:karst springs
205:
202:
197:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
160:
156:
151:
144:
142:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
115:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
88:surface water
85:
81:
80:Earth's crust
77:
73:
69:
61:
57:
50:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
3888:Flash floods
3840:River cruise
3737:River sports
3590:Stream gauge
3575:Rouse number
3565:Relief ratio
3414:Flood-meadow
3345:Urban runoff
3259:Fluvial flow
3244:River valley
3214:River island
3179:Meander scar
3094:Alluvial fan
3036:Progradation
2911:Karst spring
2864:
2855:Winterbourne
2810:Chalk stream
2772:River source
2747:Distributary
2689:
2618:
2603:
2586:
2563:. Retrieved
2559:
2550:
2538:. Retrieved
2534:
2525:
2513:. Retrieved
2503:
2491:. Retrieved
2485:
2478:
2466:. Retrieved
2456:
2444:. Retrieved
2432:
2428:
2418:
2406:. Retrieved
2373:(2): 66–73.
2370:
2366:
2356:
2344:. Retrieved
2340:
2330:
2318:. Retrieved
2314:
2304:
2292:. Retrieved
2288:
2278:
2266:. Retrieved
2262:
2252:
2219:. Retrieved
2206:
2194:. Retrieved
2183:
2171:. Retrieved
2161:
2126:
2122:
2097:. Retrieved
2077:
2073:
2063:
2050:
2046:
2040:
2023:
2019:
2013:
2001:. Retrieved
1997:
1987:
1975:. Retrieved
1966:
1949:
1945:
1939:
1927:. Retrieved
1912:
1905:
1893:. Retrieved
1888:
1884:
1871:
1859:. Retrieved
1844:
1837:
1825:. Retrieved
1819:
1812:
1800:. Retrieved
1790:
1778:. Retrieved
1774:
1764:
1731:
1727:
1709:the original
1699:
1690:
1678:. Retrieved
1669:
1623:. Retrieved
1618:
1614:
1604:
1596:the original
1591:
1582:
1563:
1557:
1545:. Retrieved
1536:
1526:
1493:
1489:
1483:
1471:. Retrieved
1456:
1430:. Retrieved
1394:
1390:
1360:
1338:the original
1333:
1309:. Retrieved
1306:www.usgs.gov
1305:
1296:
1284:. Retrieved
1274:
1217:Water portal
1191:
1176:Charam, Iran
1152:
1117:
1113:
1098:
1068:
1063:
1049:
1044:
1037:
1029:
1018:
1003:
974:Beppu, Japan
971:
947:
938:
926:
848:
836:
809:
801:
776:
698:spring creek
693:
687:
680:
616:
607:Snake Valley
442:
438:
393:
391:
259:
227:
216:
198:
163:
116:
86:) to become
67:
65:
36:
18:Spring water
3749:Fly fishing
3673:Fish ladder
3658:Daylighting
3377:Flash flood
3340:First flush
3287:Plunge pool
3011:Downcutting
2996:Debris flow
2971:Aggradation
2845:Stream pool
2515:13 November
2493:13 November
2468:13 November
2446:13 November
2408:13 November
2346:13 November
2320:11 November
2294:11 November
2268:11 November
2263:FOX 13 News
2221:17 November
2196:17 November
2099:15 November
2003:15 November
1977:15 November
1929:14 November
1895:14 November
1861:14 November
1827:14 November
1802:15 November
1780:14 November
1625:15 November
1473:15 November
1432:14 November
1311:14 November
1255:Water cycle
1196:Zhao Mengfu
995:Spring vent
989:Spring pool
986:Spring boil
981:Terminology
908:hagiography
645:advertising
603:Pruess Lake
576:0 magnitude
483:Flow (L/s)
465:Snake River
337:groundwater
327:Wonky holes
304:groundwater
239:hot springs
190:ocean floor
170:water table
166:groundwater
104:fresh water
96:water cycle
92:hydrosphere
72:groundwater
3913:Categories
3855:Wild river
3535:Hydrograph
3525:Hack's law
3490:Baer's law
3434:Inundation
3419:Floodplain
3359:stormwater
3317:Whitewater
3189:Oxbow lake
3026:Knickpoint
3001:Deposition
2894:Hot spring
2835:Streamflow
2825:Stream bed
2742:Confluence
2173:30 October
1592:Britannica
1496:(2): 143.
1286:6 February
1266:References
1114:Sokokura,
935:Hot spring
806:Irrigation
394:resurgence
281:Chalybeate
204:topography
131:hot spring
84:pedosphere
45:Big Spring
3939:Hydrology
3825:Limnology
3774:Triathlon
3744:Canyoning
3713:Revetment
3643:Check dam
3555:Main stem
3312:Waterfall
3199:Point bar
3184:Mouth bar
3124:Billabong
3071:Water gap
3066:Wash load
3046:Saltation
2966:Anabranch
2889:Holy well
2777:Tributary
2055:EBSCOhost
1756:128479153
1518:133972692
1510:2334-2463
1427:129936821
1159:1897–1902
1066:in 1854.
1032:Narcissus
956:centers.
871:Castalian
851:Christian
828:Holy well
664:spa towns
658:, mostly
642:deceptive
494:2800 L/s
477:Magnitude
314:lava tube
262:limestone
174:depresses
145:Formation
3628:Aqueduct
3495:Baseflow
3462:Effluent
3139:Cut bank
3104:Avulsion
2981:Bed load
2961:Abrasion
2403:12884540
2395:26060404
2153:11830439
1674:Archived
1547:17 April
1541:Archived
1419:30058415
1365:Archived
1225:Fountain
1203:See also
1047:(1922).
914:saints.
892:numinous
880:folklore
863:Corycian
816:acequias
772:Missouri
618:Minerals
454:Arkansas
450:Missouri
444:such as
418:Arkansas
410:Missouri
285:La Palma
266:dolomite
231:volcanic
194:salinity
182:aquifers
159:Michigan
112:rainfall
49:Missouri
3805:Aquifer
3798:Related
3754:Rafting
3282:Meander
3277:Log jam
3239:Thalweg
3144:Estuary
3016:Erosion
2953:erosion
2865:Springs
2820:Current
2787:Streams
2727:Channel
2690:springs
2686:streams
2565:20 July
2540:20 July
2441:3298150
2375:Bibcode
2144:1754027
2082:Bibcode
1736:Bibcode
1399:Bibcode
1240:Soakage
1178:, is a
888:healing
867:Pierian
853:and/or
787:therapy
724:, Japan
706:climate
683:tannins
668:arsenic
634:geology
571:8 mL/s
446:Florida
323:ground.
297:valleys
243:geysers
219:aquifer
206:create
119:gravity
76:aquifer
3600:WAFLEX
3472:Sewage
3355:Floods
3297:Riffle
3292:Rapids
3234:Strath
3204:Ravine
3129:Canyon
2884:Geyser
2815:Coulee
2800:Bourne
2795:Arroyo
2698:Rivers
2682:Rivers
2594:
2439:
2401:
2393:
2151:
2141:
1920:
1852:
1754:
1680:3 July
1570:
1516:
1508:
1464:
1425:
1417:
1128:, 1854
1101:, 1546
912:Celtic
900:ritual
884:legend
731:sulfur
690:stream
653:sodium
457:Ozarks
402:creeks
316:caves.
256:, Utah
133:. The
100:humans
68:spring
3698:Levee
3683:Flume
3638:Canal
3382:Flood
3302:Shoal
3169:Gully
3164:Gulch
3134:Chine
3119:Bayou
2976:Armor
2928:Ponor
2703:lists
2437:JSTOR
2391:JSTOR
2215:(PDF)
1881:(PDF)
1752:S2CID
1649:(PDF)
1514:S2CID
1423:S2CID
1415:JSTOR
1071:Jinan
855:pagan
843:Spain
841:, in
779:mills
722:Beppu
702:trout
656:salts
622:rocks
469:Idaho
341:karst
272:Types
235:magma
212:caves
201:karst
135:yield
3728:Weir
3693:Leat
3357:and
3249:Wadi
3209:Rill
3174:Glen
3159:Gill
3109:Bank
2951:and
2916:list
2899:list
2870:list
2805:Burn
2688:and
2592:ISBN
2567:2022
2542:2022
2517:2021
2495:2021
2470:2021
2448:2021
2410:2021
2399:PMID
2348:2021
2322:2021
2296:2021
2270:2021
2223:2021
2198:2021
2175:2020
2149:PMID
2101:2021
2005:2021
1979:2021
1931:2021
1918:ISBN
1897:2021
1863:2021
1850:ISBN
1829:2021
1804:2021
1782:2021
1682:2011
1627:2021
1568:ISBN
1549:2019
1506:ISSN
1475:2021
1462:ISBN
1434:2021
1313:2021
1288:2022
1260:Well
1124:and
1054:and
869:and
755:Uses
611:Utah
452:and
371:Flow
264:and
241:and
121:and
108:arid
3648:Dam
3114:Bar
3089:Ait
2383:doi
2371:289
2139:PMC
2131:doi
2090:doi
2051:280
2028:doi
1954:doi
1891:(4)
1744:doi
1621:(6)
1498:doi
1407:doi
1120:by
910:of
770:in
766:on
609:of
467:in
416:in
408:in
233:or
184:or
157:in
47:in
3915::
2684:,
2621:,
2558:.
2533:.
2433:95
2431:.
2427:.
2397:.
2389:.
2381:.
2369:.
2365:.
2339:.
2313:.
2287:.
2261:.
2231:^
2147:.
2137:.
2127:61
2125:.
2121:.
2109:^
2088:.
2078:40
2076:.
2072:.
2049:.
2024:62
2022:.
1996:.
1950:18
1948:.
1887:.
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