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that had massacred an emigrant train to
California. His troops engaged the warriors at Devil's Gate Canyon, about 30 miles northeast of Swamp Cedars. His report of August 15 stated: "I went into camp, and two hours afterwards had reliable information that a large body of Indians were probably encamped somewhere in the canon leading from this valley to Cache valley. I was informed at the same time, that within five or six days past they had stolen a number of animals from this and the adjoining settlements, and that they were the same party who had murdered and robbed an emigrant train on Sublett's cut-off. I immediately resolved to attack them... After a rapid march of two hours, the encampment was indicated by a number of ponies grazing, and in a moment afterwards by the Indians jumping up from their beds under the bushes... I immediately formed my men and charged upon the main body of them; in this charge several of the enemy were killed and wounded. They then scattered and took position behind rocks, &c., &c.; here they were charged and driven up precipices beyond the reach of men on horses... The guide and many others estimated the Indian force at from 150 to 200 warriors. The number killed was about twenty, as near as we can calculate. I had no men killed, but four severely though probably not mortally, and two slightly wounded... The company behaved nobly on this occasion."
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Ebenezer Gay, 2nd
Dragoons, in command of Company G, 2nd Dragoons, from Camp Floyd, to take such steps as circumstances might require. The latter learning, near Box Elder, that the Indians were not distant, resolved to attack them... Lieutenant Gay surprised the encampment of the Indians, and charged upon the main body, killing and wounding several. The number of the Indians is estimated from one hundred and fifty to two hundred warriors, of whom some twenty were killed; twenty horses were captured, nearly half being American horses; four men severely, and two slightly wounded; and nine horses wounded."
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under the command of
Lieutenant Gay. The troops failed to discover the robbers of the last two parties that were attacked. They are supposed to be vagabonds from the Shoshonee (sic) or Snake and Bannack (sic) Indians, whose chiefs deny any complicity with these predatory bands. There is abundant evidence to prove that these robber bands are accompanied by white men, and probably instigated and led by them. On that account I am inclined to believe the disclaimer of the Indians referred to, of having any knowledge of the robberies or any share in the plunder."
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317:. Archaeological artifacts in Spring Valley date to at least 10,000 years ago. These peoples typically lived in small family groups, but Bahsahwahbee was the place where they came together to engage in ceremonial activities. At seasonal events, including the Round Dance in the fall and Grass Dance in the spring, they took part in giving thanks to
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The third massacre at
Bahsahwahbee, as reported through oral histories, was committed by vigilantes in 1897. False accusations that the Newe's gatherings were to prepare for war led settlers to target the Newe at their seasonal events. Self-appointed militia members are told to have followed Indians
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company to seek out those responsible. Discovering an Indian encampment at Duck Creek on May 3, they massacred 24 Indians in their sleep and five more who arrived at the camp the next day. Two days later, the company attacked another Indian camp in the
Bahsahwahbee area. Military records state they
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passed through Newe lands in northern Nevada. The emigrants depleted the
Indians' food and water supplies, causing the starvation of Newe, whose population had already suffered from smallpox epidemics. Conflict between Indians and white Americans continued as emigration increased, but an 1855 peace
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surveyed a new route across the Great Basin to
California, resulting in increased emigrant traffic through Newe territory and further disruption of their resources and lifestyles. On August 13, 1859, a detachment of U.S. cavalry led by Lieutenant Ebenezer Gay tracked down a band of Indian warriors
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that rely heavily on Wilson's account also reference the event but there is no substantiation by contemporary documentary evidence. In addition, there is some evidence that suggests that Wilson was not the actual author of his account. The Morgan County News reported in its 28 August 1959 edition
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Since the three massacres, the Newe have a spiritual connection to
Bahsahwahbee as a place where their ancestors lived and died. The site went from being a place of celebration to a place of commemoration, where the swamp cedar trees each represent those killed. The site's waters and springs are
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reported the incident to Major
General Winfield Scott: "I have ascertained that three parties were robbed, and ten or twelve of their members, comprising men, women, and children, murdered... The perpetrators of the robbery of the first party were severely chastised by a detachment of dragoons,
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Native
American tribes opposed a water pipeline that would have brought groundwater from Spring Valley and others in the county to Las Vegas; the potential depletion of the aquifer could have affected the swamp cedars, and plans for the pipeline were canceled in 2020. A 2021 Nevada law made it
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Newspaper reported that on August 14, 1859, "Brevet Brigadier General Albert S. Johnston, Colonel 2nd Cavalry, commanding department of Utah, having received information that a band of northern Indians had robbed and murdered a party of emigrants on the California road, detached 2nd Lieutenant
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376:, who claimed to be one of the army's interpreters and guides, published a book of anecdotes in 1910 that claimed that 350 Indians were killed by the troops on an unspecified date in somewhere in the Utah Territory in 1859. Wilson's account has no mention of Spring Valley.
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illegal to cut or destroy any swamp cedars in the Bahsahwahbee area without a permit. The bill was requested by Native American advocates, though state agencies stated protection of the area is the responsibility of the Bureau of Land Management, rather than the state.
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passed a resolution in support of federal protection of the area, the Senate doing so unanimously. Advocates have proposed the site, with a suggested area of 27,240 acres (110.2 km), be added to Great Basin National Park or protected as a
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286:), also called swamp cedars, take root at ground level. This is the largest of three areas they grow in a valley rather than dry, rocky mountainsides. The cone-bearing evergreen trees reach up to 40 feet tall. The
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massacred another 23 Indians, though others were able to escape because some of the Army's horses became stuck in the swamp. Goshute oral history states "most of them" were killed.
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On March 22, 1863, Goshute warriors attacked a stage station near Spring Valley, killing the company operator and taking stock animals. In retribution, Captain S. P. Smith led a
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Lieutenant Ebenezer Gay to Major Fitz John Porter, 15th August 1859. Senate of the United States, First Session of the Thirty-Sixth Congress, 1859-1860, Volume II, p. 219-220.
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region that covers much of Nevada. More than 100 springs are in the valley. The valley's abundance of water in the soil, trapped by a shallow layer of clay forming a
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in White Pine County in 1862 to protect white emigrants. At this time, the Newe faced severe starvation and resorted to eating grains given by the
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in 2008, affording that portion protections including limits on off-road vehicle use, plant collection, cattle grazing, and surface mining.
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888:"Notice of Availability of the Proposed Resource Management Plan and Final Environmental Impact Statement for the Ely Field Office, Nevada"
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1156:"Rosen Visits Bahsahwahbee, Meets With Tribal Leaders and Local Stakeholders to Discuss Support for Proposed National Monument"
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to support making the site a national monument. Cortez Masto visited the site in July 2023 and Rosen in August.
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Westward expansion of the United States accelerated in the late 1840s and 1850s as American settlers sought
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treaty with the Newe was not ratified by the United States, allowing for tensions and violence to worsen.
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636:"'Their bodies are in those trees': Nevada tribes seek national monument status for sacred trees"
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people occurred in the 19th century, two by the U.S. Army and one by vigilantes. The name means "
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Senate of the United States; First Session of the 36th Congress, 1859-60; No. 42, p. 26
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313:) have their homeland in northern Nevada and have lived in the Bahsahwahbee area since
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from Nevada State Route 893, looking southwest. Bahsahwahbee lies in the valley below.
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The Bureau of Land Management designated 3,200 acres (13 km) as the Swamp Cedar
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University and college buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places
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and even undigested barley from horses' manure. Stationed at Fort Ruby, Colonel
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In 2017, an area encompassing 14,175 acres (57.36 km) was listed on the
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instructed his troops to "destroy every male Indian whom you may encounter."
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484:. It lies between White Pine County Road 893, White Pine County Road 37,
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that gave the United States significant rights to the use of their land.
986:"Swamp cedar protections, no-knock warrants among dozens of bill signed"
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List of jails and prisons on the National Register of Historic Places
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767:"Spring Valley swamp cedars - more than trees for Western Shoshone"
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Newspaper, 31st December 1859 edition, Salt Lake City, Utah, pp. 3
601:"This sacred valley could become America's next national monument"
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to the Swamp Cedars site where tribal members were gathered for a
1073:"Bahsahwahbee National Monument (Swamp Cedars) Information Sheet"
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The White Indian Boy: The Story of Uncle Nick Among the Shoshones
682:"National Register of Historic Places Registration: Bahsahwahbee"
385:." There are no other written accounts of the claimed incident.
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Root for Swamp Cedars – Designate Bahsahwahbee National Monument
723:. September 2017. Archived from the original on February 2, 2019
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1131:"Cortez Masto visits sacred swamp cedar site in eastern Nevada"
461:– also continue to use it for gathering of plants and hunting.
955:"Legislature moves to protect swamp cedars considered sacred"
918:"Management Plan for the Great Basin National Heritage Area"
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In November 1859, Gay's commander, brevet Brigadier General
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The Swamp Cedar Natural Area is a historic resource of the
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By the 1930s, 16 small villages remained in Spring Valley.
1017:"State balks at tribes' request to protect sacred trees"
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National Register of Historic Places listings in Nevada
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considered sacred, and the Newe – now organized as the
800:"Appendix Q: Areas of Critical Environmental Concern"
718:"Bureau of Land Management (BLM) Ely District Update"
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that "'White Indian Boy', was written by a man named
294:) is also endemic to this region of the Great Basin.
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History of the National Register of Historic Places
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Morgan County News, 28 August 1959 edition, page 5.
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1474:List of U.S. National Historic Landmarks by state
1315:Nevada Northern Railway East Ely Yards and Shops
1100:"Another national monument in works for Nevada?"
741:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1866:National Register of Historic Places portal
1897:National Register of Historic Places in Nevada
492:, entirely on Bureau of Land Management land.
459:Confederated Tribes of the Goshute Reservation
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569:"National Register Database and Research"
541:List of Indian massacres in North America
48:U.S. National Register of Historic Places
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240:, 5 mi (8.0 km) northeast of
216:trees, locally called swamp cedars, in
1371:Nevada State Historic Places by county
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599:Marvar, Alexandra (October 18, 2021).
471:Area of Critical Environmental Concern
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1290:Fort Schellbourne (Boundary Increase)
925:Great Basin Heritage Area Partnership
372:Possibly referencing the same event,
328:and new lands and opportunities. The
282:, allows the Rocky Mountain juniper (
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1320:Nevada Northern Railway-McGill Depot
1221:National Register of Historic Places
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266:is a north–south valley between the
249:National Register of Historic Places
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1295:Johnson Lake Mine Historic District
953:Lochhead, Colton (March 16, 2021).
898:from the original on April 24, 2021
1829:National Historic Preservation Act
1015:Solis, Jeniffer (March 16, 2021).
497:Great Basin National Heritage Area
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1079:from the original on June 6, 2023
1053:from the original on June 6, 2023
1027:from the original on May 31, 2023
996:from the original on May 31, 2023
965:from the original on June 6, 2023
934:from the original on June 6, 2023
812:from the original on June 7, 2023
777:from the original on June 6, 2023
765:Bahouth, Brian (March 15, 2021).
611:from the original on May 24, 2023
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1098:Jessica, Hill (April 26, 2023).
984:Solis, Jeniffer (May 26, 2021).
861:Wilson, Elijah Nicholas (1926).
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867:. New York: World Book Company.
691:. June 30, 2016. Archived from
1782:Federated States of Micronesia
1428:Architectural style categories
1270:Ely City Hall and Fire Station
345:Spring Valley Massacre of 1859
220:, where multiple massacres of
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1:
1275:Ely L. D. S. Stake Tabernacle
1129:Timko, Steve (July 8, 2023).
805:. Bureau of Land Management.
527:called on Interior Secretary
482:traditional cultural property
428:Swamp Cedars Massacre of 1897
389:Swamp Cedars Massacre of 1863
253:traditional cultural property
232:. The area is managed by the
121:Show map of the United States
1350:White Pine County Courthouse
247:The grove was listed on the
182:14,175 acres (57.36 km)
29:United States historic place
1300:Lehman Orchard and Aqueduct
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1834:Historic Preservation Fund
1813:American Legation, Morocco
465:Designation and protection
393:The U.S. Army established
1902:White Pine County, Nevada
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1775:Lists by associated state
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571:. National Park Service.
238:Great Basin National Park
234:Bureau of Land Management
218:White Pine County, Nevada
187:NRHP reference
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1912:Native American genocide
1756:Northern Mariana Islands
1104:Las Vegas Review-Journal
959:Las Vegas Review-Journal
455:Duckwater Shoshone Tribe
490:Spring Valley Wind Farm
416:Five months after this
1751:Minor Outlying Islands
1734:Lists by insular areas
1448:Keeper of the Register
1049:. Nevada Legislature.
521:Catherine Cortez Masto
420:, the Newe signed the
374:Elijah Nicholas Wilson
359:Albert Sidney Johnston
292:Thelypodium sagittatum
214:Rocky Mountain juniper
18:Spring Valley Massacre
1453:National Park Service
1433:Contributing property
689:National Park Service
517:National Park Service
422:Treaty of Ruby Valley
399:Overland Mail Company
134:5 miles northeast of
1808:District of Columbia
1325:Osceola (East) Ditch
1250:Baker Ranger Station
1240:American Legion Hall
640:Reno Gazette Journal
519:. In 2023, Senators
284:Juniperus scopulorum
136:Majors Place, Nevada
1345:Ward Charcoal Ovens
698:on October 22, 2017
605:National Geographic
546:Bear River Massacre
280:perched water table
159: /
927:. April 30, 2013.
771:Sierra Nevada Ally
508:Nevada Legislature
451:Ely Shoshone Tribe
326:gold in California
272:Schell Creek Range
96:Show map of Nevada
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1438:Historic district
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1335:Sunshine Locality
1310:McGill Drug Store
1305:Lund Grade School
1285:Fort Schellbourne
1225:White Pine County
1162:. August 11, 2023
513:national monument
288:slender thelypody
230:Shoshoni language
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1680:South Dakota
1670:Rhode Island
1665:Pennsylvania
1645:North Dakota
1369:
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1330:Rhodes Cabin
1245:Bahsahwahbee
1244:
1164:. Retrieved
1159:
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693:the original
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246:
242:Majors Place
226:sacred water
210:Bahsahwahbee
209:
208:
67:Wheeler Peak
40:Bahsahwahbee
26:
1801:Other areas
1761:Puerto Rico
1595:Mississippi
1510:Connecticut
1160:Jacky Rosen
702:October 21,
529:Deb Haaland
525:Jacky Rosen
418:Goshute War
276:Great Basin
268:Snake Range
203:May 1, 2017
166: /
142:Coordinates
1891:Categories
1710:Washington
1630:New Mexico
1625:New Jersey
1500:California
1166:August 19,
552:References
488:, and the
457:, and the
444:Modern use
336:, and the
1720:Wisconsin
1685:Tennessee
1590:Minnesota
1565:Louisiana
1280:Fort Ruby
395:Fort Ruby
194:100000464
1876:Category
1705:Virginia
1655:Oklahoma
1635:New York
1610:Nebraska
1600:Missouri
1585:Michigan
1575:Maryland
1560:Kentucky
1540:Illinois
1515:Delaware
1505:Colorado
1495:Arkansas
1140:July 14,
1108:Archived
1077:Archived
1051:Archived
1025:Archived
994:Archived
963:Archived
929:Archived
896:Archived
807:Archived
775:Archived
737:cite web
727:June 10,
609:Archived
573:Archived
535:See also
309:people (
154:114°27′W
131:Location
65:View of
1822:Related
1725:Wyoming
1700:Vermont
1605:Montana
1545:Indiana
1525:Georgia
1520:Florida
1490:Arizona
1480:Alabama
1114:June 6,
1083:June 6,
1057:June 6,
1031:May 30,
1000:May 30,
969:June 6,
938:June 6,
902:June 6,
816:June 7,
781:June 6,
645:May 24,
615:May 24,
579:May 30,
410:cavalry
307:Goshute
298:History
274:in the
259:Ecology
151:39°08′N
1660:Oregon
1615:Nevada
1555:Kansas
1530:Hawaii
1485:Alaska
1421:Topics
1229:Nevada
1047:"AJR4"
453:, the
1792:Palau
1690:Texas
1570:Maine
1535:Idaho
932:(PDF)
921:(PDF)
810:(PDF)
803:(PDF)
721:(PDF)
696:(PDF)
685:(PDF)
480:as a
1746:Guam
1695:Utah
1650:Ohio
1550:Iowa
1168:2023
1142:2023
1135:KOLO
1116:2023
1085:2023
1059:2023
1033:2023
1002:2023
971:2023
940:2023
904:2023
818:2023
783:2023
743:link
729:2023
704:2017
647:2023
617:2023
581:2023
523:and
311:Newe
305:and
270:and
179:Area
1223:in
189:No.
1893::
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290:(
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