1000:
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1089:, usually served deep-fried. Cantonese-style pigeon is typically braised in soy sauce, rice wine and star anise then roasted with crispy skin and tender meat. Squabs are sold live in Chinese marketplaces to assure freshness, but they can also be dressed in two styles. "Chinese-style" (Buddhist slaughter) birds retain their head and feet, whereas "New York-dressed" (Confucian slaughter) birds retain their entrails, head and feet. The greatest volume of U.S. squab is currently sold within
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831:. The meat is very lean, easily digestible, and "rich in proteins, minerals, and vitamins". It has been described as having a "silky" texture, as it is very tender and fine-grained. It has a milder taste than other game, and has been described as having a mild berry flavor. Squab's flavor lends itself to
247:
on an estate that aimed to be self-sufficient. The dovecote was considered a "living pantry", a source of meat for unexpected guests, and was important as a supplementary source of income from the sale of surplus birds. Dovecotes were introduced to South
America and Africa by Mediterranean colonists.
304:
Meleg estimates that 15–20% of eggs fail to hatch in well-maintained pigeon lofts. Egg size is important for the squab's initial size and for mortality at hatching, but becomes less important as the squab ages. Aggrey and Cheng feel that the hatched weight of squabs is not a good indicator of their
276:
Pigeons, unlike other poultry, form pair bonds to breed, and squabs must be brooded and fed by both parents until they are four weeks old; a pair of pigeons may produce 15 squabs per year. Ten pairs can produce eight squabs each month without being fed by their keepers. Pigeons which are accustomed
999:
292:
for weight gain, quick growth, health when kept in large numbers, and health of their infants. For a greater yield, commercially raised squab may be produced in a two-nest system, where the mother lays two new eggs in a second nest while her offspring are still growing in the first nest, fed
996:. Demand for squab is increasing in Nigeria, despite being more expensive than beef, pork or chicken, as pigeons can quickly be raised to table weight and are easy to keep, providing diseases are controlled, as young pigeons are especially susceptible to disease.
862:, Spain, suggested cooking squab with pork fat or bitter limes. There is less information about traditional recipes incorporating squab or pigeon used by commoners, but there is evidence they were "handed down from generation to generation".
1021:, "It is not easy to find pigeons, these days. Most of the ones you know about in the city are working for the government." However, squab produced from specially raised utility pigeons continues to grace the menus of American
281:
and return there to rest and breed. Industrially raised pigeons have young which weigh 1.3 pounds (0.59 kg) when of age, as opposed to traditionally raised pigeons, which weigh 0.5 pounds (0.23 kg).
1058:. Pigeon is usually cooked as curry and is sometimes cooked with banana blossom. It is popular among both the tribal and non-tribal populations. Pigeon meat is associated with strength, and the pre-colonial
919:
Commercially raised birds "take only half as long to cook" as traditionally raised birds, and are suitable for roasting, grilling, or searing, whereas the traditionally raised birds are better suited to
1364:
273:
Squab have been commercially raised in North
America since the early 1900s. As of 1986, annual production in the United States and Canada was one and a half million squabs per year.
2467:
869:
wrote a book of "culinary secrets" which included "How to Kill a Squab by
Hitting with a Feather on the Head". Indeed, squab would serve as a culinary staple in Italy, including in
881:("toad-like squab") was a popular "dish of skill" for both rich and poor, in which the squab was arranged so that it looked like a frog, with the breast forming the frog's "face".
3061:
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2188:"The traditional and therapeutic use of banana and its plant based delicacies in ethnic Assamese cuisine and religious rituals from Northeast India"
1822:
852:, squab was regarded as a "hot and moist" food, whereas the meat of older pigeons was regarded as hot, dry, and "barely edible". The Roman cookbook
297:
by both parents. Establishing two breeding lines has been suggested as another strategy for greater yield, where one breeding line is selected for
1386:
2298:"How to Make a Pigeon Cry" in How to Cook a Wolf (1942) in The Art of Eating: 50th Anniversary Edition by Mary Frances Kennedy Fisher, page 419
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recommended sauces with a combined sweet and sour flavor to accompany roasted or braised squab. In 1607, a recipe book from a monastery in
1512:
205:, an Ancient Roman physician, regarded the meat as a cure for headaches, but by the 16th century, squab was believed to cause headaches.
146:. Squab farmers raise the young until they are roughly a month old (when they reach adult size but have not yet flown) before slaughter.
301:
and the other for "parental performance", which, according to Aggrey and Cheng, is "vital" for squab growth after the age of two weeks.
2409:
1996:
1692:
1615:
2012:
Parzen, Jeremy (Fall 2004). "Please Play with Your Food: An
Incomplete Survey of Culinary Wonders in Italian Renaissance Cookery".
1852:"Research Note: Chemical composition, cholesterol content, and fatty acid profile of pigeon meat as influenced by meat-type breeds"
308:
Squabs reach adult size, but are not yet ready to fly (making them easier to catch) after roughly a month; at this point, they are
201:, a resource-poor region of north-western Spain, squab meat was an important supplement to grain crops from at least Roman times.
2317:
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92:,) and their meat. More recently, squab meat comes almost entirely from domesticated pigeons. The meat of dove and pigeon
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1986:
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as unsanitary urban pests. However, squab meat is regarded as safer than some other poultry products as it harbors fewer
4438:
3066:
2520:
952:
2651:"Farm and management variables linked to fecal shedding of Campylobacter and Salmonella in commercial squab production"
932:
to tenderize. The consumption of squab probably stems from both the relative ease of catching birds which have not yet
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1960:
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and slow-cooked stews. The meat from older and wild pigeons is much tougher than squab, and requires a long period of
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2650:
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3210:
2446:"The Mising foodways: an analytical study on the foods and food related cultural practices of the Misings of Assam"
194:
60 in Spain. Such birds were hunted for their meat because it was a cheap and readily available source of protein.
2067:
4554:
4208:
4203:
2821:
2410:"GLIMPSES OF TRADITIONAL FOOD HABITS, DRESS AND ORNAMENTS: A STUDY AMONG THE BODOS OF UDALGURI DISTRICT IN ASSAM"
1766:
2358:
1688:
Livestock keeping in urban areas: a review of traditional technologies based on literature and field experiences
936:, and that unfledged birds have more tender meat. Once a squab has fledged, its weight decreases significantly.
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Despite the relative ease of raising pigeons, squab is "not usually considered" in terms of its potential for
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4324:
4125:
3040:
2039:
Davis, Jennifer J. (February 2009). "Masters of
Disguise: French Cooks Between Art and Nature, 1651–1793".
1568:
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There is some variation in nutritional content depending on the breed of utility pigeon used for squabbing.
4135:
4110:
4078:
1793:
Aggrey, S.E.; Cheng, K.M. (1993). "Genetic and
Posthatch Parental Influences on Growth in Pigeon Squabs".
1686:
832:
208:
31:
1472:
Canova, Jane (Spring 2005). "Monuments to the Birds: Dovecotes and Pigeon Eating in the Land of Fields".
1039:. Accordingly, squab is often sold for much higher prices than other poultry, sometimes as high as eight
255:
and remains associated with wartime shortages and poverty. This was parodied in an episode of the sitcom
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Usually considered a delicacy, squab is tender, moist and richer in taste than many commonly consumed
4130:
4120:
2468:"Row over buffalo sacrifice in Kamakhya Temple: Banning practice will deprive poor, says head priest"
1931:
Field Guide to Meat: How to
Identify, Select, and Prepare Virtually Every Meat, Poultry, and Game Cut
1040:
719:
680:
248:
In medieval
England, squab meat was highly valued, although its availability depended on the season.
1395:. Farmers' Bulletin, Issue 684 (revised ed.). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office
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cautions that if squab is cooked beyond medium-rare, its flavor becomes 'distinctly "livery"'.
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2628:. Butterworth-Heinemann hospitality management series. Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 220.
1610:
Croft, David; Perry, Jimmy; Webber, Richard (2000). The
Complete A–Z of Dad's Army. Orion.
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2236:. Butterworth-Heinemann hospitality management series. Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 10.
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In the United States, squab is "increasingly a specialty item", as the larger and cheaper
960:
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54:
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186:, though are not as common in the Jewish diet as they were in ancient times. Texts about
916:
fried in lard with onion, mushrooms, apples, artichokes. tomatoes and seasonings layer.
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meats, but there is relatively little meat per bird, the meat being concentrated in the
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once prohibited meat on fast days, but allowed frog's meat, as it was a water dweller.
187:
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170:; historically, squabs or pigeons have been consumed in many civilizations, including
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265:". Nevertheless, many people continue to eat it, especially the older generation.
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1228:
Adventures in
Historic Cures: Amusing Home Remedies, Anecdotes, and Definitions
139:; there are more records of its preparation for the wealthy than for the poor.
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gives earliest known usage in 1640 as a young bird, in 1694 as a young pigeon.
1178:
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played with that convention, and is still part of French traditional cuisine.
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73:
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2112:. A Shire album Shire Library. Vol. 213. Osprey Publishing. p. 7.
2052:
2025:
1540:. A Shire album Shire Library. Vol. 213. Osprey Publishing. p. 6.
1487:
1420:. A Shire album Shire Library. Vol. 213. Osprey Publishing. p. 4.
1109:
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100:
17:
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158:
A pair of king pigeons. Large breast muscles are common in utility pigeons.
57:, typically under four weeks old, or its meat. Some authors describe it as
2542:"Assamese Pigeon Curry: How a staple dish is now becoming almost a rarity"
1868:
1851:
1751:
1637:"Estimation of genetic parameters for body weight traits in squab pigeons"
1573:. Medieval history and archaeology. Oxford University Press. p. 151.
1323:
Pigeons: The Fascinating Saga of the World's Most Revered and Reviled Bird
154:
107:; historically, many societies have consumed squabs or pigeons, including
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1153:. In parts of the world, squab meat is thought of as distasteful by some
1121:
1113:
1074:
in India, after which it can be eaten. A similar practice is followed in
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46:
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1965:
979:
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874:
854:
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469:
217:
4521:
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2259:"Animal archeology: Domestic pigeons and the nature-culture dialectic"
251:
In England, pigeon meat was eaten when other food was rationed during
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2625:
Culinary creation: an introduction to foodservice and world cuisine
2233:
Culinary creation: an introduction to foodservice and world cuisine
4433:
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3842:
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3302:
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967:. Typical dishes include breast of squab (sometimes as the French
948:
909:
802:
224:
where the locals have raised squab for food since the time of the
221:
153:
124:
120:
112:
36:
2798:. Vol. Farmers' Bulletin no. 684. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture.
939:
Today, squab is part of the cuisine of many countries, including
4038:
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3232:
3133:
3023:
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2872:
1369:
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention
1137:
745:
3106:
2817:
1241:
A domesticated pigeon that reportedly tastes like dark chicken.
1085:, squab is a part of celebratory banquets for holidays such as
877:
cuisine since before the Medieval era. In 18th century France,
3933:
3375:
3317:
3164:
1346:
913:
901:
381:
2186:
Sarma, Upasana; Govila, Viney Kumar; Yadav, Akansha (2020).
1062:
also recommends it for health. Pigeon is sacrificed in some
135:, it is generally regarded as exotic, not as a contemporary
1078:
too. Pigeon curry is often reserved for special occasions.
72:
means "loose, fat flesh". The term formerly applied to all
27:
Food; young domestic pigeon, typically under four weeks old
2142:. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
1691:. FAO animal production and health paper. Vol. 151.
1567:
Woolgar, C.M.; Serjeantson, Dale; Waldron, Tony (2006).
3102:
2773:
Profitable Squab Breeding: A Complete Illustrated Guide
2727:
Daguin, Ariane; Faison, George; Pruess, Joanna (1999).
131:. Although squab has been consumed throughout much of
4510:
96:
hunted primarily for sport is rarely called "squab".
2586:
Hsiung, Deih-Ta; Simonds, Nina; Lowe, Jason (2005).
992:. In Spain and France, squab is also preserved as a
904:
with alternating layers of chicken and squab with a
4375:
4310:
4267:
4219:
4179:
4144:
4064:
4057:
3808:
3733:
3629:
3451:
3331:
3218:
3140:
3075:
3032:
2926:
2860:
2493:"At Kamakhya, there's no stopping animal sacrifice"
781:
769:
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731:
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344:
330:
325:
3062:San Francisco Chinese New Year Festival and Parade
2384:"Food of Assam | Mouth-Watering Dishes From Assam"
1928:
1253:
644:
479:
2649:Jeffrey, J.S.; Atwill, E.R.; Hunter, A. (2001).
1774:New South Wales Department of Primary Industries
1722:Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior
41:Pigeon chicks, approximately twenty days of age
2792:Lee, Alfred R; Haynes, Sheppard Knapp (1946).
1922:
1920:
1845:
1843:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1624:
326:Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
3118:
2829:
2809:. Melrose, Mass: Plymouth Rock Squab Company.
2712:Culinary Birds: The Ultimate Poultry Cookbook
2068:"When is a frog not a frog? When it's a bird"
1003:Dressed squab displayed for sale in Hong Kong
8:
2617:
2615:
2589:The food of China: a journey for food lovers
2140:"7.0 Backyard small species / 7.1.3 Pigeons"
1570:Food in medieval England: diet and nutrition
320:
2521:"Hindu sacrifice of 250,000 animals begins"
900:(Chicken and squab pastry) was as a savory
4061:
3125:
3111:
3103:
2836:
2822:
2814:
2181:
2179:
1685:Schiere, Hans; van der Hoek, Rein (2001).
983:and herbs), Assamese pigeon curry and the
449:
319:
2666:
2206:
1889:
1887:
1867:
1741:
1662:
1652:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1358:
1356:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1108:, squab is usually seasoned, spiced with
1035:, and has enjoyed endorsements from some
99:The practice of domesticating pigeons as
2567:40 Hong Kong foods we can't live without
2151:
2149:
1461:
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1298:
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1292:
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207:
162:The practice of domesticating pigeon as
4517:
1850:J. F. Pomianowski; et al. (2009).
1387:United States Department of Agriculture
1260:Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary
1190:
865:In the 15th century, the Italian friar
1954:
1952:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1507:
1505:
827:, and the skin is fatty, like that of
2156:Blechman, Andrew D. (April 9, 2006).
1809:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111314
1325:. Open City Books. pp. 211–214.
807:A large volume of squab is served at
64:The word "squab" probably comes from
7:
2066:Abrahams, Marc (29 September 2009).
1635:Aggrey, S. E.; Cheng, K. M. (1992).
1050:, squab features prominently in the
2729:D'Artagnan's Glorious Game Cookbook
2540:Patgiri, Rituparna (20 June 2021).
1365:"Food habits in pre-colonial Assam"
190:for their meat date as far back as
2576:13 July 2011. Retrieved 2011-10-09
1991:. Simon and Schuster. 1997-11-05.
1959:Cornish, Richard (July 25, 2006).
1375:(6): 1–5 – via Academia.edu.
1225:Lachiusa, Dean (8 November 2021).
1011:has mostly displaced it. In 1942,
25:
2519:Lang, Olivia (24 November 2009).
2466:Acharyya, Kangkan (30 May 2018).
2372:: 20–21 – via Academia.edu.
2308:Bruni, Frank (February 6, 2008).
1935:. Quirk Books. pp. 221–223.
1693:Food and Agriculture Organization
4532:
4520:
4494:
4493:
4482:
3209:
3203:
2491:Sunil, Oinam (16 October 2006).
1718:"Some Thoughts About The Future"
1146:(rice wrapped in banana leaf).
2714:. Philadelphia: Running Press.
2257:Jerolmack, Colin (April 2007).
1262:(11th ed.). 2004. p.
321:Squab, (pigeon), meat only, raw
142:The modern squab industry uses
2731:. Boston: Little & Brown.
2592:. Murdoch Books. p. 125.
1:
4152:Countries by meat consumption
2806:How to Make Money with Squabs
2340:Essential North-East Cookbook
1823:"Poultry Research Foundation"
977:Mahshi (stuffed with rice or
898:Pastales de pollos y pichones
4439:Non-vegetarian food in India
4157:Countries by meat production
3067:Christmas and holiday season
2359:"Physical Folklife of Assam"
2266:Qualitative Sociology Review
1716:Skinner, B.F. (March 1986).
1641:Genetics Selection Evolution
1321:Andrew D., Blechman (2006).
1165:, and may be served between
4162:Food and drink prohibitions
2096:by Encarnación Pinedo, 1898
1900:The French Laundry Cookbook
1120:and deep fried in a lot of
1066:temples, especially in the
892:A 19th-century recipe from
336:594 kJ (142 kcal)
4586:
3201:
2755:. London: Reaktion Books.
2208:10.1186/s42779-020-00053-5
1654:10.1186/1297-9686-24-6-553
833:complex red or white wines
305:weight at four weeks old.
188:methods of raising pigeons
84:, the extinct-in-the-wild
29:
4477:
4204:Psychology of eating meat
3748:Black soldier fly maggots
3091:
2851:
2787:. Chicago: W. B. Conkley.
2781:Eggleston, E. H. (1916).
2622:Morgan, James L. (2006).
2444:Kumari, Pratisha (2014).
2357:Dutta, Parasmoni (2008).
2310:"In Defense of Decadence"
2278:10.18778/1733-8077.3.1.06
2230:Morgan, James L. (2006).
793:
789:
765:
757:
628:
624:
463:
459:
452:
448:
428:
424:
374:
370:
340:
59:tasting like dark chicken
4277:Beef hormone controversy
3057:Color in Chinese culture
1827:The University of Sydney
1734:10.1901/jeab.1986.45-229
235:From the Middle Ages, a
111:(still common in modern
2751:Allen, Barbara (2009).
2453:Tezpur University Ernet
2338:Hauzel, Hoihnu (2014).
2195:Journal of Ethnic Foods
2053:10.1525/gfc.2009.9.1.36
2026:10.1525/gfc.2004.4.4.25
1988:JOC All New Rev. - 1997
1496:10.1525/gfc.2005.5.2.50
1488:10.1525/gfc.2005.5.2.50
887:Pigeons à la crapaudine
879:pigeons à la crapaudine
835:. The 1997 edition of
182:. Doves are considered
166:may have come from the
103:may have originated in
74:dove and pigeon species
4560:Chinese New Year foods
4302:Water holding capacity
2784:American Squab Culture
2776:. A. B. Morse Company.
2158:"March of the Pigeons"
2106:Hansell, Jean (2001).
1534:Hansell, Jean (2001).
1519:. 2019. Archived from
1414:Hansell, Jean (2001).
1363:Saikia, Arani (2013).
1004:
883:Religious dietary laws
812:
277:to their dovecote may
232:
159:
88:, and the now extinct
42:
32:Squab (disambiguation)
4287:Feed conversion ratio
4189:Ethics of eating meat
1927:Green, Aliza (2005).
1869:10.3382/ps.2008-00217
1765:Bolla, Gerry (2007).
1002:
806:
454:Vitamins and minerals
290:artificially selected
211:
157:
40:
4340:Environmental impact
3041:CCTV New Year's Gala
2803:Rice, Elmer (1916).
1167:medium and well done
1124:. It is served with
1027:restaurants such as
844:In the 14th century
30:For other uses, see
2770:Dare, Carl (1914).
2094:El cocinero español
1796:Journal of Heredity
1517:Great Italian Chefs
547:Pantothenic acid (B
322:
68:; the Swedish word
4464:Warmed-over flavor
4232:Semi-vegetarianism
2710:Ash, John (2013).
2668:10.1093/ps/80.1.66
2572:2012-11-05 at the
2498:The Times of India
2314:The New York Times
2163:The New York Times
1157:because they view
1140:, vegetables, and
1098:Indonesian cuisine
1033:the French Laundry
1018:How to Cook a Wolf
1005:
838:the Joy of Cooking
813:
771:Other constituents
233:
203:Caelius Aurelianus
160:
43:
4508:
4507:
4175:
4174:
3100:
3099:
2762:978-1-86189-513-4
2635:978-0-7506-7936-7
2599:978-1-74045-463-6
2243:978-0-7506-7936-7
2119:978-0-7478-0504-5
1961:"Pigeon fanciers"
1942:978-1-59474-017-6
1910:978-1-57965-126-8
1702:978-92-5-104575-6
1580:978-0-19-927349-2
1547:978-0-7478-0504-5
1523:on June 13, 2019.
1427:978-0-7478-0504-5
1332:978-0-8021-1834-9
1273:978-0-87779-809-5
1070:, such as in the
1054:, such as in the
953:the United States
801:
800:
761:
760:
127:(Northeast), and
16:(Redirected from
4577:
4555:Domestic pigeons
4537:
4536:
4525:
4524:
4516:
4497:
4496:
4487:
4486:
4459:Roadkill cuisine
4254:Meat alternative
4249:Plant-based diet
4167:Meat substitutes
4062:
3213:
3207:
3127:
3120:
3113:
3104:
3047:Chinese calendar
2954:Buddha's delight
2888:New Year picture
2854:Culture of China
2845:Chinese New Year
2838:
2831:
2824:
2815:
2810:
2799:
2788:
2777:
2766:
2740:
2723:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2688:
2679:. Archived from
2670:
2646:
2640:
2639:
2619:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2606:
2583:
2577:
2563:
2557:
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2477:
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2457:
2456:
2450:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2431:
2425:
2419:. Archived from
2414:
2405:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2380:
2374:
2373:
2363:
2354:
2348:
2347:
2335:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2325:
2316:. Archived from
2305:
2299:
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2254:
2248:
2247:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2210:
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2085:
2084:
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2063:
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2036:
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2029:
2009:
2003:
2002:
1983:
1977:
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1974:
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1956:
1947:
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1756:
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1682:
1669:
1668:
1666:
1656:
1632:
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1608:
1602:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1554:
1531:
1525:
1524:
1513:"Pigeon recipes"
1509:
1500:
1499:
1469:
1438:
1437:
1435:
1434:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1383:
1377:
1376:
1360:
1351:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1318:
1285:
1284:
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1280:
1257:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1238:
1236:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1195:
1087:Chinese New Year
1068:Shakta tradition
1056:Assamese cuisine
908:of minced veal,
809:Chinese American
648:
600:
583:
567:
550:
533:
516:
490:Vitamin A equiv.
483:
450:
323:
263:Getting the Bird
216:in the caves of
199:Tierra de Campos
133:recorded history
90:passenger pigeon
21:
4585:
4584:
4580:
4579:
4578:
4576:
4575:
4574:
4545:
4544:
4543:
4531:
4519:
4511:
4509:
4504:
4489:Food portal
4481:
4473:
4395:Case-ready meat
4377:
4371:
4345:Factory farming
4306:
4263:
4215:
4181:
4171:
4140:
4053:
3810:
3804:
3729:
3634:
3625:
3447:
3327:
3298:Lamb and mutton
3214:
3208:
3199:
3136:
3131:
3101:
3096:
3087:
3071:
3028:
3019:Mandarin orange
2922:
2856:
2847:
2842:
2802:
2791:
2780:
2769:
2763:
2750:
2747:
2726:
2709:
2706:
2701:
2699:Further reading
2696:
2695:
2686:
2684:
2655:Poultry Science
2648:
2647:
2643:
2636:
2621:
2620:
2613:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2585:
2584:
2580:
2574:Wayback Machine
2564:
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1971:
1969:
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1926:
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1918:
1911:
1893:
1892:
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1856:Poultry Science
1849:
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1831:
1829:
1821:
1820:
1816:
1792:
1791:
1787:
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1776:
1769:
1767:"Squab raising"
1764:
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1398:
1396:
1389:(August 1967).
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1274:
1252:
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1247:
1234:
1232:
1231:. Dean Lachiusa
1224:
1222:
1218:
1208:
1206:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1175:
1083:Chinese cuisine
1072:Kamakhya temple
1037:celebrity chefs
965:Asian countries
961:Northern Africa
797:
794:
752:
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713:
700:
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619:
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531:
523:
514:
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484:
455:
444:
439:
416:Polyunsaturated
406:Monounsaturated
390:
385:
356:
351:
318:
286:Utility pigeons
271:
243:) was a common
180:Medieval Europe
152:
144:utility pigeons
129:medieval Europe
55:domestic pigeon
53:is an immature
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4583:
4581:
4573:
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4565:Meat by animal
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4500:Category: Meat
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4387:
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4367:
4365:Slaughterhouse
4357:
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4322:
4316:
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4273:
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4265:
4264:
4262:
4261:
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4251:
4246:
4245:
4244:
4242:Pollotarianism
4239:
4237:Pescetarianism
4229:
4223:
4221:
4217:
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4211:
4201:
4196:
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3089:
3088:
3086:
3085:
3083:Lunar New Year
3079:
3077:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3069:
3064:
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3036:
3034:
3030:
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3027:
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3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2989:Pineapple tart
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2939:Spring pancake
2936:
2930:
2928:
2924:
2923:
2921:
2920:
2915:
2913:Chinese dragon
2910:
2905:
2900:
2898:Reunion dinner
2895:
2890:
2885:
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2875:
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2598:
2578:
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2511:
2483:
2458:
2436:
2408:Boro, Franky.
2400:
2375:
2349:
2330:
2300:
2291:
2249:
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2222:
2175:
2145:
2131:
2118:
2098:
2086:
2058:
2031:
2004:
1997:
1978:
1948:
1941:
1916:
1909:
1895:Thomas, Keller
1883:
1862:(6): 1306–09.
1839:
1814:
1803:(3): 184–187.
1785:
1757:
1728:(2): 229–245.
1708:
1701:
1695:. p. 29.
1670:
1647:(6): 553–559.
1620:
1603:
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1579:
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1526:
1501:
1439:
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1406:
1378:
1352:
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1245:
1216:
1189:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1181:
1174:
1171:
1060:Kamarupa Yatra
1048:Indian cuisine
963:, and several
799:
798:
795:
791:
790:
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4408:
4407:Cultured meat
4405:
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4391:
4388:
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4380:
4374:
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4348:
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4321:
4318:
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4315:
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4312:Meat industry
4309:
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4300:
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4280:
4278:
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4230:
4228:
4227:Vegetarianism
4225:
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4210:
4207:
4206:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4199:Animal rights
4197:
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4077:
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4072:
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4058:List articles
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3997:
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3990:
3987:
3985:
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3980:
3977:
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3972:
3970:
3967:
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3959:Luncheon meat
3957:
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3559:
3557:
3556:Pacific saury
3554:
3552:
3551:Orange roughy
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
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3529:
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3123:
3121:
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3005:
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2997:
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2909:
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2855:
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2846:
2839:
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2832:
2827:
2825:
2820:
2819:
2816:
2808:
2807:
2801:
2797:
2796:
2795:Squab Raising
2790:
2786:
2785:
2779:
2775:
2774:
2768:
2764:
2758:
2754:
2749:
2748:
2744:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2708:
2707:
2703:
2698:
2683:on 2011-07-24
2682:
2678:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2645:
2642:
2637:
2631:
2627:
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2616:
2612:
2601:
2595:
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2590:
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2559:
2547:
2543:
2536:
2533:
2528:
2527:
2522:
2515:
2512:
2500:
2499:
2494:
2487:
2484:
2472:
2469:
2462:
2459:
2454:
2447:
2440:
2437:
2426:on 2022-06-16
2422:
2418:
2411:
2404:
2401:
2389:
2385:
2379:
2376:
2371:
2367:
2360:
2353:
2350:
2345:
2341:
2334:
2331:
2320:on 2008-03-05
2319:
2315:
2311:
2304:
2301:
2295:
2292:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
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2253:
2250:
2245:
2239:
2235:
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2209:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2189:
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2165:
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2159:
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2141:
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2132:
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2115:
2111:
2110:
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2074:
2069:
2062:
2059:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2035:
2032:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2008:
2005:
2000:
1998:9780684818702
1994:
1990:
1989:
1982:
1979:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1955:
1953:
1949:
1944:
1938:
1933:
1932:
1923:
1921:
1917:
1912:
1906:
1902:
1901:
1896:
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1884:
1879:
1875:
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1865:
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1846:
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1768:
1761:
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1719:
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1655:
1650:
1646:
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1638:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1616:0-7528-4637-X
1613:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1597:
1596:
1590:
1587:
1582:
1576:
1572:
1571:
1563:
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1549:
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1448:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1429:
1423:
1419:
1418:
1410:
1407:
1394:
1393:
1392:Squab Raising
1388:
1382:
1379:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1348:
1342:
1339:
1334:
1328:
1324:
1317:
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1309:
1307:
1305:
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1291:
1287:
1275:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1256:
1249:
1246:
1242:
1230:
1229:
1223:For example:
1220:
1217:
1204:
1200:
1194:
1191:
1184:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1159:feral pigeons
1156:
1152:
1151:food security
1147:
1145:
1144:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1100:, especially
1099:
1094:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1079:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1025:
1024:haute cuisine
1020:
1019:
1014:
1010:
1001:
997:
995:
991:
990:
986:
982:
981:
976:
972:
971:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
937:
935:
931:
927:
923:
917:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
890:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
863:
861:
857:
856:
851:
850:Health Regime
847:
842:
840:
839:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
810:
805:
792:
788:
784:
780:
777:
774:
772:
768:
764:
756:
749:
747:
743:
736:
734:
730:
723:
721:
717:
710:
708:
704:
697:
695:
691:
684:
682:
678:
671:
669:
665:
658:
656:
652:
647:
642:
639:
637:
636:
631:
627:
623:
616:
614:
610:
603:
601:
594:
587:
585:
577:
570:
568:
561:
554:
552:
544:
537:
535:
530:Riboflavin (B
527:
520:
518:
510:
506:
504:
500:
493:
491:
487:
482:
477:
474:
472:
471:
466:
462:
458:
451:
447:
441:
438:
437:
431:
427:
423:
419:
417:
413:
409:
407:
403:
399:
397:
393:
387:
384:
383:
377:
373:
369:
365:
363:
362:Dietary fiber
359:
353:
350:
349:
348:Carbohydrates
343:
339:
335:
333:
329:
324:
315:
313:
311:
306:
302:
300:
296:
291:
287:
283:
280:
274:
268:
266:
264:
260:
259:
254:
249:
246:
242:
238:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
210:
206:
204:
200:
195:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
172:ancient Egypt
169:
165:
156:
149:
147:
145:
140:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
109:ancient Egypt
106:
102:
97:
95:
91:
87:
83:
82:mourning dove
79:
76:(such as the
75:
71:
67:
62:
60:
56:
52:
49:terminology,
48:
39:
33:
19:
4429:Mystery meat
4385:Arachnophagy
4325:Branch house
4292:Preservation
4269:Meat science
4220:Alternatives
4209:Meat paradox
4131:Smoked foods
3770:Grasshoppers
3715:Sea cucumber
3710:Shrimp/prawn
3179:
3039:
2993:
2893:Red envelope
2883:Dragon dance
2805:
2794:
2783:
2772:
2752:
2728:
2711:
2685:. Retrieved
2681:the original
2661:(1): 66–70.
2658:
2654:
2644:
2624:
2603:. Retrieved
2588:
2581:
2561:
2549:. Retrieved
2545:
2535:
2526:The Guardian
2524:
2514:
2502:. Retrieved
2496:
2486:
2474:. Retrieved
2471:
2461:
2452:
2439:
2428:. Retrieved
2421:the original
2416:
2403:
2391:. Retrieved
2387:
2378:
2369:
2365:
2352:
2339:
2333:
2322:. Retrieved
2318:the original
2313:
2303:
2294:
2272:(1): 74–95.
2269:
2265:
2252:
2232:
2225:
2198:
2194:
2167:. Retrieved
2161:
2134:
2123:. Retrieved
2108:
2101:
2093:
2089:
2077:. Retrieved
2073:The Guardian
2071:
2061:
2047:(1): 36–49.
2044:
2041:Gastronomica
2040:
2034:
2020:(4): 25–33.
2017:
2014:Gastronomica
2013:
2007:
1987:
1981:
1970:. Retrieved
1964:
1930:
1899:
1859:
1855:
1830:. Retrieved
1826:
1817:
1800:
1794:
1788:
1777:. Retrieved
1760:
1725:
1721:
1711:
1687:
1644:
1640:
1606:
1594:
1589:
1569:
1562:
1551:. Retrieved
1536:
1529:
1521:the original
1516:
1482:(2): 50–59.
1479:
1475:Gastronomica
1473:
1431:. Retrieved
1416:
1409:
1399:16 September
1397:. Retrieved
1391:
1381:
1372:
1368:
1345:
1341:
1322:
1277:. Retrieved
1259:
1248:
1240:
1235:16 September
1233:. Retrieved
1227:
1219:
1207:. Retrieved
1205:. 2014-06-23
1202:
1199:"Game Birds"
1193:
1148:
1141:
1095:
1080:
1059:
1045:
1022:
1016:
1006:
987:
978:
968:
938:
918:
897:
891:
886:
878:
867:Luca Pacioli
864:
853:
849:
843:
836:
814:
811:restaurants.
775:
770:
645:
640:
633:
480:
475:
468:
434:
380:
346:
307:
303:
284:
275:
272:
256:
253:World War II
250:
240:
234:
196:
176:ancient Rome
168:North Africa
161:
141:
105:North Africa
98:
86:socorro dove
69:
63:
50:
44:
18:Squab (food)
4412:Entomophagy
4400:Meat diaper
4390:Cannibalism
4066:Meat dishes
3848:Charcuterie
3811:preparation
3795:Mopane worm
3785:Mezcal worm
3094:Golden Week
3004:Turnip cake
2908:Firecracker
2417:ARF Journal
1903:. Artisan.
1143:nasi timbel
1130:chili sauce
1043:per pound.
1015:quipped in
823:. Squab is
513:Thiamine (B
310:slaughtered
299:prolificacy
245:outbuilding
137:staple food
78:wood pigeon
66:Scandinavia
4549:Categories
4469:White meat
4444:Pink slime
4422:Artificial
4297:Tenderness
4182:psychology
4180:Ethics and
4014:Salt-cured
3720:Sea urchin
3288:Guinea pig
3014:Melon seed
2984:Lotus seed
2878:Lion dance
2687:2009-09-06
2605:2009-09-02
2551:4 November
2504:4 November
2476:4 November
2430:2021-11-04
2393:4 November
2324:2008-02-24
2169:2008-02-24
2125:2009-09-02
2079:20 October
1972:2009-09-02
1779:2009-09-03
1553:2009-09-02
1433:2009-09-02
1203:All Q'd Up
1185:References
1179:Pigeon pie
1091:Chinatowns
1013:MFK Fisher
922:casseroles
894:California
707:Phosphorus
316:In cuisine
288:have been
258:Dad's Army
241:pigeonnier
4360:Slaughter
4282:Drip loss
4004:Rillettes
3964:Marinated
3902:Forcemeat
3888:Fermented
3828:Barbecued
3800:Palm grub
3631:Shellfish
3601:Swordfish
3536:Mahi Mahi
3366:Crocodile
3341:Alligator
3220:Livestock
3150:Cassowary
2999:Taro cake
2903:Fireworks
2745:Husbandry
2720:861751622
2286:142002800
2217:219530329
2109:Dovecotes
1537:Dovecotes
1417:Dovecotes
1279:27 August
1163:pathogens
1155:consumers
1110:coriander
1102:Sundanese
1052:Northeast
1029:Le Cirque
906:picadillo
860:Salamanca
825:dark meat
720:Potassium
694:Manganese
681:Magnesium
613:Vitamin C
597:Vitamin B
580:Folate (B
564:Vitamin B
503:Vitamin A
396:Saturated
295:crop milk
269:Husbandry
226:Etruscans
164:livestock
101:livestock
94:gamebirds
4454:Red meat
4449:Raw meat
4378:subjects
4259:Veganism
4126:Meatball
3989:Pemmican
3974:Meatloaf
3969:Meatball
3809:Cuts and
3790:Silkworm
3780:Mealworm
3758:Crickets
3670:Crayfish
3650:Calamari
3546:Milkfish
3531:Mackerel
3526:Kingfish
3501:Flounder
3401:Pangolin
3386:Kangaroo
3371:Elephant
3356:Bushmeat
2964:Fat choy
2934:Nian gao
2868:Dashuhua
2737:40744512
2677:11214338
2570:Archived
2546:EastMojo
2388:Holidify
2366:Folklife
1897:(1999).
1878:19439644
1832:13 March
1173:See also
1122:palm oil
1114:turmeric
1106:Javanese
989:pastilla
985:Moroccan
975:Egyptian
930:roasting
846:humorism
776:Quantity
701:0.019 mg
641:Quantity
635:Minerals
558:0.787 mg
541:0.285 mg
524:0.283 mg
476:Quantity
470:Vitamins
239:(French
237:dovecote
230:Iron Age
214:dovecote
47:culinary
4570:Poultry
4513:Portals
4417:Marbled
4376:Related
4355:Packing
4330:Butcher
4194:Carnism
4136:Sausage
4111:Seafood
4079:Chicken
4049:Tartare
4044:Tandoor
4024:Sausage
4009:Roasted
3994:Poached
3984:Pickled
3907:Cretons
3897:supreme
3838:Braised
3833:Biltong
3735:Insects
3700:Scallop
3690:Octopus
3680:Lobster
3675:Dolphin
3645:Abalone
3637:seafood
3621:Walleye
3606:Tilapia
3581:Sardine
3571:Pollock
3521:Herring
3516:Halibut
3511:Haddock
3506:Grouper
3491:Crappie
3481:Catfish
3461:Anchovy
3431:Venison
3248:Buffalo
3238:Beefalo
3175:Ostrich
3155:Chicken
3142:Poultry
3076:Related
3052:Chunyun
3009:Yusheng
2969:Yau gok
2704:Cooking
2565:CNN Go
2344:Penguin
2201:: 1–7.
1966:The Age
1752:3958668
1743:1348231
1664:2711175
1255:"squab"
1209:23 June
1009:chicken
980:Freekeh
934:fledged
926:stewing
871:Umbrian
855:Apicius
817:poultry
675:4.51 mg
655:Calcium
607:0.47 μg
574:0.53 mg
436:Protein
228:in the
218:Orvieto
197:In the
150:History
4498:
4350:Jobber
4335:Cutter
4320:Broker
4121:Steaks
4039:Stewed
4029:Smoked
4019:Salumi
3999:Potted
3949:Kidney
3929:Ground
3924:Frozen
3893:Fillet
3873:Cutlet
3863:Corned
3858:Confit
3843:Burger
3774:locust
3753:Cicada
3695:Oyster
3685:Mussel
3655:Chiton
3635:other
3576:Salmon
3541:Marlin
3426:Turtle
3416:Rabbit
3391:Monkey
3381:Iguana
3323:Żubroń
3278:Snails
3273:Donkey
3228:Alpaca
3195:Turkey
3180:Pigeon
2974:Kralan
2959:Fa gao
2949:Bakkwa
2944:Jiaozi
2861:Topics
2759:
2753:Pigeon
2735:
2718:
2675:
2632:
2596:
2284:
2240:
2215:
2116:
1995:
1939:
1907:
1876:
1750:
1740:
1699:
1661:
1614:
1577:
1544:
1494:
1424:
1329:
1270:
1134:tempeh
1126:sambal
1118:garlic
994:confit
970:salmis
945:France
875:Tuscan
821:breast
753:2.7 mg
733:Sodium
727:237 mg
714:307 mg
620:7.2 mg
332:Energy
279:forage
184:kosher
178:, and
80:, the
70:skvabb
4434:Offal
4145:Other
4034:Steak
3979:Offal
3954:Liver
3944:Kebab
3939:Jerky
3919:Fried
3878:Dried
3868:Cured
3823:Bacon
3763:Flour
3725:Whale
3611:Trout
3586:Shark
3561:Perch
3421:Snake
3396:Mouse
3303:Llama
3293:Horse
3253:Camel
3243:Bison
3185:Quail
3170:Goose
3033:Other
2994:Squab
2449:(PDF)
2424:(PDF)
2413:(PDF)
2362:(PDF)
2282:S2CID
2262:(PDF)
2213:S2CID
2191:(PDF)
1770:(PDF)
1595:Squab
1492:JSTOR
1076:Nepal
1064:Hindu
957:Italy
949:Egypt
941:China
910:bacon
848:book
785:72.80
782:Water
740:51 mg
688:25 mg
662:13 mg
507:94 IU
497:28 μg
443:17.50
222:Italy
125:India
121:China
113:Egypt
51:squab
4539:Asia
4527:Food
4116:Veal
4099:Pork
4094:Lamb
4089:Goat
4084:Fish
4074:Beef
3912:Pâté
3853:Chop
3818:Aged
3743:Ants
3705:Seal
3665:Crab
3660:Clam
3616:Tuna
3596:Swai
3591:Sole
3566:Pike
3476:Carp
3471:Bass
3466:Basa
3453:Fish
3441:Wolf
3411:Hare
3361:Boar
3351:Bear
3333:Game
3313:Veal
3308:Pork
3283:Frog
3263:Goat
3233:Beef
3190:Rhea
3160:Duck
3134:Meat
3024:Fish
2979:Kuih
2927:Food
2873:Nian
2757:ISBN
2733:OCLC
2716:OCLC
2673:PMID
2630:ISBN
2594:ISBN
2553:2021
2506:2021
2478:2021
2395:2021
2238:ISBN
2114:ISBN
2081:2010
1993:ISBN
1937:ISBN
1905:ISBN
1874:PMID
1834:2022
1748:PMID
1697:ISBN
1612:ISBN
1600:IMDb
1575:ISBN
1542:ISBN
1422:ISBN
1401:2023
1327:ISBN
1281:2009
1268:ISBN
1264:1210
1237:2023
1211:2014
1138:tofu
1104:and
1031:and
896:for
873:and
829:duck
746:Zinc
668:Iron
591:7 μg
420:1.60
410:2.66
400:1.96
389:7.50
355:0.00
117:Rome
4104:Ham
3934:Ham
3883:Dum
3633:and
3496:Eel
3486:Cod
3436:Dog
3406:Rat
3376:Fox
3346:Bat
3318:Yak
3268:Dog
3258:Cat
3165:Emu
2663:doi
2274:doi
2203:doi
2049:doi
2022:doi
1864:doi
1805:doi
1738:PMC
1730:doi
1659:PMC
1649:doi
1598:at
1484:doi
1347:OED
1132:),
1096:In
1081:In
1046:In
1041:USD
973:),
928:or
914:ham
902:pie
751:25%
712:25%
673:25%
646:%DV
605:20%
572:31%
556:16%
539:22%
522:24%
481:%DV
382:Fat
366:0.0
261:, "
115:),
45:In
4551::
2918:Fu
2671:.
2659:80
2657:.
2653:.
2614:^
2544:.
2523:.
2495:.
2470:.
2451:.
2415:.
2386:.
2370:31
2368:.
2364:.
2342:.
2312:.
2280:.
2268:.
2264:.
2211:.
2197:.
2193:.
2178:^
2160:.
2148:^
2070:.
2043:.
2016:.
1963:.
1951:^
1919:^
1886:^
1872:.
1860:88
1858:.
1854:.
1842:^
1825:.
1801:84
1799:.
1772:.
1746:.
1736:.
1726:45
1724:.
1720:.
1673:^
1657:.
1645:24
1643:.
1639:.
1623:^
1618:.
1515:.
1504:^
1490:.
1478:.
1442:^
1371:.
1367:.
1355:^
1289:^
1266:.
1258:.
1239:.
1201:.
1169:.
1136:,
1116:,
1112:,
1093:.
959:,
955:,
951:,
947:,
943:,
912:,
738:2%
725:8%
699:1%
686:6%
660:1%
618:8%
599:12
589:2%
495:3%
312:.
220:,
212:A
192:AD
174:,
123:,
119:,
61:.
4515::
3895:/
3776:)
3772:(
3126:e
3119:t
3112:v
2837:e
2830:t
2823:v
2765:.
2739:.
2722:.
2690:.
2665::
2638:.
2608:.
2555:.
2529:.
2508:.
2480:.
2455:.
2433:.
2397:.
2346:.
2327:.
2288:.
2276::
2270:3
2246:.
2219:.
2205::
2199:7
2172:.
2128:.
2083:.
2055:.
2051::
2045:9
2028:.
2024::
2018:4
2001:.
1975:.
1945:.
1913:.
1880:.
1866::
1836:.
1811:.
1807::
1782:.
1754:.
1732::
1705:.
1667:.
1651::
1583:.
1556:.
1498:.
1486::
1480:5
1436:.
1403:.
1373:2
1335:.
1283:.
1213:.
1128:(
584:)
582:9
566:6
551:)
549:5
534:)
532:2
517:)
515:1
34:.
20:)
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