359:. It began as a pidgin spoken primarily by enslaved Africans from various tribes in Suriname, who often did not have an African language in common. Sranan Tongo also became the language of communication between the slaves. So the slave owners could not understand the slaves, the slaves would often make escaping plans in Sranan Tongo. Under Dutch rule, the slaves were not permitted to learn or speak Dutch. As other ethnic groups, such as East Indians and Chinese, were brought to Suriname as indentured workers, Sranan Tongo became a
770:
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412:
With the emergence of a movement striving for the emancipation of Sranan as a respectable language, the need for a phonology-based orthography was felt. A more suitable orthography developed as an informal consensus from the publications of linguists studying Sranan and related creoles. For every-day
416:
To end this situation, the
Surinamese government commissioned a committee of linguists and writers to define a standard spelling, which was adopted and came into force in 1986. This standard essentially followed the linguistic consensus. However, as the language is not taught in schools, while Dutch
404:
Until the middle of the 20th century, most written texts in Sranan, seen at the time as a low-prestige language, used a spelling that was not standardized but based on Dutch orthography, recording an approximation of how Sranan words sound to Dutch ears. In view of the considerable differences
553:
Early writers often used their own spelling system. An official orthography was adopted by the government of
Suriname on July 15, 1986, in Resolution 4501. A few writers have used Sranan in their work, most notably the poet
521:
As a written language, Sranan Tongo has existed since the late 18th century. The first publication in Sranan Tongo was in 1783 by
Hendrik Schouten who wrote a part Dutch, part Sranan Tongo poem, called
458:
Sranan Tongo remains widely used in
Suriname and in Dutch urban areas populated by immigrants from Suriname. They especially use it in casual conversation, often freely mixing it with Dutch. Written
340:, Sranan Tongo has been found to have developed originally as an English-based creole language, because of the early influence of English colonists here in what was then part of English colony of
371:
451:), it gradually became more accepted by the establishment and wider society to speak it. During the 1980s, this language was popularized by publicly known speakers, including chairman
261:
Sranan Tongo is commonly but incorrectly cited as "having a vocabulary of only 340 words"; in fact, contemporary Sranan Tongo dictionaries have several thousand word entries.
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expanded after the Dutch took over the colony in 1667. 85% of the vocabulary comes from
English and Dutch. It also became the common language among the
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is, many speakers are not clearly aware of the principles on which this spelling is based and continue to use a Dutch-like, variant spelling.
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Sranan Tongo's lexicon is a fusion of mostly
English and Dutch vocabulary (85%), plus some vocabulary from Spanish, Portuguese and
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Although the formal Dutch-based educational system repressed the use of Sranan Tongo, in the past pejoratively dismissed as
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use, the Dutch-based spelling remained common, while some literary authors adopted (variants of) the linguistic spelling.
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83:
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1164:
SIL International “Sranan wortubuku, Sranan-Nederlands interaktief woordenboek” (Sranan-Dutch interactive dictionary)
333:
language developed between them and
Africans, and later explorers, including the English, also used this creole.
344:, who imported numerous Africans as slaves for the plantations. After the Dutch takeover in 1667, following the
959:
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179:
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1210:
How
Transparent is Creole Morphology? A Study of Early Sranan Word Formation (30 p., Braun & Plag, 2002)
1204:
138:
922:"Die lexikalische Interaktion zwischen Niederländisch und Sranantongo in surinamischer Onlinekommunikation"
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356:
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1034:
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Developed originally among enslaved
Africans from Central and West Africa in Suriname, its use as a
1340:
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1209:
869:
Resolutie van 15 juli 1986 No. 4501, inzake vaststelling officiële spelling voor het
Sranantongo.
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peoples and the indentured laborers imported by the Dutch; these groups included speakers of
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329:). The Portuguese were the first European explorers of the West African coast. A trading
1237:, a song in Sranantongo (with subtitled translation) by Steven Akkrum & Da Originals
1205:"Sranan Tongo Interactive Library": Sranan texts with a bilingual interactive dictionary
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to the English), a substantial overlay of words were adopted from the Dutch language.
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1068:, Munstergeleen : Menke, 1986, 1992 (Dutch book on grammar of Sranan Tongo)
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J.C.M. Blanker and J. Dubbeldam: "Prisma Woordenboek Sranantongo". Utrecht:
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in standard and Dutch-based spelling, followed by an English translation.
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For example, school children could be punished for speaking Sranan Tongo.
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466:. People often greet each other in Sranan Tongo by saying, for example,
337:
1124:
Sranan odo : adyersitori - spreekwoorden en gezegden uit Suriname
348:(in exchange for ceding the North American eastern seaboard colony of
17:
341:
330:
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being taught in the outdoors, 1943. At the top of the blackboard is
1090:
824:
A tale of two dialect regions: Sranan's 17th-century English input
268:
1253:
605:
1119:- A Sranantongo to Dutch and Dutch to Sranantongo dictionary.
1100:. Amsterdam: Mets & Schilt (several editions since 1999)
409:
of Sranan and Dutch, this was not a satisfactory situation.
1073:
Creole Drum. An Anthology of Creole Literature in Suriname
1082:. Amsterdam: Uitgeverij Elsevier, 1977, pp. 573–574.
709:
Save us from the time of trial, and deliver us from evil.
501:
In 2021, Sranan Tongo appeared for the first time in the
455:, who often delivered national speeches in Sranan Tongo.
273:
Message written in Sranan Tongo in the guestbook in the
1216:
Syntactic Developments in Sranan (408 p., Arends, 1989)
1098:
Sranantongo. Surinaams voor reizigers en thuisblijvers
1184:
SIL International “Sranan Tongo – English Dictionary”
881:"Orthography and ideology: issues in Sranan spelling"
538:). The first important book was published in 1864 by
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1169:
Sranan Tongo Swadesh list of basic vocabulary words
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462:between Sranan Tongo and Dutch is also common in
1085:Eithne B. Carlin and Jacques Arends (editors):
1066:Een grammatica van het Surinaams (Sranantongo)
1009:"Suriname: Spiegel der vaderlandse kooplieden"
568:, whose second verse is sung in Sranan Tongo.
1265:
1139:Een geschiedenis van de Surinaamse literatuur
1078:C.F.A. Bruijning and J. Voorhoeve (editors):
8:
676:Biekasi ala kondre de foe joe en ala tranga
483:
1272:
1258:
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1179:Webster's Sranan-English Online Dictionary
784:"Sranan | language | Britannica"
713:and the glory are yours, now and for ever.
571:Other notable writers in Sranan Tongo are
29:
1227:Words of Life: Sranang Tongo talk (audio)
1137:Michiel van Kempen and Gerard Sonnemans:
1075:. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1975.
937:
835:
1134:(collection of proverbs and expressions)
1035:"Trefossa en het volkslied van Suriname"
641:Bikasi ala kondre de fu yu èn ala tranga
370:
747:
707:as we forgive those who sin against us.
1245:The New Testament in Sranan for iTunes
670:pardon na den soema, disi doe wi ogri!
400:Sranan Tongo phonology and orthography
317:(respectively derived from Portuguese
1149:(Dutch history of Surinam literature)
1071:Jan Voorhoeve and Ursy M. Lichtveld:
753:
751:
7:
1195:Conjugate Sranantongo verbs (Verbix)
1096:Michaël Ietswaart and Vinije Haabo:
1013:Digital Library for Dutch Literature
635:pardon na den suma, disi du wi ogri!
482:), instead of the more formal Dutch
227:by approximately 519,600 people in
1087:Atlas of the Languages of Suriname
830:. Berlin: Language Science Press.
668:di wi doe, so leeki wi ooktu de gi
27:Creole language spoken in Suriname
25:
1433:English-based pidgins and creoles
678:nanga glori de foe joe, te teego.
1438:English language in the Americas
768:
633:di wi du, so leki wi owktu de gi
542:, and relates to his travels to
1428:Dutch-based pidgins and creoles
664:Gi wi tiedee da njanjan foe wi!
643:nanga glori de fu yu, te teigo.
464:computer-mediated communication
1443:Dutch language in the Americas
1141:. Breda : De Geus, 2003,
987:Werkgroup CaraĂŻbische Letteren
731:English-based creole languages
703:Give us today our daily bread.
672:No meeki wi kon na ini tessie!
1:
920:Radke, Henning (2017-09-01).
558:("Trefossa"), who also wrote
219:English-based creole language
1126:. Amsterdam, Stephen, 2003,
1105:Uitgeverij Het Spectrum B.V.
726:Dutch-based creole languages
662:grontapoe so leeki na hemel!
629:Gi wi tide da nyanyan fu wi!
346:Treaty of Westminster (1674)
983:"Johannes King (1830-1898)"
798:"The Sranan Tongo language"
711:For the kingdom, the power,
674:Ma poeroe wi na da ogriwan!
637:No meki wi kon na ini tesi!
627:grontapu so leki na heimel!
285:The Sranan Tongo words for
1469:
1117:www.prismawoordenboeken.nl
802:suriname-languages.sil.org
666:Gi wi pardon foe den ogri,
397:
1080:Encyclopedie van Suriname
958:Linguistic Department of
652:
639:Ma puru wi na da ogriwan!
631:Gi wi pardon fu den ogri,
617:
611:
608:
389:Saint Teresa, pray for us
381:Santa Teresia begi foe wi
367:Phonology and orthography
37:
960:Brigham Young University
561:God zij met ons Suriname
525:Een huishoudelijke twist
277:, an open-air museum in
1453:Creoles of the Americas
954:"The History of Sranan"
907:Encyclopædia Britannica
660:joe wani moe go doro na
524:
503:Eurovision Song Contest
468:
427:
380:
313:
307:
939:10.5117/TET2017.1.RADK
837:10.5281/zenodo.2625403
701:on earth as in heaven.
695:hallowed be your name,
484:
395:
357:West African languages
324:
318:
282:
1448:Languages of Suriname
1281:Languages of Suriname
1173:Swadesh list appendix
693:Our Father in heaven,
656:joe nem moe de santa!
625:yu wani mu go doro na
612:Dutch-based spelling
374:
272:
201:"Surinamese tongue",
63:: 520,000 (2018)
1355:Indigenous languages
1316:Caribbean Hindustani
1122:Henri J.M. Stephen:
879:Sebba, Mark (2000).
821:Sherriah, A (2019).
256:varieties of Chinese
221:that is spoken as a
1201:Resources and more
1171:(from Wiktionary's
1064:Iwan Desiré Menke:
705:Forgive us our sins
658:joe kondre moe kon!
621:yu nen mu de santa!
556:Henri Frans de Ziel
431:(literally meaning
1304:Regional languages
699:your will be done,
697:your kingdom come,
619:Wi Tata na heimel,
609:Standard spelling
599:Following are the
511:Birth of a New Age
396:
283:
248:Sarnami Hindustani
1410:
1409:
1288:Official language
847:978-3-96110-155-9
766:(25th ed., 2022)
686:
685:
654:Wi Tata na hemel,
623:yu kondre mu kon!
215:Surinamese Creole
192:
191:
16:(Redirected from
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1233:“Mama Sranan” -
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1015:(in Dutch). 1980
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275:Land of Hayracks
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1223:Begin to learn
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736:Guyanese Creole
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533:A Domestic Tiff
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493:how is it going
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564:, Suriname's
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1346:Sranan Tongo
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1218:(PDF format)
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1093:Press, 2002.
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1043:. Retrieved
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1039:Star Nieuws
885:Linguistics
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477:how are you
407:phonologies
199:Sranantongo
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1417:Categories
1341:Saramaccan
1089:. Leiden:
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517:Literature
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211:Surinamese
1239:(YouTube)
1229:(YouTube)
436:talk talk
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186:52-ABB-aw
165:Glottolog
149:ISO 639-3
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