734:
56:
229:
215:
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991:
77:
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42:
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445:, an area reserved for the sporting pleasure of British residents in the country. In the early 20th century, mega reservoirs were constructed in the dry zone for irrigated agriculture. Ancient irrigation systems were rehabilitated and people resettled. This development gathered momentum after the independence in 1948. As a result, elephant habitat in the dry zone was severely fragmented.
1182:
2524:
434:. One of the British army majors is credited with having shot over 1,500 elephants, and two others are reputed to have shot half that number each. Many other sportsmen have shot about 250–300 animals during this time. Between 1829 and 1855 alone, more than 6,000 elephants were captured and shot under order of colonial British Empire.
1197:
wild elephants and capture of wild for domestication as work elephants continued. Elephant Kraals were organised to capture large herds of elephants in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. The capture of wild elephants were regulated under the Fauna and Flora
Protection Ordinance in 1937,
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from 1875 to 1948 included an elephant and even today many institutions use the Sri Lankan elephant in their coat of arms and insignia. An important cultural symbiosis has continued to exist between the elephant and humans for over two thousand years – no religious procession was complete without its
874:
Between 1999 and the end of 2006, nearly 100 wild elephants were killed every year to protect crops and houses. During drought seasons many elephants damage agricultural land for food. Nearly 80 elephants were killed in northwestern Sri Lanka, 50 in south and east and another 30 in other parts of the
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as a status symbol and calls have been made for permission to capture wild elephants or release of orphaned wild elephants in government care to
Temples to take part in pageants. Captive breeding in private ownership does not take place due to the long period of unemployability associated with it.
1008:
The elephant conservation strategy of the
Department of Wildlife Conservation aims at conserving as many viable populations as possible in as wide a range of suitable habitats as is feasible. This means protecting elephants both within the system of protected areas and as many animals outside these
417:
from 1505 to 1948, the wet zone was converted to commercially used fields and became heavily settled. Until 1830, elephants were so plentiful that their destruction was encouraged by the government, and rewards were paid for any that was killed. In the first half of the 19th century, forests in the
717:
2294:
752:, they feed on a wide variety of food plants. In Sri Lanka's northwestern region, feeding behaviour of elephants was observed during the period of January 1998 to December 1999. The elephants fed on a total of 116 plant species belonging to 35 families including 27 species of
1206:. A census of the domesticated elephant population in 1970 indicated 532 elephants among 378 owners, while this number had dropped 344 in 1982. These domesticated elephants were used mainly as work elephants and for cultural pageants, the chief of which is the annual
325:
Sri Lankan elephants are the largest subspecies reaching a shoulder height of between 2 and 3.5 m (6.6 and 11.5 ft), weigh between 2,000 and 5,500 kg (4,400 and 12,100 lb), and have 19 pairs of ribs. Their skin colour is darker than of
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Sri Lankan elephants are restricted mostly to the lowlands in the dry zone where they are still fairly widespread in north, south, east, north-western, north-central and south-eastern Sri Lanka. A small remnant population exists in the
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but also live outside protected areas. It is estimated that Sri Lanka has the highest density of elephants in Asia. Human-elephant conflict is increasing due to conversion of elephant habitat to settlements and permanent cultivation.
2353:
317:
and have the highest body point on the head. The tip of their trunk has one finger-like process. Their back is convex or level. Females are usually smaller than males. 90% of tuskless males are called makhnas. Some males have
386:
are less than 1,000 km (390 sq mi) in extent. Many areas are less than 50 km (19 sq mi), and hence not large enough to encompass the entire home ranges of elephants that use them. In the
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In the historical past, elephants were widely distributed from sea level to the highest mountain ranges. They occurred in the dry zone, in the lowland wet zone as well as in the cold damp montane forests. During the
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720:
819:, the Sri Lankan subspecies communicates using visual, acoustic and chemical signals. At least fourteen different vocal and acoustic signals have been described, which include some low-frequency calls that contain
725:
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on ears, face, trunk and belly. Only 7% of males bear tusks. Average adult elephant tusks grow up to about 6 feet. It can weight up to 35 kg (77 lb). Longest tusks of 7 feet 6 inches long was found in
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have been linked, resulting in an overall area of 1,172 km (453 sq mi) of contiguous habitat for elephants. Nevertheless, about 65% of the elephant's range extends outside protected areas.
845:. Between 1990 and 1994, a total of 261 wild elephants died either as a result of gunshot injuries, or were killed by poachers and land mines. Several elephants stepped on land mines and were crippled.
1221:
Legal reforms pertaining to the captive elephant population was introduced in 2021, just as a landmark case into dozens of calves being stolen from their herds in a ten-year period collapsed with the
1193:
in Sri Lanka by the ancient kings. Elephants were exported from the island for hundreds of years and into the
Portuguese and Dutch colonial era. The British did not export elephants, instead took to
722:
1569:
Fernando, Prithiviraj; Vidya, T. N. C; Payne, John; Stuewe, Michael; Davison, Geoffrey; Alfred, Raymond J; Andau, Patrick; Bosi, Edwin; Kilbourn, Annelisa; Melnick, Don J (18 August 2003).
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and demand for land is a greater threat today, and the range of elephants continues to decline as irrigation and development projects lead to the conversion of natural land to
2498:
1844:
Fernando, P. (2006). "Elephant conservation in Sri Lanka: Integrating scientific information to guide policy". In Groom, M. J.; Meffe, G. K.; Carroll, C. R. (eds.).
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country, totaling 160 elephant deaths in 2006 alone. Sri Lanka has thus become the country with the highest elephant mortality rate worldwide. The Sri Lankan
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in 1758. The Sri Lankan elephant population is now largely restricted to the dry zone in the north, east and southeast of Sri Lanka. Elephants are present in
1677:
1222:
774:. The presence of cultivated plants in dung does not result solely due to raiding of crops as it was observed that elephants feed on leftover crop plants in
879:
official records showed that 407 elephants were killed in 2019. The next three years after that showed 328, 375, and 439 elephant fatalities, respectively.
2909:
1273:
System of nature through the three kingdoms of nature, according to classes, orders, genera and species, with characters, differences, synonyms, places
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However, they remain in use in terrain inaccessible by vehicles for logging and used for tourism. Ownership of elephants are highly prestigious among
3202:
350:
The Sri Lankan subspecies designation is weakly supported by analysis of allozyme loci, but not by analysis of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences.
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1017:
in
Kegalle injured elephants are treated, and orphaned baby elephants cared for. Nearly 70 elephants live here. Captive breeding is also going on.
1210:. In recent years, the domesticated elephant population has dropped further with the need for their labour dropping widespread use of tractors.
55:
2128:
de Silva, Shermin; Wittemyer, George (October 2012). "A Comparison of Social
Organization in Asian Elephants and African Savannah Elephants".
2942:
1853:
1787:
1060:
832:
812:, hundreds of individuals aggregate during the dry season, suggesting that grouping behaviour is flexible and depends on season and place.
2000:
361:. It was over 1.5 m (5 ft) tall but had shorter legs than usual and was the main aggressor in an encounter with a younger bull.
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Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis
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areas that the land can support and landholders will accept, and not restricting elephants to the protected area network alone.
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Fleischer, Robert C.; Perry, Elizabeth A.; Muralidharan, Kasinathan; Stevens, Ernest E.; Wemmer, Christen M. (September 2001).
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Williams, C.; Tiwari, S. K.; Goswami, V. R.; de Silva, S.; Kumar, A.; Baskaran, N.; Yoganand, K. & Menon, V. (2020).
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By the turn of the 20th century, elephants were still distributed over much of the island. The area currently known as
3241:
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1571:"DNA Analysis Indicates That Asian Elephants Are Native to Borneo and Are Therefore a High Priority for Conservation"
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is a rehabilitation centre, where orphaned elephant calves are being kept until they can be released into the wild.
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400:
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76:
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Fernando, Prithiviraj; Jayewardene, Jayantha; Prasad, Tharaka; Hendavitharana, W.; Pastorini, Jennifer (2011).
650:
598:
548:
214:
1522:"Population differentiation within and among Asian elephant ( Elephas maximus ) populations in southern India"
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2495:"Sri Lanka prohibits handlers from 'drunk driving' on elephants, bans putting baby elephants to work"
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with the issuance of permits to capture of wild elephants. This practice stopped following the last
302:
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2541:
2295:"Sri Lanka ranks as the country which killed the largest number of Elephants in the world – COPA"
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1100:
521:
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278:
71:
64:
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1985:
1275:] (in Latin). Vol. 1. Halle an der Saale: Typis et sumtibus Io. Iac. Curt. p. 33.
990:
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1002:
782:
314:
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1944:
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Since time immemorial, elephants have been domesticated for uses as work elephants and
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41:
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745:
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2815:
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1655:
1622:"Phylogeography of the Asian Elephant (Elephas Maximus) Based on Mitochondrial DNA"
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801:
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5,879 in 2011, on the basis of counting elephants at water holes in the dry season.
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17:
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creates optimum habitat for elephants through promoting successional vegetation.
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3161:
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856:
128:
2379:
Supun, T. G.; Prakash, Lahiru; Wijeratne, A. W.; Fernando, Prithiviraj (2020).
2043:
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for over two thousand years and remained so through
British colonial rule. The
2989:
2141:
2089:"Feeding Behaviour of Asian Elephants in the Northwestern Region of Sri Lanka"
1181:
820:
251:
3152:
2239:
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1984:
Hendavitharana, W.; Dissanayake, S.; de Silva, M.; Santiapillai, C. (1994).
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423:
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88:
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1647:
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1547:
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Vidya, T. N. C.; Fernando, P.; Melnick, D. J.; Sukumar, R. (January 2005).
2523:
1752:
3272:
3146:
2999:
2983:
2977:
2971:
2564:
2222:
de Silva, Shermin (2010). "Acoustic communication in the Asian elephant,
1710:
Santiapillai, Charles; Fernando, Prithivirai; Gunewardene Manori (2006).
1158:
848:
765:
354:
108:
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and consume up to 150 kg (330 lb) of plant matter per day. As
3207:
3011:
2677:
2354:"238 elephants killed in Sri Lanka so far this year, more than 1 daily"
1354:
771:
738:
148:
3220:
2464:"The care and management of domesticated Asian elephants in Sri Lanka"
426:. The elephant population in the mountains was extirpated. During the
2965:
2765:
2730:
2163:
de Silva, Shermin; Ranjeewa, Ashoka DG; Kryazhimskiy, Sergey (2011).
1225:
dropping charges and releasing the elephants to their former owners.
453:
The size of wild elephant populations in Sri Lanka was estimated at:
118:
98:
3123:
1712:"A strategy for the conservation of the Asian elephant in Sri Lanka"
1346:
1489:"Genetic differentiation among local populations of Asian elephant"
2770:
2590:
1180:
1138:
989:
860:
852:
778:. Juvenile elephants tend to feed predominantly on grass species.
757:
732:
715:
319:
301:
227:
3194:
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753:
3127:
2924:
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374:. They are absent from the wet zone of the country. Apart from
2165:"The dynamics of social networks among female Asian elephants"
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2074:
Important protected areas for the Asian elephant in Sri Lanka
2533:
796:
Females and calves generally form small, loosely associated
764:. More than 25% of the plant species belonged to the family
262:
subspecies of the Asian elephant and was first described by
2381:"Human-elephant conflict in Sri Lanka: Patterns and extent"
1493:
Journal of
Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research
756:. More than half of the plants were non-tree species, i.e.
418:
montane zone were cleared large-scale for the planting of
855:
is not a major threat, given the rarity of tuskers. Some
770:, and 19% of the plant species belonged to the family of
2044:"Sri Lanka elephants: 'Record number' of deaths in 2019"
492:
Important protected areas for the elephant in Sri Lanka
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1,967 in June 1993 that were fragmented in five regions;
2255:"Elephants: Unwitting victims in Sri Lanka's civil war"
729:
Elephant feeding on grass in Yala
National Park (video)
1373:"Taxonomy, Classification, and Evolution of Elephants"
1432:"'Longest tusked' elephant in Asia dies in Sri Lanka"
2321:"Sri Lanka records highest elephant deaths in world"
1848:. Sunderland: Sinauer Associates. pp. 649–652.
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1067:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1945:"Sri Lanka – Enhancing the survival of elephants"
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1701:
1699:
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1410:
1408:
1901:"Sri Lanka – Elephants slaughtered in civil war"
1419:. Colombo: Wildlife Heritage Trust of Sri Lanka.
1291:"Current Status of Asian Elephants in Sri Lanka"
841:, Sri Lankan elephants were maimed or killed by
2087:Samansiri, K. A. P.; Weerakoon, D. K. (2007).
1284:
1282:
994:Elephants at the Elephant Orphanage near Kandy
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2441:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T7140A45818198.en
1938:
1936:
1753:"Elephants in Sri Lankan History and Culture"
313:In general, Asian elephants are smaller than
8:
2076:. Department of Wildlife Conservation. 2003.
1805:"Tuskers of Ruhuna National Park, Sri Lanka"
466:between 1,745 and 2,455 individuals in 1969;
391:Development Area, protected areas including
2910:List of elephants in mythology and religion
1377:Biology, medicine, and surgery of elephants
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1780:The Asian Elephant: Ecology and Management
1375:. In Fowler, M. E.; Mikota, S. K. (eds.).
1185:Millangoda Raja, tusker with longest tusks
490:
213:
54:
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31:
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2188:
1670:"A Dwarf Elephant With Outsized Attitude"
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1487:Nozawa, K.; Shotake, T. (27 April 2009).
1127:Learn how and when to remove this message
338:with larger and more distinct patches of
2253:Alahakoon, J.; Santiapillai, C. (1997).
881:
1251:
2348:
2346:
1986:"The Survey of elephants in Sri Lanka"
1178:in Sri Lanka had their own elephants.
2470:. Food and Agriculture Organization.
2109:from the original on 18 November 2016
2038:
2036:
1880:from the original on 26 February 2021
1311:from the original on 1 September 2022
1170:retinue of elephants, and many large
883:Number of elephant deaths since 2010
808:. However, at some locations such as
443:Resident Sportsmen's Shooting Reserve
430:, many bull elephants were killed by
7:
2501:from the original on 20 October 2022
2130:International Journal of Primatology
1965:from the original on 20 October 2022
1825:from the original on 29 October 2013
1732:from the original on 29 October 2013
1468:from the original on 20 October 2022
1393:from the original on 20 October 2022
1065:adding citations to reliable sources
833:Human-elephant conflict in Sri Lanka
2474:from the original on 25 August 2021
2427:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2025:Kemf, E.; Santiapillai, C. (2000).
1438:from the original on 12 August 2011
1430:Haviland, Charles (4 August 2011).
1150:Elephants were a common element in
877:Department of Wildlife Conservation
357:Sri Lankan elephant was sighted in
2401:from the original on 24 April 2021
2331:from the original on 23 April 2021
2054:from the original on 24 April 2021
1846:Principles of Conservation Biology
1639:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2001.tb00837.x
1506:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1990.tb00363.x
1379:. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 3–14.
25:
2275:from the original on 4 March 2016
2006:from the original on 25 July 2011
1921:from the original on 25 July 2011
1759:from the original on 3 March 2016
1680:from the original on 5 April 2019
1022:Udawalawe Elephant Transit Centre
460:10,000 in the early 20th century;
457:19,500 in the early 19th century;
222:Range of the Sri Lankan elephant
2886:Cultural depictions of elephants
2522:
1041:
475:between 3,150 and 4,400 in 2000;
469:between 2,500 and 3,435 in 1987;
75:
27:Subspecies of the Asian elephant
1052:needs additional citations for
859:still goes on, particularly in
781:Food resources are abundant in
1782:. Cambridge University Press.
463:7,000 to 8,000 in around 1920;
1:
1458:"An elegy to Millangoda Raja"
1333:.; Eisenberg, J. F. (1982). "
1223:Attorney General's Department
871:agriculture and settlements.
2905:List of fictional pachyderms
2891:List of individual elephants
1588:10.1371/journal.pbio.0000006
1240:List of mammals of Sri Lanka
1143:Sri Lankan elephants at the
1015:Pinnawala Elephant Orphanage
804:tier structure exhibited by
744:Elephants are classified as
250:and one of three recognised
232:Head of a male without tusks
2027:Asian elephants in the wild
1803:Katugaha, H. I. E. (1997).
283:Lunugamvehera National Park
3348:
3322:Endemic fauna of Sri Lanka
3059:Elephas maximus sumatranus
3032:Elephas maximus borneensis
2029:. Gland, Switzerland: WWF.
1899:Wanigasundara, M. (1991).
830:
791:slash-and-burn agriculture
397:Flood Plains National Park
3110:
3094:African forest elephant (
2960:
2142:10.1007/s10764-011-9564-1
1755:. Living Heritage Trust.
1417:The elephant in Sri Lanka
401:Somawathiya National Park
372:Peak Wilderness Sanctuary
221:
212:
191:
184:
72:Scientific classification
70:
62:
53:
48:
39:
34:
2240:10.1163/000579510X495762
1870:"Elephants in Sri Lanka"
1751:Jayewardene, J. (2012).
1415:Jayewardene, J. (1994).
785:, but at low density in
365:Distribution and habitat
63:Female and juveniles in
3168:Elephas maximus maximus
3138:Elephas maximus maximus
3085:African bush elephant (
3050:Elephas maximus maximus
3041:Elephas maximus indicus
2633:African forest elephant
2529:Elephas maximus maximus
2462:Jayewardene, Jayantha.
2224:Elephas maximus maximus
2190:10.1186/1472-6785-11-17
1259:Linnaeus, Carl (1760).
1026:Udawalawe National Park
810:Minneriya National Park
737:An elephant charging a
393:Wasgomuwa National Park
359:Udawalawe National Park
306:A herd of elephants in
291:Minneriya National Park
275:Udawalawe National Park
243:Elephas maximus maximus
195:Elephas maximus maximus
2621:North African elephant
1539:10.1038/sj.hdy.6800568
1186:
1147:
995:
806:African bush elephants
741:
730:
310:
287:Wilpattu National Park
233:
3294:Paleobiology Database
3048:Sri Lankan elephant (
2897:Elephant Encyclopedia
2616:African bush elephant
2596:Seismic communication
2531:at Wikimedia Commons
1943:Kotagama, S. (1991).
1462:archives.dailynews.lk
1184:
1142:
1076:"Sri Lankan elephant"
1033:Culture and symbolism
993:
736:
728:
712:Ecology and behaviour
561:Victoria–Randenigala
380:Ruhuna National Parks
347:(1938-30 July 2011).
305:
231:
3327:Mammals of Sri Lanka
2434:: e.T7140A45818198.
2327:. 13 December 2020.
1778:Sukumar, R. (1992).
1676:. 22 December 2014.
1674:WBUR's The Wild Life
1208:Kandy Esala Perahera
1204:Sir Francis Molamure
1061:improve this article
839:Sri Lankan Civil War
783:regenerating forests
503:Number of elephants
481:2,900–3,000 in 2007;
439:Ruhuna National Park
35:Sri Lankan elephant
3078:(African elephants)
3057:Sumatran elephant (
2653:Sri Lankan elephant
2181:2011BMCE...11...17D
2050:. 11 January 2020.
884:
493:
238:Sri Lankan elephant
18:Sri Lankan Elephant
1235:Sri Lankan ivories
1187:
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996:
882:
760:, herb, grass, or
742:
731:
491:
311:
308:Yala National Park
279:Yala National Park
234:
177:E. m. maximus
65:Yala National Park
3309:
3308:
3281:Open Tree of Life
3130:Taxon identifiers
3121:
3120:
3106:
3105:
3039:Indian elephant (
3030:Borneo elephant (
2955:species by family
2918:
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2756:Ballista elephant
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2743:
2721:Elephant crushing
2700:
2698:
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2658:Sumatran elephant
2604:
2603:
2527:Media related to
2422:"Elephas maximus"
1855:978-0-87893-518-5
1789:978-0-521-43758-5
1339:Mammalian Species
1167:Ceylon Government
1156:Sri Lankan Tamils
1137:
1136:
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1111:
983:
982:
865:population growth
754:cultivated plants
726:
709:
708:
497:Name of the park
315:African elephants
226:
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16:(Redirected from
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3021:Asian elephant (
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2746:
2709:
2606:
2576:
2558:
2551:
2544:
2535:
2526:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2459:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2443:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2406:
2400:
2385:
2376:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2350:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2274:
2259:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2202:
2192:
2160:
2154:
2153:
2136:(5): 1125–1141.
2125:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2108:
2093:
2084:
2078:
2077:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2040:
2031:
2030:
2022:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2005:
1990:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1964:
1949:
1940:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1920:
1905:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1824:
1809:
1800:
1794:
1793:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1731:
1716:
1707:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1641:
1632:(9): 1882–1892.
1617:
1611:
1610:
1600:
1590:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1541:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1427:
1421:
1420:
1412:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1327:
1321:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1310:
1295:
1286:
1277:
1276:
1256:
1172:Buddhist temples
1165:and the flag of
1132:
1125:
1121:
1118:
1112:
1110:
1069:
1045:
1037:
1003:CITES Appendix I
885:
727:
494:
449:Population trend
422:, and afterward
353:In July 2013, a
217:
197:
80:
79:
58:
44:
32:
21:
3347:
3346:
3342:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3337:
3336:
3312:
3311:
3310:
3305:
3297:
3292:
3284:
3279:
3271:
3268:Observation.org
3266:
3258:
3253:
3245:
3240:
3232:
3227:
3219:
3214:
3206:
3201:
3193:
3188:
3180:
3175:
3166:
3165:
3160:
3151:
3150:
3145:
3132:
3122:
3117:
3102:
3077:
3067:
3023:Elephas maximus
3002:
2994:
2956:
2949:
2919:
2914:
2870:
2825:
2800:
2786:Temple elephant
2740:
2694:
2663:Syrian elephant
2648:Indian elephant
2643:Borneo elephant
2626:Desert elephant
2600:
2567:
2562:
2520:
2515:
2514:
2504:
2502:
2497:. insider.com.
2492:
2491:
2487:
2477:
2475:
2461:
2460:
2456:
2446:
2444:
2419:
2418:
2414:
2404:
2402:
2398:
2383:
2378:
2377:
2373:
2363:
2361:
2352:
2351:
2344:
2334:
2332:
2325:Hindustan Times
2319:
2318:
2314:
2304:
2302:
2293:
2292:
2288:
2278:
2276:
2272:
2257:
2252:
2251:
2247:
2221:
2220:
2216:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2127:
2126:
2122:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2091:
2086:
2085:
2081:
2072:
2071:
2067:
2057:
2055:
2042:
2041:
2034:
2024:
2023:
2019:
2009:
2007:
2003:
1988:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1947:
1942:
1941:
1934:
1924:
1922:
1918:
1903:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1883:
1881:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1856:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1828:
1826:
1822:
1807:
1802:
1801:
1797:
1790:
1777:
1776:
1772:
1762:
1760:
1750:
1749:
1745:
1735:
1733:
1729:
1714:
1709:
1708:
1693:
1683:
1681:
1668:
1667:
1663:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1568:
1567:
1563:
1519:
1518:
1514:
1486:
1485:
1481:
1471:
1469:
1456:
1455:
1451:
1441:
1439:
1429:
1428:
1424:
1414:
1413:
1406:
1396:
1394:
1387:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1347:10.2307/3504045
1335:Elephas maximus
1329:
1328:
1324:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1293:
1288:
1287:
1280:
1263:Elephas maximus
1258:
1257:
1253:
1248:
1231:
1133:
1122:
1116:
1113:
1070:
1068:
1058:
1046:
1035:
999:Elephas maximus
988:
835:
829:
817:Asian elephants
716:
714:
625:Peak Wilderness
451:
415:colonial period
410:
384:protected areas
367:
345:Millangoda Raja
300:
298:Characteristics
271:Elephas maximus
246:) is native to
208:
199:
193:
180:
166:
163:E. maximus
74:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3345:
3343:
3335:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3314:
3313:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3303:
3290:
3277:
3264:
3251:
3238:
3225:
3212:
3199:
3186:
3173:
3158:
3142:
3140:
3134:
3133:
3128:
3119:
3118:
3111:
3108:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3100:
3091:
3081:
3079:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3065:
3064:
3063:
3054:
3045:
3036:
3017:
3015:
3004:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2992:
2986:
2980:
2974:
2968:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2950:
2948:
2947:
2940:
2933:
2925:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2901:
2900:
2888:
2882:
2880:
2876:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2847:
2845:
2838:
2831:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2823:
2818:
2812:
2810:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2798:
2796:White elephant
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2752:
2750:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2717:
2715:
2706:
2702:
2701:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2685:
2683:Dwarf elephant
2680:
2672:
2671:
2670:
2668:Javan elephant
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2638:Asian elephant
2635:
2630:
2629:
2628:
2623:
2612:
2610:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2582:
2580:
2573:
2569:
2568:
2563:
2561:
2560:
2553:
2546:
2538:
2519:
2518:External links
2516:
2513:
2512:
2485:
2454:
2412:
2371:
2360:. 19 July 2023
2342:
2312:
2286:
2245:
2234:(7): 825–852.
2214:
2155:
2120:
2079:
2065:
2032:
2017:
1976:
1932:
1891:
1861:
1854:
1836:
1795:
1788:
1770:
1743:
1691:
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1404:
1385:
1360:
1322:
1278:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1242:
1237:
1230:
1227:
1200:Elephant Kraal
1145:Esala Perahera
1135:
1134:
1049:
1047:
1040:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1029:
1018:
987:
984:
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925:
922:
919:
916:
913:
910:
907:
904:
901:
898:
895:
892:
889:
831:Main article:
828:
825:
789:. Traditional
787:mature forests
746:megaherbivores
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544:
541:
538:
532:
531:
528:
525:
518:
517:
514:
511:
505:
504:
501:
500:Size in sq.km
498:
489:
488:
487:7,500 in 2019;
485:
482:
479:
478:3,150 in 2006;
476:
473:
470:
467:
464:
461:
458:
450:
447:
432:trophy hunters
409:
406:
366:
363:
340:depigmentation
299:
296:
256:Asian elephant
224:
223:
219:
218:
210:
209:
200:
189:
188:
186:Trinomial name
182:
181:
174:
172:
168:
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160:
158:
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153:
146:
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141:
136:
132:
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26:
24:
14:
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2:
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3333:
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3328:
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3323:
3320:
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3317:
3300:
3295:
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3256:
3252:
3248:
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3222:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3191:
3187:
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3178:
3174:
3169:
3163:
3159:
3154:
3148:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3126:
3116:
3115:
3109:
3099:
3097:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3076:
3075:
3070:
3062:
3060:
3055:
3053:
3051:
3046:
3044:
3042:
3037:
3035:
3033:
3028:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3014:
3013:
3008:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2991:
2987:
2985:
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2979:
2975:
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2969:
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2962:
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2927:
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2923:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2899:
2898:
2894:
2893:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2877:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2842:
2839:
2836:
2832:
2822:
2821:Howdah pistol
2819:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2807:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2747:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2726:Elephant goad
2724:
2722:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2714:
2713:Domestication
2710:
2707:
2703:
2689:
2688:Pygmy mammoth
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2607:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2577:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2559:
2554:
2552:
2547:
2545:
2540:
2539:
2536:
2532:
2530:
2525:
2517:
2500:
2496:
2493:Gu, Vanessa.
2489:
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2322:
2316:
2313:
2300:
2296:
2290:
2287:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2256:
2249:
2246:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2218:
2215:
2210:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2159:
2156:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2124:
2121:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2090:
2083:
2080:
2075:
2069:
2066:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2039:
2037:
2033:
2028:
2021:
2018:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1987:
1980:
1977:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1946:
1939:
1937:
1933:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1902:
1895:
1892:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1865:
1862:
1857:
1851:
1847:
1840:
1837:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1806:
1799:
1796:
1791:
1785:
1781:
1774:
1771:
1758:
1754:
1747:
1744:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1713:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1692:
1679:
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1671:
1665:
1662:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1631:
1627:
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1613:
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1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1580:
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1572:
1565:
1562:
1557:
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1549:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1516:
1513:
1507:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1483:
1480:
1467:
1463:
1459:
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1433:
1426:
1423:
1418:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1392:
1388:
1382:
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1348:
1344:
1340:
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1228:
1226:
1224:
1219:
1216:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1196:
1192:
1191:war elephants
1183:
1179:
1177:
1176:Hindu Temples
1173:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1157:
1153:
1146:
1141:
1131:
1128:
1120:
1109:
1106:
1102:
1099:
1095:
1092:
1088:
1085:
1081:
1078: –
1077:
1073:
1072:Find sources:
1066:
1062:
1056:
1055:
1050:This article
1048:
1044:
1039:
1038:
1032:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1016:
1012:
1011:
1010:
1006:
1004:
1001:is listed on
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978:
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854:
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846:
844:
840:
834:
826:
824:
823:frequencies.
822:
818:
813:
811:
807:
803:
799:
798:social groups
794:
792:
788:
784:
779:
777:
776:fallow chenas
773:
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755:
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747:
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2895:
2861:Kerala state
2816:Elephant gun
2791:War elephant
2652:
2521:
2505:14 September
2503:. Retrieved
2488:
2478:14 September
2476:. Retrieved
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1575:PLOS Biology
1574:
1564:
1532:(1): 71–80.
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1499:(1): 40–47.
1496:
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1434:. BBC News.
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1117:January 2024
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1059:Please help
1054:verification
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986:Conservation
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800:without the
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408:Former range
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171:Subspecies:
161:
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139:Elephantidae
49:Male tusker
29:
3216:iNaturalist
3162:Wikispecies
3096:L. cyclotis
3087:L. africana
3003:(Elephants)
2988:Superorder
2982:Infraclass
2953:Proboscidea
2844:By locality
2837:and history
2305:11 December
2299:EconomyNext
2169:BMC Ecology
1369:Shoshani, J
1331:Shoshani, J
1315:3 September
1202:in 1950 by
857:ivory trade
837:During the
767:Leguminosae
750:generalists
573:Somawathiya
129:Proboscidea
3316:Categories
2990:Afrotheria
2761:Executions
2447:15 January
1725:: 91–102.
1386:0813806763
1371:. (2006).
1304:: 93–103.
1246:References
1215:Singhalese
1087:newspapers
843:land mines
821:infrasonic
599:Madhu road
549:Maduru Oya
335:sumatranus
266:under the
252:subspecies
3332:Elephants
3074:Loxodonta
2705:Human use
2586:Cognition
2565:Elephants
2394:: 16–25.
2364:3 January
2268:: 63–65.
2228:Behaviour
2175:(1): 17.
2102:: 27–34.
1914:: 16–17.
1884:29 August
1818:(67–68).
1626:Evolution
1581:(1): e6.
1442:22 August
1152:Sinhalese
869:irrigated
815:Like all
664:Minneriay
651:Sinharaja
612:Udawalawe
586:Wasgomuwa
248:Sri Lanka
157:Species:
95:Kingdom:
89:Eukaryota
3247:11500005
3147:Wikidata
3114:Category
2984:Eutheria
2978:Mammalia
2972:Chordata
2966:Animalia
2964:Kingdom
2866:Thailand
2736:Trainers
2674:Extinct
2579:Behavior
2499:Archived
2472:Archived
2405:24 April
2396:Archived
2335:24 April
2329:Archived
2270:Archived
2209:21794147
2150:17209753
2104:Archived
2058:24 April
2052:Archived
2048:BBC News
2001:Archived
1999:(1–30).
1960:Archived
1916:Archived
1878:Archived
1829:2 August
1820:Archived
1763:2 August
1757:Archived
1727:Archived
1678:Archived
1648:11681743
1607:12929206
1556:18442650
1548:15454948
1526:Heredity
1472:15 March
1466:Archived
1436:Archived
1391:Archived
1306:Archived
1229:See also
1159:heraldry
863:. Human
849:Poaching
762:climbers
698:Kitulana
694:Lahugala
675:300–400
668:Giritale
619:150–200
606:100–200
593:150–200
556:150–200
543:150–200
530:300–350
527:1,267.8
516:100–150
513:1,316.9
509:Wilpattu
441:was the
389:Mahaweli
376:Wilpattu
268:binomial
202:Linnaeus
135:Family:
119:Mammalia
109:Chordata
105:Phylum:
99:Animalia
85:Domain:
3208:7059260
3195:1226013
3153:Q583372
3012:Elephas
2970:Phylum
2951:Extant
2879:Related
2835:Culture
2809:Weapons
2678:Mammoth
2609:Species
2572:General
2468:fao.org
2279:3 March
2200:3199741
2177:Bibcode
2113:3 March
2010:3 March
1969:3 March
1925:3 March
1736:3 March
1684:6 April
1656:7223168
1355:3504045
1195:hunting
1101:scholar
1013:In the
827:Threats
705:50–100
688:80–100
681:Bundala
645:50–100
580:50–100
536:Gal Oya
524:(Yala)
332:and of
329:indicus
254:of the
150:Elephas
145:Genus:
125:Order:
115:Class:
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3286:995648
3234:727609
3221:542405
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2851:China
2771:Ivory
2591:Musth
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894:2011
891:2010
888:Year
861:Kandy
853:ivory
758:shrub
702:15.5
685:62.1
672:66.9
655:88.6
355:dwarf
320:tusks
3255:NCBI
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3203:GBIF
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