173:
637:
1330:
carried into the newly settled land. Since the higher caste individuals and those in power were enforcing
Buddhism, it eventually became the established religion among the Sihlanese communities. It became very popular among all castes and practiced all over and in different land (areas). There was a practice that was known as Asoka in the Sihlanese kingdom and it is thought that Buddhism has many aspects that stemmed from Asoka. Similar to Asoka (Practice among the Sinhalese) "Such establishment of Buddhism in a country was evidently a departure in the history of that religion and seems to have been an innovation of Asoka".
1891:'the most noteworthy feature of this meeting ... was the presence of Bracegirdle and his attack on the planters. He claimed unrivaled knowledge of the misdeeds of the planters and promised scandalous exposures. His delivery, facial appearance, his posture were all very threatening ... Every sentence was punctuated with cries of samy, samy from the labourers. Labourers were heard to remark that Mr. Bracegirdle has correctly said that they should not allow planters to break labour laws and they must in future not take things lying down.' (T. Perera,
1303:
investment to be processed so that individual estate-owners were now supplanted by large
English consolidated companies based either in London ('sterling firms') or Colombo ('rupee firms'). Monoculture was thus increasingly capped by monopoly within the plantation economy. The pattern thus created in the 19th century remained in existence down to 1972. The only significant modification to the colonial economy was the addition of a rubber sector in the mid-country areas.
2041:
leadership. The plantation-raj got the
Badulla Magistrate to issue a ban on meetings. N. M. Perera broke the ban and addressed a large meeting in Badulla on 12 May, and the police were powerless to act. At Wewessa Estate the workers set up an elected council and the Superintendent agreed to act in consultation with the Workers' Council. An armed police party that went to restore 'law and order' was disarmed by the workers.
3924:
2788:
2390:
1044:
562:
3934:
25:
1859:, a British/Australian former planter saying: 'This is the first time a white comrade has ever attended a party meeting held at a street corner.' He made his first public speech in Sri Lanka, warning that the capitalists were trying to split the workers of Sri Lanka and put one against the other. He took an active part in organising a public meeting called by the LSSP on
1843:, a leader of the CSP addressed a large number of meetings in various parts of the country on a national tour organised by the LSSP. This helped to establish the indivisibility of the fights for the independence of Sri Lanka and India. In Jaffna, where Kamaladevi also spoke, the left movement found consistent and loyal supporters from among one-time members of the JYC.
3944:
124:
1980:. His objective was to expose to the villages in Sri Lanka the Independence gained in 1948 was a name sake one and was only an alternate for of power management. The government in order to avoid any potential disruptions placed Marikar and Abeywickrama under house arrest for the duration of the Royal tour.
1988:
After the outbreak of the Second World War, the independence agitators turned to opposition to the
Ministers' support for the British war effort. The Ministers brought motions gifting the Sri Lankan taxpayers' money to the British war machine, which were opposed by the pro-independence members of the
1917:
On 5 May, in the State
Council, NM Perera and Philip Gunawardena moved a vote of censure on the Governor for having ordered the deportation of Bracegirdle without the advice of the acting Home Minister. Even the Board of Ministers had started feeling the heat of public opinion and the vote was passed
1462:
In 1915 commercial-ethnic rivalry erupted into a riot in the
Colombo against the Muslims, with Christians participating as much as Buddhists. The British colonial authorities reacted heavy-handedly, as the riot was also directed against them. Dharmapala had his legs broken and was confined to Jaffna;
1302:
The coffee economy collapsed in the 1870s when coffee blight ravaged the plantations, but the economic system it had created survived intact into the era of its successor, tea, which was introduced on a wide scale from 1880 onwards. Tea was more capital-intensive and needed a higher volume of initial
1224:
form of revolt, being fundamentally a peasant revolt. The masses were without the leadership of their native King (deposed in 1815) or their chiefs (either crushed after the Uva
Rebellion or collaborating with the colonial power). The leadership passed for the first time in the Kandyan provinces into
1699:
There had been a drought in 1934 which caused a shortage of rice, estimated at 3 million bushels. From
October on there were floods, followed by a malaria epidemic in 1934â35, during which 1,000,000 people were affected and at least 125,000 died. The Suriya-Mal Movement was honed by volunteer work
1683:
and revived it on a new anti-imperialist and anti-war basis. Yearly until the Second World War, young men and women sold Suriya flowers on the streets on
Armistice Day in competition with the Poppy sellers. The purchasers of the Suriya Mal were generally from the poorer sections of society and the
2153:
mutinied on the night of 8/9 May, intending to hand the islands over to the
Japanese. The mutiny took place partly because of the agitation by the LSSP. The mutiny was suppressed and three of the mutineers were the only British Commonwealth troops to be executed for mutiny during the Second World
2259:
A second reading of the Free Lanka Bill was moved and passed without division on in February. The Bill brought up for a third reading, with amendment, on 22 March. G A Wille, a British-nominated member, moved that âThe Bill be read the third time six months henceâ, which was defeated by 40 to 7.
2016:
Starting in November 1939 and during the first half of 1940 there was a wave of spontaneous strikes in the British-owned plantations, basically aimed at winning the right of organisation. There were two main plantation unions, Iyer's Ceylon Indian Congress and the All-Ceylon Estate Workers Union
1739:
many years later: 'Work in connection with malaria relief was an eye-opener to many of these people who were just getting to know the peasant masses. The poverty was incredible, the overcrowding even more so, fifteen, twenty or more people crammed into tiny huts, dying like flies. This was what
1454:
that mothers scare their children with, and the term is still used to refer to a particularly obnoxious person. In a panic, the colonial authorities jailed a Boer wildlife official, H. H. Engelbrecht, after accusing him falsely of having supplied meat to the cruiser. Another jolt to the aura of
1114:
from the British administration to Ceylon representatives, a phrase that implies considerable continuity with a colonial era that lasted 400 years. It was initiated around the turn of the 20th century and led mostly by the educated middle class. It succeeded when, on 4 February 1948, Ceylon was
1883:
On 3 April, at a meeting at Nawalapitiya attended by two thousand estate workers, at which Kamaladevi Chattopadhyaya spoke, Dr. N. M. Perera said: 'Comrades, I have an announcement to make. You know we have a white comrade (applause) .... He has generously consented to address you. I call upon
1329:
Buddhism was enforced by kings and priests because they belonged to the Brahmin caste which allowed them to have the power to push what religion they wanted to practice. Buddhism practiced among higher castes (Brahmins) was further enforced by kings/ priest power, and their power increased and
2040:
After Mool Oya, the strike wave spread southward towards Uva, and the strikes became more prolonged and the workers began more and more to seek the militant leadership of the Sama samajists. In Uva, Samasamajists including Willie Jayatilleke, Edmund Samarakkody and V. Sittampalam were in the
2268:
With the conclusion of the war against Germany, public pressure for the release of the detenus increased. On 30 May 1945 A. P. Jayasuriya moved a resolution in the State Council that the detained independence agitators be released unconditionally. This was passed, opposed only by two British
2036:
was shot and killed by the police. As a result of agitation both within the State Council and outside, the Government was compelled to appoint a Commission of Inquiry. Colvin R. de Silva appeared for the widow of Govindan and exposed the combined role of the police and employers in the white
1274:
However, the dispossessed peasantry was not employed on the plantations: The Kandyan Sinhalese villagers refused to abandon their traditional subsistence holdings and become wage-workers in the harsh conditions that prevailed on these new estates, despite the pressure exerted by the colonial
2255:
The Congress resolved, "Whereas the decision of the State Council 'to frame a Constitution of the Dominion type for a Free Lanka', falls short of the full national right for freedom, nevertheless, this Congress instructs its members in the State Council to support the Bill providing 'a new
2085:
bombed Colombo. That evening, in the confusion following the attack, the LSSP leaders were able to escape, with the help of one of their guards. Several of them fled to India, where they participated in the independence movement there. However, a sizeable contingent remained, led by Robert
1621:
In the 1930s the Youth Leagues were formed in the South, around a core of intellectuals who had returned from education in Britain, influenced by leftist ideals. The Ministers of the CNC petitioned the colonial government to increase their powers, instead of demanding independence, or even
1828:' and that 'entries in police stations should be recorded in the language in which they are originally stated' were passed by the State Council and referred to the Legal Secretary, but nothing was done about these matters and English continued to be the language of the rule until 1956.
1471:
became notorious for his methods. Hundreds of Sinhalese Buddhists were arrested by the British colonial government during the Riots of 1915. Those imprisoned without charges included future leaders of the independence movement; F.R. Senanayake, D. S. Senanayake, Anagarika Dharmapala,
2272:
The oppression during the war years had kept unrest under control but, with the relaxation of wartime restrictions, there was an eruption of popular anger. From September onwards, there was a wave of strikes in Colombo, on the tramways and in the harbour. In November the LSSP-led
2269:
nominated members. However, the detainees were only released on 24 June, after a two-day hunger strike. The released prisoners were hailed as heroes and given receptions throughout the country. The Left had emerged stronger than before the war, having earned tremendous prestige.
1684:
funds collected were not large. But the movement provided a rallying point for the anti-imperialist minded youth of the time. An attempt was made by the British colonial authorities to curb the movement's effectiveness through the 'Street Collection Regulation Ordinance'.
1989:
state council. There was considerable opposition to the war in Sri Lanka, particularly among the workers and the nationalists, many of the latter of whom hoped for a German victory. Among Buddhists, there was disgust that Buddhist monks of German origin were interned as '
1760:
The first manifesto of the Lanka Sama Samaja Party declared that its aims were the achievement of complete national independence, the nationalisation of the means of production, distribution, and exchange, and the abolition of inequalities arising from differences of
2044:
The strike wave was finally beaten back by a wave of violence by the police, aided by floods which cut Uva off from the rest of the country for over a week. But the colonial authorities realised that the independence struggle had become too powerful to ignore.
2237:, who had been expelled by the Trotskyists in the Sama Samaja Party but who now supported the war effort. At its 25th annual conference, the CNC resolved to demand 'a complete freedom after war'. The leader of the house and Minister of Agriculture and Lands
2073:
but he evaded arrest and went underground. The LSSP was involved in a strike wave which commenced in May 1941 affecting the workers of the Colombo Harbour, Granaries, Wellawatta Mills, Gas Company, Colombo Municipality and the Fort Mt-Lavinia bus route.
2288:. In some areas the farmers refused to give their rice to the Government and hundreds were charged in the courts. In 1946 the Congress organised a march on the State Council, which compelled the Ministers to drop the system of compulsory collection.
2710:
1262:
was introduced into Sri Lanka, a crop which flourishes in high altitudes, and grown on the land taken from the peasants. The principal impetus to this development of capitalist production in Sri Lanka was the decline in coffee production in the
1337:
Christian education to the young men of the commercial classes backfired, as they transformed the Buddhism practiced in Sri Lanka into something resembling the non-conformist Protestant model. A series of debates against clergymen of the
2068:
However, the experience gained in hiding Bracegirdle now paid off. The cover organisation of the LSSP, of which Doric de Souza and Reggie Senanayake were in charge, had been active for some months. Detention orders had been issued on
2248:, the State Council member for Panadura, moved a motion in the State Council calling for a dominion-type constitution for a Free Lanka. Subsequently, the "Free Lanka Bill" was introduced in the State Council, on 19 January 1945.
1533:
and describing the actions committed by the Police led by Dowbiggin during the riots. The British government ordered the release of the leaders who were in detention. Several high officials were transferred. A new Governor, Sir
2202:, the Japanese liaison office for South Asia, recruited Sinhalese, Tamils, Indians and other south Asians domiciled in Malaya and Singapore for spying missions against the Allies. Four of them were to be landed by submarine at
172:
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were defeated by the Kandyan Sinhalese forces. In 1815, the British fomented a revolt by the Kandyan Sinhalese aristocracy against the last Kandyan monarch and marched into uplands to depose him in the 2nd Kandyan War.
1908:
The LSSP with Bracegirdle's assent decided that the order should be defied. Bracegirdle went into hiding and the Colonial Government began an unsuccessful manhunt. LSSP started a campaign to defend him. At that year's
2322:, when the police repeatedly fired on the crowd. The suppression was successful in breaking the strike. However, it was set in stone for the British authorities that their position in the country was untenable. The
2720:
2251:
At annual session of the Ceylon National Congress was held on 27â28 January 1945 its president, George E. de Silva, said, "Today we stand pledged to strive for freedom. Nothing less than that can be accepted."
1913:
rally at Price Park, placards declaring 'We want Bracegirdle â Deport Stubbs' were displayed, and a resolution was passed condemning Stubbs, demanding his removal and the withdrawal of the deportation order.
1405:. This cut across the old barriers of caste and was the beginning of a pan-Sinhala Buddhist identity. It appealed in particular to small businessmen and yeomen, who now began to take centre stage against the
1257:
Agriculture was the main source of revenue for the country and foreign exchanges. The land in Sri Lanka is very important because it has led to many different wars among different countries. In the 1830s,
1936:
However, the police managed to arrest him a couple of days later at the Hulftsdorp residence of Vernon Gunasekera, the Secretary of the LSSP. However, the necessary legal preparations had been made. A
1653:
sales on Armistice Day (11 November) being used for the benefit of the British ex-servicemen to the detriment of Sri Lankan ex-servicemen, one of the latter, Aelian Perera, had started a rival sale of
1178:
in 1795 as part of Britain's war against the French Republic. The Kandyan Kingdom collaborated with the British expeditionary forces against the Dutch, as it had with the Dutch against the Portuguese.
1197:
when the same aristocracy rose against British rule in a rebellion in which their villagers participated. They were defeated by the British. An attempt at rebellion sparked again briefly in 1830. The
2299:. The adviser to the deputation, N. M. Perera was arrested by the police, but the workers refused to come to a settlement in his absence. In the end Perera was released and a settlement was reached.
1555:(CNC) was founded to agitate for greater autonomy. It did not seek independence, however, representing the comprador elite which opposed Dharmapala. This same elite vigorously opposed the grant of
1201:
and Sinhalese peasantry were stripped of their lands by the Crown Lands (Encroachments) Ordinance No. 12 of 1840 (sometimes called the Crown Lands Ordinance or the Waste Lands Ordinance), a modern
3869:
2086:
Gunawardena, Philip's brother. In 1942 and 1944 the LSSP gave leadership to several other strikes and in the process was able to capture the leadership of Government workersâ unions in Colombo.
1676:
and criticised the practice of forcing Sri Lankan schoolchildren to purchase poppies to help British veterans at the expense of their own, which caused her to be vilified by her compatriots.
1905:
to deport him. Bracegirdle was served with the order of deportation on 22 April and given 48 hours to leave on the SS Mooltan, on which a passage had been booked for him by the Government.
1878:
constituency, to 'organise an Estate Labour Federation in Nawalapitiya or Hatton, with an idea that he may be a proper candidate to be the future Secretary of the Labour Federation.'
1616:
to visit Jaffna. The JYC led a successful boycott of the first State Council elections in Jaffna in 1931, arguing that the Donoughmore reforms did not concede enough self-government.
1081:
1574:. His mantle fell on the next generation, epitomised by the likes of Walisinghe Harischandra, Gunapala Malalasekera, and L.H. Mettananda, who were radicalised by Dharmapala's words.
3144:
2138:(Chennai). Such was the panic amongst the British in Sri Lanka that a large turtle which came ashore was reported by an Australian unit as a number of Japanese amphibious vehicles.
1314:
A new body of urban capitalists was growing in the low country, around transport, shop-keeping, distillery, plantation, and wood-work industries. These entrepreneurs were from many
1952:(QC) on the day that Bracegirdle appeared in court. On 18 May order was made that he could not be deported for exercising his right to free speech, and Bracegirdle was a free man.
1740:
colonial exploitation meant: worse than the worst that prevailed in Britain when Marx and Engels analysed the conditions of the working classes. This was what had to be fought.'
1925:, which was presided over by Colvin R de Silva and addressed by Dr. N.M. Perera, Philip Gunawardena, Leslie Goonewardene, A. E. Goonesinha, George E. de Silva, D. M. Rajapakse,
1185:
and subsequent revolts in the low-country suppressed, the British began planning to capture the Kandyan Kingdom. The 1803 and 1804 invasions of the Kandyan provinces in the 1st
2163:
No Sri Lankan combat regiment was deployed by the British in a combat situation after the Cocos Islands Mutiny. The defenses of Sri Lanka were beefed up to three British army
1249:, 'it had leaders but no leadership. The old feudalists were crushed and powerless. No new class capable of leading the struggle and heading it towards power had yet arisen.'
3719:
3398:
1972:
against the upcoming visit. His opposition was on the basis that if Ceylon was truly independent why should it invite the monarchy to tour the country, although under the
2750:
Perera, Janaka. "Four Lankans Die in Secret 'Independence' War." WWW Virtual Library: Four Lankans Die in Secret 'Independence' War, www.lankalibrary.com/geo/japan3.htm.
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Sri Lanka won freedom from the British in 1948 largely because of the blood sacrifices of the Japanese soldiers in World War Two, Time to re â write our history books
1863:
in Colombo on 10 January 1937 to celebrate Sir Herbert Dowbiggin's departure from the island and to protest against the actions of the police during his tenure as
1163:. It was virtually unchallenged until 1914. The British were very powerful during their rule in Sri Lanka and left more of a lasting impact than any other power.
610:
2344:, when a new constitution was agreed on. At the elections of 1947, the UNP won a minority of the seats in Parliament, but cobbled together a coalition with the
2171:. Rationing was instituted so that Sri Lankans were comparatively better fed than their Indian neighbours, in order to prevent disaffection among the natives.
2116:, punctured the propaganda of British invincibility. The credibility & prestige of the British was further damaged by the sinking of the aircraft carrier
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off Sri Lanka in early April 1942; accompanied at the same time by the virtually unopposed bombing of mainly the British colonial bases in the island and
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Public opposition to British colonial rule continued to grow. Among the elite there was irritation at the colour-bar practised by the leading clubs. Sir
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548:
3849:
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2195:. A plan was made to transport them to British Ceylon by submarine, to begin an independence uprising against colonial rule, but this was aborted.
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459:
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1901:
The British planters were angry that their prestige was being harmed by a fellow white man. They prevailed upon the British Colonial Governor Sir
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Gunasinghe, Newton (2004). "4: The Open Economy and Its Impact on Ethnic Relations in Sri Lanka". In Winslow, Deborah; Woost, Michael D. (eds.).
1704:, which was aggravated by the shortage of rice, and which reduced resistance to the disease. They helped fight the epidemic by making pills of '
399:
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The South Colombo Youth League became involved in a strike at the Wellawatte Spinning and weaving mills. It published an irregular journal in
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867:
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61:
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However, some of the promises made by the Acting Governor were not honoured, and a second general strike broke out in MayâJune 1947. The
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In October 1946 a strike of Government workers, including those in the railway, extended to the harbour, the gas company, and became a
1977:
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815:
496:
68:
2721:
Sri Lankaâs Independence â a beneficiary of Japanâs entry to the Second World War which sealed the fate of European Colonialism in Asia
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launched an island-wide bus strike, which was successful in spite of the arrest of N. M. Perera, Philip Gunawardena and other leaders.
368:
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783:
603:
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Comrade Bracegirdle to address you.' Bracegirdle rose to speak amid tumultuous applause and shouts of 'Samy, Samy' (master, master).
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108:
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In the Central Province the strike wave reached its zenith in the Mool Oya Estate strike, which was led by Samasamajists including
2065:
on 19 June. The LSSP press was raided and sealed. Regulations were promulgated which made open party work practically impossible.
1450:
and sailed unimpeded down the eastern coast of British Ceylon. Such was its impact that, in Sri Lanka to this day, 'Emden' is the
75:
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3033:
2912:
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and other signs of unrest in the armed forces of India had already caused the British to start their retreat from that country.
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3714:
3654:
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After Dunkirk, the British colonial authorities reacted in panic (as revealed in secret files released many decades later) and
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and they strongly resented the historically unprecedented and unbuddhistic practice of 'caste discrimination' adopted by the
956:
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543:
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57:
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1592:, seeking independence and justice for Sri Lanka. The first moves came from the Young Lanka League led by A. E. Gunasinha,
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3365:
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1948:. H. V. Perera, the county's leading civil lawyer, volunteered his services free on behalf of Bracegirdle; he was made a
3702:
3482:
3463:
2369:
1111:
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810:
800:
677:
128:
1378:, Colombo; at the same time injecting more modern secular western ideas into the 'Protestant' Buddhist thought-stream.
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1933:. Bracegirdle made a dramatic appearance on the platform at this rally, but the police were powerless to arrest him.
3927:
2501:
2295:. The authorities at first refused to negotiate, but finally the Acting Governor agreed to meet a deputation of the
1824:. In November 1936, motions that 'in the Municipal and Police Courts of the Island the proceedings should be in the
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was served and the case was called before a bench of three Supreme Court judges presided over by Chief Justice Sir
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status. They were forced to withdraw their 'Ministers' Memorandum' after a vigorous campaign by the Youth Leagues.
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35:
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1973:
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Doreen Young was elected the first president of the Suriya Mal movement at a meeting held at the residence of
82:
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braved mine and submarine-infested seas (as well as the Police) to carry it in the soles of his shoes to the
1123:
status within the British Commonwealth was retained for the next 24 years until 22 May 1972 when it became a
1098:
was a peaceful political movement which was aimed at achieving independence and self-rule for the country of
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left the CNC on the issue of independence, disagreeing with the revised aim of 'the achieving of freedom'.
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among the poor during the malaria epidemic and the floods. The volunteers found that there was widespread
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The All-Ceylon Peasant Congress took action on the compulsory collection of rice by the government at 8
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1820:, Deputy Speaker. They also demanded the replacement of English as the official language by Sinhala and
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in Horana. Terence de Zilva and Robin Ratnam were elected Joint Secretaries, and Roy de Mel Treasurer.
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because the island was strategically important, holding almost all the British Empire's resources of
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1661:) flowers on this day, the proceeds of which were devoted to helping needy Ceylonese ex-servicemen.
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in 1764, just 10 years after it had been established by a Thai monk. Around 1800 they organised the
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Routledge Handbook of South Asian Politics : India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Nepal
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1151:, the British Empire became more influential. Its prestige was only briefly dented by setbacks in
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was recalled from leave in order to aid the police in crushing this upsurge. V. Kandasamy of the
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326:
1949:
1757:(LSSP), which grew out of the Youth Leagues in 1935, was the first party to demand independence.
217:
127:
The formal ceremony marking the start of self-rule, with the opening of the first parliament at
16:
20th-century movement for the independence of Sri Lanka (British Ceylon) from the British Empire
2643:
3767:
2603:
2572:
2480:
2427:
2357:
2226:, the Civil Defence Commissioner complained that the British commander of Ceylon, Admiral Sir
2123:
2005:
1875:
1864:
1728:') because of the lentils he distributed as dry rations to the people affected in those days.
1650:
1593:
1571:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1481:
1468:
1217:
1167:
1596:, EAP Wijerathne and AP Thambayah. In 1924 The Jaffna Students' Congress, later renamed the
3937:
3818:
3627:
3569:
3250:
2906:
2816:
2394:
2281:
2157:
2146:
1922:
1860:
1489:
1386:
1323:
1209:
1182:
1171:
1144:
1048:
1030:
667:
566:
431:
2655:
1629:
1425:
succeeded the populists led by Dharmapala from the leadership of the temperance movement.
3068:
2673:
Sinhalese immigrants in Malaysia & Singapore, 1860-1990: History through recollections
2334:
2227:
2117:
1945:
1902:
1539:
1422:
1418:
1375:
1371:
1343:
825:
139:
2730:
2680:
The Golden Age of Military Adventure in Ceylon: an account of the Uva Rebellion 1817-1818
2081:, Sri Lanka became a front-line British base against the Japanese. On 5 April 1942, The
2032:, Secretary of the Estate Workers Union. In this strike, on 19 January 1940, the worker
1542:
with instructions to inquire and report to His Majesty's Government. Newspapers such as
1409:, an anglicised class of new elites created by the British rulers. The collaborationist
3679:
3632:
3210:
3175:
2353:
2307:
2292:
2008:, held discussions with the Japanese with a view to collaboration to oust the British.
1994:
1821:
1805:
1613:
1605:
1485:
1439:
1359:
1279:
in India, to man the plantations in its lucrative new colony to the south. Through the
1140:
1107:
1103:
506:
388:
2716:
Japanâs attack on Pearl Harbour ignited the liberation of Asia from Western domination
2206:, on the south coast of Sri Lanka, to operate a secret radio transmitter to report on
3962:
2450:
Land Settlement in Sri Lanka 1840-1975: A Review of the Major Writings on the Subject
2447:
Ellman, A. O.; Ratnaweera, D. De S.; Silva, K.T.; Wickremasinghe, G. (January 1976).
2323:
2150:
1941:
1688:
1608:(Complete Self-Rule), national unity, and the eradication of inequalities imposed by
1477:
1194:
341:
2627:
2155:
1588:
The young people who stepped into the shoes of Dharmapala organised themselves into
3757:
3637:
3233:
3122:
2199:
2054:
1813:
1785:
1713:
1701:
1522:
1510:
1464:
1351:
1284:
1268:
1186:
1160:
636:
403:
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1990:
1658:
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1319:
1292:
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1234:
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24:
3039:
2311:
2234:
2211:
1825:
1567:
1514:
1410:
1334:
1213:
210:
123:
2725:
2256:
constitution for a Free Lanka' as an advance in our struggle for freedom..."
2787:
2342:
2315:
2180:
2078:
2029:
1429:
1428:
A jolt was given to the British aura of invincibility by the German cruiser
1339:
1296:
1238:
1230:
1099:
196:
189:
1835:(CSP) of India and an LSSP delegation attended the Faizpur Sessions of the
2456:. Colombo, Sri Lanka: Agrarian Research and Training Institute. p. 16
2448:
2360:. It was to this government that the British prepared to hand over power.
1600:(JYC) was founded. Influenced by the Indian Independence movement, it was
2735:
2509:
2184:
2033:
1969:
1623:
1451:
1394:
1347:
1226:
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1808:
of the Indian Tamils. Others who supported them from time to time were
2506:
Proceedings of First International Conference & Gathering of Elders
2203:
1910:
1852:
1751:
1705:
1601:
1467:, a militia commander was shot for mutiny. Inspector-General of Police
1447:
1443:
1225:
the hands of ordinary people, non-aristocrats. The leaders were yeomen-
2285:
2168:
1774:
1566:
Dharmapala was hounded out of the country by a press campaign by the
1435:
1326:, which became hegemonic in the low-country by the mid-19th century.
1288:
1259:
1221:
1175:
136:
1976:, Queen Elizabeth II was the country's formal head of state, as the
2646:, W. T. Keble and Devar Surya Sena, p.59 (University of California)
2502:"Indian origin in Sri Lanka:Their plight and struggle for survival"
1929:, Vernon Gunasekera, Handy Perimbanayagam, Mrs. K. Natesa Iyer and
1612:. In 1927, the JYC invited the Indian independence movement leader
2077:
With Japan's entry into the war, and especially after the fall of
1812:
of Kandy, B. H. Aluwihare of Matale, D. P. Jayasuriya of Gampaha,
1770:
1766:
1609:
1350:
by modern logical argument. The Buddhist revival was aided by the
1315:
1198:
1152:
122:
2706:
Did Japan contribute to Sri Lanka and India to gain independence?
2564:
Buddhism Betrayed?: Religion, Politics, and Violence in Sri Lanka
1867:. In March, he was co-opted to serve on the executive committee.
1800:
were aided in this struggle by not quite so radical members like
2508:. International Center for Cultural Studies, USA. Archived from
1937:
1725:
1181:
Once the Dutch had been evicted, their sovereignty ceded by the
3126:
2757:
1193:
The struggle against the colonial power began in 1817 with the
2548:
K. M. de Silva, University of Ceylon History of Ceylon, p. 225
1831:
Fraternal relations were established between the LSSP and the
1507:
18:
2746:
Sri Lankaâs Role In Japanese Peace Treaty 1952: In Retrospect
1855:, the president of the LSSP, Dr. Inusha de Silva, introduced
3870:
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Sri Lanka
1346:
was organised, culminating in the 'defeat' of the latter at
1295:
were transported into Sri Lanka to work on European-owned
2061:
and Colvin R. de Silva were arrested on 18 June 1940 and
1960:
In 1954, upon hearing of the Royal tour of Ceylon by the
2104:
and the subsequent defeat and sinking of the battleship
2210:
activities. However, they were dropped in error on the
1679:
The South Colombo Youth League now got involved in the
1220:
was the first transitional step towards abandoning the
1275:
government. The British therefore had to draw on its
2160:, the leader of the mutiny, was defiant to the end.
1921:
On the same day, there was a 50,000-strong rally at
1233:
in England's Civil War period and mechanics such as
3887:
3804:
3776:
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3615:
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3379:
3358:
3313:
3306:
3219:
3183:
2991:
2936:
2886:
2807:
2796:
2741:
Sri Lankaâs independence: falsehoods and hard facts
1584:
The Youth Leagues and the struggle for independence
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2689:, Fremantle Arts Centre Press, Fremantle, WA, 2001
1887:The authorities were on hand to note his speech:
1382:Dharmapala, 1915 and the Ceylon National Congress
1968:gained 1 million signatures of the public for a
1358:, who helped establish Buddhist schools such as
2736:Japan's role in Sri Lanka gaining Independence
1870:He was employed by Natesa Iyer, Member of the
1455:British invincibility was their defeat in the
1110:. The switch of powers was generally known as
3138:
2769:
2726:Four Lankans die in secret 'independence' war
1075:
604:
8:
3623:Board of Commissioners of Currency of Ceylon
2784:Coups, rebellions, and revolts in Sri Lanka
2696:, Young Socialist Publication, Colombo, 1996
2595:Economy, Culture, and Civil War in Sri Lanka
2477:Economy, Culture, and Civil War in Sri Lanka
2214:coast, where they were caught and executed.
1548:played a vital role to mold public opinion.
2974:2015 alleged Sri Lankan coup d'Ă©tat attempt
2694:Britain, World War 2 and the Sama Samajists
2380:Independence Commemoration Hall (Sri Lanka)
3692:
3310:
3145:
3131:
3123:
3023:Protests against the Vietnam War in Ceylon
2953:1966 alleged Ceylonese coup d'Ă©tat attempt
2804:
2776:
2762:
2754:
2297:Government Workers' Trade Union Federation
1082:
1068:
622:
611:
597:
149:
1310:The Buddhist resurgence and the 1915 riot
1170:in the Netherlands as an ally and of the
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
3850:Wesleyan Methodist Mission, North Ceylon
2692:Muthiah, Wesley and Wanasinghe, Sydney,
2675:, KVG de Silva & Sons, Colombo, 1991
2409:
1212:, led by Hennedige Francisco Fernando (
625:
487:
227:
179:
163:
152:
3905:Ceylonese recipients of British titles
2275:All Ceylon United Motor Workers' Union
2979:2018 Sri Lankan constitutional crisis
2658:(rootsweb) Retrieved 23 December 2014
2475:Winslow, Deborah (2 September 2004).
1851:On 28 November 1936, at a meeting in
1746:The Lanka Sama Samaja Party is formed
1561:Donoughmore Constitutional Commission
7:
2847:Second Polonnaruwa War of Succession
2623:
2621:
2619:
2529:
2527:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2000:Two members of the Governing Party,
1893:The Bracegirdle Saga: 60 Years After
47:adding citations to reliable sources
3943:
3101:2019 anti-Muslim riots in Sri Lanka
3096:2018 anti-Muslim riots in Sri Lanka
3091:2014 anti-Muslim riots in Sri Lanka
2823:First Polonnaruwa War of Succession
2656:The History of Newspapers in Ceylon
2187:formed the 'Lanka Regiment' of the
1649:In protest against the proceeds of
1527:Secretary of State for the Colonies
3547:General Officer Commanding, Ceylon
3474:General Officer Commanding, Ceylon
2628:An illustrious son of Sabaragamuwa
58:"Sri Lankan independence movement"
14:
3081:2005 Inuvil shooting and protests
2308:Government Clerical Service Union
1784:after the 1936 general election,
3969:Sri Lankan independence movement
3942:
3932:
3923:
3922:
3261:Sri Lankan independence movement
3034:Burning of Jaffna Public Library
2896:Sri Lankan independence movement
2786:
2388:
2375:Sri Lankan independence activist
1463:his brother died there. Captain
1434:, which attacked the seaport of
1333:The British attempt at giving a
1143:were dominant in Asia after the
1096:Sri Lankan independence movement
1042:
635:
560:
171:
133:Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester
23:
3910:Military awards and decorations
3875:Bible translations into Sinhala
3796:Sinhala words of English origin
2634:, retrieved on 20 October 2007.
2534:Arasaratnam, Sinnappah (1964).
2175:Lanka Regiment and Hikari Kikan
1737:Forward: The Progressive Weekly
1513:initiated and drafted a secret
373:Crisis of the Sixteenth Century
34:needs additional citations for
2731:Sri Lanka and the Yellow Races
2230:called him a 'black bastard'.
1993:' whereas Italian and German
1720:(Philip from Avissawella) and
1413:elements of the elite, led by
1397:to Sinhalese-ness, creating a
1:
3831:Methodist Church in Sri Lanka
3366:Legislative Council of Ceylon
3321:ColebrookeâCameron Commission
2853:Kandyan independence movement
2233:The CNC agreed to accept the
1529:, pleading for the repeal of
1401:consciousness, linked to the
1393:started linking 'Protestant'
1389:Buddhist Revivalists such as
1241:who were at the heart of the
1174:, led to a British attack on
2901:Great Rebellion of 1817â1818
2479:. Indiana University Press.
2422:Brass, Paul (18 June 2010).
2370:National Heroes of Sri Lanka
1115:granted independence as the
729:Ministries of the Government
3865:Sri Lanka Baptist Sangamaya
3537:British Military in Ceylon
2948:1962 Ceylonese coup attempt
2700:Colvin R. de Silva, Hartal!
2569:University of Chicago Press
1695:Malaria epidemic and floods
1666:Doreen Young Wickremasinghe
1283:, hundreds of thousands of
1245:. However, in the words of
964:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
724:Ministers of the Government
3990:
3541:Commander-in-Chief, Ceylon
3239:Great Rebellion of 1817â18
2969:1987â1989 JVP insurrection
2318:after a strike meeting at
2224:Oliver Ernest Goonetilleke
2093:
2019:Lanka Estate Workers Union
2002:Junius Richard Jayawardene
1895:, 'What Next', No 5 1997.)
1664:In 1933 a British teacher
1576:
1112:peaceful transfer of power
3918:
3173:
3086:2012 Welikada prison riot
2877:Nikapitiye Bandara Revolt
2702:accessed 4 November 2005.
2559:Tambiah, Stanley Jeyaraja
2143:Ceylon Garrison Artillery
1670:The Battle of the Flowers
1570:group of the press baron
1545:The Ceylon Morning Leader
944:Grama Niladhari divisions
342:Invasion of Kalinga Magha
3900:Maldivian Annual Tribute
3675:Indian Ocean slave trade
3580:Ceylon National Congress
3331:Donoughmore Constitution
3112:2022 Sri Lankan protests
3046:Welikada prison massacre
2871:2nd Kuruvita rala Revolt
2865:1st Kuruvita rala Revolt
2687:The Cocos Islands Mutiny
2644:Life of Sir James Peiris
2600:Indiana University Press
2350:S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike
2191:, directly under Netaji
2179:Sinhalese and Tamils in
1931:S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike
1857:Mark Anthony Bracegirdle
1841:Kamaladevi Chattopadyaya
1837:Indian National Congress
1833:Congress Socialist Party
1553:Ceylon National Congress
1538:was sent to replace Sir
1517:with the support of Sir
1415:S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike
917:Administrative geography
764:Leader of the Opposition
657:Previous constitutions:
400:Second KandyanâDutch war
369:Wars of Kotte Succession
144:Prime Minister of Ceylon
3860:The Pentecostal Mission
3836:American Ceylon Mission
3791:Sri Lankan Creole Malay
3371:State Council of Ceylon
3296:South East Asia Command
2859:Kangara arachchi Revolt
2208:South East Asia Command
2110:and the battle cruiser
1839:in 1936. In April 1937
1755:Lanka Sama Samaja Party
1354:, led by American Col.
1281:Indian indenture system
1205:and reduced to penury.
396:First KandyanâDutch war
307:Dutthagamani's campaign
3974:Independence movements
3590:Sri Lankan nationalism
3326:Donoughmore Commission
3286:Ceylon in World War II
3052:1987 Trincomalee riots
2829:Queen Sugala rebellion
2244:In November 1944, Sir
2239:Don Stephen Senanayake
1974:Constitution of Ceylon
1964:, C. A. S Marikar and
1899:
1792:and the other leaders
1672:which appeared in the
1519:Ponnambalam Ramanathan
1277:reserve army of labour
979:Diplomatic missions of
784:Constitutional Council
147:
3855:Lanka Lutheran Church
3605:Jaffna Youth Congress
3585:Native headmen system
3343:Soulbury Constitution
3271:1906 malaria outbreak
3160:British Ceylon period
3057:Kalutara prison riots
3029:1977 Sri Lankan riots
3008:1953 Ceylonese Hartal
2958:1971 JVP insurrection
2339:United National Party
2330:General Election 1947
2136:bombardment of Madras
1889:
1718:Avissawelle Pilippuwa
1598:Jaffna Youth Congress
1208:In 1848 the abortive
1166:The formation of the
1135:British colonial rule
1129:Republic of Sri Lanka
628:Politics of Sri Lanka
280:Indo-Aryan settlement
126:
3526:Ceylon Defence Force
3432:Ceylon Civil Service
3291:Cocos Islands mutiny
3276:1915 Ceylonese riots
3063:Bindunuwewa massacre
3018:1958 Ceylonese riots
3013:1956 Ceylonese riots
3003:1915 Ceylonese riots
2963:Sri Lankan Civil War
2925:Cocos Islands mutiny
2395:Sri Lanka portal
2304:Ceylon Defence Force
2189:Indian National Army
2096:Cocos Islands Mutiny
2090:Cocos Islands mutiny
2049:Underground struggle
1956:Dasa Laksha pethsama
1927:Siripala Samarakkody
1780:Its deputies in the
1716:came to be known as
1668:, wrote an article,
1579:1915 Ceylonese Riots
1442:, sinking a Russian
1391:Anagarika Dharmapala
1269:abolition of slavery
1127:and was renamed the
1049:Sri Lanka portal
769:Member of Parliament
719:Cabinet of Ministers
567:Sri Lanka portal
549:World Heritage Sites
404:KandyanâBritish wars
338:Sinhalese Resistance
311:Fall of Anuradhapura
165:History of Sri Lanka
43:improve this article
3841:Batticotta Seminary
3508:Financial Secretary
3338:Soulbury Commission
3281:Suriya-Mal Movement
3266:Temperance movement
2919:Suriya-Mal Movement
2913:Temperance movement
2671:Arsecularatne, SN,
2246:Susantha de Fonseka
2193:Subhas Chandra Bose
2071:Leslie Goonewardene
2021:, LEWU) led by the
1818:Susantha de Fonseka
1802:Don Alwin Rajapaksa
1794:Leslie Goonewardene
1722:Parippuwa Mahathaya
1681:Suriya-Mal Movement
1645:Suriya-Mal movement
1403:temperance movement
1243:American Revolution
846:Election Commission
816:Magistrate's Courts
759:Leader of the House
303:Arrival of Buddhism
135:in the presence of
129:Independence Square
3786:Sri Lankan English
3575:Kandyan Convention
3483:Board of Ministers
3454:Colonial Secretary
3256:Kandyan Convention
3244:Kandyan Convention
3229:Invasion of Ceylon
3106:Mahara prison riot
2841:Rajarata Rebellion
2500:Radhakrishnan, V.
2346:Sinhala Maha Sabha
2320:Hyde Park, Colombo
2063:Edmund Samarakkody
2059:Philip Gunawardena
2012:Estate strike wave
1997:priests were not.
1966:Henry Abeywickrema
1962:Queen Elizabeth II
1918:by 34 votes to 7.
1810:George E. de Silva
1798:Colvin R. de Silva
1790:Philip Gunawardena
1710:Philip Gunawardena
1557:universal suffrage
1474:Dr C A Hewavitarne
1465:D. E. Henry Pedris
1457:Gallipoli campaign
1368:Maliyadeva College
1364:Dharmaraja College
1356:Henry Steel Olcott
1253:Plantation economy
1247:Colvin R. de Silva
1203:enclosure movement
1149:Battle of Waterloo
1117:Dominion of Ceylon
479:1948–present
148:
3956:
3955:
3883:
3882:
3824:Bishop of Colombo
3708:British buildings
3558:
3557:
3439:Executive Council
3411:Solicitor General
3120:
3119:
2987:
2986:
2965: (1983-2009)
2921: (1933â1939)
2903: (1817â1818)
2879: (1616â1617)
2873: (1616â1619)
2849: (1186â1187)
2831: (1157â1158)
2825: (1110-1153)
2397:
2358:G. G. Ponnambalam
2310:was shot dead at
2122:and the cruisers
2102:fall of Singapore
2006:Dudley Senanayake
1978:Monarch of Ceylon
1865:Inspector General
1708:' yeast extract.
1674:Ceylon Daily News
1604:and committed to
1594:C. H. Z. Fernando
1572:D. R. Wijewardena
1502:Piyadasa Sirisena
1498:A. E. Goonesinghe
1494:Edwin Wijeyeratne
1482:H. M. Amarasuriya
1469:Herbert Dowbiggin
1229:, resembling the
1218:Gongalegoda Banda
1168:Batavian Republic
1092:
1091:
996:Visa requirements
957:Foreign relations
904:Political parties
850:Recent elections
621:
620:
544:Tamil immigration
483:
482:
319:377 BC–1017
119:
118:
111:
93:
3981:
3946:
3945:
3936:
3926:
3925:
3819:Church of Ceylon
3693:
3595:Women's suffrage
3570:Treaty of Amiens
3464:Colonial Auditor
3459:Attorney General
3427:Governor-General
3406:Attorney General
3311:
3251:Matale Rebellion
3147:
3140:
3133:
3124:
2907:Matale rebellion
2835:Ruhuna Rebellion
2817:Velakkara revolt
2805:
2791:
2790:
2778:
2771:
2764:
2755:
2659:
2653:
2647:
2641:
2635:
2625:
2614:
2613:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2555:
2549:
2546:
2540:
2539:
2538:. Prentice-Hall.
2531:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2512:on 20 March 2008
2497:
2491:
2490:
2472:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2455:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2419:
2393:
2392:
2391:
2386:
2314:, on the way to
2158:Gratien Fernando
2147:Horsburgh Island
2037:plantation raj.
1984:Second World War
1923:Galle Face Green
1861:Galle Face Green
1490:Baron Jayatilaka
1399:Sinhala-Buddhist
1324:Amarapura Nikaya
1267:, following the
1210:Matale Rebellion
1183:Treaty of Amiens
1172:French Directory
1147:; following the
1145:Battle of Assaye
1084:
1077:
1070:
1047:
1046:
1045:
1031:Sri Lanka Portal
668:Law of Sri Lanka
639:
623:
613:
606:
599:
565:
564:
563:
436:Buddhist revival
432:Matale rebellion
365:VijayabÄ Kollaya
288:543–377 BC
273:Pre Anuradhapura
234:
233:
175:
150:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
3989:
3988:
3984:
3983:
3982:
3980:
3979:
3978:
3959:
3958:
3957:
3952:
3914:
3879:
3800:
3772:
3746:Related peoples
3741:
3684:
3611:
3554:
3514:
3503:Legal Secretary
3498:Chief Secretary
3415:
3375:
3354:
3302:
3215:
3179:
3169:
3168:
3151:
3121:
3116:
3069:Mawanella riots
2994:
2983:
2939:
2932:
2882:
2809:
2800:
2798:
2792:
2785:
2782:
2682:. Colombo: 1933
2668:
2666:Further reading
2663:
2662:
2654:
2650:
2642:
2638:
2626:
2617:
2610:
2591:
2590:
2586:
2579:
2557:
2556:
2552:
2547:
2543:
2533:
2532:
2525:
2515:
2513:
2499:
2498:
2494:
2487:
2474:
2473:
2469:
2459:
2457:
2453:
2446:
2445:
2441:
2434:
2421:
2420:
2411:
2406:
2389:
2387:
2366:
2335:D.S. Senanayake
2332:
2266:
2264:Post-war unrest
2228:Geoffrey Layton
2220:
2218:Free Lanka Bill
2177:
2107:Prince of Wales
2098:
2092:
2051:
2014:
1986:
1958:
1950:Queen's Counsel
1946:Sidney Abrahams
1903:Reginald Stubbs
1849:
1816:of Dumbara and
1748:
1697:
1647:
1586:
1581:
1540:Robert Chalmers
1423:D.S. Senanayake
1419:F.R. Senanayake
1384:
1376:Musaeus College
1372:Mahinda College
1344:Anglican church
1312:
1306:
1255:
1137:
1088:
1059:
1055:Other countries
1043:
1041:
1036:
1035:
1014:
1006:
1005:
987:
975:
959:
949:
948:
919:
909:
908:
898:
880:Parliamentary:
874:
841:
831:
830:
826:Labour Tribunal
811:District Courts
801:Court of Appeal
775:
735:
693:
683:
682:
678:Law enforcement
653:
630:
617:
588:
561:
559:
553:
476:
475:
469:
452:1815–1948
449:
448:
442:
438:
434:
430:
428:Great rebellion
413:1597–1815
410:
409:
406:
402:
398:
381:1232–1597
378:
377:
371:
367:
350:1017–1232
347:
346:
340:
336:
316:
315:
309:
305:
285:
284:
264:
260:
259:
253:
249:
223:
159:
140:D.S. Senanayake
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3987:
3985:
3977:
3976:
3971:
3961:
3960:
3954:
3953:
3951:
3950:
3940:
3930:
3919:
3916:
3915:
3913:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3891:
3889:
3885:
3884:
3881:
3880:
3878:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3846:
3845:
3844:
3843:
3833:
3828:
3827:
3826:
3810:
3808:
3802:
3801:
3799:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3782:
3780:
3774:
3773:
3771:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3749:
3747:
3743:
3742:
3740:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3728:
3727:
3722:
3712:
3711:
3710:
3699:
3697:
3690:
3686:
3685:
3683:
3682:
3680:Kangani system
3677:
3672:
3670:Tea production
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3641:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3619:
3617:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3609:
3608:
3607:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3566:
3564:
3560:
3559:
3556:
3555:
3553:
3552:
3551:
3550:
3544:
3535:
3534:
3533:
3522:
3520:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3512:
3511:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3479:
3478:
3477:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3435:
3434:
3429:
3423:
3421:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3402:
3401:
3396:
3385:
3383:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3373:
3368:
3362:
3360:
3356:
3355:
3353:
3352:
3347:
3346:
3345:
3335:
3334:
3333:
3323:
3317:
3315:
3308:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3300:
3299:
3298:
3293:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3247:
3246:
3241:
3231:
3225:
3223:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3213:
3211:Kandyan period
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3187:
3185:
3181:
3180:
3176:British Ceylon
3174:
3171:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3153:
3152:
3150:
3149:
3142:
3135:
3127:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3114:
3109:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3075:Beruwala riots
3072:
3066:
3060:
3054:
3049:
3043:
3037:
3031:
3026:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
2999:
2997:
2995:civil disorder
2989:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2944:
2942:
2940:(1948âpresent)
2934:
2933:
2931:
2930:
2929:
2928:
2922:
2916:
2910:
2904:
2892:
2890:
2888:British Ceylon
2884:
2883:
2881:
2880:
2874:
2868:
2862:
2856:
2850:
2844:
2838:
2832:
2826:
2820:
2813:
2811:
2802:
2794:
2793:
2783:
2781:
2780:
2773:
2766:
2758:
2752:
2751:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2697:
2690:
2683:
2676:
2667:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2648:
2636:
2615:
2608:
2602:. p. 99.
2584:
2577:
2550:
2541:
2523:
2492:
2485:
2467:
2439:
2432:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2401:
2400:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2365:
2362:
2354:Tamil Congress
2341:(UNP) in 1946
2331:
2328:
2293:general strike
2265:
2262:
2219:
2216:
2176:
2173:
2094:Main article:
2091:
2088:
2050:
2047:
2013:
2010:
1995:Roman Catholic
1985:
1982:
1957:
1954:
1848:
1845:
1806:K. Natesa Iyer
1804:of Ruhuna and
1747:
1744:
1696:
1693:
1646:
1643:
1641:(The Worker).
1614:Mahatma Gandhi
1606:Poorana Swaraj
1585:
1582:
1500:, John Silva,
1486:W. A. de Silva
1383:
1380:
1370:, Kurunegala;
1360:Ananda College
1311:
1308:
1293:southern India
1254:
1251:
1136:
1133:
1108:British Empire
1104:British Ceylon
1090:
1089:
1087:
1086:
1079:
1072:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1058:
1057:
1051:
1038:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1027:
1026:
1021:
1015:
1013:Related issues
1012:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1004:
1003:
998:
993:
986:
985:
974:
973:
972:
971:
960:
955:
954:
951:
950:
947:
946:
941:
936:
934:Municipalities
931:
926:
920:
915:
914:
911:
910:
907:
906:
901:
900:
899:
897:
896:
889:
884:
877:
875:
873:
872:
865:
860:
856:Presidential:
853:
848:
842:
837:
836:
833:
832:
829:
828:
823:
821:Primary Courts
818:
813:
808:
803:
798:
797:
796:
786:
774:
773:
772:
771:
766:
761:
756:
754:Deputy Speaker
751:
734:
733:
732:
731:
721:
716:
709:Prime Minister
706:
694:
689:
688:
685:
684:
681:
680:
675:
670:
665:
654:
649:
648:
645:
644:
641:
640:
632:
631:
626:
619:
618:
616:
615:
608:
601:
593:
590:
589:
587:
586:
581:
576:
570:
555:
554:
552:
551:
546:
541:
536:
531:
526:
521:
520:
519:
514:
509:
499:
493:
490:
489:
485:
484:
481:
480:
477:
474:
473:
463:
457:
454:
453:
450:
447:
446:
424:
421:British Ceylon
418:
415:
414:
411:
408:
407:
392:
386:
383:
382:
379:
376:
375:
361:
355:
352:
351:
348:
345:
344:
334:Chola conquest
330:
324:
321:
320:
317:
314:
313:
299:
293:
290:
289:
286:
283:
282:
276:
270:
267:
266:
261:
258:
257:
243:
237:
230:
229:
225:
224:
222:
221:
214:
207:
200:
193:
185:
182:
181:
177:
176:
168:
167:
161:
160:
153:
117:
116:
99:September 2016
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3986:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3949:
3941:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3929:
3921:
3920:
3917:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3892:
3890:
3886:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3842:
3839:
3838:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3825:
3822:
3821:
3820:
3817:
3816:
3815:
3814:Protestantism
3812:
3811:
3809:
3807:
3803:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3783:
3781:
3779:
3775:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3763:Indian Tamils
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3750:
3748:
3744:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3717:
3716:
3713:
3709:
3706:
3705:
3704:
3701:
3700:
3698:
3694:
3691:
3687:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3633:British pound
3631:
3629:
3626:
3625:
3624:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3614:
3606:
3603:
3602:
3601:
3600:Youth Leagues
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3561:
3548:
3545:
3542:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3532:
3529:
3528:
3527:
3524:
3523:
3521:
3517:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3484:
3481:
3480:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3441:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3418:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3394:Chief Justice
3392:
3391:
3390:
3389:Supreme Court
3387:
3386:
3384:
3382:
3378:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3357:
3351:
3348:
3344:
3341:
3340:
3339:
3336:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3312:
3309:
3305:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3222:
3218:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3165:
3161:
3158:
3155:
3154:
3148:
3143:
3141:
3136:
3134:
3129:
3128:
3125:
3113:
3110:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3076:
3073:
3070:
3067:
3064:
3061:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3047:
3044:
3041:
3038:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2990:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2941:
2935:
2926:
2923:
2920:
2917:
2914:
2911:
2908:
2905:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2885:
2878:
2875:
2872:
2869:
2866:
2863:
2860:
2857:
2855: (1470s)
2854:
2851:
2848:
2845:
2842:
2839:
2836:
2833:
2830:
2827:
2824:
2821:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2806:
2803:
2795:
2789:
2779:
2774:
2772:
2767:
2765:
2760:
2759:
2756:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2701:
2698:
2695:
2691:
2688:
2685:Crusz, Noel,
2684:
2681:
2678:Brohier, RL,
2677:
2674:
2670:
2669:
2665:
2657:
2652:
2649:
2645:
2640:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2616:
2611:
2609:0-253-34420-4
2605:
2601:
2597:
2596:
2588:
2585:
2580:
2578:0-226-78950-0
2574:
2571:. p. 7.
2570:
2566:
2565:
2560:
2554:
2551:
2545:
2542:
2537:
2530:
2528:
2524:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2496:
2493:
2488:
2486:9780253344205
2482:
2478:
2471:
2468:
2452:
2451:
2443:
2440:
2435:
2433:9780415434294
2429:
2425:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2410:
2403:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2340:
2336:
2329:
2327:
2325:
2324:Bombay Mutiny
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2289:
2287:
2283:
2278:
2276:
2270:
2263:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2247:
2242:
2240:
2236:
2231:
2229:
2225:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2166:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2152:
2151:Cocos Islands
2148:
2144:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2132:
2127:
2126:
2121:
2120:
2115:
2114:
2109:
2108:
2103:
2097:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2083:Japanese Navy
2080:
2075:
2072:
2066:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2035:
2031:
2026:
2024:
2023:Samasamajists
2020:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2003:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1942:habeas corpus
1939:
1934:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1919:
1915:
1912:
1906:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1894:
1888:
1885:
1881:
1880:
1877:
1873:
1872:State Council
1868:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1829:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1782:State Council
1778:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1745:
1743:
1742:
1738:
1735:described in
1734:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1689:Wilmot Perera
1685:
1682:
1677:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1662:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1636:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1590:Youth Leagues
1583:
1580:
1575:
1573:
1569:
1564:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1549:
1547:
1546:
1541:
1537:
1536:John Anderson
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1509:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1478:Arthur V Dias
1475:
1470:
1466:
1460:
1458:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1432:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1374:, Galle; and
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1300:
1299:plantations.
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1261:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1206:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1195:Uva Rebellion
1191:
1188:
1184:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1164:
1162:
1158:
1154:
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32:This article
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3758:Indian Moors
3737:Social class
3703:Architecture
3638:Indian rupee
3350:Capital city
3260:
3234:Kandyan Wars
3196:Bibliography
3108: (2020)
3077: (2002)
3071: (2001)
3065: (2000)
3059: (1997)
3048: (1983)
3042: (1983)
3036: (1981)
2927: (1942)
2915: (1895)
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2055:N. M. Perera
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1991:enemy aliens
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1959:
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1814:A. Ratnayake
1786:N. M. Perera
1779:
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1714:N. M. Perera
1702:malnutrition
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1551:In 1919 the
1550:
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1523:E. W. Perera
1511:James Peiris
1506:
1504:and others.
1461:
1446:, bombarded
1430:
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1161:South Africa
1138:
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983:in Sri Lanka
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673:Human rights
651:Constitution
574:Bibliography
558:
502:Armed Forces
458:
444:Independence
443:
440:World War II
419:
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358:Transitional
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41:Please help
36:verification
33:
3948:WikiProject
3715:Place names
3359:Legislature
3178:1815 â 1948
2808:Monarchical
2460:20 December
2337:formed the
2131:Dorsetshire
2017:(later the
1847:Bracegirdle
1659:Portia tree
1531:martial law
1362:, Colombo;
1320:Siam Nikaya
1265:West Indies
1235:Paul Revere
1187:Kandyan War
1157:Afghanistan
1106:, from the
1001:Visa policy
806:High Courts
738:Legislature
497:Agriculture
327:Polonnaruwa
3963:Categories
3531:Commanders
3307:Government
3184:Background
3040:Black July
2801:rebellions
2632:Daily News
2516:23 January
2404:References
2312:Dematagoda
2235:Communists
2212:Tamil Nadu
1826:vernacular
1577:See also:
1568:Lake House
1515:memorandum
1411:compradore
1407:Mudaliyars
1335:Protestant
1214:Puran Appu
744:Parliament
695:Executive
691:Government
263:300,000 BP
251:Bronze Age
240:Prehistory
218:Pujavaliya
211:Rajavaliya
180:Chronicles
69:newspapers
3778:Languages
3543:(Unified)
3469:Treasurer
3420:Executive
3381:Judiciary
2993:Riots and
2938:Sri Lanka
2810:Sri Lanka
2799:coups and
2797:Attempted
2316:Kolonnawa
2181:Singapore
2165:divisions
2079:Singapore
2030:Veluchamy
1639:Kamkaruwa
1459:in 1915.
1366:, Kandy;
1340:Methodist
1297:cash crop
1239:Tom Paine
1231:Levellers
1100:Sri Lanka
1019:Civil War
929:Districts
924:Provinces
839:Elections
778:Judiciary
699:President
534:Geography
529:Education
512:Air Force
460:Sri Lanka
247:Stone Age
204:CĆ«áž·avaáčsa
197:Mahavamsa
190:Dipavamsa
142:as first
3928:Category
3806:Religion
3725:Scottish
3645:Cinnamon
3563:Politics
3519:Military
3493:Governor
3449:Governor
3399:Justices
3201:Timeline
2561:(1992).
2364:See also
2352:and the
2185:Malaysia
2125:Cornwall
2034:Govindan
1970:petition
1874:for the
1624:dominion
1452:bogeyman
1395:Buddhism
1348:Panadura
1342:and the
1227:artisans
1125:republic
1121:Dominion
1024:Taxation
991:Passport
969:Minister
584:Timeline
579:Glossary
539:Politics
488:By Topic
471:Republic
467:Dominion
255:Iron Age
156:a series
154:Part of
3895:Schools
3753:British
3720:English
3696:Culture
3689:Society
3655:Coconut
3616:Economy
3221:History
3191:Outline
3162:topics
2204:Kirinda
2149:in the
2113:Repulse
1911:May Day
1853:Colombo
1752:Marxist
1706:Marmite
1635:Sinhala
1602:secular
1559:by the
1444:cruiser
1387:Sinhala
1291:" from
1289:coolies
1271:there.
1141:British
1102:, then
749:Speaker
524:Economy
228:Periods
83:scholar
3938:Portal
3768:Malays
3665:Rubber
3660:Coffee
3549:(Army)
3025:(1971)
2606:
2575:
2536:Ceylon
2483:
2430:
2286:bushel
2282:rupees
2169:rubber
2119:Hermes
1876:Hatton
1775:gender
1724:('Mr.
1655:Suriya
1484:, Dr.
1448:Madras
1440:Malaya
1436:Penang
1316:castes
1260:coffee
1222:feudal
1216:) and
1176:Ceylon
158:on the
137:Rt Hon
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
3888:Other
3732:Music
3650:Cocoa
3628:Rupee
3206:Years
2454:(PDF)
2154:War.
1822:Tamil
1771:creed
1767:caste
1733:Sybil
1651:poppy
1610:caste
1431:Emden
1285:Tamil
1199:Kandy
1153:India
939:Wards
389:Kandy
90:JSTOR
76:books
3488:List
3444:List
2604:ISBN
2573:ISBN
2518:2008
2481:ISBN
2462:2019
2428:ISBN
2284:per
2198:The
2183:and
2141:The
2128:and
2100:The
2004:and
1938:writ
1796:and
1788:and
1763:race
1750:The
1726:Dhal
1712:and
1521:and
1421:and
1237:and
1159:and
1139:The
1094:The
893:next
887:2020
882:2015
869:2024
863:2022
858:2019
713:List
703:List
663:1947
659:1931
517:Navy
507:Army
62:news
3314:Law
2356:of
2348:of
2145:on
1940:of
1773:or
1731:As
1508:Sir
1438:in
131:by
45:by
3965::
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2618:^
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2426:.
2412:^
2057:,
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