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235:), on the other hand, had tremendous knowledge. He spoke with animals, understood the meanings of the stars, and invented the horse-coach. He was said to have a coach which was pulled by multiple horses that reportedly had its perch broken and bent. His death was not witnessed, but instead it was said that he simply "disappeared into the stars". The "coach of Göncöl" is visible in the night sky as
377:) disguised as an old and ugly jade. If it is treated well, it would ask the hero to feed it hot cinders, whereupon its transform into a steed with golden coat, golden saddles and five or six legs. In this form it could fly with the protagonist on its back; its speed is mandatorily described as "faster than a bird", "faster than wind", and finally "faster than thought".
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If the extra bone broke or was stolen before the táltos turned 7, its abilities would be lost. Being a táltos could not be learned or taught; it could only happen through supernatural calling. Some beliefs hold that a táltos would have to be breastfed until it turned 7, which would grant it immense
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horse or steed ("táltos paripa") is the mount of the táltos, and also a stock character in
Hungarian folk tales. (Here, "táltos" typically refers to the power of the horse and not necessarily its association with a shaman, though some folk heroes are identified as táltos themselves.)
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was chosen by gods or spirits for a specific calling in life and had the duty to communicate with the entire
Hungarian nation in a time of danger, to warn against invading armies or an impending cultural collapse.
221:, Kampó reportedly spilled fire from his mouth and he "fought with his iced body against Turkish metal", redeeming a "moonlike" ("holdas" = "eclipse") horse of King Matthias from the Turks.
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and was always poorly dressed. King
Matthias was asked several times why a pauper was eating at the same table as the king, but King Matthias insisted on this tradition. When the
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The name "Táltos" may be connected to the verb "tált", which is to "open wide"; i.e. they "opened themselves to the world." More probable, however, is its cognation with
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army. When he woke up, he knew they were preparing to attack, and he could take action to protect the country. According to this legend, St. Stephen himself was a
267:, where they predicted that the war would be lost. They based their predictions on the intestines of animals, but how the actual prediction is done is not known.
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The most important ability of a táltos is a meditation or spiritual trance called "révülés" (verb: révül); in this state, he could heal wounds and sickness or
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and the coat as other noble metals (in the usual order copper, silver and gold); a higher number/nobler metal implying greater power.)
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during
Christianisation of Hungary, but this is not linked to any fact. When pagan revolts started in 1046 and 1061 there were enough
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64:(Hungarian mythology) (1854). A táltos would be chosen by the gods or spirits before birth or during childhood. People with
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The táltos steed would typically appear at first to the protagonist (usually a peasant's son, adventuring prince, or a
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writes: "you had a man of six fingers in your father's court". The horse of
Matthias was "moonly" (
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had a figure with six fingers; this was later renovated, "correcting" the picture to five fingers.
41:
499:
Demény, István Pál (2003). "Duel in the Form of a Wheel or Flame in
Legends of Belief and Tales".
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620:(2018). "The Hungarian táltos and the shamanism of pagan Hungarians. Questions and hypotheses".
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301:. These folk tales may have arisen later and not in the time of these pious Christian kings.
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at that time, was accused of being a witch. The court asked her to explain the role of
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Lammel, Annamária (1993). "Connaissances et
Pratiques de Type Chamanique En Hongrie".
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569:"The Way of the Táltos: A Critical Reassessment of a Religious-Magical Specialist"
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Hoppál, Mihály; Képès, Sophie (2006). "Le
Chamanisme Dans La Culture Hongroise".
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can be found in several parts of
Hungary and are linked mainly to kings of the
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were considered as part of pagan religion. There is evidence, though, that the
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went hunting, but grew tired and took a nap under a tree. He had a dream (or
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239:(the "Great Bear"), where the tail of the bear is the perch of the coach.
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The most reliable account of the táltos is given by Roman
Catholic priest
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Gunda, B. "Survivals of Totemism in the Hungarian táltos Tradition". In:
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physical strength. (An example of this occurs in the archaic folk tale "
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Táltos as a Supernatural Being in Hungarian Tales and legends
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There is a common belief that St. Stephen has persecuted the
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cures, sees buried treasures with the naked eye, and "the
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and their heads, the number of legs may appear as other
522:Popular Beliefs and Folklore Tradition in Siberia
454:Jones, W. Henry; Kropf, Lajos L.; Kriza, János.
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561:Ethnographica et folkloristica Carpathica
468:Az uráli sámánizmus és a magyar táltoshit
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76:were also often considered to be chosen.
16:Shamanistic figure in Hungarian mythology
649:A Nagy- és Kis Göncöl és a Sarkcsillag (
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327:, where Erzsébet Balázsi, a well-known
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191:are common, such as Göncöl and Kampó.
247:In the Chronicle of the Hungarians by
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395:horse is a symbol of the drum of the
343:are fighting for Hungary in heaven".
119:The painted ceiling of the church of
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197:was said to have had an "ice body" (
104:According to general consensus, the
486:(in Hungarian). Budapest: Gondolat.
60:in his collection of folk beliefs,
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68:at birth, a sixth finger or other
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323:There was a lawsuit in 1725, in
391:According to some experts, the
130:Hungarian Native Faith Ceremony
40:; also "tátos") is a figure in
563:Tom. 5-6. (1988). pp. 257-264.
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657:) by Várhegyi Péter, part of
456:The folk-tales of the Magyars
622:Acta Ethnographica Hungarica
501:Acta Ethnographica Hungarica
243:References in historiography
23:A Hungarian shaman reenactor
513:10.1556/AEthn.48.2003.3-4.4
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574:Studia Mythologica Slavica
263:to foresee the outcome of
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436:Diószeghy: Élő hagyomány
187:In Hungarian folk tales
634:10.1556/022.2018.63.1.9
482:Ortovay, Gyula (1978).
567:Kürti, László (2000).
316:), referring to it as
285:One legend says, that
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638:Accessed May 9, 2021.
588:10.3986/sms.v3i0.1829
517:Accessed May 9, 2021.
419:Hungarian neopaganism
209:at the same table as
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82:Son of the White Mare
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663:history of astronomy
598:Ethnologie Française
537:Ethnologie Française
165:"easy" and Vasyugan
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484:Ősi magyar hitvilág
414:Hungarian shamanism
409:Hungarian mythology
380:(As with Hungarian
335:. She replied: the
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179:"unconsciousness".
89:learn hidden truths
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304:From the times of
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140:égi táltos
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618:Pócs, Éva
203:Timișoara
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403:See also
325:Debrecen
295:Pecheneg
199:jégtestű
114:Habsburg
559:". In:
382:dragons
291:révülés
255:of the
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229:Döncöl
227:(also
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189:táltos
174:Turkic
170:tolten
167:Khanty
163:tūltėn
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100:Pagans
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46:shaman
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606:JSTOR
545:JSTOR
233:Güncü
195:Kampó
160:Mansi
156:Ugric
66:teeth
659:MCSE
653:and
651:html
365:The
358:The
257:Huns
207:Buda
177:talt
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