Religion in Vietnam - Knowledge (XXG)

147: 2041:. Official government records counted 2.2 million registered members of Tây Ninh Cao Đài in 2005, but also estimated in 2007 that there were 3.2 million Caodaists including roughly a dozen other denominations. According to the official statistics, in 2014, the estimated number of Caodaists is 4.4 million, it was a dramatic increase of 1.2 million followers or an increase of 37.5%. Country Information and Guidance — Vietnam: Religious minority groups. December 2014. Quoting United Nations' "Press Statement on the visit to the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam by the Special Rapporteur on freedom of religion or belief". It is more likely that "unofficial" Caodaists have decided that it is now acceptable to identify themselves as followers of the religion in the last seven years. Many outside sources give 4 to 6 million. Some estimates are as high as 8 million adherents in Vietnam. An additional 30,000 (numbers may vary) (primarily 1167: 2392:), but that the Baháʼí Community of Viet Nam had been awarded a "certificate of operation" from the Government's Committee for Religious Affairs. In 2007, the Committee for Religious Affairs was reported to have granted operation registration certificates to three new religions and a religious sect in addition to six existing religions. Every citizen is declared free to follow no, one, or more religions, practice religion without violating the law, be treated equally regardless of religious belief, and to be protected from being violated in their religious freedom, but is prohibited from using religion to violate the law. 2236:

government, with the Vietnamese state confiscating Cham property and forbidding Cham from observing their religious beliefs. Hindu temples were turned into tourist sites against the wishes of the Cham Hindus. In 2010 and 2013, several incidents occurred in Thành Tín and Phươc Nhơn villages where Cham were murdered by Vietnamese. In 2012, Vietnamese police in Châu Giang village stormed into a Cham mosque, stole the electric generator and raped Cham girls. Cham Muslims in the Mekong Delta have also been economically marginalized and pushed into poverty by Vietnamese policies, with ethnic Vietnamese

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destroy evidence of Cham culture and artifacts left behind, plundering or building on top of Cham temples, building farms over them, banning Cham religious practices, and omitting references to the destroyed Cham capital of Song Luy in the 1832 invasion in history books and tourist guides. The situation of Chams compared to ethnic Vietnamese is substandard, lacking water and electricity and living in houses made out of mud.

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the membership of an organized religious institution rather than individual belief or practice of a religion and may reflect the lack of need or practice of membership to a religious institution, as often found in folk religion and Buddhism (see Overview, above). Ecclesiastical sources report there are about 7 million Catholics, representing 7.0% of the total population.

4576: 2610:"It is generally agreed that Dong Son drums were used for ceremonial purposes (e.g. Higham 1996: 133), and it could be argued that they were produced within a particular religious context, so we might talk about Dong Son religion, in the sense we talk about the Buddhist religion, as a cultural production but one which we know little about specifically." 1633: 1587:, is one of the most recently registered religions in Vietnam. It is based on the teachings of Ngô Lợi (1831–1890). Official government statistics report that Tứ Ân Hiếu Nghĩa claimed over 70,000 registered followers and 476 religious leaders as of 2005, centred in 76 places of worship spread across 14 provinces, mainly in Southern Vietnam. 184: 1204: 695:), a key virtue to maintain a harmonious society. Regardless of formal religious affiliation, it is very common to have an altar in the home and business where prayers are offered to their ancestors. These offerings and practices are done frequently during important traditional or religious celebrations (e.g., 2399:

are not legally allowed to proselytize or perform religious activities. No other religions than the aforementioned eight are allowed. Preachers and religious associations are prohibited to use religion to propagate ideologies that are opposed to the government. Many Vietnamese preachers who fled for

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of Buddhism, Confucianism and Daoism, added a further ethical and moral dimension to the indigenous Vietnamese religion. A recent research using folkloristic computations has provided evidence on the existence of "cultural additivity" by examining the interaction of Buddhism, Confucianism and Daoism

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The Catholic Church in Vietnam today consists of 27 dioceses organized in three ecclesiastical provinces of Hanoi, Hue and Saigon. A government census of 2019 reported that Catholicism surpassed Buddhism to become the largest religious denomination in Vietnam, although these findings are based upon

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Government statistics of the religion in Vietnam are counts of members of religious organization recognized by the government. Hence, this does not include people practicing folk religion, which is not recognized by government. Also, many people practice religion such as Buddhism without taking any

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Although according to a 1999 census most Vietnamese list themselves as having no religious affiliation, religion, as defined by shared beliefs and practices, remains an integral part of Vietnamese life, dictating the social behaviours and spiritual practices of Vietnamese individuals in Vietnam and

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or Dharma-Protectors. While Pure Land traditions, practices and concepts are found within Mahayana cosmology, and form an important component of Buddhist traditions in Vietnam, Pure Land Buddhism was not independently recognized as a sect of Buddhism (as Pure Land schools have been recognized, for

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community once claimed upwards of 200,000 followers, mainly concentrated in the South. The number of followers dwindled as a result of the banning of the practice of the Baháʼí Faith after the Vietnam War. After years of negotiation, the Baháʼí Faith was registered nationally in 2007, once again

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had brought attention to human rights violations and killings of ethnic minorities in Vietnam such as in the 2001 and 2004 uprisings, and lead to the issue of Cham autonomy being brought into the dispute, since the Vietnamese conquered the Hindu and Muslim Chams in an 1832 war and continuing to

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Today, as an officially recognized religion, it claims approximately two million followers throughout Vietnam; in certain parts of the Mekong Delta, as many as 90 percent of the population of this region practice this tradition. Since many of the teachings of Huỳnh Phú Sổ related in some way to

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Today, more than half of the Vietnamese population, consider themselves as adherents of Mahayana Buddhism. Theravada and Hòa Hảo Buddhism are also present in significant numbers. Buddhist practice in Vietnam differs from that of other Asian countries, and does not contain the same institutional

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formally allows religious freedom, however, government restrictions remain on organized activities of many religious groups. The government maintains a prominent role overseeing officially recognized religions. Religious groups encounter the greatest restrictions when they are perceived by the

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The Cham in Vietnam are only recognized as a minority, and not as an indigenous people by the Vietnamese government despite being indigenous to the region. Both Hindu and Muslim Chams have experienced religious and ethnic persecution and restrictions on their faith under the current Vietnamese

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from the 2019 census, also not categorizing folk religion, indicates that Catholicism is the largest (organized) religion in Vietnam, surpassing Buddhism. While some other surveys reported 45–50 millions Buddhist living in Vietnam, the government statistics counts for 6.8 millions. It is the

1850:, with internal estimates claiming two-thirds of all Protestants in Vietnam are members of ethnic minorities. By some estimates, the growth of Protestant believers in Vietnam has been as much as 600 percent over the past ten years. Some of the new converts belong to unregistered evangelical 2435:

of Vietnam (North) Nguyen Van Dai was arrested for accusations relating to his defense of religious freedom, including disseminating alleged "infractions" of religious liberty. However, during this period of time, it is unknown whether the causes of their protests were more due to personal

743:, generally agreed to have ceremonial and possibly religious value, depict the figures of birds, leading historians to believe birds were objects of worship for the early Vietnamese. Dragons were another frequently recurring figure in Vietnamese art, arising from the veneration of 683:(often assimilated), remain a strong influence on the beliefs and practices of the Vietnamese, even if the levels of formal membership in these religious communities may not reflect that influence. One of the most notable and universal spiritual practices common to Vietnamese is 2414:

Despite some substantial attempts by the Vietnamese government to improve its international image and ease restrictions on religious freedom, the cases of dissident religious leaders' persecution has not stopped in the recent years. The general secretary of the

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America and other countries say that they were suppressed by the Communist government for no, unreasonable or ethnic reasons; however, preachers and religious associations who abide by the law working in Vietnam today are aided and honored by the government.

2583:"If properly buried and worshipped, the dead would be happy to remain in their realm and act as benevolent spirits for their progeny. But those who died alone and neglected, and to whom no worship was given, disturbed the dead and preyed on the living." 2013:

and Cao Hoài Sang, claimed to have received direct communications from God, who gave them explicit instructions for establishing a new religion that would commence the Third Era of Religious Amnesty. Adherents engage in ethical practices such as

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Cuong Tu Nguyen & A.W. Barber. "Vietnamese Buddhism in North America: Tradition and Acculturation". in Charles S. Prebish and Kenneth K. Tanaka (eds). The Faces of Buddhism in America. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998, pg

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is very common; many believe that the traditions are important links to culture and history and are enjoyable, while others believe that failing to perform the proper rituals for one's ancestors will literally cause them to become

1258:. It is a ritual in which followers become spirit mediums for various deities. The Communist government used to suspend the practice of lên đồng due to its superstition, but in 1987, the government legalized this practice. 2411:. The Vatican has also considered negotiations with Vietnam about freedom for Vietnamese Catholics, and was able to reach a permanent agreement which would allow a permanent representative in the future to the country. 1771:

brothers in 1777. Becoming Nguyễn Ánh's loyal confidant, benefactor and military advisor during his time of need, he was able to gain a great deal of favor for the Church. During Nguyễn Ánh's subsequent rule as Emperor

3026:. page 163 "Toan Ánh lists more specific examples ... Both Cổ Nhuế village in Hà Đông (Hanoi), and Đông Vệ village of Vĩnh Tường prefecture, Vĩnh Yên (Vĩnh Phú) province, worship the spirit who handles excrement." 2750:, Vol. 4, 2003. p. 509: "After 1975, the Marxist-Leninist government of reunified Vietnam declared the state atheism while theoretically allowing people the right to practice their religion under the constitution." 2349:

receiving full recognition as a religious community. In 2009 it was reported that the Baháʼí community has about 7,000 followers and 73 assemblies; by 2022, there were an estimated 3,000 followers in the country.

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India's interaction with Southeast Asia, Volume 1, Part 3 By Govind Chandra Pande, Project of History of Indian Science, Philosophy, and Culture, Centre for Studies in Civilizations (Delhi, India) p.231,252

1152:, however, does not reports official statistics on its adherents. The great gaps in statistics on the number of Buddhist adherents is due to disagreement on the very criteria of what constitute a Buddhist. 2174:

broadened in the wake of the 1471 collapse of the Champa Kingdom, but Islam would not become widespread among the Cham until the mid-17th century. In the mid-19th century, many Muslim Chams emigrated from

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movements were officially recognized by Hanoi in October, 2007, which was seen as a notable improvement in the level of religious freedom enjoyed by Vietnamese Protestants. Similarly, in October 2009, the

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Present estimates of the number of Protestants range from the official government figure of 500,000 to claims by churches of 1 million. Growth has been most pronounced among members of minority peoples

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acts as a focal point for the community. In Ninh Thuận Province, where most of the Cham in Vietnam reside, Cham Balamon (Hindu Cham) numbers 32,000; out of the 22 villages in Ninh Thuận, 15 are Hindu.

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Vietnamese Muslims remained relatively isolated from the mainstream of world Islam, and their isolation, combined with the lack of religious schools, caused the practice of Islam in Vietnam to become

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The Assemblies of God were said to consist of around 40,000 followers in 2009, the Baptist Church around 18,400 followers with 500 ministers in 2007, and The Mennonite Church around 10,000 followers.

5201: 5063: 3525: 642:, representing less than 0.2% of the population. Folk religions (worship of ancestors, gods and goddesses), not included in government statistics, have experienced revival since the 1980s. 3221: 2322:) was reportedly 1,500; most of these Jews were said to have left with the French, leaving behind no organized Jewish communal structure. In 1971, about 12 French Jews still remained in 3983: 1948:(LDS Church) met with Vietnamese officials. The Government Committee for Religious Affairs officially recognized the church's representative committee. Congregations currently meet in 1776:, the Catholic faith was permitted unimpeded missionary activities out of his respect to his benefactors. By the time of the Emperor's accession in 1802, Vietnam had three Catholic 3962: 2270:

to visit Vietnam likely arrived following the French colonization of the country, in the latter half of the 19th century. There are a handful of references to Jewish settlement in

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was implemented in French Indo-China (Vietnam), leading to increased restrictions and widespread discrimination against Jews. The anti-Jewish laws were repealed in January 1945.

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incidents during the period covered by this report. The country's small Jewish population is composed almost entirely of expatriates and is based in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City.

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Ostrowski, Brian Eugene (2010). "The Rise of Christian Nôm Literature in Seventeenth-Century Vietnam: Fusing European Content and Local Expression". In Wilcox, Wynn (ed.).

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Hòa Hảo also stresses the practice of Buddhism by lay people in the home, rather than focusing primarily on temple worship and ordination. Aid to the poor is favored over

2407:, and expatriate Vietnamese who oppose the Communist government. However, due to recent improvements in religious liberty, the United States no longer considers Vietnam a 2368:

government as a challenge to its rule or to the authority of the Communist party. In 2007, Viet Nam News reported that Viet Nam has six religions recognised by the State (

2440:, or if the government was really suppressing religious freedom, which is unlikely due to the diversity and number of religious institutes allowed to operate in Vietnam. 2364: 2133:

As per the census of 2009, there are a total of 56,427 Cham Hindus in Vietnam. In 2022, there were an estimated 70,000 ethnic Cham living along the south-central coast.

2232:. In Ninh Thuận Province, where most of the Cham in Vietnam reside, Cham Bani (Muslim Cham) number close to 22,000. Out of the 22 villages in Ninh Thuận, 7 are Muslim. 1166: 4140: 4097: 1945: 3732: 2890:

Vuong, Quan-Hoang; Bui, Quang-Khiem; La, Viet-Phuong; Vuong, Thu-Trang; Nguyen, Viet-Ha T.; Ho, Manh-Toan; Nguyen, Hong-Kong T.; Ho, Manh-Tung (December 4, 2018).

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In 2023, the country was scored 1 out of 4 for religious freedom. In the same year it was ranked as the 25th most difficult place in the world to be a Christian.

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example, in Japan) until 2007, with the official recognition of the Vietnamese Pure Land Buddhism Association as an independent and legal religious organization.

3871: 5414: 3659: 1472: 2969: 5136: 3582: 483: 4182: 5129: 5048: 3159: 2186:. Although the Chams follow a localised adaptation of Islamic theology, they consider themselves Muslims. However, they pray only on Fridays and celebrate 2240:

settling on majority Cham land with state support, and religious practices of minorities have been targeted for elimination by the Vietnamese government.

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Vietnamese nationalism, adherence to Hòa Hảo outside of Vietnam has been minimal, with a largely quiescent group of followers presumed to exist among the

5840: 5732: 1222:, it is the worship of mother goddesses in Vietnam. There are distinct beliefs and practices in this religion including the worship of goddesses such as 3268: 4527:

Mai, Cuong T. (2021). "The Karma of Love: Buddhist Karmic Discourses in Confucian and Daoist Voices in Vietnamese Tales of the Marvelous and Uncanny".

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come to Vũng Tàu from time to time to conduct the Orthodox divine service. There are also two recently organized parishes in Hanoi and Hochiminh City.

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Uncovering Southeast Asia's Past: Selected Papers from the 10th International Conference of the European Association of Southeast Asian Archaeologists

1922: 5781: 5174: 5169: 4620: 3897: 2935: 2612:

Bowdler, Sandra (2006). Bacus, Elisabeth A.; Glover, Ian; Pigott, Vincent C. (eds.). "The Hoabinhian: Early Evidence for SE Asian Trade Networks?".

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Approximately 50,000 ethnic Cham in the south-central coastal area practice a devotional form of Hinduism. Most of the Cham Hindus belong to the

1291:), a syncretic Buddhist, Christian and local Vietnamese religion which at its peak had 4,000 followers, before it was banned. Its adherents ate 5472: 4814: 4649: 3267:. Conference 400 năm hình thành và phát triển chữ Quốc ngữ trong lịch sử loan báo Tin Mừng tại Việt Nam. Hochiminh City: Committee on Culture, 4722: 5206: 4819: 4336: 4328: 3761: 3499: 3446: 3420: 3398: 3349: 3129: 4396: 2162:

ethnic minority, although there is also a Muslim population of mixed ethnic origins, also known as Cham, or Cham Muslims, in the southwest (

6243: 5993: 5894: 5803: 4864: 3841: 236: 5164: 5159: 4367: 2431:

continue to suffer from state control and restrictions. In March, 2007, a member of the main Hanoi congregation of the legally recognized

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established their permanent presence in Saigon in 1957. As of 2019, Jehovah's Witnesses are a target of government oppression in Vietnam.

1894:, Vietnam, mainly among the Russian-speaking employees of the Russian-Vietnamese joint venture "Vietsovpetro". The parish is named after 1551:—destined to save mankind from suffering and to protect the Vietnamese nation. An important characteristic of Hòa Hảo is its emphasis on 5277: 5272: 5259: 5033: 3970: 6288: 2127: 3005: 1536: 6319: 5946: 5650: 5399: 5355: 4792: 4633: 4592: 4406: 4385: 4059: 4038: 4017: 3320: 3295: 2559: 1811: 2194:

is performed not physically but symbolically, with a religious leader making the gestures of circumcision with a wooden toy knife.

4271: 3177: 5657: 5282: 5264: 5101: 3820: 3718: 1636: 1403:, and the indigenous Vietnamese religion, with the majority of Buddhist practitioners focusing on devotional rituals rather than 476: 2948:

Vietnamese Government Committee for Religious Affairs (2014). Cited in the UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights.

2502: 2339: 639: 5526: 5409: 5404: 4782: 2950:"Press Statement on the visit to the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam by the Special Rapporteur on freedom of religion or belief" 4052:

The Jewish Communities of the World: Demography, Political and Organizational Status, Religious Institutions, Education, Press

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Cuong Tu Nguyen. Zen in Medieval Vietnam: A Study of the Thiền Uyển Tập Anh. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1997, pg 9.

6329: 5764: 5431: 5387: 4869: 4689: 2522: 2482: 2358: 2326:, all in Saigon. In 2005, the U.S. State Department's "International Religious Freedom Report" noted "There were no reported 2261: 1731: 231: 4144: 2986: 4580: 6078: 5823: 5421: 5244: 4777: 4054:

Institute of Jewish Affairs in association with the World Jewish Congress, 1971, Original from the University of Michigan

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of Vietnam (SECV), recognized in 2001, and the smaller Evangelical Church of Vietnam North (ECVN), recognized since 1963.

592: 6388: 6324: 5578: 5543: 5124: 4988: 4654: 4613: 3239: 2644: 2547: 2038: 1881: 3788: 2866: 2803: 2586: 1869:

movement received official government permission to operate, which is the first step to becoming a legal organization.

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in the 16th century, although these earliest missions did not bring very impressive results. Only after the arrival of

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The Indochinese Experience of the French and the Americans: Nationalism and Communism in Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam

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Prior to the French evacuation of Indochina in 1954, the Jewish population in Indochina (which encompassed Vietnam,

2221: 756: 5590: 5573: 5550: 5372: 5179: 5151: 5015: 4879: 4804: 4787: 4555: 3872:"Mission to Vietnam Advocacy Day (Vietnamese-American Meet up 2013) in the U.S. Capitol. A UPR report By IOC-Campa" 2542: 2059: 1643: 1272: 1149: 615: 600: 437: 134: 66: 2892:"Cultural additivity: behavioural insights from the interaction of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism in folktales" 1738:

were gradually taking the role of evangelisation in Vietnam. Other missionaries active in pre-modern Vietnam were

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literally means "highest tower", or figuratively, the highest place where God reigns. Cao Đài's first disciples,

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and is said to be one of the most popular schools of Buddhism in Vietnam, in which practitioners commonly recite

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Từ Nước Mặn đến Roma: Những đóng góp của các giáo sĩ Dòng Tên trong quá trình La tinh hoá tiếng Việt ở thế kỷ 17

3156: 2202: 1703:, Gaspar do Amaral, Antonio Barbosa, and de Rhodes developed an alphabet for the Vietnamese language, using the 512:

and other festivals. Folk religions were founded on endemic cultural beliefs that were historically affected by

6238: 6203: 6158: 6010: 5986: 5677: 5547: 5490: 5377: 5367: 5350: 4809: 4679: 4398:

Opusculum de Sectis apud Sinenses et Tunkinenses: A Small Treatise on the Sects among the Chinese and Tonkinese

3578: 2552: 2497: 1793: 1752:. During the 17th and 18th centuries, Catholicism successfully integrated into Vietnamese society and culture. 1524: 1219: 1161: 680: 619: 501: 272: 198: 76: 46: 5239: 2217: 4343: 2970:"Completed results of the 2019 Viet Nam population and housing census – General Statistics Office of Vietnam" 6128: 6123: 6018: 5899: 5722: 5692: 5610: 5568: 4993: 4978: 4836: 4606: 4358: 2922: 2537: 2248: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1887: 1607: 1311: 432: 314: 292: 5332: 4424:

Trần, Claire Thị Liên (2013). "Communist State and Religious Policy in Vietnam: A Historical Perspective".

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that exist in other traditional Buddhist settings. It has instead grown from a symbiotic relationship with

6248: 6223: 6138: 6118: 6068: 6038: 6028: 5862: 5455: 5443: 5362: 5312: 4998: 2709: 1933: 1743: 505: 221: 3936: 2170:(618–907), through contact with Arab traders. The number of followers began to increase as contacts with 2006: 760: 6334: 6213: 6208: 6088: 5882: 5872: 5847: 5791: 5583: 5108: 5091: 4973: 3465: 3368: 2487: 1620: 1400: 375: 328: 3995: 2733: 2345: 1727:

was an expert, was the main script conveying Catholic faith to Vietnamese until the late 19th century.

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Buddhism first spread from India via sea to Vietnam around 100 AD. During the 15th and 16th centuries,

1334: 4455:"A Secular State for a Religious Nation: The Republic of Vietnam and Religious Nationalism, 1946–1963" 3133: 2166:) of the country. Islam is assumed to have come to Vietnam much after its arrival in China during the 1227: 747:, a mythical dragon-king who is said to be the father of the Vietnamese people. The Golden Turtle God 744: 6278: 6228: 6183: 6163: 6153: 6053: 5867: 5857: 5852: 5742: 5645: 5521: 5482: 5450: 5232: 5141: 5079: 4844: 4748: 4166: 3491: 3341: 2825: 2403:

The Vietnamese government has been criticized for its religious violations by the United States, the

2171: 1831: 699:), the starting of a new business, or even when a family member needs guidance or counsel. Belief in 205: 5717: 4305: 2212:

A 2005 census counted over 66,000 Muslims in Vietnam, up from 63,000 in 1999. Over 77% lived in the

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practiced (exclusively) folk religions (45.3%). A total of 16.4% of the population were Buddhists (

6308: 6168: 6148: 6033: 6023: 5979: 5877: 5813: 5749: 5682: 5640: 5635: 5628: 5563: 5538: 5426: 5322: 5249: 5193: 4961: 4936: 4919: 4914: 4902: 4897: 4799: 2660:"On how religions could accidentally incite lies and violence: folktales as a cultural transmitter" 2512: 2507: 2213: 2101: 2054: 2042: 1972: 1712: 1693: 1660:, who were mainly Italians, Portuguese, and Japanese, in the first decades of the 17th century did 1568: 1404: 1367:

as early as the second century AD through the North from China and via Southern routes from India.

1354: 1280: 1267: 1215: 1198: 1144: 720: 709: 656: 631: 607: 576: 282: 226: 150: 56: 6363: 4112: 3963:"The Cham: Descendants of Ancient Rulers of South China Sea Watch Maritime Dispute From Sidelines" 1666: 6298: 6233: 6198: 6133: 6113: 6103: 6063: 6048: 6043: 5939: 5916: 5911: 5808: 5754: 5709: 5623: 5438: 5394: 5317: 5300: 4765: 4717: 4712: 4707: 4702: 4697: 4641: 4544: 4441: 4272:"Vietnam respects, ensures right to belief, religious freedom | Society | Vietnam+ (VietnamPlus)" 3928: 3634: 2691: 2671: 2437: 2034: 2031: 1756: 1593: 1588: 1440: 1375:

became established as the state religion in Cambodia and also spread to Cambodians living in the

1255: 1235: 497: 247: 191: 174: 154: 2141: 3845: 1760: 6339: 6258: 6218: 6193: 6173: 6108: 6083: 6073: 6058: 5796: 5776: 5737: 5687: 5667: 5618: 5533: 5382: 5340: 4402: 4381: 4332: 4324: 4294: 4245: 4143:. Embassy of the Socialist republic of Vietnam in the United States of America. Archived from 4091: 4055: 4034: 4013: 3920: 3757: 3495: 3442: 3416: 3394: 3345: 3316: 3291: 3287: 2492: 2420: 2237: 2229: 1895: 1866: 1807: 1724: 1700: 1584: 1380: 1319: 1300: 1231: 1179: 696: 668: 580: 380: 341: 336: 287: 2936:"Pew-Templeton Global Religious Futures Project – Research and data from Pew Research Center" 2037:. The monotheistic syncretic religion but still retains many Vietnamese folk beliefs such as 1764: 6178: 6143: 6098: 6093: 6002: 5955: 5889: 5830: 5818: 5771: 5697: 5600: 5558: 4931: 4887: 4674: 4536: 4513: 4503: 4476: 4466: 4433: 4373: 3912: 2903: 2773: 2681: 2517: 2276: 2225: 2153: 2123: 2019: 1953: 1685: 1657: 1616: 1276: 1243: 1189:

1991) have listed a resurgence in traditional belief in many local, village-level, spirits.

700: 635: 391: 370: 362: 352: 165: 4220: 4076: 3570: 2198: 1676: 1540: 5786: 5662: 5595: 4909: 4892: 3478: 3381: 3163: 2837: 2474: 1735: 1649: 764: 652: 533: 427: 123: 4377: 3607: 1247: 1223: 606:

According to statistics from the Government Committee for Religious Affairs, as of 2018,

4195: 2532: 2389: 2179:, settling in the Mekong Delta and further bolstering the presence of Islam in Vietnam. 1719: 1516: 723:

report claimed that 24% of the population of Vietnam view religion as "very important".

623: 565: 86: 5960: 5727: 5005: 3408: 3185: 2460: 2432: 1891: 1823: 1759:

played a role in Vietnamese history towards the end of the 18th century by befriending

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border). The founders of these traditions are regarded by Hòa Hảo followers as living

1429: 457: 306: 127: 4369:

Gods, Heroes, and Ancestors: An Interreligious Encounter in Eighteenth-Century Vietnam

3704: 2094: 2093:) throughout Central Vietnam, many of which are still in use today; the now-abandoned 1481: 752: 6382: 6357: 4732: 4727: 4548: 4445: 2695: 2377: 2323: 2030:

with the minimum goal of rejoining God the Father in Heaven and the ultimate goal of

2027: 1847: 1425: 1421: 740: 596: 521: 3932: 3754:

The Divine Eye and the Diaspora: Vietnamese Syncretism Becomes Transpacific Caodaism

2385: 1969: 1768: 1326: 1254:. Đạo Mẫu is commonly associated with spirit mediumship rituals—known in Vietnam as 1171: 4941: 4492:"Controlled Religious Plurality: Possibilities for Covenantal Pluralism in Vietnam" 2428: 2327: 2304: 2206: 2191: 2167: 2163: 2158:

Much like Hinduism, adherence to Islam in Vietnam is primarily associated with the

2119: 2063: 1991: 1851: 1843: 1835: 1704: 1661: 1528: 1459: 1376: 1296: 1251: 705: 692: 672: 541: 513: 277: 108: 4508: 4491: 1372: 1346: 776:

Varied sources indicate very different statistics of religious groups in Vietnam.

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begin to establish its positions within the local populations in both domains of

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As late as 1939, the estimated combined population of the Jewish communities of

2159: 2078: 2023: 1998: 1976: 1964: 1839: 1815: 1810:; over the years, he was followed by more than 100 missionaries, members of the 1739: 1681: 1330: 1239: 545: 17: 3683: 2468: 1689: 1383:

is mainly of the Mahayana school, although some ethnic minorities (such as the

4471: 4454: 4437: 3916: 3247: 2908: 2891: 2686: 2659: 2641:

Vietnamese Government Committee for Religious Affairs (2018). Cited in the US

2450: 2396: 2395:

In fact, there are some limitations in religious practice in Vietnam. Foreign

2300: 2183: 1987: 1899: 1819: 1803: 1653: 1612: 1548: 1384: 1341: 664: 611: 588: 42: 3924: 139: 4587: 2108: 2089:

Hinduism, brought by sea from India. The Cham people erected Hindu temples (

2067: 1861: 1708: 4540: 4575: 3735:. Newsroom for The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. 2016-06-03 3686:(in Russian). Educational Orthodox Society "Russia in colors" in Jerusalem 2923:

Full results of the 2009 Population and Housing Census of Vietnam, part #1

1535:, and Hòa Hảo a continuation of a 19th-century Buddhist ministry known as 4518: 4141:"Constitution Chapter Five: Fundamental Rights and Duties of the Citizen" 2527: 2404: 2369: 2319: 2284: 2176: 2146: 2115: 2086: 2074: 1994: 1983: 1773: 1544: 1520: 1451: 1447: 1444: 1387:

in the southern Delta region of Vietnam) adhere to the Theravada school.

1368: 1360: 627: 584: 557: 525: 100: 96: 3813:"Xuan Loc district inaugurates the biggest Minster for Muslim followers" 1696:

and Portuguese Pero Marques converted more than 6,000 people in Tonkin.

509: 4629: 3222:"The Historiography of the Jesuits in Vietnam: 1615–1773 and 1957–2007" 2296: 2187: 1857: 1799: 1777: 1552: 1532: 1455: 1364: 1292: 748: 732: 553: 4481: 1632: 2838:"Among Wealthy Nations, U.S. Stands Alone In Its Embrace of Religion" 2292: 2271: 2244: 2098: 2082: 2015: 1925:), though there is no information on its organized activities there. 1917:

Vietnam is also mentioned as territory under the jurisdiction of the

1711:

marks. This writing system continues to be used today, and is called

1671: 1560: 1424:

arrived in Vietnam as early as the 6th century CE, with the works of

1396: 1392: 676: 517: 104: 4321:

Modernity and Re-Enchantment: Religion in Post-Revolutionary Vietnam

3456:

Cady, John F. (1964). "Southeast Asia: Its Historical Development".

3359:

Cady, John F. (1964). "Southeast Asia: Its Historical Development".

3262: 3206: 3024:

Modernity and Re-Enchantment: Religion in Post-Revolutionary Vietnam

3006:"Thống kê số tín đồ Phật giáo: Nhà nước nói giảm, giáo hội hụt hẫng" 2122:, and otherwise of Cham or mixed Indian-Vietnamese descent) live in 5971: 4598: 3157:

White Paper on Religion and Policies regarding religion in Viet Nam

2676: 2423:

was arrested in 2004, and his house razed to the ground. Christian

2118:

who are recognised by the government. Another 4,000 Hindus (mostly

1717:(literally "national language script"). Meanwhile, the traditional 183: 5835: 2424: 2381: 2288: 2140: 2111: 2058: 1949: 1611: 1340: 1315: 1203: 1175: 1165: 763:. Contact with Chinese civilization, and the introduction of the 736: 145: 133: 122: 3530:

Rev. John Trần Công Nghị, Religious Education Congress in Anaheim

3132:. AmericanBuddhist.net. Viet Nam News. 2007-12-27. Archived from 1910:. The representatives of the foreign relations department of the 4196:"Vietnam: Attack on Mennonites Highlights Religious Persecution" 2315: 2267: 1359:

Vietnam was conventionally considered to be a Buddhist country.

5975: 4602: 4185:(22-03-2007), Viet Nam News, Vietnam News Agency Hanoi, Vietnam 2761:

Goddess on the Rise: Pilgrimage and Popular Religion in Vietnam

1688:

and Diogo Carvalho established the first Catholic community in

1648:

By far the most widespread Christian denomination in Vietnam,

1476: 751:

was said to appear to emperors in times of crisis, notably to

4031:

People and Polity: The Organizational Dynamics of World Jewry

3526:"Catholic Church in Vietnam with 470 years of Evangelization" 2228:. Another 22% lived in the Mekong Delta region, primarily in 1539:("Strange Perfume from Precious Mountains", referring to the 3898:"Economy in Motion: Cham Muslim Traders in the Mekong Delta" 3719:"Countries Where Jehovah's Witnesses' Activities Are Banned" 1822:

organizations recognized by the government are the Southern

4556:"A Really Great Article on (Premodern) Vietnamese Religion" 4075:

Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor (2007-09-14).

2987:"Số người theo Phật giáo còn 4,6 triệu, đứng thứ hai ở VN!" 2104:, is perhaps the most well-known of Cham temple complexes. 2205:. Its construction was partially funded by donations from 1531:

region of southern Vietnam. Adherents consider Sổ to be a

3439:

The Vietnamese response to French intervention, 1862–1874

3391:

The Vietnamese response to French intervention, 1862–1874

1652:

first entered the country through Portuguese and Spanish

731:

The earliest forms of Vietnamese religious practice were

3660:"Assemblies of God receive permit covering 40 provinces" 1730:

Since the late 17th century, French missionaries of the

4167:"Vietnam accused of crackdown ahead of UN rights probe" 4113:"Baha'i Vietnam community to strengthen national unity" 2197:

Vietnam's largest mosque was opened in January 2006 in

1818:

Protestant denomination. The two officially recognized

1492: 4346:. Center for Southeast Asian Studies Kyoto University. 2303:

numbered approximately 1,000 individuals. In 1940 the

1780:

with 320,000 members and over 120 Vietnamese priests.

4355:

Việt Nam: A History from Earliest Time to the Present

3861:

by Andrew Hardy, Mauro Cucarzi, Patrizia Zolese p.105

3635:"Hanoi officially recognises Baptists and Mennonites" 3315:. University of California Press. pp. 4, 18–21. 4246:"Encourage the Wife of Imprisoned Vietnamese Lawyer" 4183:

Nation’s Baha’i community gets religious recognition

2645:"Report on International Religious Freedom: Vietnam" 2045:) live in the United States, Europe, and Australia. 1303:

authorities forced this religion to go underground.

556:

is also home of two indigenous religions: syncretic

500:, instead participating in one or more practices of 6307: 6267: 6009: 5708: 5609: 5508: 5481: 5299: 5258: 5215: 5192: 5150: 5117: 5072: 5014: 4960: 4878: 4835: 4747: 4688: 4640: 4323:, edited by Philip Taylor, ISEAS, Singapore, 2007. 2860: 2858: 1854:, whose followers are said to total about 200,000. 4077:"International Religious Freedom Report – Vietnam" 3608:"Vietnam Protestants Call Conference 'Miraculous'" 3261:Trần, Quốc Anh; Phạm, Thị Kiều Ly (October 2019). 2867:"Religion in Vietnam: A World of Gods and Spirits" 2643:Office of International Religious Freedom (2018). 2587:"Religion in Vietnam: A World of Gods and Spirits" 1699:Seventeenth-century Jesuit missionaries including 1432:is the only native school of Buddhism in Vietnam. 1379:, replaced Mahayana. Buddhism as practiced by the 3756:. p. 239. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press 2365:Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam 1898:icon was opened in 2002 with the blessing of the 1428:. It flourished under the Lý and Trần dynasties. 3313:Catholic Vietnam: A Church from Empire to Nation 1143:membership of specific government organization. 4496:The Review of Faith & International Affairs 3733:"Vietnam Grants Official Recognition to Church" 3098:Cuong Tu Nguyen & A.W. Barber 1998, pg 132. 1946:the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 1940:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 1919:Metropolitanate of Hong Kong and Southeast Asia 4178: 4176: 3911:(3). The Australian National University: 238. 3859:Champa and the archaeology of Mỹ Sơn (Vietnam) 1557:"Practicing Buddhism While Farming Your Land." 5987: 4614: 4135: 4133: 3290:, Cornell University Press. pp. 23, 38. 3078:. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 35–36. 496:The majority of Vietnamese do not follow any 477: 8: 4096:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3842:"Population and Housing Census Vietnam 1999" 3684:"Holy Week and Easter celebrated in Vietnam" 3583:Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor 4295:Freedom House website, retrieved 2023-08-08 4070: 4068: 3874:. Chamtoday.com. 2013-09-14. Archived from 3653: 3651: 3601: 3599: 3575:International Religious Freedom Report 2005 2081:ethnic minority; the first religion of the 1746:(in Eastern Tonkin), and those sent by the 1692:in 1615. Between 1627 and 1630, Avignonese 610:account for 14.9% of the total population, 587:), 8.2% were Christian, and about 30% were 552:) which has become a significant presence. 508:, or praying to deities, especially during 5994: 5980: 5972: 5606: 5514: 5305: 5212: 5011: 4966: 4832: 4753: 4685: 4621: 4607: 4599: 4344:"What Are Vietnam's Indigenous Religions?" 2802:. Embassy of Vietnam (USA). Archived from 778: 484: 470: 160: 4517: 4507: 4480: 4470: 3784: 3782: 3780: 3778: 2964: 2962: 2907: 2685: 2675: 2344:Established in the 1950s, the Vietnamese 1923:Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople 1742:(in Cochinchina), Italian Dominicans and 4306:Open Doors website, retrieved 2023-08-08 3905:The Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropology 3152: 3150: 3130:"Pure Land Buddhism recognised by Gov't" 3076:Cambodian Buddhism: History and Practice 2616:. National University of Singapore: 357. 1997:, officially established in the city of 1963: 1631: 1325: 1310: 1202: 755:, from whom he took the legendary sword 630:followers 1.2%. Other religions include 3269:Catholic Bishops' Conference of Vietnam 3107: 3061: 2629: 2576: 1555:farmers, exemplified by the old slogan 390: 351: 253: 246: 204: 197: 190: 172: 4089: 3705:"Thailand — Watchtower ONLINE LIBRARY" 3629: 3627: 3474: 3463: 3377: 3366: 3040:"Vietnam: Ethnic and religious groups" 2981: 2979: 2637: 2635: 2633: 2001:, southern Vietnam, in 1926. The term 1598:is a sect that is related to Cao Đài. 5207:National Defense and Security Council 3969:. National Geographic. Archived from 3817:Đồng Nai Radio and Television Station 3034: 3032: 1767:to have escaped the rebellion of the 7: 3802:, 8th Edition 1991, 2005, pp. 47–48. 3284:Vietnam and the West: New Approaches 2249:disputed area in the South China Sea 687:. It is considered an expression of 5034:Permanent Member of the Secretariat 4331:; Lexington Books, Maryland, 2008, 4033:Wayne State University Press, 1989 3184:. VietNamNet Bridge. Archived from 2274:sprinkled through the pages of the 1519:is a religious tradition, based on 768:throughout the history of Vietnam. 524:, as well as by various strands of 4378:10.1093/oso/9780190677602.001.0001 4111:Vietnam News Agency (2009-05-04). 3999:, American Jewish Committee, 1940. 3800:The Lonely Planet Guide to Vietnam 2746:Jan Dodd, Mark Lewis, Ron Emmons. 2114:, but a considerable minority are 2077:in Vietnam is associated with the 1211:practitioner performs in a temple. 25: 2844:. Pew Research Center. 2002-12-19 2560:Category:Vietnamese Confucianists 1812:Christian and Missionary Alliance 591:to any religion. Officially, the 6362: 6353: 6352: 5039:History of central officeholders 4586: 4574: 4426:Hague Journal on the Rule of Law 4079:. United States State Department 3896:Taylor, Philip (December 2006). 3555:Giáo trình lớp Hội nhập Văn hoá 3176:VietNamNet Bridge (2006-08-10). 2952:. Hanoi, Viet Nam 31 July 2014. 2734:"The Global Religious Landscape" 2467: 2453: 1798:Protestantism was introduced to 1763:, the most senior of the ruling 1734:and Spanish missionaries of the 1623:in traditional Vietnamese style. 1480: 1458:looking to gain protection from 1250:(Bà Triệu), and the cult of the 451: 182: 5841:Traditional musical instruments 4012:Indiana University Press, 2001 2736:. The Pew Forum. December 2012. 2419:and religious freedom advocate 1886:For Orthodox Christianity, the 1563:building or expensive rituals. 759:after it had been dropped into 6320:British Indian Ocean Territory 3752:Hoskins, Janet Alison (2015). 2710:"Roman Catholicism in Vietnam" 2483:Freedom of religion in Vietnam 2359:Freedom of religion in Vietnam 2262:History of the Jews in Vietnam 739:in nature. The decorations on 575:According to estimates by the 130:at Long Sơn Temple, Nha Trang. 1: 5059:Central Inspection Commission 4529:Journal of Vietnamese Studies 4509:10.1080/15570274.2021.1954421 3606:Compass Direct (2002-09-20). 3220:Tran, Anh Q. (October 2018). 2865:Hue-Tam Ho Tai (2008-08-20). 2826:"Giáo lý Tam Phụ và Đạo Hiếu" 2780:. Central Intelligence Agency 2585:Hue-Tam Ho Tai (2008-08-20). 2409:Country of Particular Concern 1755:The French missionary priest 1637:St. Joseph's Cathedral, Hanoi 1322:, a historic Buddhist temple. 593:Socialist Republic of Vietnam 4459:The Journal of Asian Studies 4401:. Cornell University Press. 3961:Bray, Adam (June 16, 2014). 3819:. 2006-01-16. Archived from 3488:A History of South-east Asia 3338:A History of South-east Asia 3226:Jesuit Historiography Online 3119:Cuong Tu Nguyen 1997, p. 94. 2842:Pew Global Attitudes Project 2035:the cycle of birth and death 1944:On May 31, 2016, leaders of 1882:Eastern Orthodoxy in Vietnam 1218:is a branch of shamanism of 5202:Central Military Commission 5064:Central Military Commission 4372:. Oxford University Press. 3658:Vietnam News (2009-10-20). 3415:. New York: Penguin Books. 3178:"News Highlights August 10" 2417:Mennonite Church in Vietnam 1583:, a Buddhist sect based in 1581:("Four Debts of Gratitude") 1185:Scholars such as Toan Ánh ( 1178:. Place to worship the god 6405: 5170:Supreme People's Procuracy 4270:VietnamPlus (2021-12-13). 3557:Văn hoá Công Giáo Việt Nam 2748:The Rough Guide to Vietnam 2658:Vuong, Quan-Hoang (2020). 2543:Catholic Church in Vietnam 2356: 2337: 2259: 2151: 2052: 1906:, which had been given in 1879: 1791: 1644:Catholic Church in Vietnam 1641: 1605: 1470: 1414: 1391:structures, hierarchy, or 1352: 1265: 1196: 1159: 1150:Buddhist Sangha of Vietnam 6348: 5933: 5517: 5308: 4969: 4756: 4472:10.1017/S0021911818000505 4438:10.1017/S1876404512001133 3917:10.1080/14442210600965174 3789:US State Dept 2022 report 3637:. Asianews.it. 2007-10-03 3004:Thái Thanh (2021-02-18). 2909:10.1057/s41599-018-0189-2 2687:10.1057/s41599-020-0442-3 2647:. US Department of State. 2309:Law on the status of Jews 1928: 1238:, legendary figures like 1095: 1059: 1023: 905: 865: 853: 844: 837: 830: 816: 814:Vietnamese folk religion 813: 781: 6069:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 4453:Nguyen, Phi-Vân (2018). 4395:Dror, Olga, ed. (2002). 3967:National Geographic News 3579:U.S. Department of State 3515:Buttinger, pp. 241, 311. 3437:McLeod, Mark W. (1991). 3389:McLeod, Mark W. (1991). 2553:Protestantism in Vietnam 2498:Vietnamese folk religion 2280:in the 1860s and 1870s. 1794:Protestantism in Vietnam 1732:Foreign Missions Society 1275:(1909–1990) created the 1220:Vietnamese folk religion 1162:Vietnamese folk religion 681:Vietnamese folk religion 273:Vietnamese folk religion 6330:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 4359:Oxford University Press 4342:Hoskins, Janet Alison. 3486:Hall, D. G. E. (1981). 3336:Hall, D. G. E. (1981). 3311:Keith, Charles (2012). 2896:Palgrave Communications 2800:"Beliefs and religions" 2664:Palgrave Communications 2538:Christianity in Vietnam 2503:Baháʼí Faith in Vietnam 2340:Baháʼí Faith in Vietnam 2020:veneration of ancestors 1912:Russian Orthodox Church 1908:Troitse-Sergiyeva Lavra 1904:Russian Orthodox Church 1888:Russian Orthodox Church 1619:procession to venerate 1608:Christianity in Vietnam 315:Vietnamese martial arts 5651:Language and computers 5400:Science and Technology 5160:Supreme People's Court 5102:Deputy Prime Ministers 4893:Hong (Red) River Delta 4591:Quotations related to 4541:10.1525/vs.2021.16.3.1 4490:Roszko, Edyta (2021). 3532:. 2004. Archived from 3473:Cite journal requires 3376:Cite journal requires 3022:Philip Taylor (2007). 2824:Trần Quốc Anh (2015). 2759:Philip Taylor (2004). 2247:'s influence over the 2149: 2085:kingdom was a form of 2070: 1980: 1802:in 1911 by a Canadian 1744:Discalced Augustinians 1639: 1624: 1571:in the United States. 1489:This section is empty. 1350: 1338: 1323: 1212: 1182: 1138:Statistics controversy 713: 660: 158: 143: 131: 5883:Person Dignity Theory 4366:Tran, Anh Q. (2017). 2714:www.vietnamonline.com 2488:Vietnamese philosophy 2190:for only three days. 2144: 2062: 1986:is a relatively new, 1968:Monks praying in the 1967: 1635: 1615: 1543:range on the Vietnam- 1523:, founded in 1939 by 1443:is a broad branch of 1344: 1329: 1314: 1206: 1169: 854:Non-religion/atheism 741:Đông Sơn bronze drums 599:, as declared by its 579:in 2010, most of the 540:were later joined by 149: 137: 126: 6244:United Arab Emirates 5405:Traditional medicine 5283:Self-Defence Militia 4827:World Heritage Sites 4783:Environmental issues 4583:at Wikimedia Commons 3942:on 23 September 2015 3286:. Ithaca, New York: 3074:Harris, Ian (2008). 2548:Orthodoxy in Vietnam 2436:circumstances, like 2172:Sultanate of Malacca 2109:Nagavamshi Kshatriya 1473:Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương 1401:Chinese spirituality 663:), referring to the 601:communist government 506:venerating ancestors 408:World Heritage Sites 142:in northern Vietnam. 6389:Religion in Vietnam 6271:limited recognition 5878:Ho Chi Minh Thought 5054:Central Secretariat 4593:Religion in Vietnam 4581:Religion in Vietnam 4225:US State Department 2513:Hinduism in Vietnam 2508:Buddhism in Vietnam 2222:Bình Thuận Province 2218:Ninh Thuận Province 2102:World Heritage Site 2055:Hinduism in Vietnam 1934:Jehovah's Witnesses 1929:Jehovah's Witnesses 1694:Alexandre de Rhodes 1569:Vietnamese diaspora 1355:Buddhism in Vietnam 1345:Vietnamese girl in 1187:Tín ngưỡng Việt Nam 1145:Official statistics 721:Pew Research Center 697:death anniversaries 685:ancestor veneration 577:Pew Research Center 564:and quasi-Buddhist 117: Others (0.2%) 33:Religion in Vietnam 5917:Vietnamese studies 5629:Overseas community 5422:Telecommunications 5175:Procurator-General 5130:Standing Committee 4820:Endangered species 4200:Human Rights Watch 4119:. Thanh Nien Daily 4029:Elazar, Daniel J. 3996:Statistics of Jews 3612:Christianity Today 3413:Vietnam: A history 3162:2007-02-24 at the 2523:Judaism in Vietnam 2433:Evangelical Church 2150: 2071: 1981: 1890:is represented in 1824:Evangelical Church 1757:Pigneau de Behaine 1640: 1625: 1527:, a native of the 1441:Pure Land Buddhism 1351: 1339: 1324: 1213: 1183: 701:ghosts and spirits 498:organized religion 458:Vietnam portal 175:Culture of Vietnam 159: 144: 132: 87:Hoahaoism Buddhism 6376: 6375: 6313:other territories 6003:Religion in Asia 5969: 5968: 5929: 5928: 5925: 5924: 5895:Traditional games 5579:Human trafficking 5504: 5503: 5295: 5294: 5291: 5290: 5188: 5187: 5125:National Assembly 5044:National Congress 5029:General Secretary 5024:Central Committee 4989:Foreign relations 4956: 4955: 4952: 4951: 4925:Central Highlands 4743: 4742: 4708:Chinese dominated 4579:Media related to 4337:978-0-7391-2739-1 4329:978-981-230-438-4 4008:Dommen, Arthur J. 3848:on 10 March 2007. 3762:978-0-8248-5140-8 3501:978-0-333-24163-9 3448:978-0-275-93562-7 3422:978-0-670-84218-6 3400:978-0-275-93562-7 3351:978-0-333-24163-9 3288:SEAP Publications 3250:on March 3, 2016. 3244:www.newadvent.org 3182:VietNamNet Bridge 3010:Luật khoa Tạp chí 2493:Taoism in Vietnam 2421:Nguyen Hong Quang 2353:Religious freedom 2230:An Giang Province 2203:Đồng Nai Province 2043:ethnic Vietnamese 2039:ancestral worship 1896:Our Lady of Kazan 1876:Eastern Orthodoxy 1867:Assemblies of God 1808:Robert A. Jaffray 1725:Girolamo Maiorica 1701:Francisco de Pina 1585:An Giang Province 1579:Tứ Ân Hiếu Nghĩa 1509: 1508: 1381:ethnic Vietnamese 1320:One Pillar Pagoda 1318:'s reconstructed 1289:Hòa đồng Tôn giáo 1135: 1134: 669:Mahayana Buddhism 581:Vietnamese people 570:Phật giáo Hòa Hảo 494: 493: 342:Vietnamese poetry 337:Vietnamese comics 16:(Redirected from 6396: 6366: 6356: 6355: 6325:Christmas Island 6011:Sovereign states 5996: 5989: 5982: 5973: 5949: 5942: 5607: 5515: 5346:Renewable energy 5336: 5328: 5306: 5213: 5012: 4984:Fatherland Front 4967: 4833: 4754: 4686: 4623: 4616: 4609: 4600: 4590: 4578: 4552: 4523: 4521: 4511: 4486: 4484: 4474: 4449: 4418:Journal articles 4412: 4391: 4362: 4308: 4303: 4297: 4292: 4286: 4285: 4283: 4282: 4267: 4261: 4260: 4258: 4257: 4250:Persecution blog 4242: 4236: 4235: 4233: 4232: 4221:"Vietnam report" 4217: 4211: 4210: 4208: 4207: 4192: 4186: 4180: 4171: 4170: 4163: 4157: 4156:(See Article 70) 4155: 4153: 4152: 4137: 4128: 4127: 4125: 4124: 4108: 4102: 4101: 4095: 4087: 4085: 4084: 4072: 4063: 4048: 4042: 4027: 4021: 4006: 4000: 3992: 3986: 3982: 3980: 3978: 3958: 3952: 3951: 3949: 3947: 3941: 3935:. Archived from 3902: 3893: 3887: 3886: 3884: 3883: 3868: 3862: 3856: 3850: 3849: 3844:. Archived from 3838: 3832: 3831: 3829: 3828: 3809: 3803: 3797: 3791: 3786: 3773: 3770: 3764: 3750: 3744: 3743: 3741: 3740: 3729: 3723: 3722: 3715: 3709: 3708: 3701: 3695: 3694: 3692: 3691: 3680: 3674: 3673: 3671: 3670: 3655: 3646: 3645: 3643: 3642: 3631: 3622: 3621: 3619: 3618: 3603: 3594: 3593: 3591: 3590: 3567: 3561: 3551: 3545: 3544: 3542: 3541: 3522: 3516: 3513: 3507: 3505: 3482: 3476: 3471: 3469: 3461: 3452: 3434: 3428: 3426: 3404: 3385: 3379: 3374: 3372: 3364: 3355: 3333: 3327: 3326: 3308: 3302: 3301: 3279: 3273: 3272: 3258: 3252: 3251: 3246:. Archived from 3236: 3230: 3229: 3217: 3211: 3210: 3203: 3197: 3196: 3194: 3193: 3173: 3167: 3154: 3145: 3144: 3142: 3141: 3126: 3120: 3117: 3111: 3105: 3099: 3096: 3090: 3086: 3080: 3079: 3071: 3065: 3059: 3053: 3050: 3044: 3043: 3036: 3027: 3020: 3014: 3013: 3001: 2995: 2994: 2993:. December 2019. 2983: 2974: 2973: 2966: 2957: 2946: 2940: 2939: 2932: 2926: 2920: 2914: 2913: 2911: 2887: 2881: 2880: 2878: 2877: 2862: 2853: 2852: 2850: 2849: 2834: 2828: 2822: 2816: 2815: 2813: 2811: 2796: 2790: 2789: 2787: 2785: 2770: 2764: 2757: 2751: 2744: 2738: 2737: 2730: 2724: 2723: 2721: 2720: 2706: 2700: 2699: 2689: 2679: 2655: 2649: 2648: 2639: 2618: 2617: 2608: 2602: 2601: 2599: 2598: 2581: 2518:Islam in Vietnam 2477: 2472: 2471: 2463: 2458: 2457: 2456: 2277:Jewish Chronicle 2243:The evidence of 2226:Ho Chi Minh City 2154:Islam in Vietnam 2128:Mariamman Temple 2124:Ho Chi Minh City 2009:, Cao Quỳnh Cư, 1954:Ho Chi Minh City 1686:Francesco Buzomi 1597: 1575:Tứ Ân Hiếu Nghĩa 1537:Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương 1504: 1501: 1491:You can help by 1484: 1477: 1467:Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương 1417:Vietnamese Thiền 1349:offering incense 1301:Reunited Vietnam 1277:Coconut Religion 1246:(Hai Bà Trưng), 1096:Other religions 779: 624:Hoahao Buddhists 486: 479: 472: 456: 455: 454: 186: 177: 161: 157:shamanic ritual. 116: 94: 84: 74: 64: 54: 40: 21: 18:Tứ Ân Hiếu Nghĩa 6404: 6403: 6399: 6398: 6397: 6395: 6394: 6393: 6379: 6378: 6377: 6372: 6344: 6312: 6303: 6284:Northern Cyprus 6270: 6263: 6005: 6000: 5970: 5965: 5952: 5945: 5938: 5921: 5704: 5605: 5591:Public holidays 5574:Sex trafficking 5500: 5477: 5373:Five-Year Plans 5334: 5326: 5287: 5262: 5260:Public Security 5254: 5211: 5184: 5180:Military Courts 5146: 5113: 5068: 5016:Communist Party 5010: 4948: 4874: 4870:Electoral units 4831: 4788:Protected areas 4739: 4718:French colonial 4684: 4636: 4627: 4571: 4526: 4489: 4452: 4423: 4415: 4409: 4394: 4388: 4365: 4349: 4316: 4311: 4304: 4300: 4293: 4289: 4280: 4278: 4269: 4268: 4264: 4255: 4253: 4244: 4243: 4239: 4230: 4228: 4219: 4218: 4214: 4205: 4203: 4194: 4193: 4189: 4181: 4174: 4165: 4164: 4160: 4150: 4148: 4139: 4138: 4131: 4122: 4120: 4110: 4109: 4105: 4088: 4082: 4080: 4074: 4073: 4066: 4050:Cohen, Roberta 4049: 4045: 4028: 4024: 4007: 4003: 3993: 3989: 3976: 3974: 3973:on May 10, 2019 3960: 3959: 3955: 3945: 3943: 3939: 3900: 3895: 3894: 3890: 3881: 3879: 3870: 3869: 3865: 3857: 3853: 3840: 3839: 3835: 3826: 3824: 3811: 3810: 3806: 3798: 3794: 3787: 3776: 3771: 3767: 3751: 3747: 3738: 3736: 3731: 3730: 3726: 3717: 3716: 3712: 3703: 3702: 3698: 3689: 3687: 3682: 3681: 3677: 3668: 3666: 3657: 3656: 3649: 3640: 3638: 3633: 3632: 3625: 3616: 3614: 3605: 3604: 3597: 3588: 3586: 3569: 3568: 3564: 3552: 3548: 3539: 3537: 3524: 3523: 3519: 3514: 3510: 3502: 3485: 3484: 3472: 3462: 3455: 3454: 3449: 3436: 3435: 3431: 3423: 3409:Karnow, Stanley 3407: 3406: 3401: 3388: 3387: 3375: 3365: 3358: 3357: 3352: 3335: 3334: 3330: 3323: 3310: 3309: 3305: 3298: 3281: 3280: 3276: 3260: 3259: 3255: 3238: 3237: 3233: 3219: 3218: 3214: 3205: 3204: 3200: 3191: 3189: 3188:on May 15, 2008 3175: 3174: 3170: 3164:Wayback Machine 3155: 3148: 3139: 3137: 3128: 3127: 3123: 3118: 3114: 3106: 3102: 3097: 3093: 3087: 3083: 3073: 3072: 3068: 3060: 3056: 3051: 3047: 3038: 3037: 3030: 3021: 3017: 3003: 3002: 2998: 2991:Giác Ngộ Online 2985: 2984: 2977: 2968: 2967: 2960: 2947: 2943: 2934: 2933: 2929: 2921: 2917: 2889: 2888: 2884: 2875: 2873: 2864: 2863: 2856: 2847: 2845: 2836: 2835: 2831: 2823: 2819: 2809: 2807: 2798: 2797: 2793: 2783: 2781: 2772: 2771: 2767: 2758: 2754: 2745: 2741: 2732: 2731: 2727: 2718: 2716: 2708: 2707: 2703: 2657: 2656: 2652: 2642: 2640: 2631: 2627: 2622: 2621: 2611: 2609: 2605: 2596: 2594: 2584: 2582: 2578: 2573: 2568: 2475:Religion portal 2473: 2466: 2459: 2454: 2452: 2449: 2361: 2355: 2342: 2336: 2264: 2258: 2156: 2139: 2057: 2051: 1962: 1942: 1931: 1884: 1878: 1796: 1790: 1749:Propaganda Fide 1736:Dominican Order 1684:). Two priests 1646: 1630: 1610: 1604: 1591: 1577: 1514: 1505: 1499: 1496: 1475: 1469: 1438: 1419: 1413: 1357: 1335:Bút Tháp Temple 1331:Amitabha Buddha 1309: 1270: 1264: 1201: 1195: 1164: 1158: 1140: 1131: 1130: 1124: 1123: 1117: 1116: 1110: 1109: 1103: 1102: 1091: 1090: 1084: 1083: 1077: 1076: 1067: 1066: 1055: 1054: 1048: 1047: 1041: 1040: 1031: 1030: 1019: 1018: 1012: 1011: 1005: 1004: 995: 994: 980: 979: 973: 972: 966: 965: 956: 955: 941: 940: 934: 933: 927: 926: 920: 919: 913: 912: 901: 900: 894: 893: 887: 886: 880: 879: 873: 872: 861: 860: 849: 848: 842: 841: 835: 834: 828: 827: 821: 820: 808: 803: 798: 793: 788: 783: 774: 765:triple religion 729: 667:combination of 653:triple religion 648: 534:three teachings 490: 452: 450: 443: 442: 438:National anthem 423: 422: 413: 412: 403: 402: 386: 385: 366: 365: 347: 346: 332: 331: 320: 319: 310: 309: 298: 297: 268: 267: 242: 241: 217: 216: 173: 121: 120: 119: 118: 114: 112: 92: 90: 82: 80: 72: 70: 62: 60: 52: 50: 38: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6402: 6400: 6392: 6391: 6381: 6380: 6374: 6373: 6371: 6370: 6360: 6349: 6346: 6345: 6343: 6342: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6316: 6314: 6305: 6304: 6302: 6301: 6296: 6291: 6286: 6281: 6275: 6273: 6265: 6264: 6262: 6261: 6256: 6251: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6166: 6161: 6156: 6151: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6015: 6013: 6007: 6006: 6001: 5999: 5998: 5991: 5984: 5976: 5967: 5966: 5964: 5963: 5958: 5951: 5950: 5943: 5935: 5934: 5931: 5930: 5927: 5926: 5923: 5922: 5920: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5904: 5903: 5902: 5897: 5887: 5886: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5860: 5855: 5845: 5844: 5843: 5838: 5828: 5827: 5826: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5801: 5800: 5799: 5789: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5768: 5767: 5762: 5752: 5747: 5746: 5745: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5714: 5712: 5706: 5705: 5703: 5702: 5701: 5700: 5695: 5690: 5685: 5680: 5678:Folk religions 5670: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5654: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5633: 5632: 5631: 5626: 5615: 5613: 5604: 5603: 5598: 5593: 5588: 5587: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5556: 5555: 5554: 5553:hybrid variant 5541: 5531: 5530: 5529: 5518: 5512: 5506: 5505: 5502: 5501: 5499: 5498: 5496:Rail transport 5493: 5487: 5485: 5479: 5478: 5476: 5475: 5470: 5469: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5448: 5447: 5446: 5436: 5435: 5434: 5429: 5419: 5418: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5397: 5392: 5391: 5390: 5385: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5359: 5358: 5356:Power stations 5353: 5348: 5338: 5330: 5327:("Renovation") 5320: 5315: 5309: 5303: 5297: 5296: 5293: 5292: 5289: 5288: 5286: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5269: 5267: 5256: 5255: 5253: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5236: 5235: 5230: 5219: 5217: 5210: 5209: 5204: 5198: 5196: 5190: 5189: 5186: 5185: 5183: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5156: 5154: 5148: 5147: 5145: 5144: 5139: 5134: 5133: 5132: 5121: 5119: 5115: 5114: 5112: 5111: 5106: 5105: 5104: 5097:Prime Minister 5094: 5089: 5088: 5087: 5085:Vice President 5076: 5074: 5070: 5069: 5067: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5020: 5018: 5009: 5008: 5003: 5002: 5001: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4970: 4964: 4958: 4957: 4954: 4953: 4950: 4949: 4947: 4946: 4945: 4944: 4939: 4929: 4928: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4907: 4906: 4905: 4900: 4895: 4884: 4882: 4876: 4875: 4873: 4872: 4867: 4862: 4860:District-level 4857: 4852: 4850:Municipalities 4847: 4841: 4839: 4830: 4829: 4824: 4823: 4822: 4817: 4812: 4807: 4797: 4796: 4795: 4793:National parks 4785: 4780: 4775: 4774: 4773: 4771:Climate change 4763: 4757: 4751: 4745: 4744: 4741: 4740: 4738: 4737: 4736: 4735: 4730: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4694: 4692: 4683: 4682: 4677: 4672: 4667: 4662: 4657: 4652: 4646: 4644: 4638: 4637: 4628: 4626: 4625: 4618: 4611: 4603: 4597: 4596: 4584: 4570: 4569:External links 4567: 4566: 4565: 4564: 4563: 4524: 4487: 4465:(3): 741–771. 4450: 4432:(2): 229–252. 4420: 4419: 4414: 4413: 4407: 4392: 4386: 4363: 4347: 4340: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4309: 4298: 4287: 4262: 4237: 4212: 4187: 4172: 4158: 4129: 4103: 4064: 4043: 4022: 4001: 3987: 3953: 3888: 3863: 3851: 3833: 3804: 3792: 3774: 3765: 3745: 3724: 3710: 3696: 3675: 3647: 3623: 3595: 3562: 3546: 3517: 3508: 3500: 3475:|journal= 3447: 3429: 3421: 3399: 3378:|journal= 3350: 3328: 3321: 3303: 3296: 3274: 3253: 3231: 3212: 3207:"Việt-studies" 3198: 3168: 3146: 3121: 3112: 3110:, p. 107. 3100: 3091: 3081: 3066: 3054: 3045: 3028: 3015: 2996: 2975: 2958: 2941: 2927: 2915: 2882: 2854: 2829: 2817: 2806:on 21 May 2010 2791: 2778:World Factbook 2765: 2752: 2739: 2725: 2701: 2650: 2628: 2626: 2623: 2620: 2619: 2603: 2575: 2574: 2572: 2569: 2567: 2564: 2563: 2562: 2557: 2556: 2555: 2550: 2545: 2535: 2530: 2525: 2520: 2515: 2510: 2505: 2500: 2495: 2490: 2485: 2479: 2478: 2464: 2461:Vietnam portal 2448: 2445: 2429:house churches 2357:Main article: 2354: 2351: 2338:Main article: 2335: 2332: 2260:Main article: 2257: 2254: 2216:, with 34% in 2152:Main article: 2138: 2135: 2053:Main article: 2050: 2047: 1961: 1958: 1941: 1938: 1930: 1927: 1880:Main article: 1877: 1874: 1852:house churches 1834:) such as the 1792:Main article: 1789: 1786: 1642:Main article: 1629: 1626: 1606:Main article: 1603: 1600: 1576: 1573: 1513: 1510: 1507: 1506: 1487: 1485: 1471:Main article: 1468: 1465: 1437: 1434: 1415:Main article: 1412: 1409: 1353:Main article: 1308: 1305: 1299:. In 1975 the 1266:Main article: 1263: 1260: 1197:Main article: 1194: 1191: 1170:Sóc Temple in 1160:Main article: 1157: 1156:Folk religions 1154: 1139: 1136: 1133: 1132: 1128: 1127: 1125: 1121: 1120: 1118: 1114: 1113: 1111: 1107: 1106: 1104: 1100: 1099: 1097: 1093: 1092: 1088: 1087: 1085: 1081: 1080: 1078: 1074: 1073: 1071: 1068: 1064: 1063: 1061: 1057: 1056: 1052: 1051: 1049: 1045: 1044: 1042: 1038: 1037: 1035: 1032: 1028: 1027: 1025: 1021: 1020: 1016: 1015: 1013: 1009: 1008: 1006: 1002: 1001: 999: 996: 992: 991: 989: 988:Protestantism 986: 982: 981: 977: 976: 974: 970: 969: 967: 963: 962: 960: 957: 953: 952: 950: 947: 943: 942: 938: 937: 935: 931: 930: 928: 924: 923: 921: 917: 916: 914: 910: 909: 907: 903: 902: 898: 897: 895: 891: 890: 888: 884: 883: 881: 877: 876: 874: 870: 869: 867: 863: 862: 858: 857: 855: 851: 850: 846: 845: 843: 839: 838: 836: 832: 831: 829: 825: 824: 822: 818: 817: 815: 811: 810: 805: 800: 795: 790: 785: 773: 770: 761:Hoàn Kiếm Lake 728: 725: 647: 644: 502:folk religions 492: 491: 489: 488: 481: 474: 466: 463: 462: 461: 460: 445: 444: 441: 440: 435: 430: 424: 420: 419: 418: 415: 414: 411: 410: 404: 400: 399: 398: 395: 394: 388: 387: 384: 383: 378: 373: 367: 361: 360: 359: 356: 355: 349: 348: 345: 344: 339: 333: 327: 326: 325: 322: 321: 318: 317: 311: 305: 304: 303: 300: 299: 296: 295: 290: 285: 280: 275: 269: 263: 262: 261: 258: 257: 251: 250: 244: 243: 240: 239: 234: 229: 224: 218: 214: 213: 212: 209: 208: 202: 201: 195: 194: 188: 187: 179: 178: 170: 169: 128:Gautama Buddha 113: 99:(syncretizing 91: 81: 71: 61: 51: 37: 30: 29: 28: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6401: 6390: 6387: 6386: 6384: 6369: 6365: 6361: 6359: 6351: 6350: 6347: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6317: 6315: 6310: 6306: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6294:South Ossetia 6292: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6276: 6274: 6272: 6266: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6016: 6014: 6012: 6008: 6004: 5997: 5992: 5990: 5985: 5983: 5978: 5977: 5974: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5953: 5948: 5944: 5941: 5937: 5936: 5932: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5892: 5891: 5888: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5850: 5849: 5846: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5833: 5832: 5829: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5806: 5805: 5802: 5798: 5795: 5794: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5757: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5744: 5741: 5740: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5715: 5713: 5711: 5707: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5675: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5658:Ethnic groups 5656: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5638: 5637: 5634: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5621: 5620: 5617: 5616: 5614: 5612: 5608: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5561: 5560: 5557: 5552: 5549: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5536: 5535: 5532: 5528: 5525: 5524: 5523: 5520: 5519: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5507: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5491:Air transport 5489: 5488: 5486: 5484: 5480: 5474: 5471: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5453: 5452: 5449: 5445: 5442: 5441: 5440: 5437: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5424: 5423: 5420: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5402: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5380: 5379: 5378:Manufacturing 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5368:Foreign trade 5366: 5364: 5361: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5351:Nuclear power 5349: 5347: 5344: 5343: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5331: 5329: 5325: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5310: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5298: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5270: 5268: 5266: 5261: 5257: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5225: 5224: 5221: 5220: 5218: 5214: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5199: 5197: 5195: 5191: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5165:Chief Justice 5163: 5161: 5158: 5157: 5155: 5153: 5149: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5131: 5128: 5127: 5126: 5123: 5122: 5120: 5116: 5110: 5107: 5103: 5100: 5099: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5086: 5083: 5082: 5081: 5078: 5077: 5075: 5071: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5021: 5019: 5017: 5013: 5007: 5004: 5000: 4997: 4996: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4971: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4959: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4934: 4933: 4930: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4920:South Central 4918: 4916: 4915:North Central 4913: 4912: 4911: 4908: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4890: 4889: 4886: 4885: 4883: 4881: 4877: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4865:Commune-level 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4842: 4840: 4838: 4834: 4828: 4825: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4802: 4801: 4798: 4794: 4791: 4790: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4772: 4769: 4768: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4758: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4746: 4734: 4733:South Vietnam 4731: 4729: 4728:North Vietnam 4726: 4725: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4695: 4693: 4691: 4687: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4663: 4661: 4658: 4656: 4653: 4651: 4648: 4647: 4645: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4624: 4619: 4617: 4612: 4610: 4605: 4604: 4601: 4594: 4589: 4585: 4582: 4577: 4573: 4572: 4568: 4561: 4557: 4554: 4553: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4525: 4520: 4519:11250/2772336 4515: 4510: 4505: 4502:(3): 89–103. 4501: 4497: 4493: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4473: 4468: 4464: 4460: 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2317: 2312: 2310: 2307:Vichy-France 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2281: 2279: 2278: 2273: 2269: 2263: 2255: 2253: 2250: 2246: 2241: 2239: 2233: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2210: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2195: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2180: 2178: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2155: 2148: 2143: 2136: 2134: 2131: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2110: 2105: 2103: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2073:Adherence to 2069: 2065: 2061: 2056: 2048: 2046: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2033: 2029: 2028:vegetarianism 2025: 2021: 2017: 2012: 2011:Phạm Công Tắc 2008: 2007:Ngô Văn Chiêu 2004: 2000: 1996: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1978: 1974: 1971: 1966: 1959: 1957: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1939: 1937: 1935: 1926: 1924: 1920: 1915: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1883: 1875: 1873: 1870: 1868: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1827: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1795: 1788:Protestantism 1787: 1785: 1781: 1779: 1775: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1753: 1751: 1750: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1728: 1726: 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