612:
third is one that
Marshall recommends as the ideal direction for Sociology. This path "'leads into a country where sociology can choose units of study of manageable size - not society, progress, morals and civilization - but specific social structures in which the basic processes and functions have determined meanings.'" After indicating this path for Sociology, Marshall goes on to define the discipline as the "analytical and explanatory study of social systems" on a larger-scale, such as nations or states and also smaller systems that function within those societies.
33:
392:– which became his most famous work– titled "Citizenship and Social Class." This was published in 1950 and was based on a lecture given the previous year. British citizenship was originally bestowed upon those of a higher status group with their own civil, political, and social privileges. Yet Marshall argued that, with the expansion of capitalism, a "new kind of citizenship slowly pulled apart the package of privileges hitherto enjoyed exclusively by the well-born." He analysed the development of citizenship as a development of
594:
exploitation and inequality of laborers, the development of social rights challenged this economic system. The state responded to these "opposing interests by granting some rights to the working class" while still preventing them from obtaining greater influence to overthrow the system. Despite designating social rights to the worker and igniting a questioning of "the righteousness of democracy," Marshall's theory of social citizenship "carries on the capitalist expansionism with the veil of equality."
485:
functioned to contain these conflicts between social classes." Class inequality within capitalist societies created tension with
Marshall's emerging ideas of citizenship. He argues that the creation of social rights are necessary in reducing this tension between civil, political, economic inequality. Marshall saw this process as a struggle unfolding over many centuries and looked to the future in hopes of a more egalitarian society.
327:. Despite being unsuccessful, Marshall found the experience beneficial because it brought him into close contact with working-class people and exposed him to the injustices and prejudices within the British class system. In "A British Sociological Career," he recounts that he "knew nothing of working-class life" growing up, suggesting this experience was transformative for his later work.
545:(note: England rather than Britain). His theories specifically applied within English contexts of social reform and therefore were not subject to comparative analysis. Marxist critics point out that Marshall's analysis is superficial as it does not discuss the right of the citizen to control economic production, which they argue is necessary for sustained shared prosperity. From a
1570:
1306:
1162:
611:
The first several essays focus on the problems facing
Sociology in the present day. Marshall sees the discipline as being at a crossroads where several paths meet. The first leads to "universal laws and ultimate values," whereas the second "leads to a collection of a multitude of facts." Finally, the
452:
Marshall also argued that these three aspects of citizenship developed in
England in a certain order. Civil rights are broadly assigned with the eighteenth century, political to the nineteenth, and social to the twentieth century. There is a complex interplay between these conceptions of citizenship.
678:
the analytical and explanatory study of social systems....a set of interrelated and reciprocal activities having the following characteristics. The activities are repetitive and predictable to the degree necessary, first, to permit of purposeful, peaceful and orderly behaviour of the members of the
661:
believed that rigid class distinctions could be dissolved and middle-class citizenship generalised through a careful understanding of social mechanisms. He also believed this would allow sociology to become an international discipline, helping "to increase mutual understanding between cultures" and
484:
Among the lasting influences of "Citizenship and Social Class" is its commentary on capitalism in relation to emerging social rights. Marshall noted the "contradiction between social rights and the requirements of a market economy within the dynamic context of welfare-capitalism...where citizenship
552:
There is a debate among scholars about whether
Marshall intended his historical analysis to be interpreted as a general theory of citizenship or whether the essay was just a commentary on developments within England. The essay has been used by editors to promote more equality in society, including
615:
Marshall also elaborates on concepts of "class," "social class," "status," "social status," "prestige," "position," and "role," all of which develop his analysis of social stratification. In writing about social conflict, he encourages reserving the term "conflict" for "'cases in which the common
593:
Marshall's ideas of social citizenship influenced institutions of health and education in addition to setting new rules for minimum wage, hours of labor, working conditions, as well as safety in the workplace and compensation in the event of an accident. However, since capitalism rests on the
443:
include as "the right to a modicum of economic welfare and security to the right to share to the fuIl in the social heritage and to live the life of a civilised being." Social rights are usually understood as benefits associated with the modern welfare state and positive freedoms such as
585:
Jørgen Møller and Svend-Erik
Skaaning argue that Marshall's claim that citizenship rights are extended in a certain order — civil, political, and then social citizenship rights — "is no longer the prevalent one in the developing and transformation countries of the contemporary era."
460:
Social rights are awarded not on the basis of class or need, but rather on the status of citizenship. Marshall claimed that the extension of social rights does not entail the destruction of social classes and inequality. T.H. Marshall was a close friend and admirer of
456:
This expansion of social rights "replaced earlier ideas of providing material assistance only as a matter of charity or, as under earlier social welfare legislation, of making state assistance conditional on recipients forfeiting their civil or political rights."
636:
There is some disagreement regarding
Marshall's very broad definition of "social systems," as some find that it covers too many different entities and therefore blurs "the distinction between society and state, and between the whole and the part."
683:
Since his work centers around functionalism, Marshall "uses a top-down perspective, by describing how political systems allocate social and political rights to citizens and develop institutions that are in charge of administering these rights."
589:
Other scholars find
Marshall's "story of inexorable upward progress" as assuming that all victories for social rights were an "irreversible achievement" rather than the result of "bitter struggles involved in winning basic rights for all."
627:
Marshall's analysis developed a deeper understanding of social phenomena and identified the "time and space limitations of concepts," namely what he refers to as the first and second paths in the crossroads of sociology.
417:
This concept of individual civil rights "also undid statutes and customs that constricted the 'right to work.'" Working people could now legally pursue employment, which corresponds with the need of capitalism for labor
695:
and class inequality (intra-systemic), Marshall sees phenomena that are anti-systemic as partly "alien" to the social system. Anti-system refers to one of the three branches of social phenomena that
Marshall defines in
2268:
2139:
700:. It posits that conflict is incompatible with the operation of a social system yet is simultaneously an inevitable part of that system. The other two branches are known as "non-system" and "pro-system."
674:; co-operation and conflict; structure and growth," within self-contained systems. Rather than studying "society," which may include non-systemic elements, Marshall argues that the task of sociology is:
349:
608:
which includes a collection of sixteen essays modeled on the work of Max Weber. He structured the essays under three main titles: Sociology of Today and
Tomorrow, Social Class, and Social Welfare.
414:
are "the rights necessary for individual freedom-liberty of the person, freedom of speech, thought and faith, the right to own property and to conclude valid contracts, and the right to justice."
362:
His papers are held in the Archives of the London School of Economics, along with an oral history interview he gave to the historian, Brian Harrison, in July 1978 about his niece, the suffragist
465:, and his conception of citizenship emerged from a series of lectures given by Hobhouse at the LSE. Hobhouse is more philosophical, whereas Marshall is under the influence of measures taken by
338:
in 1925. He was promoted to reader and went on to become the head of the Social Science Department at LSE from 1944 to 1949 and Martin White Professorship of Sociology from 1954 to 1956.
2238:
653:
of social structures and institutions, as opposed to grand theories of the purposes of development and modernisation, which were criticised by modern sociologists such as
481:. T.H. Marshall also talks about industrial citizenship and its relationship with citizenship. He said that social rights are a precursor for political and civil rights.
1595:
1375:
1331:
1231:
1187:
692:
2253:
453:
According to Marshall, "once citizens are recognized as full members of society, they also receive undeniable social rights, such as protection against poverty."
2243:
549:
perspective, the work of Marshall is highly constricted in being focused on men and ignoring the social rights of women and impediments to their realisation.
2187:
679:
society, and secondly to enable the pattern of action to continue in being, that is to say to preserve its identity even while gradually changing its shape.
943:
2258:
2233:
1795:
Mason, Ann C. (2009). "Citizenship Scarcity and State Weakness: Learning from the Colombian Experience". In Raue, Julia; Sutter, Patrick (eds.).
619:
The final essays are dedicated to analyzing the concepts and problems of the Welfare State and Affluent Society in England, France, and Germany.
2167:
421:
Marshall also argued that "the principle of civil citizenship contains within itself...a 'drive' toward further equality - political equality."
356:
1955:
1843:
1812:
1710:
1675:
1647:
715:
273:
1657:
Bulmer, Martin; Rees, Anthony M. (1996). "Conclusion: Citizenship in the Twenty-First Century". In Bulmer, Martin; Rees, Anthony M. (eds.).
557:. It is an Anglo-Saxon interpretation of the evolution of rights in a "peaceful reform" mode, unlike the revolutionary interpretations of
324:
320:
1345:
Fraser, Nancy; Gordon, Linda (July–September 1992). "Contract Versus Charity: Why Is There No Social Citizenship in the United States?".
315:. In October 1919 he gained a fellowship at Trinity College, becoming a professional historian. This was interrupted when he became the
568:
Although Marshall was specifically concerned about the class inequalities within capitalist societies and their impact on citizenship,
2106:
Møller, Jørgen, and Svend-Erik Skaaning. 2010. "Marshall Revisited: The Sequence of Citizenship Rights in the Twenty-first Century."
2143:
530:, is credited with the establishment of "what has become the standard narrative of the evolution of modern democratic citizenship."
1437:
Jørgen Møller and Svend-Erik Skaaning. 2010. "Marshall Revisited: The Sequence of Citizenship Rights in the Twenty-first Century."
1050:
2134:
2195:
1571:"Social and Political Citizenship in European Public Opinion: An Empirical Analysis of T.H. Marshall's Concept of Social Rights"
1307:"Social and Political Citizenship in European Public Opinion: An Empirical Analysis of T.H. Marshall's Concept of Social Rights"
1163:"Social and Political Citizenship in European Public Opinion: An Empirical Analysis of T.H. Marshall's Concept of Social Rights"
616:
interest shared by the rivals dwindles to vanishing point' and 'little regard is paid even to the accepted rules of warfare.'"
2263:
650:
363:
533:
Marshall's emphasis on social rights influenced both theoretical literature and policies pursued in the twentieth century.
501:(1964) is said to owe "much to Marshall and much of it reads like a commentary on Marshall's own treatment of that theme."
2248:
561:, the other great theoretician of citizenship in the twentieth century, who bases his readings in the developments of the
1261:
2nd edition, Volume 20 (2001), p. 744; Flora, Peter, "Introduction and Interpretation," pp. 1–91, in Peter Flora (ed.),
249:
1822:
Moses, Julia (2019a). "The Reluctant Planner: T. H. Marshall and Political Thought in British Social Policy". In
513:
met Marshall at the London School of Economics and Rokkan's work on citizenship was influenced by Marshall's ideas.
2010:
1073:
657:
for being too speculative to provide valid results. By using such a middle-range approach, Marshall and his mentor
579:
397:
393:
335:
305:
218:
213:
122:
2120:
Revi, Ben. 2014. "T.H. Marshall and his Critics: Reappraising 'social citizenship' in the Twenty-first Century".
658:
297:
296:
family). He was the fourth of six children. His great-grandfather acquired an industrial fortune and his father,
32:
1627:
747:
667:
2096:. Berkeley: University of California Press, Ch. 12, "Class Division, Class Conflict and Citizenship Rights."
1859:"Social Citizenship and Social Rights in an Age of Extremes: T. H. Marshall's Social Philosophy in the
1720:
1589:
1325:
1181:
646:
569:
176:
1456:
896:
T.H. Marshall: Past and Present 1893-1981: President of the British Sociological Association 1964-1969
2228:
2223:
541:
Marshall's analysis of citizenship has been criticised on the basis that it only applies to males in
1690:
300:, was a successful architect, giving Marshall a privileged upbringing and inheritance. He attended
171:
507:'s "Full Citizenship for the Negro American?" (1965) is held to draw "enormously from Marshall."
280:
that introduced the idea that full citizenship includes civil, political, and social citizenship.
1998:
1961:
1783:
1500:
1369:
1225:
985:
724:
239:
1890:"Who Is Afraid of T. H. Marshall? Or, What Are the Limits of the Liberal Vision of Rights?"
2159:
1990:
1951:
1919:
1839:
1808:
1775:
1706:
1671:
1643:
663:
562:
478:
474:
466:
316:
197:
97:
1024:
Jack Barbalet, "Marshall, Thomas Humphrey (1893–1981)," pp. 2794-96, in George Ritzer (ed.),
345:
as the head of the Social Science Department from 1956 to 1960, possibly contributing to the
2205:
1982:
1943:
1909:
1901:
1874:
1831:
1823:
1800:
1767:
1698:
1635:
1492:
977:
654:
554:
470:
462:
192:
2177:
1940:
British Sociologists and French "Sociologues" in the Interwar Years: The Battle for Society
735:
516:
504:
494:
312:
1835:
1263:
State Formation, Nation-Building, and Mass Politics in Europe: The Theory of Stein Rokkan
1889:
582:
criticized Marshall's theory of citizenship "for being Anglocentric and evolutionist."
445:
346:
140:
1804:
2217:
2099:
Mead, Lawrence M. 1997. "Citizenship and Social Policy: T. H. Marshall and Poverty".
1965:
1504:
729:
558:
401:
135:
1244:
Talcott Parsons, "Full Citizenship for the Negro American? A Sociological Problem."
925:
852:
553:
the "Black" vote in the US, and against Mrs. Thatcher in a 1992 edition prefaced by
741:
527:
510:
301:
473:. All of these people were involved in a turn in liberal thought that was called "
1828:
Welfare and Social Policy in Britain Since 1870: Essays in Honour of Jose Harris
709:
573:
389:
331:
277:
269:
2078:
Crowley, John. 1998. "The National Dimension of Citizenship in T.H. Marshall".
1732:
Marshall, T. H. (1965a). "International Comprehension in Social Science".
1689: (2018). "Citizenship: T.H. Marshall and Beyond". In Outhwaite, William;
1496:
662:
further international co-operation. While employing some concepts from Marxist
1947:
1879:
1858:
1727:. By Marshall, T. H. (2nd ed.). Garden City, New York: Anchor Books.
1702:
293:
117:
1994:
1923:
1905:
1779:
1487:
Sharma, K.N. (1 March 1964). "Sociology at the Crossroads and Other Essays".
370:
158:
85:
1639:
546:
666:, such as social class and revolution, Marshall's analyses are based on
429:
refer to "the right to participate in the exercise of political power."
1914:
688:
2002:
1787:
989:
1799:. Leiden, Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 75–103.
649:
argues that Marshall proposed a model of social science based on the
342:
289:
66:
1659:
Citizenship Today: The Contemporary Relevance of T. H. Marshall
576:
note his neglect of issues pertaining to race and gender relations.
2085:
Halsey, A. H. 1984. "T. H. Marshall, past and present: 1893-1981".
1986:
1771:
981:
1293:
International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences
1259:
International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences
292:
on 19 December 1893 to a wealthy, artistically cultured family (a
1291:
Richard Bellamy. 2015. "Citizenship, Historical Development of".
968:
T.H., Marshall (December 1973). "A British Sociological Career".
1218:"Citizenship Today: The Contemporary Relevance of T.H. Marshall"
2073:
Citizenship Today: The Contemporary Relevance of T. H. Marshall
1362:
Citizenship Today: The Contemporary Relevance of T.H. Marshall
407:
Marshall defined the three aspects of citizenship as follows:
350:
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
1457:""What is Citizenship and T.H. Marshall's Theory - Analysis""
1150:. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. 10.
670:
concerns with phenomena such as "consensus, the normal, and
1028:, 10 Vols. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, 2007, p. 2795.
1540:
1538:
1116:
1114:
493:
Marshall's work on citizenship influenced other scholars.
352:, which was drafted in 1954, but not ratified until 1966.
1424:
Michael Mann, "Ruling Class Strategies and Citizenship".
1124:
Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press, 1950, p. 11.
1108:
Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press, 1950, p. 10.
877:
875:
873:
2269:
Presidents of the International Sociological Association
2050:
Marshall, T. H. 1973. "A British Sociological Career".
1001:
999:
823:
821:
819:
523:(1985) builds on Marshall's distinctions and analysis.
311:
Marshall was a civilian prisoner in Germany during the
2135:
Catalogue of the Marshall papers held at LSE Archives
1257:
Flora, Peter, "Rokkan, Stein (1921–79)," pp. 744-47,
1248:
Vol. 94, No. 4, The Negro American (1965): 1009-1054.
1020:
1018:
1016:
1014:
268:(19 December 1893 – 29 November 1981) was an English
1749:(2nd ed.). Garden City, New York: Anchor Books.
1736:(2nd ed.). Garden City, New York: Anchor Books.
752:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
720:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
304:, a public boarding school and then read history at
1830:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 127ff.
1745: (1965b). "Sociology – The Road Ahead".
1265:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1999, p. 69.
604:In 1963, Marshall published another renowned work,
245:
235:
227:
206:
185:
164:
154:
149:
128:
116:
111:
93:
74:
48:
23:
1569:Hooghe, Marc and, Oser, Jennifer (26 April 2017).
1305:Hooghe, Marc and, Oser, Jennifer (26 April 2017).
1161:Marc, Hooghe and, Oser, Jennifer (26 April 2017).
1072:London School of Economics and Political Science.
853:"T.H. Marshall | English sociologist | Britannica"
2113:Rees, Anthony. 1995. "The Other T. H. Marshall".
1626:Bulmer, Martin (2007). "T. H. Marshall". In
1276:A Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism
1758: (1973). "A British Sociological Career".
1634:. Abingdon, England: Routledge. pp. 91–94.
1078:London School of Economics and Political Science
1053:. Madrid: International Sociological Association
1697:. London: SAGE Publications. pp. 413–428.
1632:Fifty Key Sociologists: The Formative Theorists
1613:Blyton, P. (1982). "T.H. Marshall, 1893–1981".
1122:Citizenship and Social Class: And Other Essays.
1106:Citizenship and Social Class: And Other Essays.
738: – German American sociologist (1916–1991)
693:internal contradictions of capital accumulation
2071:Bulmer, Martin, and Anthony Rees (eds). 1996.
2040:. Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press.
2038:Citizenship and Social Class: And Other Essays
1489:International Journal of Comparative Sociology
1148:Citizenship and Social Class and Other Essays
8:
2045:Sociology at the Crossroads and Other Essays
1594:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1374:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1360:Bulmer, Martin and Anthony M., Rees (1996).
1330:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1295:, Second Edition, Volume 3: 643–649, p. 647.
1230:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1186:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
718: – sociological essay about citizenship
2239:Academics of the London School of Economics
606:Sociology at a Crossroads and Other Essays,
2148:
1973:Rose, David (1996). "For David Lockwood".
1747:Class, Citizenship, and Social Development
1734:Class, Citizenship, and Social Development
1725:Class, Citizenship, and Social Development
1400:
698:Sociology at a Crossroads and Other Essays
599:Sociology at a Crossroads and Other Essays
31:
20:
1942:. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan.
1913:
1878:
1556:
1544:
1529:
744: – Norwegian sociologist (1921–1979)
2031:Class Conflict and Social Stratification
1695:The SAGE Handbook of Political Sociology
1200:
881:
786:
2152:Professional and academic associations
2094:Profiles and Critiques of Social Theory
1412:
1349:. Vol. 23, no. 3. p. 49.
1133:
1026:The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology
827:
767:
435:Electing representatives to Parliament
388:T.H. Marshall wrote a seminal essay on
2168:International Sociological Association
1797:Facets and Practices of State-Building
1587:
1517:
1388:
1367:
1364:. London: UCL Press. pp. 176–179.
1323:
1223:
1179:
1037:
1005:
810:
774:
357:International Sociological Association
2254:Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge
2059:The Right to Welfare and Other Essays
1482:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1211:
1209:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1094:
919:
917:
915:
913:
911:
909:
907:
905:
798:
712: – Legal membership in a country
369:Marshall died on 29 November 1981 in
231:"Citizenship and Social Class" (1950)
7:
2244:Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
2052:International Social Science Journal
1615:International Social Science Journal
898:. Sage Publications, Inc. p. 1.
839:
750: – book by Albert O. Hirschman
355:He was the fourth president of the
1836:10.1093/oso/9780198833048.003.0007
716:T.H. Marshall's Social Citizenship
14:
2144:National Portrait Gallery, London
1805:10.1163/ej.9789004174030.i-344.28
1282:. Cambridge: Polity, 1985, Ch. 8.
645:Modern political science pioneer
272:who is best known for his essay "
2196:British Sociological Association
1975:The British Journal of Sociology
1760:The British Journal of Sociology
1441:Vol. 45, No. 4: 457-483, p. 457.
970:The British Journal of Sociology
944:"T.H. [Thomas] Marshall"
519:'s discussion of citizenship in
2259:People educated at Rugby School
2234:20th-century English scientists
499:Nation Building and Citizenship
16:English sociologist (1893–1981)
2033:. London: Le Play House Press.
1:
2066:Further reading (on Marshall)
2029:Marshall, T. H. (ed.). 1938.
2024:Further reading (by Marshall)
2015:Citizenship and Social Theory
1280:The Nation-State and Violence
521:The Nation-State and Violence
38:
2101:Social Philosophy and Policy
1666:Kivisto, Peter, ed. (2010).
641:Philosophy of social science
383:Citizenship and Social Class
274:Citizenship and Social Class
2188:Baroness Wootton of Abinger
1867:Modern Intellectual History
330:Marshall became a tutor in
288:T. H. Marshall was born in
2285:
1497:10.1177/002071526400500112
1216:Turner, Bryan, S. (1984).
732: – Form of government
336:London School of Economics
306:Trinity College, Cambridge
219:London School of Economics
214:Trinity College, Cambridge
123:Trinity College, Cambridge
2202:
2192:
2184:
2174:
2164:
2156:
2151:
2108:Government and Opposition
1948:10.1007/978-3-030-10913-4
1894:Societies Without Borders
1888:Murray, Georgina (2007).
1880:10.1017/S1479244317000178
1703:10.4135/9781526416513.n25
1578:Government and Opposition
1439:Government and Opposition
1428:21(3)(1987): 339-354, 339
1314:Government and Opposition
1170:Government and Opposition
1074:"The Suffrage Interviews"
259:
255:
107:
103:
30:
2140:Thomas Humphrey Marshall
2115:Journal of Social Policy
2110:Vol. 45, No. 4: 457–483.
2092:Giddens, Anthony. 1982.
1938:Rocquin, Baudry (2019).
1906:10.1163/187219107X203577
1584:: 603 – via JSTOR.
1320:: 601 – via JSTOR.
1176:: 600 – via JSTOR.
748:The Rhetoric of Reaction
266:Thomas Humphrey Marshall
53:Thomas Humphrey Marshall
1146:Marshall, T.H. (1950).
477:," a liberalism with a
2264:Political sociologists
2057:Marshall, T. H. 1981.
2043:Marshall, T. H. 1963.
2036:Marshall, T. H. 1950.
1723:(1965). Introduction.
1721:Lipset, Seymour Martin
1668:Key Ideas in Sociology
1520:, pp. xvii–xviii.
1401:Bulmer & Rees 1996
681:
298:William Cecil Marshall
1670:. SAGE Publications.
1640:10.4324/9780203117279
1051:"ISA Past Presidents"
948:www.isa-sociology.org
894:Halsey, A.H. (1984).
676:
647:Seymour Martin Lipset
526:Marshall, along with
177:social stratification
2249:English sociologists
2075:. London: Routledge.
2061:. London: Heinemann.
2047:. London: Heinemann.
2017:. SAGE Publications.
1661:. London: UCL Press.
341:Marshall worked for
2122:Citizenship Studies
2080:Citizenship Studies
1040:, pp. 157–158.
659:L. T. Hobhouse
651:middle-range theory
432:Universal Suffrage
186:School or tradition
172:Political sociology
141:L. T. Hobhouse
112:Academic background
25:T. H. Marshall
857:www.britannica.com
725:Social citizenship
364:Catherine Marshall
240:Social citizenship
2212:
2211:
2203:Succeeded by
2194:President of the
2175:Succeeded by
2166:President of the
2160:Georges Friedmann
1957:978-3-030-10912-7
1845:978-0-19-883304-8
1824:Goldman, Lawrence
1814:978-90-474-2749-0
1712:978-1-5264-1651-3
1677:978-1-4833-4333-4
1649:978-0-203-11727-9
1532:, pp. 47–48.
1274:Anthony Giddens,
563:French Revolution
479:social conscience
377:Academic research
276:," a key work on
263:
262:
198:social liberalism
2276:
2206:Thomas Bottomore
2185:Preceded by
2157:Preceded by
2149:
2124:18:3-4: 452–464.
2054:25(1/2): 88–100.
2018:
2011:Turner, Bryan S.
2006:
1969:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1917:
1884:
1882:
1857: (2019b).
1856:
1849:
1818:
1791:
1757:
1750:
1744:
1737:
1728:
1716:
1688:
1681:
1662:
1653:
1622:
1600:
1599:
1593:
1585:
1575:
1566:
1560:
1554:
1548:
1542:
1533:
1527:
1521:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1484:
1465:
1464:
1453:
1442:
1435:
1429:
1422:
1416:
1410:
1404:
1398:
1392:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1373:
1365:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1347:Socialist Review
1342:
1336:
1335:
1329:
1321:
1311:
1302:
1296:
1289:
1283:
1272:
1266:
1255:
1249:
1242:
1236:
1235:
1229:
1221:
1213:
1204:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1185:
1177:
1167:
1158:
1152:
1151:
1143:
1137:
1131:
1125:
1118:
1109:
1102:
1089:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1047:
1041:
1035:
1029:
1022:
1009:
1003:
994:
993:
965:
959:
958:
956:
954:
940:
934:
933:
921:
900:
899:
891:
885:
879:
868:
867:
865:
863:
849:
843:
837:
831:
825:
814:
808:
802:
796:
790:
784:
778:
772:
753:
721:
655:Robert K. Merton
471:Second World War
463:Leonard Hobhouse
427:Political rights
193:Social democracy
81:
78:29 November 1981
63:19 December 1893
62:
60:
43:
40:
35:
21:
2284:
2283:
2279:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2274:
2273:
2214:
2213:
2208:
2199:
2190:
2180:
2171:
2162:
2131:
2117:24(3): 341–362.
2103:14(2): 197–230.
2068:
2026:
2021:
2009:
1972:
1958:
1937:
1928:
1926:
1887:
1854:
1852:
1846:
1821:
1815:
1794:
1755:
1753:
1742:
1740:
1731:
1719:
1713:
1691:Turner, Stephen
1686:
1684:
1678:
1665:
1656:
1650:
1625:
1612:
1608:
1603:
1586:
1573:
1568:
1567:
1563:
1555:
1551:
1543:
1536:
1528:
1524:
1516:
1512:
1486:
1485:
1468:
1461:Sociology Group
1455:
1454:
1445:
1436:
1432:
1423:
1419:
1411:
1407:
1399:
1395:
1391:, pp. 3–4.
1387:
1383:
1366:
1359:
1358:
1354:
1344:
1343:
1339:
1322:
1309:
1304:
1303:
1299:
1290:
1286:
1273:
1269:
1256:
1252:
1243:
1239:
1222:
1215:
1214:
1207:
1199:
1195:
1178:
1165:
1160:
1159:
1155:
1145:
1144:
1140:
1132:
1128:
1120:T. H.Marshall,
1119:
1112:
1104:T. H.Marshall,
1103:
1092:
1082:
1080:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1056:
1054:
1049:
1048:
1044:
1036:
1032:
1023:
1012:
1004:
997:
967:
966:
962:
952:
950:
942:
941:
937:
926:"T.H. Marshall"
923:
922:
903:
893:
892:
888:
880:
871:
861:
859:
851:
850:
846:
838:
834:
826:
817:
809:
805:
797:
793:
785:
781:
773:
769:
765:
760:
751:
736:Reinhard Bendix
719:
706:
664:conflict theory
643:
634:
625:
602:
539:
517:Anthony Giddens
505:Talcott Parsons
495:Reinhard Bendix
491:
386:
379:
313:First World War
286:
223:
202:
181:
145:
94:Political party
89:
83:
79:
70:
64:
58:
56:
55:
54:
44:
41:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2282:
2280:
2272:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2216:
2215:
2210:
2209:
2204:
2201:
2191:
2186:
2182:
2181:
2176:
2173:
2163:
2158:
2154:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2137:
2130:
2129:External links
2127:
2126:
2125:
2118:
2111:
2104:
2097:
2090:
2083:
2076:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2062:
2055:
2048:
2041:
2034:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2019:
2013:, ed. (1993).
2007:
1987:10.2307/591358
1981:(3): 385–396.
1970:
1956:
1935:
1900:(2): 222–242.
1885:
1873:(1): 155–184.
1850:
1844:
1819:
1813:
1792:
1772:10.2307/589730
1766:(4): 399–408.
1751:
1738:
1729:
1717:
1711:
1682:
1676:
1663:
1654:
1648:
1623:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1601:
1561:
1557:Marshall 1965b
1549:
1545:Marshall 1965b
1534:
1530:Marshall 1965a
1522:
1510:
1466:
1443:
1430:
1417:
1405:
1403:, p. 270.
1393:
1381:
1352:
1337:
1297:
1284:
1267:
1250:
1237:
1220:. p. 177.
1205:
1193:
1153:
1138:
1126:
1110:
1090:
1064:
1042:
1030:
1010:
995:
982:10.2307/589730
976:(4): 399–408.
960:
935:
924:Jackson, Ben.
901:
886:
884:, p. 399.
869:
844:
842:, p. 386.
832:
815:
813:, p. 223.
803:
791:
789:, p. 406.
779:
777:, p. 163.
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
755:
754:
745:
739:
733:
727:
722:
713:
705:
702:
642:
639:
633:
630:
624:
621:
601:
596:
570:William Wilson
538:
535:
490:
487:
475:new liberalism
467:Lord Beveridge
450:
449:
446:welfare rights
438:
437:
436:
433:
424:
423:
422:
419:
385:
380:
378:
375:
347:United Nations
319:candidate for
285:
282:
261:
260:
257:
256:
253:
252:
250:David Lockwood
247:
243:
242:
237:
233:
232:
229:
225:
224:
222:
221:
216:
210:
208:
204:
203:
201:
200:
195:
189:
187:
183:
182:
180:
179:
174:
168:
166:
165:Sub-discipline
162:
161:
156:
152:
151:
147:
146:
144:
143:
138:
132:
130:
126:
125:
120:
114:
113:
109:
108:
105:
104:
101:
100:
95:
91:
90:
84:
82:(aged 87)
76:
72:
71:
65:
52:
50:
46:
45:
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2281:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2207:
2198:
2197:
2189:
2183:
2179:
2170:
2169:
2161:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2123:
2119:
2116:
2112:
2109:
2105:
2102:
2098:
2095:
2091:
2088:
2084:
2082:2:2: 165–178.
2081:
2077:
2074:
2070:
2069:
2065:
2060:
2056:
2053:
2049:
2046:
2042:
2039:
2035:
2032:
2028:
2027:
2023:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1936:
1925:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1862:
1851:
1847:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1820:
1816:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1752:
1748:
1739:
1735:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1683:
1679:
1673:
1669:
1664:
1660:
1655:
1651:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1611:
1610:
1605:
1597:
1591:
1583:
1579:
1572:
1565:
1562:
1559:, p. 28.
1558:
1553:
1550:
1547:, p. 33.
1546:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1526:
1523:
1519:
1514:
1511:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1458:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1434:
1431:
1427:
1421:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1406:
1402:
1397:
1394:
1390:
1385:
1382:
1377:
1371:
1363:
1356:
1353:
1348:
1341:
1338:
1333:
1327:
1319:
1315:
1308:
1301:
1298:
1294:
1288:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1271:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1254:
1251:
1247:
1241:
1238:
1233:
1227:
1219:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1201:Marshall 1973
1197:
1194:
1189:
1183:
1175:
1171:
1164:
1157:
1154:
1149:
1142:
1139:
1135:
1130:
1127:
1123:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1079:
1075:
1068:
1065:
1052:
1046:
1043:
1039:
1034:
1031:
1027:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1008:, p. 91.
1007:
1002:
1000:
996:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
964:
961:
949:
945:
939:
936:
931:
927:
920:
918:
916:
914:
912:
910:
908:
906:
902:
897:
890:
887:
883:
882:Marshall 1973
878:
876:
874:
870:
858:
854:
848:
845:
841:
836:
833:
830:, p. 87.
829:
824:
822:
820:
816:
812:
807:
804:
801:, p. 95.
800:
795:
792:
788:
787:Marshall 1973
783:
780:
776:
771:
768:
762:
757:
749:
746:
743:
740:
737:
734:
731:
730:Welfare state
728:
726:
723:
717:
714:
711:
708:
707:
703:
701:
699:
694:
691:point to the
690:
685:
680:
675:
673:
669:
668:functionalist
665:
660:
656:
652:
648:
640:
638:
631:
629:
622:
620:
617:
613:
609:
607:
600:
597:
595:
591:
587:
583:
581:
577:
575:
571:
566:
564:
560:
559:Charles Tilly
556:
555:Tom Bottomore
550:
548:
544:
536:
534:
531:
529:
524:
522:
518:
514:
512:
508:
506:
502:
500:
496:
488:
486:
482:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
458:
454:
447:
442:
441:Social rights
439:
434:
431:
430:
428:
425:
420:
416:
415:
413:
410:
409:
408:
405:
403:
399:
395:
391:
384:
381:
376:
374:
372:
367:
365:
360:
359:(1959–1962).
358:
353:
351:
348:
344:
339:
337:
333:
328:
326:
325:1922 election
322:
318:
314:
309:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
283:
281:
279:
275:
271:
267:
258:
254:
251:
248:
244:
241:
238:
236:Notable ideas
234:
230:
228:Notable works
226:
220:
217:
215:
212:
211:
209:
205:
199:
196:
194:
191:
190:
188:
184:
178:
175:
173:
170:
169:
167:
163:
160:
157:
153:
150:Academic work
148:
142:
139:
137:
136:Lujo Brentano
134:
133:
131:
127:
124:
121:
119:
115:
110:
106:
102:
99:
96:
92:
87:
77:
73:
68:
51:
47:
34:
29:
22:
19:
2193:
2165:
2121:
2114:
2107:
2100:
2093:
2086:
2079:
2072:
2058:
2051:
2044:
2037:
2030:
2014:
1978:
1974:
1939:
1927:. Retrieved
1897:
1893:
1870:
1866:
1861:Longue Durée
1860:
1827:
1796:
1763:
1759:
1746:
1733:
1724:
1694:
1667:
1658:
1631:
1618:
1614:
1590:cite journal
1581:
1577:
1564:
1552:
1525:
1513:
1488:
1460:
1438:
1433:
1425:
1420:
1413:Kivisto 2018
1408:
1396:
1384:
1361:
1355:
1346:
1340:
1326:cite journal
1317:
1313:
1300:
1292:
1287:
1279:
1275:
1270:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1245:
1240:
1217:
1196:
1182:cite journal
1173:
1169:
1156:
1147:
1141:
1134:Kivisto 2010
1129:
1121:
1105:
1081:. Retrieved
1077:
1067:
1055:. Retrieved
1045:
1033:
1025:
973:
969:
963:
951:. Retrieved
947:
938:
929:
895:
889:
860:. Retrieved
856:
847:
835:
828:Rocquin 2019
806:
794:
782:
770:
742:Stein Rokkan
697:
686:
682:
677:
671:
644:
635:
626:
618:
614:
610:
605:
603:
598:
592:
588:
584:
580:Michael Mann
578:
567:
551:
542:
540:
532:
528:Stein Rokkan
525:
520:
515:
511:Stein Rokkan
509:
503:
498:
492:
483:
459:
455:
451:
440:
426:
412:Civil rights
411:
406:
387:
382:
368:
361:
354:
340:
329:
310:
302:Rugby School
287:
265:
264:
207:Institutions
80:(1981-11-29)
18:
2229:1981 deaths
2224:1893 births
1915:10072/17742
1628:Scott, John
1606:Works cited
1518:Lipset 1965
1389:Turner 1993
1038:Blyton 1982
1006:Bulmer 2007
811:Murray 2007
775:Moses 2019b
710:Citizenship
574:Janet Finch
390:citizenship
332:social work
278:citizenship
270:sociologist
42: 1950
2218:Categories
2200:1964–1969
2178:René König
2172:1959–1962
1929:4 December
1278:. Vol. 2.
1057:4 December
953:16 October
930:Britannica
799:Mason 2009
758:References
632:Criticisms
537:Criticisms
469:after the
294:Bloomsbury
246:Influenced
155:Discipline
129:Influences
118:Alma mater
59:1893-12-19
2089:18: 1–18.
2087:Sociology
1995:1468-4446
1966:165456397
1924:1872-1915
1780:0007-1315
1505:143117143
1426:Sociology
1370:cite book
1226:cite book
840:Rose 1996
763:Footnotes
623:Influence
489:Influence
398:political
371:Cambridge
284:Biography
159:Sociology
88:, England
86:Cambridge
69:, England
37:Marshall
1693:(eds.).
1246:Daedalus
704:See also
689:Marxists
687:Whereas
547:feminist
418:markets.
404:rights.
2142:at the
1826:(ed.).
1630:(ed.).
1491:: 126.
1083:11 June
862:21 June
543:England
400:, then
396:, then
334:at the
323:in the
321:Farnham
2003:591358
2001:
1993:
1964:
1954:
1922:
1853:
1842:
1811:
1788:589730
1786:
1778:
1754:
1741:
1709:
1685:
1674:
1646:
1503:
990:589730
988:
672:anomie
402:social
343:UNESCO
317:Labour
290:London
98:Labour
67:London
1999:JSTOR
1962:S2CID
1784:JSTOR
1574:(PDF)
1501:S2CID
1310:(PDF)
1166:(PDF)
986:JSTOR
394:civil
1991:ISSN
1952:ISBN
1931:2020
1920:ISSN
1840:ISBN
1809:ISBN
1776:ISSN
1707:ISBN
1672:ISBN
1644:ISBN
1621:(1).
1596:link
1376:link
1332:link
1232:link
1188:link
1085:2024
1059:2020
955:2021
864:2022
572:and
75:Died
49:Born
1983:doi
1944:doi
1910:hdl
1902:doi
1875:doi
1855:———
1832:doi
1801:doi
1768:doi
1756:———
1743:———
1699:doi
1687:———
1636:doi
1493:doi
978:doi
497:'s
2220::
1997:.
1989:.
1979:47
1977:.
1960:.
1950:.
1918:.
1908:.
1896:.
1892:.
1871:16
1869:.
1865:.
1838:.
1807:.
1782:.
1774:.
1764:24
1762:.
1705:.
1642:.
1619:91
1617:.
1592:}}
1588:{{
1582:53
1580:.
1576:.
1537:^
1499:.
1469:^
1459:.
1446:^
1372:}}
1368:{{
1328:}}
1324:{{
1318:53
1316:.
1312:.
1228:}}
1224:{{
1208:^
1184:}}
1180:{{
1174:53
1172:.
1168:.
1113:^
1093:^
1076:.
1013:^
998:^
984:.
974:24
972:.
946:.
928:.
904:^
872:^
855:.
818:^
565:.
373:.
366:.
308:.
39:c.
2005:.
1985::
1968:.
1946::
1933:.
1912::
1904::
1898:2
1883:.
1877::
1863:"
1848:.
1834::
1817:.
1803::
1790:.
1770::
1715:.
1701::
1680:.
1652:.
1638::
1598:)
1507:.
1495::
1463:.
1415:.
1378:)
1334:)
1234:)
1203:.
1190:)
1136:.
1087:.
1061:.
992:.
980::
957:.
932:.
866:.
448:.
61:)
57:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
