740:, in which the tit-tyrant flies upwards from its perch and then hovers midair while grabbing prey from the vegetation. A third and less frequently used strategy is flycatching, in which the bird flies away from its shrub to grab prey in midair. Prey can be grabbed either close to the bird's perch or at a short distance, which often requires the bird to pursue its prey. When pairs flycatch cooperatively, one bird quietly lurks within the shrub while the other snatches nearby insects; after about a dozen attacks, the birds switch positions.
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further down the breast and along the sides. The belly is a pale yellow which fades as the plumage becomes more worn, while the bird's legs are black. Males and females are similar in appearance, although females are typically smaller and may have smaller crests. Juvenile tufted tit-tyrants are duller in coloration and have a shorter crest; the juvenile's wingbars are also
725:. A tit-tyrant tends to land near the base of the shrub and make its way upwards while frequently flicking its tail upwards and shuddering its wings. It has also been observed pivoting on its perch throughout this process. While foraging, the tufted tit-tyrant averages three attacks on prey items per minute. Its feeding style has been compared to that of a
695:
732:
The tufted tit-tyrant uses three different hunting strategies to catch its prey. Gleaning insects from a perch is its primary hunting strategy; while gleaning, the bird sits upright with its wings dropped below the tail, which is pointing straight down. From this position the tit-tyrant scans upwards
650:
This tit-tyrant appears to be territorial in defending what it regards as its feeding territory, although it only displays territorial behavior against other tufted tit-tyrants. Birds defending their territory, either alone or in a pair, tend to begin their defense by calling rapidly and displaying
298:
and postocular stripes. Its dull grayish-brown back contrasts with its white throat and breast that are covered with black streaks and pale, unmarked yellow underbelly. There are few noticeable differences in plumage between the subspecies. It is a vocal flycatcher with a broad repertoire of songs.
780:
because of its large range of 2,640,000 km (1,020,000 sq mi) and stable population, which, although not officially estimated, is believed to be well above 10,000 individuals. It is uncommon to locally common throughout its range. This species is considered to have a low sensitivity
501:
is black. This tit-tyrant's back is a dull, grayish brown, and the wings and tail are a duskier shade of this color. The wings also feature two narrow white wingbars, while the outer tail feathers are white. The throat and breast are white and covered in dark gray to black streaks, which thin out
748:
This flycatcher typically raises two broods a year. The northern populations nest from
January to June, while the southern populations nest from August to January. The male tufted tit-tyrant is aggressive during the breeding season, frequently chasing potential rivals in undulating flights while
630:
birds, neither colonizing recently burned areas nor waiting for the area to completely recover. This tit-tyrant is most frequently found between 1,800 and 3,500 meters (5,900 and 11,500 ft), though it can be found at sea level in Chile and up to 4,200 meters (13,800 ft) in the Andes.
768:, and small feathers line the interior of the cup. The tufted tit-tyrant's nests are remarkably homogeneous, varying only slightly in composition. Two to three creamy yellow eggs are laid in the nest. The eggs have an average size of 15.1 mm (0.59 in) by 11.8 mm (0.46 in).
655:, such as bill wiping or wing flaring. They then raise their crest and chase the other tit-tyrant through the shrubs, occasionally physically attacking the intruder. The victorious tit-tyrant then returns to its normal foraging behavior. The southern subspecies,
683:; flocks of thirty tufted tit-tyrants in these mixed-species foraging groups have been reported. Birds in pairs tend to feed leapfrog style and maintain constant visual contact with each other. This species feeds at all strata of its habitat from the
302:
This tit-tyrant defends its territory only against other tit-tyrants and, except for the southernmost population, is non-migratory. The tufted tit-tyrant feeds mainly on a variety of insects that it hunts on or from small shrubs, typically by perch
1255:
675:. It is also known to eat seeds in rare circumstances. It is an active forager that hunts in pairs or, after the breeding season, small family groups. It has also been known to feed with
760:, often beside a stream, clearings, or path, and is frequently well hidden. The nest is small and compact, and is made in the shape of an open cup. The cup is made of root fibers,
485:
is typically conspicuous and is often parted, giving the impression that the bird has two crests. The crest's feathers are black and emerge from the center of the bird's black
517:
has more variation from the nominate subspecies as it is paler gray overall, particularly on the crown, and the wingbars and breast streaks are broader and more distinct.
307:. It normally hunts in pairs. The breeding season varies for this bird depending on its geographical location. Two to three eggs are normally laid twice a year in a
1580:
481:
The tufted tit-tyrant is a small bird, averaging 9.5 to 11 centimeters (3.7 to 4.3 in) in length and weighing about 6 grams (0.21 oz). Its long, recurved
275:
and shrublands; however, it is a habitat generalist and can be found across a wide range of ecosystems. The tufted tit-tyrant has three subspecies, including the
513:
tends to be browner than the nominate subspecies in its upperparts, with broader and more extensive breast streaks and broader and more distinct white wingbars.
1619:
970:
Roy, Michael S.; Torres-Mura, Juan Carlos; Hertel, Fritz (February 1999). "Molecular
Phylogeny and Evolutionary History of the Tit-Tyrants (Aves: Tyrannidae)".
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When feeding, this flycatcher makes many short flights from perch to perch, preferring to hunt in shrubs with small leaves, particularly those from the genera
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mountains throughout the northern portions of its range, while in the south its range broadens to include the coast. It has also been recorded as a
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into the vegetation for three to five seconds before attacking, making them surprisingly deliberate hunters for a small flycatcher.
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family
Tyrannidae. This species is found in western South America; its range stretches from southern Colombia south along the
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489:, although occasionally there is a small patch of white hidden by the crest. The head is black overall with a white
74:
1624:
1331:
del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew & Christie, David, eds. (2004). "Volume 9: Cotingas to Pipits and
Wagtails".
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are commonly known as tit-tyrants because their active foraging behavior and crests are reminiscent of the true
1632:
929:
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384:
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1313:
A Wildlife Guide to Chile: Continental Chile, Chilean
Antarctica, Easter Island, Juan Fernandez Archipelago
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are made in a slow series of calls. When foraging in pairs, tufted tit-tyrants have been observed using a
1457:
679:, although this behavior is abnormal. When this does occur, it is most frequently seen foraging with the
353:; however, there is no definitive evidence supporting this claim. The tufted tit-tyrant was described as
294:. It is very small with a distinctive and conspicuous crest. The bird's head is black overall with white
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to northern
Argentina after the breeding season; the other populations appear to be non-migratory.
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call to stay in contact with each other. The species' contact call has been described as a
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Engilis Jr., Andrew; Kelt, Douglas A. (2009). "Foraging
Behavior of Tufted Tit-Tyrants (
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1260:(PHILIPPI, 1857) (Aves: Passeriformes: Tyrannidae) from Robinson Crusoe Island, Chile"
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from southern
Colombia to western Bolivia and northern Argentina. It was described by
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family
Tyrannidae and is believed to be most closely related to the tyrannulet genera
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1256:"First reproductive records and nest sites of the endemic Juan Fernández Tit-tyrant
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as the
Cachudito, which means "little longhorn" in reference to the bird's crest.
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This flycatcher has a loud, high-pitched song. It is also known to give a fast
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and lined with small feathers. The tufted tit-tyrant is listed as a species of
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587:. It is the most abundant and widely distributed of the tit-tyrant species.
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458:, is found in western Argentina and was described by Austrian ornithologist
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146:
126:
86:
991:
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627:
1650:
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1337:. Vol. 9. Cotingas to Pipits and Wagtails. Barcelona: Lynx Editions.
1149:"Tufted Tit-Tyrant (Anairetes parulus)- BirdLife International Factsheet"
614:
552:
308:
106:
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described the tufted tit-tyrant in 1830. The tufted tit-tyrant's genus,
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626:. It seems to move back into fire-stricken areas at a normal rate for
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543:. The tufted tit-tyrant is also known to give a long, weak trill.
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There are few variations in plumage between the three subspecies.
469:
435:
264:
1223:"Effects of Fire on Birds in Paramo Habitat of Northern Ecuador"
560:
498:
450:, is found in western Chile and in southwest Argentina south to
379:; however, this genus was too similar to the pre-existing genus
256:
116:
1417:
1106:(3). Lawrence, KS: The Wilson Ornithological Society: 585–592.
395:
was eventually abolished and the tit-tyrants were returned to
1236:(2). Quebec: The Neotropical Ornithological Society: 155–163.
943:(3). Lancaster, PA: The American Ornithologists' Union: 453.
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and was described by Kittlitz in 1830. The third subspecies,
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in the family Paridae, while the genus itself is part of the
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1004:
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843:
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The second most prevalent hunting strategy observed is
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The tufted tit-tyrant is a generalist feeder that eats
1426:
434:is the northernmost subspecies and is found in the
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1273:. Dresden: Museum für Tierkunde Dresden: 177–190.
1052:
823:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22699406A93730121.en
594:and shrublands. Despite this preference, it is a
506:and there is no hidden white spot on the crown.
1349:. Ithaca, NY: Comstock Publishing Associates.
1221:Koenen, Marcus T.; Koenen, Sarah Gale (2000).
399:. The tufted tit-tyrant is believed to form a
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1376:. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
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524:underbelly is also a paler yellow to white.
1372:Neotropical Birds: Ecology and Conservation
1347:The Birds of Ecuador Volume II: Field Guide
1204:
1202:
1200:
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1141:
781:towards human disturbances in its habitat.
551:The tufted tit-tyrant has been recorded in
391:for it and the other tit-tyrants. However,
365:, Chile. It was later moved from the genus
1414:
1087:
1085:
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426:The tufted tit-tyrant has three described
419:family. The tufted tit-tyrant is known in
195:
48:
29:
20:
1364:Stotz, Douglas F.; Fitzpatrick, John W.;
1316:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
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978:(1). Waltham, MA: Academic Press: 67–76.
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529:chuit-chuit-chuit-chuit-chuit-chidi-didi
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531:song, and occasionally single notes of
497:is creamy white to pale yellow and the
361:in 1830 from a specimen collected near
319:due to its large range and population.
930:"A New Name for Anairetes Reichenbach"
1192:del Hoyo, Elliott & Christie 2004
1171:"Tufted Tit-tyrant Anairetes parulus"
1005:del Hoyo, Elliott & Christie 2004
972:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
913:del Hoyo, Elliott & Christie 2004
844:del Hoyo, Elliott & Christie 2004
290:, and is very closely related to the
7:
1740:Taxa named by Heinrich von Kittlitz
1710:IUCN Red List least concern species
1096:) in Semiarid Northcentral Chile".
809:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
776:The tufted tit-tyrant is listed as
229:
216:
1368:& Moskovits, Debra K. (1996).
1334:Handbook of the Birds of the World
493:and postocular stripe. The bird's
446:in 1884. The nominate subspecies,
311:made of root fibers, grasses, and
14:
1099:The Wilson Journal of Ornithology
575:. It is mostly restricted to the
73:
798:BirdLife International (2016).
618:bamboo, disturbed humid scrub,
590:Its preferred habitat is upper
511:Anairetes parulus aequatorialis
432:Anairetes parulus aequatorialis
1345:; Greenfield, Paul J. (2001).
1173:. BirdLife International. 2012
1151:. BirdLife International. 2009
612:woodland, brushy forests with
371:, which today solely contains
271:. It prefers to live in upper
1:
1053:Ridgely & Greenfield 2001
677:mixed-species foraging flocks
1400:on the xeno canto collection
703:in tufted tit-tyrant habitat
1720:Birds of the Northern Andes
1310:Chester, Sharon R. (2008).
764:, grasses, and the down of
1756:
749:making a whirring sound.
405:Juan Fernández tit-tyrant
292:Juan Fernández tit-tyrant
280:Anairetes parulus parulus
210:
203:
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70:Scientific classification
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37:
28:
23:
1267:Zoologische Abhandlungen
1258:Anairetes fernandezianus
816:: e.T22699406A93730121.
752:The tufted tit-tyrant's
547:Distribution and habitat
1735:Birds described in 1830
1366:Parker III, Theodore A.
1230:Ornitologia Neotropical
407:. Members of the genus
385:Harry Church Oberholser
984:10.1006/mpev.1998.0563
756:is built in shrubs or
704:
647:
478:
1287:. Aves de Chile. 2012
697:
681:thorn-tailed rayadito
653:displacement behavior
643:A tufted tit-tyrant,
642:
598:and is also found in
474:A tufted tit-tyrant,
473:
444:Władysław Taczanowski
373:Old World flycatchers
359:Heinrich von Kittlitz
329:Heinrich von Kittlitz
926:Oberholser, Harry C.
460:Carl Eduard Hellmayr
227:Spitzitornis parulus
1254:Hahn, Ingo (2006).
700:Porlieria chilensis
645:A. p. aequatorialis
476:A. p. aequatorialis
284:A. p. aequatorialis
277:nominate subspecies
40:Conservation status
1730:Birds of Argentina
1343:Ridgely, Robert S.
705:
648:
596:habitat generalist
479:
440:Hans von Berlepsch
387:erected the genus
255:) is a species of
24:Tufted tit-tyrant
1697:
1696:
1687:Anairetes-parulus
1659:Open Tree of Life
1472:Anairetes_parulus
1458:Anairetes parulus
1428:Anairetes parulus
1420:Taxon identifiers
1323:978-0-691-12975-4
1209:Stotz et al. 1996
1133:Stotz et al. 1996
1094:Anairetes parulus
802:Anairetes parulus
657:A. p. patagonicus
620:temperate forests
519:A. p. patagonicus
515:A. p. patagonicus
456:A. p. patagonicus
417:tyrant flycatcher
355:Muscicapa parulus
339:tyrant flycatcher
288:A. p. patagonicus
261:tyrant flycatcher
252:Anairetes parulus
247:tufted tit-tyrant
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1280:
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1235:
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1224:
1217:
1214:
1211:, p. 226
1210:
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1193:
1188:
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1135:, p. 343
1134:
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1054:
1049:
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1033:
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1023:
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1006:
1001:
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985:
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946:
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928:(July 1920).
927:
921:
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915:, p. 282
914:
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845:
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778:Least Concern
771:
769:
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763:
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448:A. p. parulus
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170:Binomial name
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127:Passeriformes
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55:Least Concern
45:
41:
36:
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27:
22:
19:
1427:
1371:
1346:
1332:
1312:
1289:. Retrieved
1279:
1270:
1266:
1257:
1233:
1229:
1216:
1187:
1175:. Retrieved
1165:
1153:. Retrieved
1128:
1103:
1097:
1093:
1022:Chester 2008
1000:
975:
971:
965:
940:
936:
920:
839:
827:. Retrieved
813:
807:
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772:Conservation
751:
747:
744:Reproduction
735:
731:
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600:elfin forest
589:
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510:
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480:
475:
455:
447:
431:
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408:
401:superspecies
396:
393:Spitzitornis
392:
389:Spitzitornis
388:
380:
376:
366:
354:
348:
344:Mecocerculus
342:
337:, is in the
332:
326:
301:
287:
283:
279:
251:
250:
246:
244:
236:, 1830)
226:
213:
178:
176:
160:
159:
147:
18:
1633:Neotropical
1568:iNaturalist
1452:Wikispecies
1304:Cited texts
1285:"Cachudito"
829:17 November
541:pluit-pluit
466:Description
222:, 1830
1704:Categories
1682:Xeno-canto
785:References
685:understory
491:supraloral
428:subspecies
363:ValparaĂso
350:Serpophaga
296:supraloral
137:Tyrannidae
1715:Anairetes
722:Porlieria
716:Baccharis
609:Polylepis
569:Argentina
537:perr-reet
462:in 1920.
409:Anairetes
403:with the
397:Anairetes
381:Anaeretes
377:Anairetes
368:Muscicapa
334:Anairetes
155:Species:
148:Anairetes
93:Kingdom:
87:Eukaryota
1612:22699406
1586:11168340
1498:22699406
1493:BirdLife
1437:Wikidata
1120:86182685
992:10082611
766:thistles
661:migrates
635:Behavior
615:Chusquea
553:Colombia
323:Taxonomy
305:gleaning
233:Kittlitz
219:Kittlitz
205:Synonyms
187:Kittlitz
133:Family:
107:Chordata
103:Phylum:
97:Animalia
83:Domain:
60:IUCN 3.1
1674:2334753
1638:tuttyr1
1560:2482688
1547:tuttyr1
1521:tuttyr1
1480:Avibase
1443:Q698551
1291:3 April
1177:3 April
957:4073276
937:The Auk
762:lichens
727:kinglet
710:Adesmia
687:to the
673:insects
583:in the
581:vagrant
565:Bolivia
557:Ecuador
421:Spanish
313:lichens
259:in the
189:, 1830)
143:Genus:
123:Order:
113:Class:
58: (
1671:uBio:
1664:133180
1599:558575
1409:Videos
1380:
1353:
1320:
1118:
990:
955:
758:bamboo
719:, and
689:canopy
628:páramo
622:, and
571:, and
522:'s
286:, and
1651:73865
1625:83300
1581:IRMNG
1573:16433
1542:eBird
1534:66K3Y
1518:BOW:
1511:54330
1263:(PDF)
1226:(PDF)
1155:2 May
1116:S2CID
953:JSTOR
933:(PDF)
577:Andes
573:Chile
533:chuit
504:buffy
487:crown
483:crest
436:Andes
383:, so
375:, to
265:Andes
1620:NCBI
1607:IUCN
1594:ITIS
1555:GBIF
1506:BOLD
1378:ISBN
1351:ISBN
1318:ISBN
1293:2012
1179:2012
1157:2010
988:PMID
831:2021
814:2016
754:nest
667:Diet
561:Peru
499:bill
495:iris
442:and
413:tits
347:and
257:bird
245:The
117:Aves
1529:CoL
1467:ADW
1108:doi
1104:121
980:doi
945:doi
818:doi
357:by
1706::
1684::
1661::
1648::
1635::
1622::
1609::
1596::
1583::
1570::
1557::
1544::
1531::
1508::
1495::
1482::
1469::
1454::
1439::
1271:55
1269:.
1265:.
1242:^
1234:11
1232:.
1228:.
1199:^
1140:^
1114:.
1102:.
1060:^
1029:^
1012:^
986:.
976:11
974:.
951:.
941:37
939:.
935:.
851:^
812:.
806:.
729:.
713:,
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659:,
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567:,
563:,
559:,
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282:,
1386:.
1359:.
1326:.
1295:.
1181:.
1159:.
1122:.
1110::
994:.
982::
959:.
947::
833:.
820::
804:"
800:"
249:(
231:(
185:(
62:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
