159:
243:
258:, which is made up of one village. There are constituent organs to the aul, namely the Jamaat, or Village Council, and the Council of Elders. These too differ in size from group to group. The Avar village community usually consists of one or two auls, with more being unusual but not unheard of. The Dargin village community, meanwhile, is almost always one to two auls with between 200 and 1,000 members.
218:, with several "gar" (sub-clans). Teips such as Mälkhi and Terloy for example are traditionally two teips, consisting of several "gar". These teips have all the characteristics of a Chechen teip. Mamakaev incorrectly wrote down these large teips as "tukkhum" and their gars as teips under this tukkhum, even though they were never teips, but merely branches of that specific teip.
234:
societies, among others. There are, however, differences from group to group in the reach of the term among the different groups. In Avar and Dargin society, the tukhum contains 200-300 members, though Dargin society has the added layer of the Jin, a smaller extended family. Within a tukhum, endogamy
274:
While there is a version of the tukhum in Lezgin society, it requires elaboration. The Lezgin version of the tukhum has all but vanished. While the aul was, like the Avar and Dargin auls, the basis of Lezgin society in pre-revolutionary times, the aul and the Jamaat have lost their role. The reasons
142:
Numerous studies carried out by us in the field of ethnology, history, folklore, systematology, leave no doubt that the term "tukkhum" not only was and is not part of the
Chechen ethnos, but also directly contradicts the systemic structure of the Chechen people. The concept of "tukkhum" introduces a
265:
to entrench themselves in
Dagestani society – rather than seeking to replace these older systems, the Tariqa exists alongside them and acts as a unifying feature. This entrenchment of the tariqa into the system of tukhums and auls created a regional variant of Sufism called Tariqatism. In contrast,
275:
for this range from their homeland being more open to external influence, culturally from neighbouring Azeris and politically from the USSR, as well as the loss of the Lezgin Tariqa to the USSR's state atheism and the more recent penetration of
Salafism into Lezgin society.
69:
but established for specific purposes, such as military alliances and economic trade; that the tukkhum occupied a specific territory, which was inhabited by the members of the tukkhum. He also stated that each tukkhum spoke a different dialect of the same
507:Тесаев З.А. Институт “Мехк-Дай” в истории Чечни (Х\ I — 1-и треть XIX в.). — Грозный: Академия наук Чеченской Республики ; ФГУП Издательско-полиграфический комплекс «Грозненский рабочий», 2019. — 688 с. — 1000 экз. — ISBN 978-5-4314-0386-6.
74:. Despite this, it is still a relatively important social grouping, as seen through various Chechen authors and scholars using it in their descriptions of the Vainakh social structure, as well as its feature on the coat of arms of the
266:
Salafism and
Wahhabism, which have entered the spiritual life of Dagestanis since the fall of the Soviet Union, have gained popularity in that they allow one freedom from this very system and a different sense of belonging.
137:
Several
Chechen historians and Linguists such as A. Tesaev and N. N. Albekov have criticized the term "tukkhum" and its implementation by Mamakaev. Albekov especially considers the term destructive to the Chechen nation:
117:
Kharadze in 1968, that
Mamakaev is the basis for the Chechen use of tukkhum to make the social structure of the Chechens more complex and interesting, despite the meaning of tukkhum not being clear in the
693:(1936). "Правовой институт тайпизма и процесс его разложения" [The legal institution of taipism and the process of its decomposition]. In Арсанов, С.; Мамакаев, М.; Авторханов, А. (eds.).
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peoples, noted that the term "tukkhum" was completely foreign to most
Chechens as it was only used by some societies in the lowlands. According to him, most Chechens only referred to their
254:
As opposed to the
Chechen tukkhum, which is considered as being superior to the teip, the Dagestani tukhum is almost always a subdivision of the village community, known as the
226:
The tukhum is a prominent social grouping among the
Dagestani highlanders. The etymology is considered to be the same as described above. The tukhum is found in Avar,
446:
396:
143:
destructive chaos in the orderliness of the
Chechen ethnic systems, removing dozens of Chechen teips (clans) from structural organization of the Chechen people.
86:
The term is of foreign origin and some suggest that it comes from the old Persian word "tauhma" which meant kin or tribe. Tukkhum is a term often used by
694:
110:. The term is used to describe different clan structures for different ethnicities and does not mean the same thing from one ethnicity to the other.
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To the Chechens, it was introduced by Mamakaev in 1962 and it has been used in Chechen historical studies ever since. It is noted by the
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716:
641:"Islamic Politics at the Sub-regional Level in Dagestan: Tariqa Brotherhoods, Ethnicities, Localism and the Spiritual Board"
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is practiced, vendettas are observed and there is a strong feeling of kinship. These inter-tukhum relations were managed by
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163:
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462:
Ancestral life and common law of the Chechens and Ingush / Preparation of the publication and foreword by U. B. Dalgat
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However, this has been heavily criticized as some of the tukkhums mentioned were, in fact, nothing more than large
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765:
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in 1962. This system does not properly apply to the Chechen nation and the social structure of Chechen clans.
87:
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Mamakaev proposed that the Chechen tukkhum was a type of military-economic union between certain groups of
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39:
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N. N. Albekov, "Antisocial nature of the term "Tukkhum" in the ethnic system of Nohchi (Chechens)"
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54:) is a term and system introduced in the 1960s, most notably by Soviet Chechen writer
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672:
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487:"Antisocial nature of the term Tukkhum in the ethnic system of Nohchi (Chechens)"
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Kharadze, R.L. (1968). "Некоторые стороны сельскообщинного быта горных ингушей".
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122:. The famous 19th century historian Bashir Dalgat who studied extensively the
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134:(especially in the highlands) and never knew of or used the term "tukkhum".
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519:Тени вечности. Чеченцы: архитектура, история, духовные традиции
696:Известия Чечено-Ингушского научно-исследовательского института
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Pilkington, Hilary; Yemelianova, Galina, eds. (2003-08-27).
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Chechen taip (bloodline) in the period of its decomposition
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Chechen taip (bloodline) in the period of its decomposition
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Matsuzato, Kimitaka; Ibragimov, Magomed-Rasul (July 2005).
464:. Institute of World Literature named after A. M. Gorky.
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701:
Proceedings of the Chechen-Ingush Research Institute
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The tukhum and the aul have been the basis for Sufi
359:To the question about "Tuhum/Tohum/Tukhum/Tukham"
703:] (in Russian). Vol. 1 (1st ed.).
166:had nine stars on it to represent each tukkhum.
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408:
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90:for a tribe or family, and is found among the
170:According to Mamakaev there were 9 tukkhums:
8:
740:Чеченский тайп (род) в период его разложения
718:Чеченский тайп (род) в период его разложения
383:Чеченский тайп (род) в период его разложения
239:, customary laws among the various peoples.
445:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
395:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
556:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
552:Bennigsen, A., and Wimbush, S.E., 1986.
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751:: Чеч.-Инг. кн. изд-во. pp. 1–100.
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729:: Чеч.-Инг. кн. изд-во. pp. 1–47.
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433:Отраслевая лексика дагестанских языков
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246:Ukhul Village, Dagestan. The Village (
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385:(1973 ed.). Grozny. p. 16.
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415:Кавказский этнографический сборник
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604:Yemelianova, Galina M. (2002).
707:: Чечингиздат. pp. 55–79.
26:
1:
164:Chechen Republic of Ichkeria
76:Chechen Republic of Ichkeria
572:Islam in Post-Soviet Russia
34:
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431:Khalilov, Madzhid (1984).
381:Mamakaev, Magomed (1934).
657:10.1080/09668130500126577
295:Ethnic autonomous regions
417:. Tbilisi: 165–169, 176.
356:Nataev, Shapudi (2015).
162:The coat of arms of the
517:Ilyasov, Lecha (2004).
460:Dalgat, Bashir (2008).
154:Proposed tukkhum system
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616:10.1057/9780230288102
581:10.4324/9780203217696
485:Albekov, N.N (2021).
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645:Europe-Asia Studies
300:Kinship and descent
362:. pp. 267–269
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625:978-1-349-40054-6
590:978-1-134-43187-8
471:978-5-9208-0307-8
222:Dagestani tukhums
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88:North Caucasians
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56:Magomet Mamakaev
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521:. p. 332.
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40:Old Persian
760:Categories
331:References
100:Tabasarans
673:155085242
665:0966-8136
441:cite book
391:cite book
366:2 January
201:Cheberloy
82:Etymology
737:(1973).
715:(1962).
497:: 82–86.
315:Chechnya
310:Dagestan
279:See also
189:Orstkhoy
146:—
108:Lezghins
94:such as
749:Грозный
727:Грозный
705:Грозный
491:Vestnik
198:Chantiy
175:Mälkhiy
124:Chechen
38:; from
23:Chechen
18:Tukkhum
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622:
587:
468:
263:Tariqa
228:Dargin
208:Shatoy
204:Sharoy
194:Terloy
184:Ovkhoy
128:Ingush
106:, and
104:Kumyks
27:Тукхам
743:[
721:[
699:[
669:S2CID
326:Notes
305:Tribe
216:teips
96:Avars
63:teips
35:Tuqam
661:ISSN
620:ISBN
585:ISBN
466:ISBN
447:link
397:link
368:2020
290:Clan
285:Teip
237:Adat
132:teip
126:and
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248:Aul
232:Lak
44:tau
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