4418:
3527:
671:
660:
4457:
6441:
732:
Also, the analysis of certain Old
Persian inscriptions are "supposed or claimed" to predate Darius the Great. Although it is true that the oldest attested Old Persian inscriptions are found on the Behistun monument from Darius, the creation of this "new type of writing" seems, according to Schmitt,
3807:
Middle
Persian, also called Pahlavi is a direct continuation of old Persian, and was used as the written official language of the country." "However, after the Moslem conquest and the collapse of the Sassanids, Arabic became the dominant language of the country and Pahlavi lost its importance, and
570:
The language known as New
Persian, which usually is called at this period (early Islamic times) by the name of Parsi-Dari, can be classified linguistically as a continuation of Middle Persian, the official religious and literary language of Sassanian Iran, itself a continuation of Old Persian, the
696:
The origin of the Old
Persian cuneiform script and the identification of the date and process of introduction are a matter of debate among Iranian scholars with no general agreement having been reached. The factors making the consensus difficult are, among others, the difficult passage
629:. The Median element is readily identifiable because it did not share in the developments that were peculiar to Old Persian. Median forms "are found only in personal or geographical names and some are typically from religious vocabulary and so could in principle also be influenced by
424:
records, which in fact appear to provide the earliest evidence for ancient
Iranian (Persian and Median) presence on the Iranian Plateau, give a good chronology but only an approximate geographical indication of what seem to be ancient Persians. In these records of the 9th century BCE,
3826:
As already mentioned, it is not likely that the scribes of
Sassanian chanceries had any idea about the Old Persian cuneiform writing and the language couched in it. Still, the Middle Persian language that appeared in the third century AD may be seen as a continuation of Old
610:, also sometimes called Pahlavi, is a direct continuation of Old Persian and was used as the written official language of the country. Comparison of the evolution at each stage of the language shows great simplification in grammar and syntax. However,
5566:
4252:, Volume 1, Issue 1 of Vanderbilt University studies ATLA monograph preservation program Volume 3384 of Harvard College Library preservation microfilm program (reprint ed.), Vanderbilt University,
740:
The script shows a few changes in the shape of characters during the period it was used. This can be seen as a standardization of the heights of wedges, which in the beginning (i.e. in
402:
The oldest date of use of Old
Persian as a spoken language is not precisely known. According to certain historical assumptions about the early history and origin of ancient Persians in
4232:
Ancient
Persian lexicon and the texts of the Achaemenidan inscriptions transliterated and translated with special reference to their recent re-examination, by Herbert Cushing Tolman ..
4215:
Ancient
Persian lexicon and the texts of the Achaemenidan inscriptions transliterated and translated with special reference to their recent re-examination, by Herbert Cushing Tolman ..
1182:
6221:
469:
it is probable that Old
Persian had already been spoken before the formation of the Achaemenid Empire and was spoken during most of the first half of the first millennium BCE.
6988:
4319:
Stolper, Matthew W.; Tavernier, Jan (2007). "From the Persepolis Fortification Archive Project, 1: An Old Persian Administrative Tablet from the Persepolis Fortification".
515:, and many Median names appear in Old Persian texts. The group of Old Iranian languages was presumably large; however, knowledge of it is restricted mainly to Old Persian,
693:
script, the script was not a direct continuation of Mesopotamian tradition and in fact, according to Schmitt, was a "deliberate creation of the sixth century BCE".
3861:
in earlier times, as the Elamites and other peoples of the Near East had, and, for that matter, why the Persians did not adopt the Aramaic consonantal script.."
633:." "Sometimes, both Median and Old Persian forms are found, which gave Old Persian a somewhat confusing and inconsistent look: 'horse,' for instance, is both
5156:
4384:
6809:
5604:
5571:
5540:
4406:
4111:
Ancient Persian Lexicon and the Texts of the Achaemenidan Inscriptions Transliterated and Translated with Special Reference to Their Recent Re-examination
543:
differ enough from the language of Darius' inscriptions to be called a "pre-Middle Persian," or "post-Old Persian." Old Persian subsequently evolved into
5530:
5199:
4275:
The Behistan inscription of King Darius: translation and critical notes to the Persian text with special reference to recent re-examinations of the rock
4249:
The Behistan inscription of King Darius: translation and critical notes to the Persian text with special reference to recent re-examinations of the rock
6983:
6865:
6214:
685:. The usage of logograms is not obligatory. The script was surprisingly not a result of evolution of the script used in the nearby civilisation of
6426:
5556:
4717:
6993:
4446:
367:
unearthed Old Persian tablets, which suggest Old Persian was a written language in use for practical recording and not only for royal display.
3677:
4375:
4363:
3927:
1115:
6556:
6207:
5561:
4873:
4303:
1097:
519:, and Median. The first two are the only languages in that group to have left written original texts, while Median is known mostly from
603:
and is differentiated by dialectical features, still easily recognizable from the dialect prevailing in north-western and eastern Iran.
5535:
5030:
5025:
4722:
4071:
4052:
4013:
3985:
6283:
4441:
4257:
4198:
Cuneiform supplement (autographed) to the author's Ancient Persian lexicon and texts: with brief historical synopsis of the language
3976:
Handbuch der Altertumswissenschaft: Alter Orient-Griechische Geschichte-Römische Geschichte. Band III,7: The History of Ancient Iran
681:
Old Persian texts were written from left to right in the syllabic Old Persian cuneiform script and had 36 phonetic characters and 8
6947:
4787:
4639:
1049:
1008:
360:
5597:
4399:
952:
234:
6860:
6844:
5192:
4471:
122:
6978:
6886:
4727:
3540:
1015:
6896:
6631:
5224:
4678:
1185:
1035:
999:
571:
language of the Achaemenids. Unlike the other languages and dialects, ancient and modern, of the Iranian group such as
6952:
6834:
6829:
6764:
5232:
4878:
4816:
3808:
was gradually replaced by Dari, a variety of Middle Persian, with considerable loan elements from Arabic and Parthian.
981:
775:
35:
4332:
1253:
vowel had developed already in the Old Persian period, which later became after labials. For example, Old Persian
6957:
6566:
6440:
5590:
4933:
4575:
4392:
4350:
3915:
1106:
961:
913:
899:
806:
713:
King Darius says: By the grace of Ahuramazda this is the inscription which I have made. Besides, it was in Aryan ("
6641:
6456:
6040:
5877:
5652:
5509:
5293:
5185:
4821:
2279:
1454:
1042:
972:
512:
117:
1331:
word-initially in New Persian, except before (including the epenthetic vowel mentioned above), where it became
6596:
6238:
4704:
4550:
3589:
787:
719:") script, and it was composed on clay tablets and on parchment. Besides, a sculptured figure of myself I made.
244:
4868:
4095:
3886:
6906:
6839:
6733:
6586:
6504:
6499:
6105:
5483:
5348:
4919:
4827:
4745:
4514:
929:
920:
906:
626:
492:
392:
208:
175:
102:
6937:
6789:
6548:
5627:
5283:
5240:
5140:
4912:
4898:
4884:
4436:
2659:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1311:
1259:
1246:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1206:
1172:
812:
793:
781:
388:
107:
6606:
6186:
5456:
5104:
4773:
4624:
4099:
1087:
1073:
879:
870:
654:
488:
364:
265:
154:
5968:
6814:
6824:
6784:
6263:
6023:
5963:
5757:
5166:
4780:
4634:
4570:
936:
741:
724:
698:
664:
466:
396:
353:
6911:
6819:
6794:
6601:
6576:
6179:
5721:
5674:
5471:
5084:
4962:
4926:
4535:
3681:
1369:
991:
946:
496:
31:
4164:
Grammar of the Old Persian language: with the inscriptions of the Achaemenian kings and vocabulary
3526:
6998:
6901:
6870:
6769:
6616:
6533:
6094:
6071:
6061:
5808:
5694:
5504:
5393:
5132:
5098:
5074:
5017:
4766:
4732:
4481:
2583:
1357:
1027:
840:
399:. Old Persian is one of the oldest Indo-European languages which are attested in original texts.
310:
4081:
670:
6891:
6748:
6743:
6728:
6663:
6581:
6538:
6258:
6253:
6086:
6066:
6006:
6001:
5996:
5990:
5892:
5861:
5819:
5750:
5699:
5669:
5642:
5637:
5632:
5613:
5410:
5288:
5090:
5079:
4841:
4835:
4801:
4794:
4697:
4422:
4417:
4371:
4344:
4253:
4067:
4048:
4009:
3981:
3923:
3678:"Everyday text shows that Old Persian was probably more commonly used than previously thought"
1596:
1210:
893:
855:
845:
706:
532:
504:
484:
478:
384:
380:
112:
4311:
3820:
Bo Utas (2005). "Semitic on Iranian". In Éva Ágnes Csató; Bo Isaksson; Carina Jahani (eds.).
6804:
6799:
6703:
6698:
6693:
6683:
6678:
6668:
6484:
6341:
6326:
6310:
6305:
6300:
6278:
6115:
6100:
6076:
6011:
5951:
5946:
5931:
5925:
5909:
5903:
5897:
5855:
5763:
5704:
5689:
5514:
5466:
5377:
5333:
5311:
5303:
5216:
5208:
5161:
5112:
4957:
4891:
4860:
4849:
4808:
4759:
4690:
4619:
4580:
4367:
1242:
1063:
835:
830:
702:
596:
376:
269:
659:
6738:
6713:
6708:
6688:
6636:
6626:
6621:
6611:
6591:
6561:
6513:
6509:
6479:
6056:
6028:
6018:
5976:
5919:
5914:
5783:
5778:
5726:
5661:
5488:
5461:
5426:
5372:
5367:
5343:
5316:
5126:
4952:
4905:
4671:
4593:
2616:
1575:
1484:
1449:
1158:
1127:
862:
850:
734:
623:
588:
559:
508:
462:
442:
413:
277:
94:
66:
3822:
Linguistic convergence and areal diffusion: case studies from Iranian, Semitic and Turkic
3667:
Kent, R. G. (1950) "Old Persian: Grammar Texts Lexicon", p. 6. American Oriental Society.
599:
represent one and the same language at three states of its history. It had its origin in
3710:
3708:
3706:
6718:
6175:
6133:
6120:
5835:
5824:
5773:
5716:
5710:
5684:
5679:
5478:
5326:
5256:
4854:
4752:
4712:
4665:
4649:
4600:
4565:
4560:
3974:
3854:
3585:
3545:
2305:
1365:
1361:
611:
607:
592:
584:
555:
544:
540:
416:
early in the 1st millennium BCE and finally migrated down into the area of present-day
273:
147:
77:
3786:
Lazard, Gilbert (1975). "The Rise of the New Persian Language". In Frye, R. N. (ed.).
224:
6972:
6518:
6366:
6273:
6081:
6035:
5956:
5846:
5829:
5440:
5403:
5398:
5353:
5338:
5041:
4738:
4555:
4487:
4476:
1741:
1692:
1601:
1554:
1459:
600:
536:
420:. Their language, Old Persian, became the official language of the Achaemenid kings.
417:
406:(where Achaemenids hailed from), Old Persian was originally spoken by a tribe called
403:
306:
201:
3922:. Volume 8: Meek – Mythologie. Berlin and New York: Walter de Gruyter. p. 221.
705:
who speaks of a new "form of writing" being made by himself which is said to be "in
17:
6523:
6336:
6268:
1168:
500:
461:. Also, as Old Persian contains many words from another extinct Iranian language,
4273:
4247:
4230:
4213:
4196:
4179:
4162:
4145:
4128:
3805:. Sociolinguistics. Vol. 3 (2nd ed.). Walter de Gruyter. p. 1912.
6942:
6932:
6655:
6528:
6416:
6230:
5264:
4456:
3858:
3550:
3532:
2724:
1671:
686:
548:
446:
302:
1245:
and its further development in Middle Persian suggest that before the syllabic
511:
is another Old Iranian language related to Old Persian; both are classified as
6474:
6469:
5801:
5035:
4982:
4586:
4522:
4246:
Darius I (King of Persia) (1908), Translated by Herbert Cushing Tolman (ed.),
3725:
3723:
3522:
2634:
1250:
675:
438:
4047:. Corpus Inscriptionum Iranicarum by School of Oriental and African Studies.
3680:. University of Chicago News Office (archived). June 15, 2007. Archived from
2278:
Mostly the forms of first and third persons are attested. The only preserved
6779:
6464:
6351:
6288:
5983:
5358:
4644:
3474:
3426:
3378:
3332:
3286:
3240:
3188:
3142:
3091:
3045:
2988:
2937:
2891:
2843:
2797:
2740:
2686:
2641:
2623:
2605:
2598:
2566:
2553:
2535:
2522:
2501:
2488:
2470:
2457:
2414:
2404:
2389:
2379:
2361:
2351:
2336:
2326:
2283:
2270:
2264:
2258:
2235:
2228:
2221:
2214:
2207:
2200:
2193:
2186:
2174:
2167:
2160:
2153:
2146:
2139:
2132:
2125:
2113:
2106:
2099:
2092:
2080:
2073:
2066:
2059:
2052:
2045:
2038:
2031:
2024:
2017:
2010:
2003:
1989:
1982:
1975:
1968:
1956:
1949:
1937:
1930:
1923:
1916:
1909:
1902:
1895:
1888:
1881:
1874:
1867:
1860:
1810:
1803:
1796:
1789:
1774:
1767:
1760:
1753:
1746:
1732:
1725:
1718:
1711:
1704:
1697:
1683:
1676:
1662:
1655:
1648:
1641:
1634:
1627:
1620:
1613:
1606:
1587:
1580:
1566:
1559:
1545:
1538:
1531:
1524:
1517:
1510:
1503:
1496:
1489:
1440:
1433:
1426:
1412:
1403:
1394:
1385:
1318:
1305:
1299:
1293:
1287:
1281:
1275:
1269:
1254:
1188:
1176:
1162:
1152:
714:
690:
682:
640:
634:
456:
450:
281:
280:). Like other Old Iranian languages, it was known to its native speakers as
217:
185:
167:
54:
4278:, Volume 1, Issue 1 of Vanderbilt University studies, Vanderbilt university
445:. The exact identity of the Parsuwash is not known for certain, but from a
3801:
Ulrich Ammon; Norbert Dittmar; Klaus J. Mattheier; Peter Trudgill (2006).
1348:
Old Persian has 3 types of grammatical number: singular, dual and plural.
192:
6916:
6571:
6494:
6489:
6396:
6381:
6376:
6331:
5936:
5432:
5048:
4989:
580:
520:
320:
to 300 BCE). Examples of Old Persian have been found in what is now
295:
291:
252:
240:
4290:
1233:
can also form a syllable peak; both the way Persian names with syllabic
6673:
6401:
6391:
6356:
6346:
6156:
5788:
5743:
5567:
List of countries and territories where Persian is an official language
5055:
4996:
4542:
4528:
3790:. Vol. 4. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 595–632.
3598:... in the Old Persian version, whose language was called "Iranian" or
1238:
1203:
630:
576:
572:
516:
421:
352:, with the most important attestation by far being the contents of the
337:
333:
325:
287:
248:
6199:
6421:
6371:
6293:
5941:
5795:
5768:
5011:
4494:
4066:(illustrated ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 76–100,
1209:
does not occur in native Iranian vocabulary, only in borrowings from
345:
329:
5582:
3480:
3434:
3386:
3338:
3292:
3246:
3194:
3148:
3097:
3051:
2994:
2943:
2897:
2851:
2803:
2746:
2692:
49:
5177:
6774:
6411:
6406:
6386:
5118:
4501:
4006:
The Persian Empire: A Corpus of Sources from the Achaemenid Period
3650:
2845:
669:
658:
349:
3918:. In Ebeling, Erich; Meissner, Bruno; Edzard, Dietz Otto (eds.).
6361:
6110:
5321:
5003:
4310:, vol. 5, Costa Mesa: Mazda, pp. 25–37, archived from
4297:. The University of Texas at Austin Linguistics Research Center.
4272:
Darius I (King of Persia) (1908), Herbert Cushing Tolman (ed.),
3803:
An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society
3428:
3380:
752:
The following phonemes are expressed in the Old Persian script:
341:
321:
6203:
5586:
5181:
4388:
4235:, Volume 6 of Vanderbilt oriental series, American Book Company
4218:, Volume 6 of Vanderbilt oriental series, American Book Company
4150:, Volume 8 of Vanderbilt oriental series, American book company
4133:, Volume 8 of Vanderbilt oriental series, American book company
1193:, which contradicts the etymology and the Middle Persian form
4062:
Schmitt, R. (2008), "Old Persian", in Roger D. Woodard (ed.),
3920:
Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie
4333:"An Old Persian text in the Persepolis Fortification Archive"
4045:
The Old Persian Inscriptions of Naqsh-i Rustam and Persepolis
4033:
Schmitt, Rüdiger (1989), "Altpersisch", in R. Schmitt (ed.),
3488:
3442:
3394:
3346:
3300:
3254:
3202:
3156:
3105:
3059:
3002:
2951:
2905:
2859:
2811:
2754:
2700:
1194:
4201:, Volume 7 of Vanderbilt oriental series, American Book Co.
395:. The oldest known text written in Old Persian is from the
3693:
3691:
251:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
437:, presumably Medians) are first mentioned in the area of
4195:
Edwin Lee Johnson (1910), Herbert Cushing Tolman (ed.),
3869:
3867:
4364:
Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series, 12
3769:
3767:
3765:
3752:
3750:
3596:. Vol. 13. New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
4023:
Sims-Williams, Nicholas (1996), "Iranian languages",
3500:
3449:
3401:
3353:
3307:
3261:
3214:
3163:
3117:
3066:
3020:
3009:
2963:
2912:
2866:
2818:
2772:
2761:
2712:
1263:
432:
426:
407:
3569:
Gershevitch, Ilya (1968). "Old Iranian Literature".
3493:
3207:
3110:
2956:
2705:
1310:
and other Old Persian words and names with syllabic
1146:
1135:
298:
language. All three languages are highly inflected.
6925:
6879:
6853:
6757:
6654:
6547:
6455:
6448:
6319:
6246:
6237:
6149:
6049:
5885:
5876:
5735:
5660:
5651:
5620:
5549:
5523:
5497:
5449:
5419:
5386:
5302:
5276:
5215:
5149:
5067:
4971:
4945:
4658:
4612:
4513:
4464:
4429:
3466:
3418:
3370:
3324:
3278:
3231:
3180:
3134:
3083:
3037:
2980:
2929:
2883:
2835:
2789:
2732:
2678:
1335:. This suggests that it was really pronounced as .
689:. Despite the fact that Old Persian was written in
301:Old Persian appears primarily in the inscriptions,
215:
199:
183:
165:
160:
144:
91:
72:
62:
43:
4147:Historical grammar of the ancient Persian language
4130:Historical grammar of the ancient Persian language
3973:
3853:, p. 78 Excerpt: "It remains unclear why the
1187:for this example, who, however, mistakenly writes
614:is a direct descendant of Middle and Old Persian.
1360:: masculine, feminine and neuter. In contrast,
711:
4064:The Ancient Languages of Asia and the Americas
6215:
5598:
5193:
4400:
3505:
3454:
3406:
3358:
3312:
3266:
3219:
3168:
3122:
3071:
3025:
3014:
2968:
2917:
2871:
2823:
2777:
2766:
2717:
8:
5157:2,500-year celebration of the Persian Empire
4113:, New York/Cincinnati: American Book Company
1217:develops in Middle Persian from Old Persian
1141:
1130:
6810:Military history of the Neo-Assyrian Empire
5541:Rudaki Institute of Language and Literature
455:itself coming directly from the older word
6989:Languages attested from the 6th century BC
6452:
6243:
6222:
6208:
6200:
5882:
5657:
5605:
5591:
5583:
5531:Academy of Persian Language and Literature
5200:
5186:
5178:
4407:
4393:
4385:
2245:Adjectives are declined in a similar way.
491:family, itself within the large family of
40:
4304:"Cases in Iranian languages and dialects"
4096:"Iran, vi. Iranian languages and scripts"
3590:"Iranian Identity ii. Pre-Islamic Period"
4337:Persepolis Fortification Archive Project
2655:
2632:
2614:
2581:
2426:
2293:
1783:
1420:
821:
754:
286:(Iranian). Old Persian is close to both
5557:List of English words of Persian origin
4339:. Posted by Chuck Jones. June 18, 2007.
4181:A guide to the Old Persian inscriptions
3901:
3873:
3850:
3838:
3773:
3756:
3741:
3729:
3714:
3697:
3637:
3571:Handbuch der Orientalistik, Literatur I
3561:
744:) took only half the height of a line.
449:viewpoint the word matches Old Persian
245:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
4342:
3999:, New Haven: American Oriental Society
3717:, vi(2). Documentation. Old Persian..
3613:
2432:
2299:
1298:much more realistic (and equally for
7:
4289:Harvey, Scott L.; Slocum, Jonathan.
3997:Old Persian: Grammar, Texts, Lexicon
3625:
3494:
3208:
3111:
2957:
2706:
1184:and Kloekhorst 2008, p. 125 in
5562:List of French loanwords in Persian
3506:
3455:
3407:
3359:
3313:
3267:
3220:
3169:
3123:
3072:
3026:
3015:
2969:
2918:
2872:
2824:
2778:
2767:
2718:
1268:, rendering transcriptions such as
547:, which is in turn the ancestor of
379:, Old Persian is attested in royal
6185:Languages between parentheses are
5536:Academy of Sciences of Afghanistan
5031:Persepolis Administrative Archives
4360:Etymological Dictionary of Persian
4089:(2nd ed.), Cambridge: Harvard
503:sometime in the first half of the
25:
1114:
1105:
1096:
1072:
1048:
1041:
1034:
1014:
1007:
998:
980:
971:
960:
951:
935:
928:
919:
912:
905:
898:
878:
869:
805:
786:
774:
531:By the 4th century BCE, the late
363:at the Oriental Institute at the
6948:Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary
6439:
6159:(unknown further classification)
4455:
4416:
4109:Tolman, Herbert Cushing (1908),
4027:, vol. 7, Costa Mesa: Mazda
3525:
361:Persepolis Fortification Archive
264:is one of two directly attested
6984:History of the Persian language
4229:Herbert Cushing Tolman (1908),
4212:Herbert Cushing Tolman (1908),
4178:Herbert Cushing Tolman (1893),
4161:Herbert Cushing Tolman (1892),
4035:Compendium linguarum Iranicarum
3967:, Nendeln, Liechtenstein: Kraus
3573:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 1–31.
3489:
3475:
3443:
3427:
3395:
3379:
3347:
3333:
3301:
3287:
3255:
3241:
3203:
3189:
3157:
3143:
3106:
3092:
3060:
3046:
3003:
2989:
2952:
2938:
2906:
2892:
2860:
2844:
2812:
2798:
2755:
2741:
2701:
2687:
2642:
2624:
2606:
2599:
2567:
2554:
2536:
2523:
2502:
2489:
2471:
2458:
2415:
2405:
2390:
2380:
2362:
2352:
2337:
2327:
2236:
2229:
2222:
2215:
2208:
2201:
2194:
2187:
2175:
2168:
2161:
2154:
2147:
2140:
2133:
2126:
2114:
2107:
2100:
2093:
2081:
2074:
2067:
2060:
2053:
2046:
2039:
2032:
2025:
2018:
2011:
2004:
1990:
1983:
1976:
1969:
1957:
1950:
1938:
1931:
1924:
1917:
1910:
1903:
1896:
1889:
1882:
1875:
1868:
1861:
1811:
1804:
1797:
1790:
1775:
1768:
1761:
1754:
1747:
1733:
1726:
1719:
1712:
1705:
1698:
1684:
1677:
1663:
1656:
1649:
1642:
1635:
1628:
1621:
1614:
1607:
1588:
1581:
1567:
1560:
1546:
1539:
1532:
1525:
1518:
1511:
1504:
1497:
1490:
1441:
1434:
1427:
1413:
1404:
1395:
1386:
715:
622:Old Persian "presumably" has a
55:
6505:Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB)
6500:Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA)
6189:of the language on their left.
5572:Persian language in South Asia
4472:Achaemenid Persian Lion Rhyton
4083:An Introduction to Old Persian
3954:Brandenstein, Wilhelm (1964),
3501:
3450:
3402:
3354:
3308:
3262:
3215:
3164:
3118:
3067:
3021:
3010:
2964:
2913:
2867:
2819:
2773:
2762:
2713:
674:An Old Persian inscription in
1:
6994:Languages of ancient Anatolia
6887:Ancient Mesopotamian religion
6284:Tigris–Euphrates river system
4728:Scythian campaign of Darius I
4640:Xerxes I's inscription at Van
4094:Skjærvø, Prods Oktor (2006),
4080:Skjærvø, Prods Oktor (2005),
3972:Frye, Richard Nelson (1984).
3788:The Cambridge History of Iran
3655:Avesta – Zoroastrian Archives
3541:Category:Old Persian language
1327:in Middle Persian, it became
733:"to have begun already under
507:. The extinct and unattested
393:Indo-European language family
359:2007 research into the vast
314:
81:
4718:Conquest of the Indus Valley
4679:Battle of the Persian Border
4302:Windfuhr, Gernot L. (1995),
3958:, Wiesbaden: O. Harrassowitz
2284:
2271:
2265:
2259:
2257:Active, Middle (them. pres.
1319:
1306:
1300:
1294:
1288:
1282:
1276:
1270:
1264:
1255:
1195:
1189:
1177:
1163:
1153:
1147:
1136:
641:
635:
457:
451:
433:
427:
408:
387:and as such a member of the
282:
6953:Chicago Assyrian Dictionary
6835:Egypt-Mesopotamia relations
6830:Indus-Mesopotamia relations
4879:Wars of Alexander the Great
3732:, vi(1). Earliest Evidence.
562:and the author of the book
483:Old Persian belongs to the
36:Old Persian (Unicode block)
7015:
6958:Chicago Hittite Dictionary
5484:Romanized Persian alphabet
4934:Battle of the Persian Gate
4576:Mausoleum at Halicarnassus
4144:Edwin Lee Johnson (1917),
4127:Edwin Lee Johnson (1917),
3956:Handbuch des Altpersischen
3481:
3468:
3435:
3420:
3387:
3372:
3339:
3326:
3293:
3280:
3247:
3233:
3195:
3182:
3149:
3136:
3098:
3085:
3052:
3039:
2995:
2982:
2944:
2931:
2898:
2885:
2852:
2837:
2804:
2791:
2747:
2734:
2693:
2680:
1262:is rendered in Elamite as
1151:for (genuine) Old Persian
1142:
1131:
652:
497:ancestors of Indo-Iranians
476:
50:
29:
6437:
6166:
5510:Middle Persian literature
5294:Western Iranian languages
4822:Wars of the Delian League
4453:
4368:Brill Academic Publishers
4358:Asatrian, Garnik (2010),
4043:Schmitt, Rüdiger (2000).
3824:. Routledge. p. 71.
2515:
2450:
2372:
2319:
2166:
2152:
2138:
2124:
2112:
2105:
2098:
2091:
2079:
2072:
2058:
2051:
2037:
2030:
2016:
2009:
1936:
1929:
1922:
1915:
1908:
1894:
1887:
1880:
1873:
1866:
1809:
1802:
1795:
1788:
1786:
1724:
1710:
1696:
1682:
1675:
1661:
1654:
1647:
1640:
1633:
1619:
1612:
1565:
1544:
1537:
1530:
1523:
1516:
1509:
1495:
1439:
1432:
1425:
1423:
1120:
1091:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1067:
1058:
1056:
1031:
1022:
1020:
995:
968:
941:
925:
888:
886:
884:
854:
849:
844:
834:
829:
765:
762:
513:Western Iranian languages
294:, the oldest form of the
272:) and is the ancestor of
231:
48:
4874:Second conquest of Egypt
4705:Siege of Sardis (547 BC)
4551:Palace of Darius in Susa
3995:Kent, Roland G. (1953),
3965:Altpersischer Wortschatz
1286:questionable and making
1175:as the pronunciation of
290:and the language of the
5026:Districts of the Empire
4828:Battle of the Eurymedon
4746:Siege of Naxos (499 BC)
4723:First conquest of Egypt
4184:, American book company
3914:Stolper, M. W. (1997).
493:Indo-European languages
485:Iranian language family
383:inscriptions. It is an
30:For the racehorse, see
6790:Babylonian mathematics
5304:Dialects and varieties
5284:Indo-Iranian languages
5141:Seven Achaemenid clans
4913:Siege of Tyre (332 BC)
4899:Siege of Halicarnassus
4885:Battle of the Granicus
4349:: CS1 maint: others (
3963:Hinz, Walther (1966),
3888:Behistun T 42 – Livius
3857:did not take over the
1356:Old Persian has three
730:
701:(IV lines 88–92) from
678:
667:
605:
535:, the inscriptions of
233:This article contains
5457:Old Persian cuneiform
5260:(c. 300 BCE – 800 CE)
4869:Great Satraps' Revolt
4788:Destruction of Athens
4774:Battle of Thermopylae
4625:Old Persian cuneiform
4291:"Series Introduction"
4101:Encyclopaedia Iranica
4037:, Wiesbaden: Reichert
673:
662:
655:Old Persian cuneiform
568:
489:Indo-Iranian language
479:Old Iranian languages
412:, who arrived in the
397:Behistun Inscriptions
365:University of Chicago
276:(the language of the
266:Old Iranian languages
155:Old Persian cuneiform
6979:Old Persian language
6785:Babylonian astronomy
6264:Mesopotamian Marshes
6180:historical languages
5167:Cappadocian calendar
4781:Battle of Artemisium
4686:Lydian-Persian Wars
4635:Behistun Inscription
4447:History of democracy
4308:Encyclopedia Iranica
4025:Encyclopedia Iranica
3594:Encyclopædia Iranica
1402:u- (and au-) stems (
1132:𐊋𐊆𐊈𐊈𐊀𐊓𐊕𐊑𐊏𐊀
725:Behistun Inscription
665:Behistun inscription
356:(dated to 525 BCE).
354:Behistun Inscription
34:. For the font, see
27:Old Iranian language
18:Old Persian language
6866:Destruction by ISIL
6820:Sumerian literature
6795:Akkadian literature
6231:Ancient Mesopotamia
5472:Persian calligraphy
5225:Proto-Indo-European
4963:Peace of Antalcidas
4927:Battle of Gaugamela
4536:Gate of All Nations
3859:Mesopotamian system
3651:"Old Persian Texts"
2637:
2619:
2586:
2429:
2296:
1411:consonantal stems (
1380:Old Persian stems:
1370:genderless language
1358:grammatical genders
1352:Grammatical genders
1344:Grammatical numbers
824:
757:
371:Origin and overview
32:Old Persian (horse)
6902:Mesopotamian myths
5505:Persian literature
5252:(c. 525 – 300 BCE)
5233:Proto-Indo-Iranian
4817:Babylonian revolts
4767:Battle of Marathon
4733:Greco-Persian Wars
4482:Achaemenid coinage
4295:Old Iranian Online
4004:Kuhrt, A. (2013).
2633:
2615:
2584:Present participle
2582:
2427:
2294:
1241:) are rendered in
1221:and the change of
1143:𐊈𐊆𐊖𐊀𐊓𐊕𐊑𐊏𐊀
822:
755:
679:
668:
527:Language evolution
505:2nd millennium BCE
487:, a branch of the
441:in the records of
6966:
6965:
6917:Ziggurat (Temple)
6892:Sumerian religion
6650:
6649:
6597:Middle Babylonian
6539:Kish civilization
6435:
6434:
6259:Lower Mesopotamia
6254:Upper Mesopotamia
6197:
6196:
6145:
6144:
5872:
5871:
5614:Iranian languages
5580:
5579:
5435:
5387:Language features
5289:Iranian languages
5277:Language families
5269:
5261:
5253:
5245:
5237:
5229:
5175:
5174:
4842:Battle of Cyzicus
4836:Peloponnesian War
4802:Battle of Plataea
4795:Battle of Salamis
4698:Battle of Thymbra
4571:Ka'ba-ye Zartosht
4423:Achaemenid Empire
4377:978-90-04-18341-4
3929:978-3-11-014809-1
3700:, pp. 80–81.
3516:
3515:
2649:
2648:
2631:
2630:
2613:
2612:
2580:
2579:
2428:Imperfect Active
2425:
2424:
2243:
2242:
1782:
1781:
1124:
1123:
820:
819:
533:Achaemenid period
404:Southwestern Iran
268:(the other being
259:
258:
241:rendering support
237:phonetic symbols.
16:(Redirected from
7006:
6815:Sumerian cuisine
6805:Warfare in Sumer
6800:Economy of Sumer
6453:
6443:
6327:Fertile Crescent
6311:Sinjar Mountains
6306:Hamrin Mountains
6301:Zagros Mountains
6279:Taurus Mountains
6244:
6224:
6217:
6210:
6201:
6041:Zoroastrian Dari
5883:
5658:
5607:
5600:
5593:
5584:
5515:Tajik literature
5467:Persian alphabet
5431:
5312:Standard Persian
5267:
5259:
5251:
5243:
5235:
5227:
5209:Persian language
5202:
5195:
5188:
5179:
5162:Xanthian Obelisk
5135:
5121:
5107:
5093:
5058:
5051:
5044:
5020:
5006:
4999:
4992:
4985:
4958:Peace of Callias
4936:
4929:
4922:
4915:
4908:
4901:
4894:
4892:Siege of Miletus
4887:
4863:
4861:Battle of Cnidus
4850:Battle of Cunaxa
4844:
4830:
4811:
4809:Battle of Mycale
4804:
4797:
4790:
4783:
4776:
4769:
4762:
4760:Siege of Eretria
4755:
4748:
4741:
4707:
4700:
4693:
4691:Battle of Pteria
4681:
4674:
4620:Achaemenid music
4603:
4596:
4589:
4581:Tombs at Xanthos
4545:
4538:
4531:
4504:
4497:
4490:
4459:
4421:
4420:
4409:
4402:
4395:
4386:
4380:
4354:
4348:
4340:
4328:
4315:
4298:
4285:
4284:
4283:
4268:
4267:
4266:
4242:
4241:
4240:
4225:
4224:
4223:
4208:
4207:
4206:
4191:
4190:
4189:
4174:
4173:
4172:
4157:
4156:
4155:
4140:
4139:
4138:
4114:
4105:
4090:
4088:
4076:
4058:
4038:
4028:
4019:
4000:
3991:
3979:
3968:
3959:
3941:
3940:
3938:
3936:
3911:
3905:
3899:
3893:
3892:
3883:
3877:
3871:
3862:
3848:
3842:
3836:
3830:
3829:
3817:
3811:
3810:
3798:
3792:
3791:
3783:
3777:
3771:
3760:
3754:
3745:
3739:
3733:
3727:
3718:
3712:
3701:
3695:
3686:
3685:
3674:
3668:
3665:
3659:
3658:
3647:
3641:
3635:
3629:
3623:
3617:
3611:
3605:
3604:
3582:
3576:
3574:
3566:
3535:
3530:
3529:
3509:
3508:
3504:
3503:
3497:
3496:
3492:
3491:
3484:
3483:
3478:
3477:
3471:
3470:
3458:
3457:
3453:
3452:
3446:
3445:
3438:
3437:
3432:
3431:
3423:
3422:
3410:
3409:
3405:
3404:
3398:
3397:
3390:
3389:
3384:
3383:
3375:
3374:
3362:
3361:
3357:
3356:
3350:
3349:
3342:
3341:
3336:
3335:
3329:
3328:
3316:
3315:
3311:
3310:
3304:
3303:
3296:
3295:
3290:
3289:
3283:
3282:
3270:
3269:
3265:
3264:
3258:
3257:
3250:
3249:
3244:
3243:
3236:
3235:
3223:
3222:
3218:
3217:
3211:
3210:
3206:
3205:
3198:
3197:
3192:
3191:
3185:
3184:
3172:
3171:
3167:
3166:
3160:
3159:
3152:
3151:
3146:
3145:
3139:
3138:
3126:
3125:
3121:
3120:
3114:
3113:
3109:
3108:
3101:
3100:
3095:
3094:
3088:
3087:
3075:
3074:
3070:
3069:
3063:
3062:
3055:
3054:
3049:
3048:
3042:
3041:
3029:
3028:
3024:
3023:
3018:
3017:
3013:
3012:
3006:
3005:
2998:
2997:
2992:
2991:
2985:
2984:
2972:
2971:
2967:
2966:
2960:
2959:
2955:
2954:
2947:
2946:
2941:
2940:
2934:
2933:
2921:
2920:
2916:
2915:
2909:
2908:
2901:
2900:
2895:
2894:
2888:
2887:
2875:
2874:
2870:
2869:
2863:
2862:
2855:
2854:
2849:
2848:
2840:
2839:
2827:
2826:
2822:
2821:
2815:
2814:
2807:
2806:
2801:
2800:
2794:
2793:
2781:
2780:
2776:
2775:
2770:
2769:
2765:
2764:
2758:
2757:
2750:
2749:
2744:
2743:
2737:
2736:
2721:
2720:
2716:
2715:
2709:
2708:
2704:
2703:
2696:
2695:
2690:
2689:
2683:
2682:
2656:
2645:
2644:
2638:
2627:
2626:
2620:
2609:
2608:
2602:
2601:
2587:
2576:
2575:
2563:
2562:
2545:
2544:
2532:
2531:
2511:
2510:
2498:
2497:
2480:
2479:
2467:
2466:
2430:
2421:
2420:
2411:
2410:
2396:
2395:
2386:
2385:
2368:
2367:
2358:
2357:
2343:
2342:
2333:
2332:
2297:
2290:
2274:
2268:
2262:
2239:
2238:
2232:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2211:
2210:
2204:
2203:
2197:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2178:
2177:
2171:
2170:
2164:
2163:
2157:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2143:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2117:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2084:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2056:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2042:
2041:
2035:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2014:
2013:
2007:
2006:
1993:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1960:
1959:
1953:
1952:
1941:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1814:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1793:
1792:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1736:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1722:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1687:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1666:
1665:
1659:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1645:
1644:
1638:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1617:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1591:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1570:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1549:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1521:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1507:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1493:
1492:
1444:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1421:
1416:
1415:
1407:
1406:
1398:
1397:
1389:
1388:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1313:
1309:
1303:
1297:
1291:
1285:
1279:
1273:
1267:
1261:
1258:
1248:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1208:
1198:
1192:
1180:
1174:
1166:
1156:
1150:
1145:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1133:
1118:
1109:
1100:
1076:
1052:
1045:
1038:
1018:
1011:
1002:
984:
975:
964:
955:
939:
932:
923:
916:
909:
902:
882:
873:
825:
814:
809:
795:
790:
783:
778:
758:
728:
727:(IV lines 88–92)
718:
717:
703:Darius the Great
663:Close-up of the
644:
638:
523:in Old Persian.
460:
454:
436:
430:
411:
385:Iranian language
377:written language
319:
316:
285:
227:
211:
195:
188:
179:
178:
170:
150:
97:
86:
83:
58:
57:
53:
52:
41:
21:
7014:
7013:
7009:
7008:
7007:
7005:
7004:
7003:
6969:
6968:
6967:
6962:
6921:
6875:
6849:
6758:Culture/society
6753:
6646:
6642:Muslim conquest
6612:Fall of Babylon
6543:
6444:
6431:
6315:
6233:
6228:
6198:
6193:
6192:
6162:
6141:
6045:
5868:
5731:
5647:
5616:
5611:
5581:
5576:
5545:
5519:
5493:
5489:Persian Braille
5462:Pahlavi scripts
5445:
5427:Persian grammar
5415:
5382:
5344:Kuwaiti Persian
5298:
5272:
5211:
5206:
5176:
5171:
5145:
5131:
5117:
5103:
5089:
5063:
5054:
5047:
5040:
5016:
5002:
4995:
4988:
4981:
4967:
4953:Earth and water
4941:
4932:
4925:
4918:
4911:
4906:Battle of Issus
4904:
4897:
4890:
4883:
4859:
4840:
4826:
4807:
4800:
4793:
4786:
4779:
4772:
4765:
4758:
4751:
4744:
4737:
4703:
4696:
4689:
4677:
4672:Battle of Hyrba
4670:
4654:
4608:
4599:
4594:Nereid Monument
4592:
4585:
4541:
4534:
4527:
4509:
4500:
4493:
4486:
4460:
4451:
4425:
4415:
4413:
4383:
4378:
4357:
4341:
4331:
4318:
4301:
4288:
4281:
4279:
4271:
4264:
4262:
4260:
4245:
4238:
4236:
4228:
4221:
4219:
4211:
4204:
4202:
4194:
4187:
4185:
4177:
4170:
4168:
4160:
4153:
4151:
4143:
4136:
4134:
4126:
4122:
4120:Further reading
4117:
4108:
4093:
4086:
4079:
4074:
4061:
4055:
4042:
4032:
4022:
4016:
4003:
3994:
3988:
3971:
3962:
3953:
3949:
3944:
3934:
3932:
3930:
3913:
3912:
3908:
3900:
3896:
3885:
3884:
3880:
3872:
3865:
3849:
3845:
3837:
3833:
3819:
3818:
3814:
3800:
3799:
3795:
3785:
3784:
3780:
3772:
3763:
3755:
3748:
3740:
3736:
3728:
3721:
3713:
3704:
3696:
3689:
3676:
3675:
3671:
3666:
3662:
3649:
3648:
3644:
3636:
3632:
3624:
3620:
3612:
3608:
3586:Gnoli, Gherardo
3584:
3583:
3579:
3568:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3531:
3524:
3521:
3319:stand (column)
2654:
2617:Past participle
2295:Present Active
2256:
2251:
1999:
1600:
1378:
1354:
1346:
1341:
1323:usually became
1229:). The phoneme
839:
750:
735:Cyrus the Great
729:
723:
657:
651:
624:Median language
620:
564:Persian Grammar
529:
509:Median language
481:
475:
465:, according to
443:Shalmaneser III
414:Iranian Plateau
373:
317:
278:Sasanian Empire
239:Without proper
223:
207:
204:
191:
184:
174:
173:
166:
151:
146:
140:
98:
95:Language family
93:
84:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7012:
7010:
7002:
7001:
6996:
6991:
6986:
6981:
6971:
6970:
6964:
6963:
6961:
6960:
6955:
6950:
6945:
6940:
6938:Assyriologists
6935:
6929:
6927:
6923:
6922:
6920:
6919:
6914:
6909:
6904:
6899:
6894:
6889:
6883:
6881:
6877:
6876:
6874:
6873:
6868:
6863:
6857:
6855:
6851:
6850:
6848:
6847:
6845:List of rulers
6842:
6837:
6832:
6827:
6822:
6817:
6812:
6807:
6802:
6797:
6792:
6787:
6782:
6777:
6772:
6767:
6761:
6759:
6755:
6754:
6752:
6751:
6746:
6741:
6736:
6734:Proto-Armenian
6731:
6726:
6721:
6719:Middle Persian
6716:
6711:
6706:
6701:
6696:
6691:
6686:
6681:
6676:
6671:
6666:
6660:
6658:
6652:
6651:
6648:
6647:
6645:
6644:
6639:
6634:
6629:
6624:
6619:
6614:
6609:
6607:Neo-Babylonian
6604:
6599:
6594:
6589:
6587:Old Babylonian
6584:
6579:
6574:
6569:
6564:
6559:
6557:Early Dynastic
6553:
6551:
6545:
6544:
6542:
6541:
6536:
6531:
6526:
6521:
6516:
6507:
6502:
6497:
6492:
6487:
6482:
6477:
6472:
6467:
6461:
6459:
6450:
6446:
6445:
6438:
6436:
6433:
6432:
6430:
6429:
6424:
6419:
6414:
6409:
6404:
6399:
6394:
6389:
6384:
6379:
6374:
6369:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6334:
6329:
6323:
6321:
6317:
6316:
6314:
6313:
6308:
6303:
6298:
6297:
6296:
6291:
6281:
6276:
6271:
6266:
6261:
6256:
6250:
6248:
6241:
6235:
6234:
6229:
6227:
6226:
6219:
6212:
6204:
6195:
6194:
6191:
6190:
6183:
6168:
6167:
6164:
6163:
6161:
6160:
6153:
6151:
6147:
6146:
6143:
6142:
6140:
6139:
6138:
6137:
6134:Middle Persian
6130:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6098:
6091:
6090:
6089:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6053:
6051:
6047:
6046:
6044:
6043:
6038:
6033:
6032:
6031:
6021:
6016:
6015:
6014:
6009:
6004:
5994:
5987:
5980:
5973:
5972:
5971:
5961:
5960:
5959:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5939:
5929:
5922:
5917:
5912:
5907:
5900:
5895:
5889:
5887:
5880:
5874:
5873:
5870:
5869:
5867:
5866:
5865:
5864:
5852:
5851:
5850:
5843:
5842:
5841:
5840:
5839:
5832:
5827:
5805:
5798:
5793:
5792:
5791:
5786:
5781:
5776:
5766:
5761:
5754:
5747:
5739:
5737:
5733:
5732:
5730:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5666:
5664:
5655:
5649:
5648:
5646:
5645:
5640:
5638:Middle Iranian
5635:
5630:
5624:
5622:
5618:
5617:
5612:
5610:
5609:
5602:
5595:
5587:
5578:
5577:
5575:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5553:
5551:
5547:
5546:
5544:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5527:
5525:
5521:
5520:
5518:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5501:
5499:
5495:
5494:
5492:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5479:Tajik alphabet
5476:
5475:
5474:
5464:
5459:
5453:
5451:
5450:Writing system
5447:
5446:
5444:
5443:
5438:
5437:
5436:
5423:
5421:
5417:
5416:
5414:
5413:
5408:
5407:
5406:
5401:
5390:
5388:
5384:
5383:
5381:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5330:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5308:
5306:
5300:
5299:
5297:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5280:
5278:
5274:
5273:
5271:
5270:
5262:
5257:Middle Persian
5254:
5246:
5238:
5230:
5221:
5219:
5213:
5212:
5207:
5205:
5204:
5197:
5190:
5182:
5173:
5172:
5170:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5153:
5151:
5147:
5146:
5144:
5143:
5138:
5137:
5136:
5124:
5123:
5122:
5110:
5109:
5108:
5096:
5095:
5094:
5082:
5077:
5071:
5069:
5065:
5064:
5062:
5061:
5060:
5059:
5052:
5045:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5022:
5021:
5009:
5008:
5007:
5000:
4993:
4986:
4975:
4973:
4972:Administration
4969:
4968:
4966:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4949:
4947:
4943:
4942:
4940:
4939:
4938:
4937:
4930:
4923:
4916:
4909:
4902:
4895:
4888:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4865:
4864:
4855:Corinthian War
4852:
4847:
4846:
4845:
4833:
4832:
4831:
4819:
4814:
4813:
4812:
4805:
4798:
4791:
4784:
4777:
4770:
4763:
4756:
4753:Battle of Lade
4749:
4742:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4713:Battle of Opis
4710:
4709:
4708:
4701:
4694:
4684:
4683:
4682:
4675:
4666:Persian Revolt
4662:
4660:
4656:
4655:
4653:
4652:
4650:Cyrus Cylinder
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4616:
4614:
4610:
4609:
4607:
4606:
4605:
4604:
4601:Tomb of Payava
4597:
4590:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4566:Naqsh-e Rostam
4563:
4561:Persian column
4558:
4553:
4548:
4547:
4546:
4539:
4532:
4519:
4517:
4511:
4510:
4508:
4507:
4506:
4505:
4498:
4491:
4479:
4474:
4468:
4466:
4462:
4461:
4454:
4452:
4450:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4433:
4431:
4427:
4426:
4414:
4412:
4411:
4404:
4397:
4389:
4382:
4381:
4376:
4355:
4329:
4316:
4299:
4286:
4269:
4258:
4243:
4226:
4209:
4192:
4175:
4158:
4141:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4115:
4106:
4104:, vol. 13
4091:
4077:
4073:978-0521684941
4072:
4059:
4054:978-0728603141
4053:
4040:
4030:
4020:
4015:978-1136016943
4014:
4001:
3992:
3987:978-3406093975
3986:
3969:
3960:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3942:
3928:
3906:
3894:
3878:
3863:
3843:
3831:
3812:
3793:
3778:
3761:
3746:
3734:
3719:
3702:
3687:
3684:on 2017-10-16.
3669:
3660:
3642:
3630:
3628:, p. 103.
3618:
3616:, p. 197.
3606:
3577:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3554:
3553:
3548:
3546:Middle Persian
3543:
3537:
3536:
3520:
3517:
3514:
3513:
3510:
3498:
3486:
3472:
3463:
3462:
3459:
3447:
3440:
3424:
3415:
3414:
3411:
3399:
3392:
3376:
3367:
3366:
3363:
3351:
3344:
3330:
3321:
3320:
3317:
3305:
3298:
3284:
3275:
3274:
3271:
3259:
3252:
3237:
3228:
3227:
3224:
3212:
3200:
3186:
3177:
3176:
3173:
3161:
3154:
3140:
3131:
3130:
3127:
3115:
3103:
3089:
3080:
3079:
3076:
3064:
3057:
3043:
3034:
3033:
3030:
3007:
3000:
2986:
2977:
2976:
2973:
2961:
2949:
2935:
2926:
2925:
2922:
2910:
2903:
2889:
2880:
2879:
2876:
2864:
2857:
2841:
2832:
2831:
2828:
2816:
2809:
2795:
2786:
2785:
2782:
2759:
2752:
2738:
2729:
2728:
2727:(supreme God)
2722:
2710:
2707:𐭠𐭥𐭧𐭥𐭬𐭦𐭣
2698:
2694:𐎠𐎢𐎼𐎶𐏀𐎭𐎠
2684:
2681:Háhurah mazdáH
2675:
2674:
2671:
2670:Modern Persian
2668:
2667:Middle Persian
2665:
2662:
2653:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2629:
2628:
2611:
2610:
2603:
2595:
2594:
2591:
2578:
2577:
2564:
2551:
2547:
2546:
2533:
2520:
2517:
2513:
2512:
2499:
2486:
2482:
2481:
2468:
2455:
2452:
2448:
2447:
2444:
2440:
2439:
2436:
2433:
2423:
2422:
2412:
2402:
2398:
2397:
2387:
2377:
2374:
2370:
2369:
2359:
2349:
2345:
2344:
2334:
2324:
2321:
2317:
2316:
2313:
2309:
2308:
2303:
2300:
2291:'both lived'.
2250:
2247:
2241:
2240:
2233:
2226:
2219:
2212:
2205:
2198:
2191:
2184:
2180:
2179:
2172:
2165:
2158:
2151:
2144:
2137:
2130:
2123:
2119:
2118:
2111:
2104:
2097:
2090:
2086:
2085:
2078:
2071:
2064:
2057:
2050:
2043:
2036:
2029:
2022:
2015:
2008:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1987:
1980:
1973:
1966:
1962:
1961:
1954:
1947:
1943:
1942:
1935:
1928:
1921:
1914:
1907:
1900:
1893:
1886:
1879:
1872:
1865:
1858:
1854:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1816:
1815:
1808:
1801:
1794:
1787:
1780:
1779:
1772:
1765:
1758:
1751:
1744:
1738:
1737:
1730:
1723:
1716:
1709:
1702:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1681:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1660:
1653:
1646:
1639:
1632:
1625:
1618:
1611:
1604:
1593:
1592:
1585:
1578:
1572:
1571:
1564:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1543:
1536:
1529:
1522:
1515:
1508:
1501:
1494:
1487:
1481:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1446:
1445:
1438:
1431:
1424:
1419:
1418:
1409:
1400:
1391:
1377:
1374:
1366:Middle Persian
1362:Modern Persian
1353:
1350:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1122:
1121:
1119:
1112:
1110:
1103:
1101:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1084:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1046:
1039:
1032:
1030:
1024:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1012:
1005:
1003:
996:
994:
988:
987:
985:
978:
976:
969:
967:
965:
958:
956:
949:
943:
942:
940:
933:
926:
924:
917:
910:
903:
896:
890:
889:
887:
885:
883:
876:
874:
867:
865:
859:
858:
853:
848:
843:
833:
828:
818:
817:
815:
810:
803:
801:
797:
796:
791:
784:
779:
772:
768:
767:
764:
761:
749:
746:
721:
653:Main article:
650:
647:
619:
616:
608:Middle Persian
556:Gilbert Lazard
545:Middle Persian
541:Artaxerxes III
528:
525:
477:Main article:
474:
473:Classification
471:
391:branch of the
372:
369:
318: 600 BCE
274:Middle Persian
257:
256:
243:, you may see
229:
228:
221:
213:
212:
205:
200:
197:
196:
189:
181:
180:
171:
163:
162:
161:Language codes
158:
157:
152:
148:Writing system
145:
142:
141:
139:
138:
137:
136:
135:
134:
133:
132:
131:
130:
101:
99:
92:
89:
88:
78:Middle Persian
74:
70:
69:
64:
60:
59:
46:
45:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7011:
7000:
6997:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6987:
6985:
6982:
6980:
6977:
6976:
6974:
6959:
6956:
6954:
6951:
6949:
6946:
6944:
6941:
6939:
6936:
6934:
6931:
6930:
6928:
6924:
6918:
6915:
6913:
6910:
6908:
6905:
6903:
6900:
6898:
6895:
6893:
6890:
6888:
6885:
6884:
6882:
6878:
6872:
6869:
6867:
6864:
6862:
6859:
6858:
6856:
6852:
6846:
6843:
6841:
6838:
6836:
6833:
6831:
6828:
6826:
6823:
6821:
6818:
6816:
6813:
6811:
6808:
6806:
6803:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6793:
6791:
6788:
6786:
6783:
6781:
6778:
6776:
6773:
6771:
6768:
6766:
6763:
6762:
6760:
6756:
6750:
6747:
6745:
6742:
6740:
6737:
6735:
6732:
6730:
6727:
6725:
6722:
6720:
6717:
6715:
6712:
6710:
6707:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6667:
6665:
6662:
6661:
6659:
6657:
6653:
6643:
6640:
6638:
6635:
6633:
6630:
6628:
6625:
6623:
6620:
6618:
6615:
6613:
6610:
6608:
6605:
6603:
6600:
6598:
6595:
6593:
6590:
6588:
6585:
6583:
6580:
6578:
6575:
6573:
6570:
6568:
6565:
6563:
6560:
6558:
6555:
6554:
6552:
6550:
6546:
6540:
6537:
6535:
6532:
6530:
6527:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6517:
6515:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6473:
6471:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6462:
6460:
6458:
6454:
6451:
6447:
6442:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6324:
6322:
6318:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6295:
6292:
6290:
6287:
6286:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6274:Syrian Desert
6272:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6251:
6249:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6236:
6232:
6225:
6220:
6218:
6213:
6211:
6206:
6205:
6202:
6188:
6184:
6181:
6177:
6173:
6170:
6169:
6165:
6158:
6155:
6154:
6152:
6148:
6136:
6135:
6131:
6129:
6128:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6106:Caucasian Tat
6104:
6103:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6096:
6092:
6088:
6085:
6084:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6054:
6052:
6048:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6030:
6027:
6026:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5999:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5992:
5988:
5986:
5985:
5981:
5979:
5978:
5974:
5970:
5967:
5966:
5965:
5962:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5934:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5927:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5905:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5890:
5888:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5875:
5863:
5860:
5859:
5858:
5857:
5853:
5849:
5848:
5844:
5838:
5837:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5822:
5821:
5818:
5817:
5816:
5813:
5812:
5811:
5810:
5806:
5804:
5803:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5771:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5759:
5755:
5753:
5752:
5748:
5746:
5745:
5741:
5740:
5738:
5734:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5712:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5667:
5665:
5663:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5650:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5628:Proto-Iranian
5626:
5625:
5623:
5619:
5615:
5608:
5603:
5601:
5596:
5594:
5589:
5588:
5585:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5554:
5552:
5548:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5528:
5526:
5524:Organizations
5522:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5502:
5500:
5496:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5473:
5470:
5469:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5454:
5452:
5448:
5442:
5441:Tajik grammar
5439:
5434:
5430:
5429:
5428:
5425:
5424:
5422:
5418:
5412:
5409:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5396:
5395:
5392:
5391:
5389:
5385:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5362:
5357:
5355:
5354:Judeo-Persian
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5314:
5313:
5310:
5309:
5307:
5305:
5301:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5281:
5279:
5275:
5266:
5263:
5258:
5255:
5250:
5247:
5244:(c. 1500 BCE)
5242:
5241:Proto-Iranian
5239:
5236:(c. 2000 BCE)
5234:
5231:
5228:(c. 3000 BCE)
5226:
5223:
5222:
5220:
5218:
5214:
5210:
5203:
5198:
5196:
5191:
5189:
5184:
5183:
5180:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5154:
5152:
5148:
5142:
5139:
5134:
5130:
5129:
5128:
5125:
5120:
5116:
5115:
5114:
5111:
5106:
5102:
5101:
5100:
5097:
5092:
5088:
5087:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5072:
5070:
5066:
5057:
5053:
5050:
5046:
5043:
5042:Chapar Khaneh
5039:
5038:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5019:
5015:
5014:
5013:
5010:
5005:
5001:
4998:
4994:
4991:
4987:
4984:
4980:
4979:
4977:
4976:
4974:
4970:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4950:
4948:
4944:
4935:
4931:
4928:
4924:
4921:
4920:Siege of Gaza
4917:
4914:
4910:
4907:
4903:
4900:
4896:
4893:
4889:
4886:
4882:
4881:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4862:
4858:
4857:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4843:
4839:
4838:
4837:
4834:
4829:
4825:
4824:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4810:
4806:
4803:
4799:
4796:
4792:
4789:
4785:
4782:
4778:
4775:
4771:
4768:
4764:
4761:
4757:
4754:
4750:
4747:
4743:
4740:
4739:Ionian Revolt
4736:
4735:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4706:
4702:
4699:
4695:
4692:
4688:
4687:
4685:
4680:
4676:
4673:
4669:
4668:
4667:
4664:
4663:
4661:
4657:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4617:
4615:
4611:
4602:
4598:
4595:
4591:
4588:
4584:
4583:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4556:Tomb of Cyrus
4554:
4552:
4549:
4544:
4540:
4537:
4533:
4530:
4526:
4525:
4524:
4521:
4520:
4518:
4516:
4512:
4503:
4499:
4496:
4492:
4489:
4488:Apadana hoard
4485:
4484:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4477:Oxus Treasure
4475:
4473:
4470:
4469:
4467:
4463:
4458:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4434:
4432:
4428:
4424:
4419:
4410:
4405:
4403:
4398:
4396:
4391:
4390:
4387:
4379:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4361:
4356:
4352:
4346:
4338:
4334:
4330:
4326:
4322:
4317:
4314:on 2007-11-04
4313:
4309:
4305:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4287:
4277:
4276:
4270:
4261:
4259:9780790531892
4255:
4251:
4250:
4244:
4234:
4233:
4227:
4217:
4216:
4210:
4200:
4199:
4193:
4183:
4182:
4176:
4166:
4165:
4159:
4149:
4148:
4142:
4132:
4131:
4125:
4124:
4119:
4112:
4107:
4103:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4085:
4084:
4078:
4075:
4069:
4065:
4060:
4056:
4050:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4017:
4011:
4008:. Routledge.
4007:
4002:
3998:
3993:
3989:
3983:
3978:
3977:
3970:
3966:
3961:
3957:
3952:
3951:
3946:
3931:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3910:
3907:
3904:, p. 79.
3903:
3898:
3895:
3890:
3889:
3882:
3879:
3876:, p. 77.
3875:
3870:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3847:
3844:
3841:, p. 78.
3840:
3835:
3832:
3828:
3823:
3816:
3813:
3809:
3804:
3797:
3794:
3789:
3782:
3779:
3775:
3770:
3768:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3753:
3751:
3747:
3744:, p. 76.
3743:
3738:
3735:
3731:
3726:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3711:
3709:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3694:
3692:
3688:
3683:
3679:
3673:
3670:
3664:
3661:
3656:
3652:
3646:
3643:
3640:, p. 53.
3639:
3634:
3631:
3627:
3622:
3619:
3615:
3610:
3607:
3603:
3601:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3581:
3578:
3572:
3565:
3562:
3556:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3538:
3534:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3511:
3499:
3487:
3473:
3465:
3464:
3460:
3448:
3441:
3430:
3425:
3417:
3416:
3413:order, truth
3412:
3400:
3393:
3382:
3377:
3369:
3368:
3364:
3352:
3345:
3331:
3323:
3322:
3318:
3306:
3299:
3285:
3277:
3276:
3272:
3260:
3253:
3238:
3230:
3229:
3225:
3213:
3201:
3187:
3179:
3178:
3174:
3162:
3155:
3141:
3133:
3132:
3129:region, land
3128:
3116:
3104:
3090:
3082:
3081:
3077:
3065:
3058:
3044:
3036:
3035:
3031:
3008:
3001:
2987:
2979:
2978:
2974:
2962:
2950:
2936:
2928:
2927:
2923:
2911:
2904:
2890:
2882:
2881:
2877:
2865:
2858:
2847:
2842:
2834:
2833:
2829:
2817:
2810:
2796:
2788:
2787:
2783:
2760:
2753:
2739:
2731:
2730:
2726:
2723:
2711:
2699:
2685:
2677:
2676:
2672:
2669:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2660:Proto-Iranian
2658:
2657:
2651:
2640:
2639:
2636:
2622:
2621:
2618:
2604:
2597:
2596:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2585:
2574:
2570:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2552:
2549:
2548:
2543:
2539:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2521:
2518:
2514:
2509:
2505:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2478:
2474:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2456:
2453:
2449:
2446:'be, become'
2445:
2442:
2441:
2437:
2434:
2431:
2419:
2413:
2409:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2394:
2388:
2384:
2378:
2375:
2371:
2366:
2360:
2356:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2341:
2335:
2331:
2325:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2307:
2304:
2301:
2298:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2281:
2276:
2273:
2267:
2261:
2255:
2248:
2246:
2234:
2227:
2220:
2213:
2206:
2199:
2192:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2173:
2159:
2145:
2131:
2121:
2120:
2088:
2087:
2065:
2044:
2023:
2002:
1998:Instrumental/
1997:
1996:
1988:
1981:
1974:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1955:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1901:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1785:
1773:
1766:
1759:
1752:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1731:
1717:
1703:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1626:
1605:
1603:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1586:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1502:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1422:
1410:
1401:
1392:
1383:
1382:
1381:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1351:
1349:
1343:
1338:
1336:
1321:
1315:
1308:
1302:
1296:
1290:
1284:
1278:
1272:
1266:
1257:
1256:Vᵃ-rᵃ-kᵃ-a-nᵃ
1252:
1244:
1240:
1212:
1205:
1200:
1197:
1191:
1186:
1183:
1179:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1157:(besides the
1155:
1149:
1138:
1129:
1117:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1075:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1054:
1051:
1047:
1044:
1040:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1017:
1013:
1010:
1006:
1004:
1001:
997:
993:
990:
989:
986:
983:
979:
977:
974:
970:
966:
963:
959:
957:
954:
950:
948:
945:
944:
938:
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827:
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648:
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643:
639:(OPers.) and
637:
632:
628:
625:
617:
615:
613:
609:
604:
602:
598:
594:
591:, etc., Old,
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
567:
565:
561:
557:
552:
550:
546:
542:
538:
537:Artaxerxes II
534:
526:
524:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
495:. The common
494:
490:
486:
480:
472:
470:
468:
467:P. O. Skjærvø
464:
459:
453:
448:
444:
440:
435:
429:
423:
419:
418:Fārs province
415:
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246:
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214:
210:
206:
203:
202:Linguist List
198:
194:
190:
187:
182:
177:
172:
169:
164:
159:
156:
153:
149:
143:
129:
126:
125:
124:
121:
120:
119:
116:
115:
114:
111:
110:
109:
106:
105:
104:
103:Indo-European
100:
96:
90:
79:
76:Evolved into
75:
71:
68:
65:
61:
47:
42:
37:
33:
19:
6840:Royal titles
6765:Architecture
6723:
6602:Neo-Assyrian
6449:(Pre)history
6269:Persian Gulf
6171:
6132:
6126:
6125:
6093:
5989:
5982:
5975:
5924:
5902:
5854:
5845:
5834:
5814:
5807:
5800:
5756:
5749:
5742:
5709:
5550:Other topics
5360:
5248:
4629:
4515:Architecture
4359:
4336:
4324:
4320:
4312:the original
4307:
4294:
4280:, retrieved
4274:
4263:, retrieved
4248:
4237:, retrieved
4231:
4220:, retrieved
4214:
4203:, retrieved
4197:
4186:, retrieved
4180:
4169:, retrieved
4163:
4152:, retrieved
4146:
4135:, retrieved
4129:
4110:
4100:
4082:
4063:
4044:
4034:
4024:
4005:
3996:
3980:. C.H.Beck.
3975:
3964:
3955:
3947:Bibliography
3933:. Retrieved
3919:
3909:
3902:Schmitt 2008
3897:
3887:
3881:
3874:Schmitt 2008
3851:Schmitt 2008
3846:
3839:Schmitt 2008
3834:
3825:
3821:
3815:
3806:
3802:
3796:
3787:
3781:
3774:Skjærvø 2005
3757:Skjærvø 2006
3742:Schmitt 2008
3737:
3730:Skjærvø 2006
3715:Skjærvø 2006
3698:Schmitt 2008
3682:the original
3672:
3663:
3654:
3645:
3638:Schmitt 2000
3633:
3621:
3609:
3599:
3597:
3593:
3580:
3570:
3564:
3226:moon, month
2572:
2568:
2559:
2555:
2541:
2537:
2528:
2524:
2507:
2503:
2494:
2490:
2476:
2472:
2463:
2459:
2417:
2407:
2392:
2382:
2364:
2354:
2339:
2329:
2286:
2277:
2269:), Passive (
2253:
2252:
2244:
1685:-ahyā, -ahya
1678:-ahyā, -ahya
1597:Instrumental
1379:
1364:(as well as
1355:
1347:
1316:
1201:
1169:Tissaphernes
1164:*Ciθrafarnah
1125:
751:
739:
731:
712:
695:
680:
621:
606:
569:
563:
553:
530:
501:Central Asia
482:
431:(along with
401:
389:Indo-Iranian
374:
358:
303:clay tablets
300:
261:
260:
232:
216:
127:
123:Southwestern
108:Indo-Iranian
67:Ancient Iran
6943:Hittitology
6933:Assyriology
6854:Archaeology
6724:Old Persian
6534:Jemdet Nasr
6127:Old Persian
5964:Mazanderani
5758:Khwarezmian
5643:New Iranian
5633:Old Iranian
5359:Judeo-Tat (
5265:New Persian
5249:Old Persian
5085:Mithridatic
4630:Old Persian
4437:Family tree
3551:New Persian
3533:Asia portal
3239:derivative
2725:Ahura Mazda
2664:Old Persian
1965:Accusative
1857:Nominative
1387:-a, -am, -ā
1088:Approximant
823:Consonants
687:Mesopotamia
612:New Persian
597:New Persian
560:Iranologist
558:, a famous
549:New Persian
262:Old Persian
247:instead of
128:Old Persian
44:Old Persian
6973:Categories
6907:Divination
6617:Achaemenid
6582:Isin-Larsa
6475:Trialetian
6470:Mousterian
6457:Prehistory
5802:Sarghulami
5722:Yazghulami
5675:Ishkashimi
5498:Literature
5394:Vocabulary
5268:(from 800)
5105:Cappadocia
5099:Ariarathid
5075:Achaemenid
5036:Royal Road
4983:Pasargadae
4587:Harpy Tomb
4523:Persepolis
4282:2011-07-06
4265:2011-07-06
4239:2011-07-06
4222:2011-07-06
4205:2011-07-06
4188:2011-07-06
4171:2011-07-06
4154:2011-07-06
4137:2011-07-06
3614:Kuhrt 2013
3340:𐏁𐎡𐎹𐎠𐎫
3294:𐎿𐎬𐎢𐎴𐎠
3150:𐎶𐎼𐎫𐎡𐎹
3053:𐎲𐎼𐎠𐎫𐎠
2996:𐎲𐎠𐎩𐎡𐏁
2635:Infinitive
2443:'do, make'
2435:Athematic
2302:Athematic
1576:Accusative
1485:Nominative
1271:V(a)rakāna
1260:/wr̩kaːna/
1251:epenthetic
1154:*Ciçafarnā
1137:Kizzaprñna
676:Persepolis
618:Substrates
566:, states:
554:Professor
499:came from
447:linguistic
439:Lake Urmia
381:Achaemenid
311:Achaemenid
85: 300
6999:Cuneiform
6780:Cuneiform
6656:Languages
6465:Acheulean
6352:Babylonia
6289:Euphrates
6239:Geography
6187:varieties
6174:indicate
6095:Pahlavani
6087:Bakhtiari
6072:Kuhmareyi
6062:Bashkardi
5984:Old Azeri
5695:Sanglechi
5411:Phonology
5080:Pharnacid
5068:Dynasties
5012:Satrapies
4978:Capitals
4946:Diplomacy
4645:Ganjnameh
4029:: 238-245
3935:15 August
3916:"Mirkānu"
3626:Frye 1984
2688:Auramazdā
2438:Thematic
2183:Locative
2122:Genitive
2000:Ablative
1946:Vocative
1393:i-stems (
1384:a-stems (
1237:(such as
1190:Çiçafarnā
1181:(compare
1171:suggests
1148:Zisaprñna
992:Affricate
947:Fricative
748:Phonology
691:cuneiform
683:logograms
645:(Med.)."
627:substrate
521:loanwords
428:Parsuwash
409:Parsuwash
218:Glottolog
186:ISO 639-3
168:ISO 639-2
6926:Academia
6880:Religion
6749:Urartian
6744:Sumerian
6729:Parthian
6664:Akkadian
6637:Sasanian
6627:Parthian
6622:Seleucid
6572:Simurrum
6562:Akkadian
6495:Khiamian
6485:Natufian
6397:Simurrum
6382:Kassites
6377:Hittites
6332:Adiabene
6116:Hazaragi
6067:Garmsiri
6007:Sangsari
6002:Lasgerdi
5991:Parthian
5969:Tabaroid
5937:Kurmanji
5893:Ashtiani
5862:Yaghnobi
5820:Ossetian
5809:Scythian
5784:Southern
5779:Northern
5751:Bactrian
5700:Sarikoli
5670:Bartangi
5334:Hazaragi
5113:Lygdamid
5049:Angarium
4990:Ecbatana
4442:Timeline
4345:cite web
3855:Persians
3588:(2006).
3519:See also
3495:𐭮𐭯𐭠𐭧
3482:𐎿𐎱𐎠𐎭
3436:𐎭𐎼𐎢𐎥
3388:𐎠𐎼𐎫𐎶
3248:𐎺𐎠𐏃𐎼
3209:𐭡𐭩𐭥𐭧
3078:brother
3061:brād(ar)
2673:meaning
2550:3.pers.
2519:1.pers.
2485:3.pers.
2454:1.pers.
2401:3.pers.
2376:1.pers.
2348:3.pers.
2323:1.pers.
2315:'bring'
2306:Thematic
2282:form is
1846:Singular
1837:Singular
1828:Singular
1819:Singular
1742:Locative
1693:Genitive
1602:Ablative
1555:Vocative
1505:-ā, -āha
1473:Singular
1464:Singular
1450:Singular
1405:-uš, -uv
1304:"wolf",
1280:or even
1265:Mirkānu-
1211:Akkadian
1028:Sibilant
841:Alveolar
722:—
581:Soghdian
577:Parthian
422:Assyrian
296:Sanskrit
292:Rig Veda
253:Help:IPA
225:oldp1254
6912:Prayers
6897:Deities
6861:Looting
6704:Kassite
6699:Hurrian
6694:Hittite
6684:Elamite
6679:Eblaite
6674:Aramaic
6669:Amorite
6592:Kassite
6567:Gutians
6549:History
6514:Samarra
6510:Hassuna
6480:Zarzian
6402:Subartu
6392:Mitanni
6357:Chaldea
6347:Assyria
6320:Ancient
6176:extinct
6172:Italics
6157:Badeshi
6101:Persian
6077:Kumzari
6019:Taleshi
6012:Sorkhei
5997:Semnani
5952:Kordali
5932:Kurdish
5926:Gorgani
5904:Daylami
5898:Balochi
5878:Western
5856:Sogdian
5815:Alanian
5789:Wanetsi
5774:Central
5764:Parachi
5744:Avestan
5705:Shughni
5690:Roshani
5653:Eastern
5621:History
5420:Grammar
5378:Dehwari
5373:Sistani
5368:Bukhori
5317:Iranian
5217:History
5150:Related
5133:Armenia
5127:Orontid
5056:Angarum
5018:Armenia
4997:Babylon
4659:Warfare
4613:Culture
4543:Tachara
4529:Apadana
4430:History
4039:: 56–85
3827:Persian
3575:, p. 2.
3469:cwáHdaH
3421:dráwgah
3327:čyaHtáh
3281:stuHnáH
3273:spring
3137:mártyah
3068:barâdar
2830:desire
2714:Hormazd
2702:Ohrmazd
2652:Lexicon
2643:-tanaiy
2593:Middle
2590:Active
2266:-ataiy-
2089:Dative
1852:Plural
1843:Plural
1834:Plural
1825:Plural
1769:-aišuvā
1755:-aišuvā
1636:-aibiyā
1615:-aibiyā
1479:Plural
1470:Plural
1414:n, r, h
1396:-iš, iy
1368:) is a
1339:Grammar
1295:Virkāna
1283:Vurkāna
1277:Varkāna
1243:Elamite
1213:(a new
1204:phoneme
1196:Čehrfar
1126:Notes:
894:Plosive
856:Glottal
846:Palatal
756:Vowels
631:Avestan
585:Kurdish
573:Avestan
517:Avestan
458:*pārćwa
338:Bahrain
334:Armenia
326:Romania
309:of the
288:Avestan
270:Avestan
249:Unicode
118:Western
113:Iranian
6739:Sutean
6714:Median
6709:Luwian
6689:Gutian
6577:Ur III
6490:Nemrik
6427:Cities
6422:Urartu
6372:Hamazi
6367:Gutium
6342:Armani
6294:Tigris
6247:Modern
6150:Others
6057:Achomi
6029:Tatoid
5977:Median
5947:Xwarin
5942:Sorani
5920:Gorani
5915:Gilaki
5836:Jassic
5796:Ormuri
5769:Pashto
5736:Others
5727:Yidgha
5361:Juhuri
5322:Afghan
5091:Pontus
4495:Danake
4374:
4256:
4167:, Ginn
4070:
4051:
4012:
3984:
3926:
3429:drauga
3373:Hr̥tám
3365:happy
3334:šiyāta
3242:vāhara
3196:𐎶𐎠𐏃
3183:mā́Hah
3144:martya
3112:𐭡𐭥𐭬
3086:búHmiš
3040:bráHtā
2958:𐭩𐭣𐭤
2945:𐎭𐎿𐎫
2932:jástah
2899:𐎭𐎼𐎹
2893:drayah
2886:jráyah
2878:devil
2853:𐎭𐎡𐎺
2838:daywáh
2805:𐎣𐎠𐎶
2792:káHmah
2784:horse
2735:Hácwah
2607:-amna-
2393:āmahiy
2254:Voices
2237:-ušuvā
2223:-ušuvā
2209:-išuvā
2195:-išuvā
2075:-ūbiyā
2054:-ūbiyā
2033:-ībiyā
2012:-ībiyā
1776:-āšuvā
1672:Dative
1657:-ābiyā
1643:-aibiš
1622:-aibiš
1460:Plural
1317:While
1307:Brdiya
1289:Vrkāna
1239:Brdiya
1159:Median
1128:Lycian
1064:Rhotic
836:Dental
831:Labial
771:Close
763:Front
649:Script
593:Middle
589:Pashto
463:Median
346:Turkey
330:Gherla
63:Region
51:𐎠𐎼𐎹
6825:Music
6775:Akitu
6632:Roman
6524:Ubaid
6519:Halaf
6417:Tukri
6412:Sumer
6407:Suhum
6387:Media
6337:Akkad
6121:Tajik
6050:South
5886:North
5825:Digor
5717:Wakhi
5711:Vanji
5685:Munji
5680:Khufi
5662:Pamir
5433:Ezāfe
5404:Verbs
5399:Nouns
5339:Aimaq
5327:Tajik
5119:Caria
4502:Daric
4087:(PDF)
3600:ariya
3557:Notes
3512:army
3502:sepâh
3476:spāda
3467:*
3451:doruğ
3419:*
3381:artam
3371:*
3325:*
3309:sotun
3288:stūnā
3279:*
3263:bahâr
3256:wahār
3234:wáhr̥
3232:*
3181:*
3135:*
3093:būmiš
3084:*
3073:برادر
3047:brātā
3038:*
3032:toll
2990:bājiš
2983:bāǰíš
2981:*
2975:hand
2939:dasta
2930:*
2914:daryâ
2907:drayā
2884:*
2846:daiva
2836:*
2790:*
2733:*
2719:هرمزد
2679:*
2558:kunav
2493:kunau
2462:kunav
2383:mahiy
2285:ajīva
2260:-aiy-
2249:Verbs
2176:-ūnām
2162:-ūnām
2148:-īnām
2134:-īnām
2082:-ūbiš
2061:-ūbiš
2040:-ībiš
2019:-ībiš
1734:-ānām
1720:-ānām
1706:-ānām
1664:-ābiš
1376:Nouns
1301:vrka-
1249:, an
1173:/t͡s/
1161:form
863:Nasal
851:Velar
800:Open
766:Back
716:ariyâ
707:Aryan
452:pārsa
434:Matai
375:As a
350:Egypt
313:era (
307:seals
283:ariya
56:Ariya
6871:Tell
6529:Uruk
6362:Elam
6111:Dari
6082:Luri
6036:Zaza
6024:Tati
5957:Laki
5910:Fars
5847:Saka
5830:Iron
5004:Susa
4372:ISBN
4351:link
4321:Arta
4254:ISBN
4068:ISBN
4049:ISBN
4010:ISBN
3982:ISBN
3937:2013
3924:ISBN
3507:سپاه
3490:spah
3461:lie
3456:دروغ
3444:drōw
3314:ستون
3302:stūn
3268:بهار
3190:māha
3175:man
3165:mard
3158:mard
2965:dast
2953:dast
2924:sea
2919:دریا
2799:kāma
2748:𐎠𐎿
2625:-ta-
2600:-nt-
2516:Pl.
2451:Sg.
2418:atiy
2408:atiy
2373:Pl.
2365:atiy
2340:āmiy
2320:Sg.
2312:'be'
2280:Dual
2272:-ya-
2230:-āvā
2216:-āvā
2202:-auv
2188:-auv
2169:-ūvā
2155:-ūvā
2141:-īyā
2127:-īyā
2115:-auš
2108:-auš
2101:-aiš
2094:-aiš
2068:-auv
2047:-auv
2026:-auš
2005:-auš
1918:-uva
1876:-iya
1849:Dual
1840:Dual
1831:Dual
1822:Dual
1762:-aiy
1748:-aiy
1727:-āyā
1713:-āyā
1699:-āyā
1650:-āyā
1476:Dual
1467:Dual
1455:Dual
1227:/hl/
1223:/rθ/
1219:/rd/
1202:The
1167:) =
642:aspa
601:Fars
595:and
539:and
348:and
342:Iraq
322:Iran
305:and
6770:Art
6178:or
5349:Tat
4465:Art
3408:ارد
3403:ord
3396:ard
3360:شاد
3355:šâd
3348:šād
3221:ماه
3216:mâh
3204:māh
3170:مرد
3124:بوم
3119:bum
3107:būm
3027:باژ
3022:bâž
3016:باج
3011:bâj
3004:bāj
2970:دست
2873:دیو
2868:div
2861:dēw
2825:کام
2820:kâm
2813:kām
2779:اسپ
2774:asp
2768:اسب
2763:asb
2756:asp
2742:asa
2571:bav
2542:āmā
2540:bav
2506:bav
2475:bav
2416:bar
2391:bar
2363:bar
2355:tiy
2338:bar
2330:miy
2287:tam
2275:).
1991:-ūn
1984:-um
1977:-iš
1970:-im
1939:-ūn
1932:-un
1925:-uv
1911:-ūv
1904:-uš
1897:-īn
1890:-in
1883:-iy
1869:-īy
1862:-iš
1812:-uv
1805:-uš
1798:-iy
1791:-iš
1589:-ām
1582:-am
1512:-am
1435:-am
1333:/ɡ/
1329:/b/
1325:/v/
1314:).
1312:/r/
1292:or
1247:/r/
1235:/r/
1231:/r/
1225:to
1215:/l/
1207:/l/
1199:).
1016:d͡ʒ
1009:t͡ʃ
1000:t͡s
737:".
709:":
636:asa
551:.
332:),
235:IPA
209:peo
193:peo
176:peo
87:BCE
80:by
73:Era
6975::
4370:,
4366:,
4362:,
4347:}}
4343:{{
4335:.
4323:.
4306:,
4293:.
4098:,
3866:^
3764:^
3749:^
3722:^
3705:^
3690:^
3653:.
3592:.
3099:𐏏
3019:/
2771:/
2529:mā
2527:ku
2477:am
2464:am
2381:aʰ
2353:as
2328:aʰ
2263:,
1958:-u
1951:-i
1629:-ā
1608:-ā
1568:-ā
1561:-ā
1547:-ā
1540:-ā
1533:-ā
1526:-ā
1519:-ā
1498:-ā
1491:-a
1442:-ā
1428:-a
1372:.
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