405:
him a last farewell." It was not known that the virus was responsible for this effect, so for centuries breeders believed that it was environmental conditions that attenuated the bulb and caused single colour tulips to break and streak. They tried to induce "rectification" through frequent soil changes (causing the bulb to go to seed); varying the planting depths so the plant had to struggle in too much or too little soil; applying too much or too little manure; using soil that was either too poor or too rich; or storing the bulbs in exposed conditions so that they would be 'acted' upon by the rain, wind, sun, and extremes of temperature. However, as early as 1637 Dutch growers were able to produce new broken varieties through bulb grafting, by combining "broken" bulbs infected with the virus with healthy bulbs that produced uniformly colored flowers.
621:
virus spread was correlated with aphid population dynamics and weather conditions. In 2007 it was discovered that TBV transmission started in April, while the first aphids were not found until May. Apparently, the first aphids of the season had already contributed, in great extent, to the virus transmission, which was observed locally in the tulip plots. In addition, a second, but distinct, TBV isolate was identified, which resulted in the design of an improved TBV detection assay. These results should enable formulation of crop protection guidelines that are fine-tuned with the risk of virus transmission, which will help decrease environmental damage caused by
409:
William
Hanbury in 1770 that: "All variegations are diseases in a plant and nothing is so proper to bring this about as a defect in nutriment." bears out this general attitude. Given the lack of knowledge of human infectious diseases at this time (and well into the 19th century) this was not an unusual conclusion, but what is surprising is that while tulip mosaic disease has a far more impressive and documented history than any other plant virus, the realization that it was a communicable plant disease, let alone a virus, came surprisingly late – a decade after the end of World War I. "Plant virus" to plant
348:
44:
990:
620:
Most recently, population dynamics of aphids in tulip fields were monitored during three growing seasons. Simultaneously, the period of TBV transmission by aphids was investigated experimentally by exposing small tulip plots during specified intervals to naturally occurring aphids. Finally, timing of
421:
had become established as an academic subject. Since the prime characteristics of the tobacco mosaic virus are that it damages the leaves and flowers of the plant, stunts growth, and lowers quantity and quality of the crop, it is puzzling to many academics and scientists that twenty more years passed
404:
Clusius's observations continued; in 1585, he was the first to note that "broken" plants also slowly degenerated. "... any tulip thus changing its original colour is usually ruined afterwards and so wanted only to delight its master's eyes with this variety of colours before dying, as if to bid
628:
In an effort to restrict the virus, the United States, Great
Britain and other countries prohibit the commercial sale of broken bulbs, or bulbs known to be infected by the virus. As TBV-infected bulbs gradually degenerate, the virus can be minimized by removing and destroying 'broken' bulbs quickly
408:
At the end of the eighteenth century, the notion that "breaking" in tulips was a manifestation of some kind of chronic disorder or weakness in the bulb was certainly considered among botanists; but it was still more or less believed that adverse environmental conditions were to blame. A comment by
307:
to "break" its lock on a single color, resulting in intricate bars, stripes, streaks, featherings or flame-like effects of different colors on the petals. These symptoms vary depending on the plant variety and age at the time of infection. Different types of colour-breaks depend on the variety of
442:
in Merton, South London, England that led to the discovery of the virus. The record of Cayley's experiments are held at the
Institution's current location in Norfolk. Caley discovered that by mechanically transferring infected tissue from broken bulbs to healthy bulbs during their
330:
growths; as it progresses through each generation the bulb grows stunted and weak. Eventually it has no strength to flower, and either breaks apart or withers away, ending the genetic line. For this reason the most famous examples of tulips from color-break bulbs – the
489:
transmitted the virus between stored tulip bulbs, but this has not been confirmed. The transfer of the virus is non-persistent, which means it is accomplished through the insect feeding. In non-persistent transmission, viruses become attached to the distal tip of the
583:
symptoms no matter whether infected with STBV or MTBV or a mixture of both strains. Although they still can be infected, white and yellow flowered varieties are incapable of breaking since they lack anthocyanins; their color is determined by colourless or yellow
616:
are applied weekly during the growth season to decrease the virus transmission in flower bulbs, and current research projects are attempting to learn about the risk of non-persistent virus transmission in relation to aphid population dynamics.
646:. Modern tulip varieties infected with the virus are fragile, and are usually much smaller than normal healthy blooms, with a reduced stem length. There are only a few varieties of older, truly "broken" tulips still in existence such as
641:
displaying a "broken" effect are stable variants and the result of breeding, not viral infection, although many tulip fanciers feel these "modern" variants are a poor substitute when compared to the long-extinct rare cultivars like
526:
Two separate strains of the virus – Severe Tulip
Breaking Virus (STBV) and Mild Tulip Breaking Virus (MTBV) – have been determined by the type and severity of the symptoms they cause. In certain varieties STBV causes
31:
551:, which occurs because anthocyanins are formed in excess, so the color in the epidermal cells is intensified in dark streaks or elongated flecks and sworls. Breaking commonly occurs along the edges and tops of petals and
494:
in the insect's mouthparts, so that the next plant it feeds on is inoculated with the virus. The virus does not affect the seed that produces a bulb, only the bulb itself, its leaves and blooms, and its daughter offsets.
777:
510:(family Potyviridae). Understanding the genetic diversity of viruses that cause similar symptoms continues to be refined. Like other members of the genus it is now readily detected and identified by
447:
state, the virus that caused the break in color would also be transferred. These experiments were further refined down to minute amounts, which led her to correctly conclude that the "virus or
323:
In the lily species, the virus causes mild to moderate mottling or streaking in the leaves about two weeks after inoculation, and then causes the plant to produce distorted leaves and flowers.
320:; this fluctuation in pigmentation occurs after the normal flower color has developed. Because each outer surface is affected, both sides of the petal often display different patterns.
271:(TBV), tulip top-breaking virus (TTBV), tulip bandbreaking virus (TBBV), Rembrandt tulip-breaking virus (ReTBV), and lily mottle virus (LMoV) have all been identified as potyviruses by
567:
symptoms are present, together with some unbroken areas, in different parts of the same petal. Plants infected with a mixture of strains when young may exhibit both effects, with
401:", so termed because it was believed that with the offset production of an entirely new "broken" bloom the plant was distilling, or rectifying, itself into a pure life form.
1731:
1744:
451:
infection" was sap-transmissible, probably transferred by an insect, and the degree of breaking was proportional to the amount of infected tissue introduced.
1782:
991:"The Development of the Virus Concept as Reflected in Corpora of Studies on Individual Pathogens. 3. Lessons of the Plant Viruses – Tobacco Mosaic Virus"
308:
tulip and the strain of the virus. The color variegation is caused either by local fading, or intensification and overaccumulation of pigments in the
1718:
434:
was coming into its own, and its impact was felt in virus research. Eventually, it was a series of bulb manipulation experiments begun in 1928 by
608:
are abundant early in the growing season. Virus transmission by aphids causes millions of dollars of damage in the flower bulb sector annually.
370:
Long thought to be the earliest recorded plant virus, it is now thought that TBV comes second; the earliest reference to a virus-induced leaf
1560:
439:
1365:
1611:
1484:
1382:
1306:
1453:
1397:
654:, which dates from 1780; a "bizarre" colored variety, it displays gold flames against a dark chocolate brown background.
1417:
842:
697:
287:
fragments has classified them all as distinct viruses or strains; recently TTBV has been found to be strain-related to
43:
1749:
732:
Brandes, J.; Wetter, C. (1959). "Classification of elongated plant viruses on the basis of particle morphology".
276:
382:
1670:
650:, but only because the worst aspects of the virus have somehow remained benign. One such example is the rare
375:
600:
Control of the virus is notoriously difficult. Its distribution is world-wide and had been reported in all
1632:
907:
Rariorum aliquot stirpium, per
Pannoniam, Austriam, & vicinas quasdam provincias observatarum historia
466:
454:
The virus was eventually proved to be transferred in a non-persistent manner by at least four species of
196:
that cause color-breaking of tulip flowers. These viruses infect plants in only two genera of the family
605:
347:
1777:
1692:
1333:
de Kock, M. J. D.; Stijger, C. C. M. M.; Pham, K. T. K.; Lemmers, M. E. C.; van Dam, M. (July 2011).
414:
38:
1621:
502:
filamentous particles (mostly measuring about 12×750 nm) and finally proved to be a virus. The
288:
543:
is exposed, appearing as irregular streaks or fine featherings. In the same varieties MTBV causes
1463:. Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. Sep 1990. Archived from
1442:
1434:
1336:
Non-persistent TBV transmission in correlation to aphid population dynamics in tulip flower bulbs
714:
313:
262:
1736:
1679:
1593:
1556:
1531:
1288:
1280:
1181:
1130:
1023:
971:
886:
802:
749:
491:
280:
604:
regions where tulips are grown; it is particularly common in southern Europe where the aphid
1583:
1548:
1521:
1426:
1344:
1272:
1245:
1212:
1171:
1161:
1120:
1110:
1079:
1013:
1005:
792:
741:
706:
398:
1772:
1488:
1369:
327:
104:
1249:
1234:"Automatic detection of tulip breaking virus (TBV) in tulip fields using machine vision"
1276:
1176:
1149:
1083:
1018:
478:
460:
435:
386:
1199:
Polder G, van der
Heijden GWAM, van Doorn J, van der Schoor R, Baltissen AHMC (2010).
1766:
1505:
1446:
1334:
1125:
1098:
745:
718:
80:
1348:
827:
Brierly, P.; Smith, F. F. (1944). "Study on lily virus diseases: the mottle group".
1684:
1115:
506:
of TBV has now been sequenced and the virus is recognized as a member of the genus
503:
431:
418:
410:
92:
1588:
1571:
1464:
1552:
1526:
1509:
1263:
McWhorter, Frank P. (May 1938). "The
Antithetic Virus Theory of Tulip-Breaking".
778:"Characterization of Potyviruses from Tulip and Lily which Cause Flower-Breaking"
629:
before aphids spread the virus to other bulbs or cross-contaminating lily hosts.
1664:
1616:
1233:
613:
609:
536:
511:
472:
359:
317:
244:
192:
187:
128:
116:
1655:
1361:
888:
Rariorum aliquot stirpium per
Hispanias observatorum Historia, Libris Duobus...
797:
575:
effects in the upper parts. Some varieties were later found to be incapable of
1292:
1217:
1200:
1148:Ágoston, János; Almási, Asztéria; Salánki, Katalin; Palkovics, László (2020).
1009:
622:
555:. The most common type of breaking found in naturally infected plants, called
1572:"First Report of Tulip band breaking virus in Mosaic Diseased Tulip in Japan"
1284:
1201:"Detection of the tulip breaking virus (TBV) in tulips using optical sensors"
1705:
601:
515:
507:
371:
326:
The virus also weakens the bulb and retards the plant's propagation through
254:
197:
140:
68:
1597:
1535:
1185:
1134:
975:
753:
1166:
1150:"Genetic Diversity of Potyviruses Associated with Tulip Breaking Syndrome"
806:
1649:
1487:. Purdue University: Plant and Pest Diagnostic Laboratory. Archived from
1027:
923:. Translated by van Dijk, W. Haarlem: Joh. Enschede en Zonen. p. 18.
585:
499:
484:
444:
309:
304:
272:
240:
1723:
1438:
351:
1339:. XII International Symposium on Virus Diseases of Ornamental Plants.
1232:
Polder G, van der
Heijden GWAM, van Doorn J, Baltissen TAHMC (2014).
962:
Ackerknecht, E. H. (1948). "Anticontagionism
Between 1821 and 1867".
589:
552:
455:
448:
394:
390:
1626:
895:] (in Latin). Antwerp, Belgium: Christophe Plantin. p. 513.
539:
cells fades and the lighter color (white or yellow) of the internal
535:, when due to a lack of anthocyanin, pigment present in the surface
30:
1710:
1430:
710:
1099:"Mechanisms of Arthropod Transmission of Plant and Animal Viruses"
346:
239:
is most famous for its dramatic effects on the color of the tulip
201:
55:
893:
history of some rare plants observed in Iberia, in two books ...
540:
300:
209:
1697:
1630:
1362:"Royal Horticultural Society – Gardening Advice: Tulip Viruses"
559:, is caused by infection with a mixture of STBV and MTBV; both
243:, an effect highly sought after during the 17th-century Dutch "
571:
symptoms restricted to the basal part of the petal and severe
284:
680:
van Slogteren, D. H. (October 1971). "Tulip breaking virus".
422:
before "breaking" was even suspected of being virus-induced.
366:
are seen in the striking streaks of white in its red petals.
1307:"Tulip Breaking Virus - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"
1547:. Handbook of Plant Disease Management. pp. 1313–37.
1051:
Brunt, Alan; Walsh, John (May 2005). "'Broken' tulips and
866:
Brunt, Alan; Walsh, John (May 2005). "'Broken' tulips and
588:
in the mesophyll. Other outward symptoms can include leaf
1398:"How a virus created Holland's beautiful 'broken' tulips"
1070:
Cayley, Dorothy (November 1928). "'Breaking' in tulips".
358:, famous for being the most expensive tulip sold during
381:"Breaking" symptomology was first described in 1576 by
498:
It was not until the 1960s that TBV was shown to have
417:, which had been discovered in 1897, quite soon after
1639:
1543:McGovern RJ, Elmer WH (2018). "Diseases of Tulip".
766:Bartels, Phytopathology Z., vol. 71, 1971, p. 87.
1046:
1044:
684:. Lisse, The Netherlands: Bulb Research Centre.
675:
673:
671:
669:
667:
1097:Gray, Stewart M.; Banerjee, Nanditta (1999).
257:. A distant serological relationship between
8:
1510:"Tulip breaking: past, present, and future"
1328:
1326:
413:at the time was almost synonymous with the
316:layer due to the irregular distribution of
1627:
1103:Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews
1004:(2). Cambridge University Press: 111–134.
29:
18:
1587:
1525:
1216:
1175:
1165:
1124:
1114:
1017:
796:
1415:Garber, Peter M. (1989), "Tulipmania",
949:Complete Body of Planting and Gardening
695:Garber, Peter M. (1989). "Tulipmania".
663:
482:. McKenny-Hughes reported in 1934 that
1396:Emlyn-Jones, Daniel (April 12, 2020).
354:on paper drawing, before 1640, of the
1271:(2). John Wiley & Sons: 254–270.
776:Dekker EL, et al. (1 May 1993).
7:
1545:Handbook of Florists' Crops Diseases
1381:Fallon, Fionnuala (April 14, 2012).
440:John Innes Horticultural Institution
1483:Beckerman, Janna (April 18, 2011).
1343:. Vol. 901. pp. 191–198.
1250:10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2013.05.010
964:Bulletin of the History of Medicine
951:. Vol. I. London. p. 301.
378:) was recorded in Japan in 752 AD.
1783:Viral plant pathogens and diseases
1277:10.1111/j.1744-7348.1938.tb02333.x
1084:10.1111/j.1744-7348.1928.tb07775.x
173:severe tulip breaking virus (STBV)
14:
919:Carolus Clusius of Arras (1951).
397:, who noted the variegation, or "
170:mild tulip breaking virus (MTBV)
42:
1349:10.17660/ActaHortic.2011.901.24
1116:10.1128/MMBR.63.1.128-148.1999
989:Wilkinson, Lise (April 1976).
1:
1622:BBC Gardener's World Magazine
1589:10.1094/PDIS.2002.86.12.1405A
682:Descriptions of Plant Viruses
1553:10.1007/978-3-319-39670-5_49
1527:10.1094/PDIS.2000.84.10.1052
1418:Journal of Political Economy
746:10.1016/0042-6822(59)90022-4
698:Journal of Political Economy
1617:Royal Horticultural Society
1461:Report on Plant Disease 634
785:Journal of General Virology
1799:
1570:Se T, Kanematsu S (2002).
1454:"Tulip breaking or mosaic"
798:10.1099/0022-1317-74-5-881
518:, and optical techniques.
1265:Annals of Applied Biology
1218:10.1007/s11119-010-9169-2
1072:Annals of Applied Biology
1010:10.1017/S0025727300022183
947:Hanbury, William (1770).
885:Clusius, Carolus (1576).
339: – no longer exist.
277:polymerase chain reaction
167:
162:
37:
28:
21:
1383:"My kingdom for a tulip"
265:was discovered in 1971.
1341:ISHS Acta Horticulturae
376:tobacco leaf curl virus
275:and potyvirus-specific
1612:Amsterdam Tulip Museum
1238:Biosystems Engineering
467:Macrosiphum euphorbiae
464:(the most efficient),
367:
299:The virus infects the
1311:www.sciencedirect.com
1205:Precision Agriculture
1167:10.3390/plants9121807
847:penelope.uchicago.edu
350:
1671:Tulip breaking virus
1641:Tulip breaking virus
1053:Tulip breaking virus
935:Gardener's Chronicle
921:A treatise on tulips
868:Tulip breaking virus
579:, and always showed
415:tobacco mosaic virus
364:Tulip breaking virus
295:Effects of the virus
279:(PCR). In addition,
269:Tulip breaking virus
259:Tulip breaking virus
251:Tulip breaking virus
237:Tulip breaking virus
183:Tulip breaking virus
155:Tulip breaking virus
39:Virus classification
23:Tulip breaking virus
1485:"Tulip Break Virus"
637:Today, tulips like
633:Broken tulips today
289:turnip mosaic virus
1385:. The Irish Times.
1368:2008-10-11 at the
1057:Microbiology Today
905:Clusius, Carolus.
872:Microbiology Today
430:By the mid-1920s,
426:Pathogen discovery
368:
263:tobacco etch virus
219:Also known as the
1760:
1759:
1633:Taxon identifiers
1562:978-3-319-39668-2
1520:(10): 1052–1060.
843:"Semper Augustus"
362:. The effects of
281:sequence analysis
229:lily mosaic virus
225:lily streak virus
221:tulip break virus
179:
178:
1790:
1753:
1752:
1740:
1739:
1727:
1726:
1714:
1713:
1701:
1700:
1688:
1687:
1675:
1674:
1673:
1660:
1659:
1658:
1628:
1601:
1591:
1566:
1539:
1529:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1491:on 18 March 2014
1479:
1477:
1475:
1469:
1458:
1449:
1402:
1401:
1393:
1387:
1386:
1378:
1372:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1330:
1321:
1320:
1318:
1317:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1220:
1196:
1190:
1189:
1179:
1169:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1128:
1118:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1067:
1061:
1060:
1048:
1039:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1021:
995:
986:
980:
979:
959:
953:
952:
944:
938:
937:, 94: 471, 1933.
931:
925:
924:
916:
910:
909:. Antwerp, 1583.
903:
897:
896:
882:
876:
875:
863:
857:
856:
854:
853:
839:
833:
832:
824:
818:
817:
815:
813:
800:
782:
773:
767:
764:
758:
757:
729:
723:
722:
692:
686:
685:
677:
47:
46:
33:
19:
16:Species of virus
1798:
1797:
1793:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1788:
1787:
1763:
1762:
1761:
1756:
1748:
1743:
1735:
1730:
1722:
1717:
1709:
1704:
1696:
1691:
1683:
1678:
1669:
1668:
1663:
1654:
1653:
1648:
1635:
1608:
1569:
1563:
1542:
1503:
1494:
1492:
1482:
1473:
1471:
1467:
1456:
1452:
1414:
1411:
1406:
1405:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1380:
1379:
1375:
1370:Wayback Machine
1360:
1356:
1332:
1331:
1324:
1315:
1313:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1262:
1261:
1257:
1231:
1230:
1226:
1198:
1197:
1193:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1096:
1095:
1091:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1050:
1049:
1042:
1032:
1030:
998:Medical History
993:
988:
987:
983:
961:
960:
956:
946:
945:
941:
932:
928:
918:
917:
913:
904:
900:
884:
883:
879:
865:
864:
860:
851:
849:
841:
840:
836:
826:
825:
821:
811:
809:
780:
775:
774:
770:
765:
761:
731:
730:
726:
694:
693:
689:
679:
678:
665:
660:
644:Semper Augustus
639:Rem's Sensation
635:
598:
524:
458:, specifically
428:
383:Carolus Clusius
356:Semper Augustus
345:
333:Semper Augustus
303:and causes the
297:
186:is one of five
158:
106:Stelpaviricetes
41:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1796:
1794:
1786:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1765:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1754:
1741:
1728:
1715:
1702:
1689:
1676:
1661:
1645:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1607:
1606:External links
1604:
1603:
1602:
1567:
1561:
1540:
1501:
1480:
1470:on 25 May 2013
1450:
1431:10.1086/261615
1425:(3): 535–560,
1410:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1400:. Oxford Mail.
1388:
1373:
1354:
1322:
1298:
1255:
1224:
1211:(4): 397–412.
1191:
1140:
1109:(1): 128–148.
1089:
1078:(4): 529–539.
1062:
1040:
981:
954:
939:
926:
911:
898:
877:
858:
834:
829:Phytopathology
819:
791:(5): 881–887.
768:
759:
724:
711:10.1086/261615
705:(3): 535–560.
687:
662:
661:
659:
656:
634:
631:
597:
594:
577:light breaking
569:light breaking
561:light breaking
533:light breaking
523:
520:
479:Aphis gossypii
461:Myzus persicae
436:Dorothy Cayley
427:
424:
344:
341:
296:
293:
190:of the family
177:
176:
175:
174:
171:
165:
164:
160:
159:
152:
150:
146:
145:
138:
134:
133:
126:
122:
121:
114:
110:
109:
102:
98:
97:
90:
86:
85:
78:
74:
73:
66:
59:
58:
53:
49:
48:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1795:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1751:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1681:
1677:
1672:
1666:
1662:
1657:
1651:
1647:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1629:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1605:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1576:Plant Disease
1573:
1568:
1564:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1514:Plant Disease
1511:
1507:
1502:
1490:
1486:
1481:
1466:
1462:
1455:
1451:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1408:
1399:
1392:
1389:
1384:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1358:
1355:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1337:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1312:
1308:
1302:
1299:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1259:
1256:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1228:
1225:
1219:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1195:
1192:
1187:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1144:
1141:
1136:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1093:
1090:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1066:
1063:
1058:
1054:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1029:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
992:
985:
982:
977:
973:
969:
965:
958:
955:
950:
943:
940:
936:
930:
927:
922:
915:
912:
908:
902:
899:
894:
890:
889:
881:
878:
873:
869:
862:
859:
848:
844:
838:
835:
830:
823:
820:
808:
804:
799:
794:
790:
786:
779:
772:
769:
763:
760:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
728:
725:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
699:
691:
688:
683:
676:
674:
672:
670:
668:
664:
657:
655:
653:
649:
645:
640:
632:
630:
626:
624:
618:
615:
611:
607:
603:
595:
593:
591:
587:
582:
581:dark breaking
578:
574:
573:dark breaking
570:
566:
565:dark breaking
562:
558:
557:average break
554:
550:
549:dark breaking
546:
545:self breaking
542:
538:
534:
530:
529:full breaking
522:Viral strains
521:
519:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
496:
493:
488:
486:
481:
480:
475:
474:
469:
468:
463:
462:
457:
452:
450:
446:
441:
437:
433:
425:
423:
420:
416:
412:
406:
402:
400:
399:rectification
396:
392:
389:professor of
388:
384:
379:
377:
373:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
342:
340:
338:
334:
329:
324:
321:
319:
315:
312:of the upper
311:
306:
302:
294:
292:
290:
286:
283:of amplified
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
217:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
194:
189:
188:plant viruses
185:
184:
172:
169:
168:
166:
161:
157:
156:
151:
148:
147:
144:
143:
139:
136:
135:
132:
131:
127:
124:
123:
120:
119:
118:Patatavirales
115:
112:
111:
108:
107:
103:
100:
99:
96:
95:
91:
88:
87:
84:
83:
82:Orthornavirae
79:
76:
75:
72:
71:
67:
64:
61:
60:
57:
54:
51:
50:
45:
40:
36:
32:
27:
24:
20:
1640:
1582:(12): 1405.
1579:
1575:
1544:
1517:
1513:
1493:. Retrieved
1489:the original
1472:. Retrieved
1465:the original
1460:
1422:
1416:
1391:
1376:
1357:
1340:
1335:
1314:. Retrieved
1310:
1301:
1268:
1264:
1258:
1241:
1237:
1227:
1208:
1204:
1194:
1160:(12): 1807.
1157:
1153:
1143:
1106:
1102:
1092:
1075:
1071:
1065:
1056:
1052:
1031:. Retrieved
1001:
997:
984:
967:
963:
957:
948:
942:
934:
929:
920:
914:
906:
901:
892:
887:
880:
871:
867:
861:
850:. Retrieved
846:
837:
828:
822:
810:. Retrieved
788:
784:
771:
762:
737:
733:
727:
702:
696:
690:
681:
651:
647:
643:
638:
636:
627:
619:
610:Mineral oils
599:
596:Distribution
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
548:
544:
532:
528:
525:
504:genetic code
497:
483:
477:
471:
465:
459:
453:
432:biochemistry
429:
419:bacteriology
411:pathologists
407:
403:
380:
369:
363:
355:
336:
332:
325:
322:
298:
268:
267:
258:
250:
249:
236:
232:
231:, or simply
228:
224:
220:
218:
213:
205:
191:
182:
181:
180:
154:
153:
141:
129:
117:
105:
94:Pisuviricota
93:
81:
69:
62:
52:(unranked):
22:
1778:Potyviruses
1665:Wikispecies
1506:Ghabrial SA
1504:Lesnaw JA,
970:: 562–593.
740:(99): 115.
648:Zomerschoon
614:pyrethroids
537:chromoplast
512:serological
473:Aphis fabae
360:tulip mania
318:anthocyanin
245:tulip mania
193:Potyviridae
130:Potyviridae
1767:Categories
1409:References
1316:2024-02-16
1293:4634521000
1033:7 November
852:2024-02-16
831:(34): 718.
623:pesticides
374:(possibly
1447:222435339
1285:0003-4746
1244:: 35–42.
719:222435339
602:temperate
541:mesophyll
516:molecular
508:Potyvirus
372:chlorosis
314:epidermal
255:potyvirus
198:Liliaceae
149:Species:
142:Potyvirus
77:Kingdom:
70:Riboviria
1737:11461122
1724:10200314
1656:Q1825266
1650:Wikidata
1598:30818458
1536:30831892
1508:(2000).
1495:18 March
1474:18 March
1366:Archived
1186:33352796
1135:10066833
976:18106184
754:13669326
734:Virology
590:mottling
586:plastids
500:flexuous
485:Dysaphis
335:and the
310:vacuoles
305:cultivar
273:serology
241:perianth
163:Strains
125:Family:
89:Phylum:
1439:1830454
1177:7766433
1019:1081732
812:11 July
807:8492092
652:Absalon
606:vectors
487:tulipae
445:dormant
438:at the
387:Flemish
352:Gouache
343:History
337:Viceroy
137:Genus:
113:Order:
101:Class:
1773:Tulipa
1711:TBV000
1698:540271
1596:
1559:
1534:
1445:
1437:
1291:
1283:
1184:
1174:
1154:Plants
1133:
1123:
1028:781420
1026:
1016:
974:
933:Hoog,
805:
752:
717:
553:sepals
492:stylet
476:, and
456:aphids
449:enzyme
395:Leiden
391:Botany
328:offset
214:Lilium
210:lilies
208:) and
206:Tulipa
202:tulips
1750:12229
1732:IRMNG
1685:59KV4
1468:(PDF)
1457:(PDF)
1443:S2CID
1435:JSTOR
1126:98959
1059:: 70.
994:(PDF)
891:[
874:: 71.
781:(PDF)
715:S2CID
658:Notes
253:is a
63:Realm
56:Virus
1745:NCBI
1719:GBIF
1706:EPPO
1594:PMID
1557:ISBN
1532:PMID
1497:2014
1476:2014
1289:OCLC
1281:ISSN
1182:PMID
1131:PMID
1035:2022
1024:PMID
972:PMID
814:2020
803:PMID
750:PMID
612:and
563:and
385:, a
301:bulb
261:and
1693:EoL
1680:CoL
1584:doi
1549:doi
1522:doi
1427:doi
1345:doi
1273:doi
1246:doi
1242:117
1213:doi
1172:PMC
1162:doi
1121:PMC
1111:doi
1080:doi
1055:".
1014:PMC
1006:doi
870:".
793:doi
742:doi
707:doi
547:or
531:or
393:at
285:DNA
247:".
233:TBV
216:).
1769::
1747::
1734::
1721::
1708::
1695::
1682::
1667::
1652::
1592:.
1580:86
1578:.
1574:.
1555:.
1530:.
1518:84
1516:.
1512:.
1459:.
1441:,
1433:,
1423:97
1421:,
1364:.
1325:^
1309:.
1287:.
1279:.
1269:25
1267:.
1240:.
1236:.
1209:11
1207:.
1203:.
1180:.
1170:.
1156:.
1152:.
1129:.
1119:.
1107:63
1105:.
1101:.
1076:15
1074:.
1043:^
1022:.
1012:.
1002:20
1000:.
996:.
968:22
966:.
845:.
801:.
789:74
787:.
783:.
748:.
736:.
713:.
703:97
701:.
666:^
625:.
592:.
514:,
470:,
291:.
235:,
227:,
223:,
200::
65::
1600:.
1586::
1565:.
1551::
1538:.
1524::
1499:.
1478:.
1429::
1351:.
1347::
1319:.
1295:.
1275::
1252:.
1248::
1221:.
1215::
1188:.
1164::
1158:9
1137:.
1113::
1086:.
1082::
1037:.
1008::
978:.
855:.
816:.
795::
756:.
744::
738:8
721:.
709::
212:(
204:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
