532:
also produces identical structures known as long terminal repeats (LTRs). Long terminal repeats are at the ends of the DNA strands and regulates viral gene expression. The viral DNA is then translocated into the nucleus where one strand of the retroviral genome is put into the chromosomal DNA by the help of the virion integrase. At this point the retrovirus is referred to as provirus. Once in the chromosomal DNA, the provirus is transcribed by the cellular RNA polymerase II. The transcription leads to the splicing and full-length mRNAs and full-length progeny virion RNA. The virion protein and progeny RNA assemble in the cytoplasm and leave the cell, whereas the other copies send translated viral messages in the cytoplasm.
264:
207:, which normally replicates as a mixed double and single-stranded DNA virus but also has a retroviral replication component). In many cases, tumor viruses do not cause cancer in their native hosts but only in dead-end species. For example, adenoviruses do not cause cancer in humans but are instead responsible for colds, conjunctivitis and other acute illnesses. They only become tumorigenic when infected into certain rodent species, such as Syrian hamsters. Some viruses are tumorigenic when they infect a cell and persist as circular
1297:
4595:
1060:
228:
4843:
384:(E1A) is an oncoprotein which binds to Rb and can stimulate transcription and transform cells. SV40 uses the same protein for inactivating Rb, LT, to inactivate p53. HPV contains a protein, E7, which can bind to Rb in much the same way. Rb can be inactivated by phosphorylation, or by being bound to a viral oncoprotein, or by mutations—mutations which prevent oncoprotein binding are also associated with cancer.
4831:
541:
33:
422:
283:(Rb). It is evolutionarily advantageous for viruses to inactivate p53 because p53 can trigger cell cycle arrest or apoptosis in infected cells when the virus attempts to replicate its DNA. Similarly, Rb proteins regulate many essential cell functions, including but not limited to a crucial cell cycle checkpoint, making them a target for viruses attempting to interrupt regular cell function.
302:-16 (HPV-16) has been shown to lead to cervical cancer and other cancers, including head and neck cancer. These three viruses have parallel mechanisms of action, forming an archetype for DNA oncoviruses. All three of these DNA oncoviruses are able to integrate their DNA into the host cell, and use this to transcribe it and transform cells by bypassing the G1/S checkpoint of the cell cycle.
173:
327:, arresting the cell cycle before DNA replication until the appropriate checkpoint inputs, such as DNA damage repair, are completed. p53 regulates the p21 gene, which produces a protein which binds to the Cyclin D-Cdk4/6 complex. This prevents Rb phosphorylation and prevents the cell from entering S phase. In mammals, when Rb is active (unphosphorylated), it inhibits the
4867:
4855:
165:
virus infection and carriage is the norm for most tumor viruses, which violates Koch's third principle. Relman and
Fredericks have described the difficulties in applying Koch's postulates to virus-induced cancers. Finally, the host restriction for human viruses makes it unethical to experimentally transmit a suspected cancer virus. Other measures, such as
6306:
928:. In acutely transforming viruses, the viral particles carry a gene that encodes for an overactive oncogene called viral-oncogene (v-onc), and the infected cell is transformed as soon as v-onc is expressed. In contrast, in slowly transforming viruses, the virus genome is inserted, especially as viral genome insertion is an obligatory part of
873:
881:
936:
or other transcription regulation elements in turn cause overexpression of that proto-oncogene, which in turn induces uncontrolled cellular proliferation. Because viral genome insertion is not specific to proto-oncogenes and the chance of insertion near that proto-oncogene is low, slowly transforming
164:
disease, are not applicable to viral diseases. Firstly, this is because viruses cannot truly be isolated in pure culture—even stringent isolation techniques cannot exclude undetected contaminating viruses with similar density characteristics, and viruses must be grown on cells. Secondly, asymptomatic
482:
In the 1960s, the replication process of RNA virus was believed to be similar to other single-stranded RNA. Single-stranded RNA replication involves RNA-dependent RNA synthesis which meant that virus-coding enzymes would make partial double-stranded RNA. This belief was shown to be incorrect because
246:
Indirect viral oncogenicity involves chronic nonspecific inflammation occurring over decades of infection, as is the case for HCV-induced liver cancer. These two mechanisms differ in their biology and epidemiology: direct tumor viruses must have at least one virus copy in every tumor cell expressing
952:
in 0.47% of hepatitis B patients per year (especially in Asia, less so in North
America), and in 1.4% of hepatitis C carriers per year. Liver cirrhosis, whether from chronic viral hepatitis infection or alcoholism, is associated with the development of liver cancer, and the combination of cirrhosis
339:
complex, which inhibits Rb, forming a positive feedback loop, keeping the cell in G1 until the input crosses a threshold. To drive the cell into S phase prematurely, the viruses must inactivate p53, which plays a central role in the G1/S checkpoint, as well as Rb, which, though downstream of it, is
531:
The retrovirus begins the journey into a host cell by attaching a surface glycoprotein to the cell's plasma membrane receptor. Once inside the cell, the retrovirus goes through reverse transcription in the cytoplasm and generates a double-stranded DNA copy of the RNA genome. Reverse transcription
310:
DNA oncoviruses transform infected cells by integrating their DNA into the host cell's genome. The DNA is believed to be inserted during transcription or replication, when the two annealed strands are separated. This event is relatively rare and generally unpredictable; there seems to be no
254:
Chronic indirect tumor viruses, on the other hand, can be lost (at least theoretically) from a mature tumor that has accumulated sufficient mutations and growth conditions (hyperplasia) from the chronic inflammation of viral infection. In this latter case, it is controversial but at least
364:, on the same residues. LT binds to p53's binding domain on the DNA (rather than on the protein), again preventing p53 from appropriately regulating genes. HPV instead degrades p53: the HPV protein E6 binds to a cellular protein called the E6-associated protein (E6-AP, also known as
121:
estimated that in 2002, infection caused 17.8% of human cancers, with 11.9% caused by one of seven viruses. A 2020 study of 2,658 samples from 38 different types of cancer found that 16% were associated with a virus. These cancers might be easily prevented through vaccination (e.g.,
2660:
Muñoz N, Bosch FX, de Sanjosé S, Herrero R, Castellsagué X, Shah KV, et al. (International Agency for
Research on Cancer Multicenter Cervical Cancer Study Group) (February 2003). "Epidemiologic classification of human papillomavirus types associated with cervical cancer".
1395:
among patients with AIDS that this cancer must be caused by another infectious agent besides HIV, and that this was likely to be a second virus. Subsequent studies revealed that KSHV is the "KS agent" and is responsible for the epidemiologic patterns of KS and related cancers.
298:, can cause tumors in rodent models but is not oncogenic in humans. This phenomenon has been one of the major controversies of oncogenesis in the 20th century because an estimated 100 million people were inadvertently exposed to SV40 through polio vaccines. The
920:. Experimental and epidemiological data imply a causative role for viruses and they appear to be the second most important risk factor for cancer development in humans, exceeded only by tobacco usage. The mode of virally induced tumors can be divided into two,
1142:
By the early 1950s, it was known that viruses could remove and incorporate genes and genetic material in cells. It was suggested that such types of viruses could cause cancer by introducing new genes into the genome. Genetic analysis of mice infected with
392:
DNA oncoviruses typically cause cancer by inactivating p53 and Rb, thereby allowing unregulated cell division and creating tumors. There may be many different mechanisms which have evolved separately; in addition to those described above, for example, the
3041:
Melnick M, Sedghizadeh PP, Allen CM, Jaskoll T (February 2012). "Human cytomegalovirus and mucoepidermoid carcinoma of salivary glands: cell-specific localization of active viral and oncogenic signaling proteins is confirmatory of a causal relationship".
1191:, a strain of murine leukemia virus capable of causing cancers in immunocompetent mice. Though her findings received significant backlash, they were eventually accepted by the field and cemented the validity of viral oncogenesis.
3692:
Ben David Y, Prideaux VR, Chow V, Benchimol S, Bernstein A (August 1988). "Inactivation of the p53 oncogene by internal deletion or retroviral integration in erythroleukemic cell lines induced by Friend leukemia virus".
255:
theoretically possible that an indirect tumor virus could undergo "hit-and-run" and so the virus would be lost from the clinically diagnosed tumor. In practical terms, this is an uncommon occurrence if it does occur.
572:. Interfering with the action of p53 allows a cell infected with the virus to move into a different stage of the cell cycle, enabling the virus genome to be replicated. Forcing the cell into the S phase of the
1745:
Viruses known as oncogenic RNA viruses or oncornaviruses have been described in a wide variety of vertebrate species there have been very few, if any, completely convincing examples of isolation of human
483:
there were no double-stranded RNA found in the retrovirus cell. In 1964, Howard Temin proposed a provirus hypothesis, but shortly after reverse transcription in the retrovirus genome was discovered.
290:
can lead to tumors in rodent models but do not cause cancer in humans; however, they have been exploited as delivery vehicles in gene therapy for diseases such as cystic fibrosis and cancer.
98:. The vast majority of human and animal viruses do not cause cancer, probably because of longstanding co-evolution between the virus and its host. Oncoviruses have been important not only in
864:
Estimated percent of new cancers attributable to the virus worldwide in 2002. NA indicates not available. The association of other viruses with human cancer is continually under research.
5881:
146:. A minority of persons (or animals) will go on to develop cancers after infection. This has complicated efforts to determine whether or not a given virus causes cancer. The well-known
2260:
Sambrook J, Greene R, Stringer J, Mitchison T, Hu SL, Botchan M (1980). "Analysis of the sites of integration of viral DNA sequences in rat cells transformed by adenovirus 2 or SV40".
960:
Through advances in cancer research, vaccines designed to prevent cancer have been created. The hepatitis B vaccine is the first vaccine that has been established to prevent cancer (
2612:
Scheffner M, Werness BA, Huibregtse JM, Levine AJ, Howley PM (December 1990). "The E6 oncoprotein encoded by human papillomavirus types 16 and 18 promotes the degradation of p53".
984:(ACIP) officially recommended that females aged 11–12 receive the vaccine, and indicated that females as young as age 9 and as old as age 26 are also candidates for immunization.
1087:
could be transmitted between chickens after cell-free filtration and subsequently cause leukemia. This was subsequently confirmed for solid tumors in chickens in 1910–1911 by
953:
and viral hepatitis presents the highest risk of liver cancer development. Worldwide, liver cancer is one of the most common, and most deadly, cancers due to a huge burden of
2462:
Scheffner M, Huibregtse JM, Vierstra RD, Howley PM (November 1993). "The HPV-16 E6 and E6-AP complex functions as a ubiquitin-protein ligase in the ubiquitination of p53".
311:
deterministic predictor of the site of integration. After integration, the host's cell cycle loses regulation from Rb and p53, and the cell begins cloning to form a tumor.
243:) in the genome. For example, it has been shown that vFLIP and vCyclin interfere with the TGF-β signaling pathway indirectly by inducing oncogenic host mir17-92 cluster.
5304:
4248:
Choo QL, Kuo G, Weiner AJ, Overby LR, Bradley DW, Houghton M (April 1989). "Isolation of a cDNA clone derived from a blood-borne non-A, non-B viral hepatitis genome".
519:, it is derived from the surface and transmembrane for the viral envelope protein. There is a fourth coding domain which is smaller, but exists in all retroviruses.
239:
A direct oncogenic viral mechanism involves either insertion of additional viral oncogenic genes into the host cell or to enhance already existing oncogenic genes (
219:). Other viruses are only carcinogenic when they integrate into the host cell genome as part of a biological accident, such as polyomaviruses and papillomaviruses.
1682:
Valladares Y (1960). "Studies on cancerous pathogenesis. Production of leukemia and polycythemia vera by means of cancerous nucleoproteins from tissue cultures".
5895:
981:
965:
847:
118:
2505:
Dyson N, Howley PM, MĂĽnger K, Harlow E (February 1989). "The human papilloma virus-16 E7 oncoprotein is able to bind to the retinoblastoma gene product".
5561:
1353:
977:
5392:
1380:
913:
790:
631:
548:
216:
4050:
Beasley RP, Hwang LY, Lin CC, Chien CS (November 1981). "Hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatitis B virus. A prospective study of 22 707 men in Taiwan".
5432:
1340:(HCV) was discovered by panning a cDNA library made from diseased tissues for foreign antigens recognized by patient sera. This work was performed by
4761:
1210:, raising concern about possible human health implications. Scientific consensus now strongly agrees that this is not likely to cause human cancer.
1099:). The reasons why chickens are so receptive to such transmission may involve unusual characteristics of stability or instability as they relate to
251:
are expressed in these tumors, persons who are immunosuppressed such as AIDS or transplant patients are at higher risk for these types of cancers.
511:
region of the virus, the synthesis of the internal virion proteins are maintained which make up the matrix, capsid and nucleocapsid proteins. In
1585:
4519:
1486:"Hepatitis C virus syndrome: A constellation of organ- and non-organ specific autoimmune disorders, B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and cancer"
5297:
2356:
2160:
1989:
976:. The vaccine protects against four HPV types, which together cause 70% of cervical cancers and 90% of genital warts. In March 2007, the US
6341:
5525:
2216:"Involvement of intact HPV16 E6/E7 gene expression in head and neck cancers with unaltered p53 status and perturbed pRb cell cycle control"
1384:
5582:
3856:
5901:
5427:
5384:
1731:
1172:
1043:
in rats. But it was not recognized that cancer could have infectious origins until much later as virus had first been discovered by
779:
597:
469:
5816:
380:
Rb is inactivated (thereby allowing the G1/S transition to progress unimpeded) by different but analogous viral oncoproteins. The
5887:
5290:
4905:
2895:
2379:"The common mechanisms of transformation by the small DNA tumor viruses: The inactivation of tumor suppressor gene products: p53"
3873:
3720:
Gross L (June 1953). "A filterable agent, recovered from Ak leukemic extracts, causing salivary gland carcinomas in C3H mice".
5486:
5472:
1444:
1329:
1290:
447:
2717:
Schiffman M, Castle PE, Jeronimo J, Rodriguez AC, Wacholder S (September 2007). "Human papillomavirus and cervical cancer".
1139:, an "extrachromosomal factor" (i.e. virus) that could be transmitted between laboratory strains of mice by breast feeding.
785:. According to statistics in the United States, females are more impacted by HPV-associated cancers (83%) than males (74%).
2007:"Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus (KSHV) Induces the Oncogenic miR-17-92 Cluster and Down-Regulates TGF-β Signaling"
1095:
extended Bang and
Ellerman's experiments to show cell-free transmission of a solid tumor sarcoma to chickens (now known as
5220:
4871:
1341:
1305:
361:
357:
3763:
Stewart SE, Eddy BE, Borgese N (June 1958). "Neoplasms in mice inoculated with a tumor agent carried in tissue culture".
5691:
5685:
5596:
5590:
5480:
1726:. Comprehensive Immunology. Vol. 9 (reprint ed.). New York: Plenum Publishing Corporation. pp. 273, 275.
1266:
1247:
1084:
937:
viruses have very long tumor latency compared to acutely transforming viruses, which already carry the viral oncogene.
6054:
5980:
5974:
5647:
3146:(Fourteenth ed.). Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service
1465:
1424:
4438:"Human transcriptome subtraction by using short sequence tags to search for tumor viruses in conjunctival carcinoma"
1723:
Immunology of Human
Infection: Part II: Viruses and Parasites; Immunodiagnosis and Prevention of Infectious Diseases
263:
6296:
5251:
4512:
4028:
909:
733:
673:
443:
381:
200:
6111:
5718:
5045:
4553:
4226:
3993:
Epstein MA, Achong BG, Barr YM (March 1964). "Virus
Particles in Cultured Lymphoblasts from Burkitt's Lymphoma".
1180:
1136:
807:
114:
1407:
developed a new method to identify cancer viruses based on computer subtraction of human sequences from a tumor
5820:
5732:
5637:
5467:
5440:
5412:
5345:
5080:
5038:
4491:
1634:
1412:
1357:
1255:
1080:
961:
949:
917:
851:
814:
641:
625:
565:
432:
401:
352:(55K) prevents p53 from regulating genes by binding to the site on p53 which binds to the genome. In SV40, the
45:
1293:. This virus turned out to be HTLV-1 and the research established the causal role of the HTLV-1 virus to ATL.
3897:"Thirty-five year mortality following receipt of SV40- contaminated polio vaccine during the neonatal period"
2992:"Management of chronic hepatitis B infection: current treatment guidelines, challenges, and new developments"
6326:
5616:
5173:
5137:
5075:
4548:
4169:"Human adult T-cell leukemia virus: molecular cloning of the provirus DNA and the unique terminal structure"
1593:
1251:
1100:
451:
436:
5810:
5406:
1289:
reported visualization of retroviral particles produced by a leukemia cell line derived from patients with
1235:
905:
830:
615:
212:
177:
143:
6010:
5988:
5867:
5863:
5859:
5855:
5748:
5642:
5603:
5178:
5132:
4754:
2152:
1460:
1092:
803:
749:
493:
400:
SV40 has been well studied and does not cause cancer in humans, but a recently discovered analogue called
349:
280:
166:
107:
3210:"Epstein-Barr virus infection in humans: from harmless to life endangering virus-lymphocyte interactions"
3166:
1116:
5995:
5576:
5446:
5230:
5211:
4505:
1160:
1128:
1064:
969:
823:
742:
649:
621:
405:
5417:
1231:
843:
839:
1076:
6259:
6091:
5726:
5555:
5183:
5028:
5018:
4898:
4806:
4801:
4257:
4180:
3650:
3309:
3251:"Epigenetic dysregulation in Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric carcinoma: disease and treatments"
3098:
2568:
2514:
2423:"How the Rb tumor suppressor structure and function was revealed by the study of Adenovirus and SV40"
893:
782:
600:
561:
394:
299:
147:
1415:
from a Merkel cell carcinoma and it is now believed that this virus causes 70–80% of these cancers.
1376:
1270:
408:, a form of skin cancer. The Rb binding feature is believed to be the same between the two viruses.
5677:
5398:
5070:
5002:
4859:
4796:
4781:
4543:
1717:
1392:
1372:
1296:
1234:
cells. A herpesvirus, this virus is formally known as human herpesvirus 4 but more commonly called
1132:
1059:
1048:
1016:
997:
799:
635:
603:. There are nearly 200 distinct human papillomaviruses (HPVs), and many HPV types are carcinogenic.
544:
4830:
1282:
1258:, this link was not firmly established until epidemiologic studies were performed in the 1980s by
5780:
5536:
5163:
4383:
4075:
3975:
3895:
Carroll-Pankhurst C, Engels EA, Strickler HD, Goedert JJ, Wagner J, Mortimer EA (November 2001).
3745:
3674:
3122:
3067:
2961:
2937:
2866:
2810:
2742:
2696:
2637:
2487:
1810:
1646:
1345:
933:
677:
156:
134:
Generally, tumor viruses cause little or no disease after infection in their hosts, or cause non-
5282:
247:
at least one protein or RNA that is causing the cell to become cancerous. Because foreign virus
169:, are more relevant to cancer virology but also have some limitations in determining causality.
1072:
576:
could cause the cell to become transformed. Human papillomavirus infection is a major cause of
6331:
6244:
6195:
6176:
6157:
5947:
5943:
5939:
5935:
5852:
5757:
5461:
5339:
5266:
5256:
5168:
4982:
4771:
4616:
4467:
4418:
4375:
4314:
4273:
4208:
4149:
4067:
4010:
3967:
3926:
3852:
3829:
3780:
3737:
3702:
3666:
3623:
3571:
3522:
3470:
3383:
3325:
3282:
3231:
3178:
3114:
3059:
3023:
2929:
2858:
2802:
2734:
2688:
2629:
2594:
2530:
2479:
2444:
2400:
2352:
2326:
2318:
2277:
2237:
2196:
2156:
2129:
2088:
2038:
1985:
1959:
1910:
1881:"Sequence-based identification of microbial pathogens: a reconsideration of Koch's postulates"
1861:
1802:
1727:
1699:
1664:
1566:
1517:
1349:
1337:
1336:. For the discovery that HPV cause human cancer the 2008 Nobel Prize was awarded. In 1987 the
1317:
1259:
1124:
1004:
993:
717:
702:
669:
606:
204:
196:
139:
41:
1537:"Mechanisms of HCV-induced liver cancer: what did we learn from in vitro and animal studies?"
1484:
Ferri C, Sebastiani M, Giuggioli D, Colaci M, Fallahi P, Piluso A, et al. (March 2015).
6336:
6219:
5929:
5609:
5541:
5422:
5353:
5155:
5033:
4847:
4667:
4603:
4457:
4449:
4410:
4367:
4304:
4265:
4198:
4188:
4139:
4106:
4059:
4002:
3957:
3916:
3908:
3819:
3811:
3772:
3729:
3658:
3613:
3605:
3594:"Cell-free transmission in adult Swiss mice of a disease having the character of a leukemia"
3561:
3553:
3512:
3504:
3460:
3452:
3373:
3365:
3317:
3272:
3262:
3221:
3106:
3051:
3013:
3003:
2921:
2850:
2792:
2784:
2726:
2678:
2670:
2621:
2584:
2576:
2522:
2471:
2434:
2390:
2308:
2269:
2227:
2188:
2119:
2078:
2028:
2018:
1949:
1941:
1900:
1892:
1851:
1841:
1792:
1691:
1654:
1638:
1618:
1556:
1548:
1507:
1497:
1404:
1364:
1325:
1286:
1278:
1254:. Although this agent was the clear cause of hepatitis and might contribute to liver cancer
1184:
1104:
1044:
1020:
1411:, called digital transcriptome subtraction (DTS). DTS was used to isolate DNA fragments of
275:
DNA oncoviruses typically impair two families of tumor suppressor proteins: tumor proteins
6143:
6071:
6066:
6048:
5968:
5957:
5828:
5792:
5712:
5498:
5359:
5271:
5246:
4891:
4883:
4677:
4662:
4657:
4641:
4594:
3085:
Chang Y, Cesarman E, Pessin MS, Lee F, Culpepper J, Knowles DM, Moore PS (December 1994).
2973:
1977:
1828:
Zapatka M, Borozan I, Brewer DS, Iskar M, Grundhoff A, Alawi M, et al. (March 2020).
1454:
1449:
1333:
1309:
1301:
1239:
1219:
954:
759:
726:
710:
610:
577:
353:
291:
240:
1281:
and coworkers in Japan. But it was not certain whether HTLV-I promoted leukemia. In 1981
1035:
in the development of cancer. In 1926 the Nobel Prize was awarded for documenting that a
286:
While several DNA oncoviruses have been discovered, three have been studied extensively.
4436:
Feng H, Taylor JL, Benos PV, Newton R, Waddell K, Lucas SB, et al. (October 2007).
4261:
4184:
3654:
3313:
3102:
2572:
2518:
1627:
Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
1202:
also confirmed the existence of a rhesus macaque virus contaminating cells used to make
6310:
5379:
5193:
5151:
4835:
4766:
4734:
4621:
4579:
4487:
4462:
4437:
3921:
3896:
3824:
3799:
3618:
3593:
3566:
3541:
3517:
3492:
3465:
3440:
3378:
3353:
3277:
3250:
3018:
2991:
2887:
2854:
2797:
2788:
2772:
2589:
2556:
2033:
2006:
1954:
1929:
1856:
1829:
1659:
1622:
1561:
1536:
1512:
1485:
1207:
1199:
1040:
855:
775:
585:
515:, the information for the reverse transcription and integration enzymes are stored. In
369:
227:
126:), diagnosed with simple blood tests, and treated with less-toxic antiviral compounds.
4203:
4168:
4063:
4006:
3195:
3087:"Identification of herpesvirus-like DNA sequences in AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma"
2730:
2313:
2296:
2179:
Poulin DL, DeCaprio JA (September 2006). "Is there a role for SV40 in human cancer?".
1905:
1880:
6320:
5374:
5369:
5317:
4997:
4786:
4698:
4631:
4584:
4371:
2941:
2625:
2475:
1408:
1388:
1321:
1203:
1112:
1036:
771:
767:
645:
581:
4387:
4079:
3979:
3749:
3678:
3126:
3071:
2870:
2814:
2746:
2491:
1814:
6235:
6085:
5763:
5624:
4938:
4749:
4744:
4708:
4693:
4672:
4528:
2700:
2641:
2108:"Retinoblastoma family proteins as key targets of the small DNA virus oncoproteins"
2067:"The human papillomavirus E6 protein and its contribution to malignant progression"
1274:
1188:
1176:
1156:
1144:
1108:
1024:
589:
295:
287:
99:
3369:
540:
32:
4332:
2023:
1721:
1552:
1312:
leading to the discovery of HCV as the causative agent of non-A, non-B hepatitis.
6275:
6224:
6212:
6207:
6200:
6188:
6183:
6162:
6132:
6034:
5873:
5785:
5768:
5703:
5364:
5261:
5201:
5060:
5023:
4946:
4739:
4718:
4636:
4611:
4414:
3662:
3493:"A sarcoma of the fowl transmissible by an agent separable from the tumor cells"
3055:
2913:
2439:
2422:
2395:
2378:
2273:
2005:
Choi HS, Jain V, Krueger B, Marshall V, Kim CH, Shisler JL, et al. (2015).
1243:
1227:
1223:
1088:
1071:
The theory that cancer could be caused by a virus began with the experiments of
945:
941:
901:
897:
885:
763:
593:
421:
151:
123:
37:
4173:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
4128:"History of the discoveries of the first human retroviruses: HTLV-1 and HTLV-2"
1945:
1720:(2012). "12: Immunology of Oncornaviruses". In Nahmias AJ, O'Reilly RJ (eds.).
356:(LT) is an analogue; LT also binds to several other cellular proteins, such as
199:(HCV), can cause cancers, as can retroviruses having both DNA and RNA genomes (
6125:
5909:
5666:
5206:
5055:
4992:
4956:
4816:
4791:
4293:"Yuan Chang and Patrick Moore: teaming up to hunt down cancer-causing viruses"
3733:
1846:
1614:
1429:
1400:
1368:
1148:
929:
573:
503:
268:
192:
135:
103:
69:
4356:"Kaposi's sarcoma among persons with AIDS: a sexually transmitted infection?"
3776:
3267:
3008:
2322:
2192:
6170:
6151:
6118:
6106:
6100:
6079:
6025:
5953:
5924:
5847:
5839:
5801:
5570:
5549:
5455:
5333:
5313:
5111:
5096:
4977:
4961:
4713:
4703:
4626:
4269:
4193:
3874:"From Controversy to Consensus: How Charlotte Friend Changed Cancer Biology"
3815:
3321:
3110:
2580:
2526:
1434:
1152:
1001:
665:
661:
172:
4471:
4422:
4318:
4153:
4144:
4127:
4111:
4094:
4014:
3971:
3930:
3912:
3833:
3784:
3741:
3670:
3627:
3575:
3526:
3474:
3387:
3286:
3235:
3226:
3209:
3182:
3063:
3027:
2933:
2862:
2806:
2738:
2692:
2598:
2448:
2404:
2241:
2232:
2215:
2200:
2133:
2124:
2107:
2092:
2083:
2066:
2042:
1963:
1865:
1806:
1781:"The global health burden of infection-associated cancers in the year 2002"
1703:
1668:
1642:
1570:
1521:
17:
4379:
4309:
4292:
4277:
4212:
4071:
3706:
3609:
3329:
3118:
2633:
2534:
2483:
2330:
2281:
2214:
Wiest T, Schwarz E, Enders C, Flechtenmacher C, Bosch FX (February 2002).
1914:
1502:
6268:
5915:
5657:
5513:
5215:
5106:
5065:
5050:
4923:
4915:
4558:
4453:
3508:
3456:
2674:
1439:
1164:
1032:
1008:
973:
332:
320:
232:
231:
Illustration of how a normal cell is converted to a cancer cell, when an
49:
3557:
1650:
1151:
integration could disrupt tumor suppressor genes, causing cancer. Viral
6021:
5116:
5101:
2683:
1896:
324:
248:
208:
161:
6305:
4497:
3962:
3945:
3641:
Bittner JJ (May 1942). "The Milk-Influence of Breast Tumors in Mice".
3167:"Telomerase: a crucial player in HTLV-I-induced human T-cell leukemia"
1797:
1780:
1695:
5630:
4987:
4919:
4811:
4574:
3401:
Ellermann V.; Bang O. (1908). "Experimentelle Leukämie bei Hühnern".
2557:"Clonal integration of a polyomavirus in human Merkel cell carcinoma"
188:
65:
4355:
3141:
2925:
568:
in cells through interfering with tumor suppressor proteins such as
271:
showing cells with abnormal p53 expression (brown) in a brain tumor.
3086:
1300:
Nobel Prize in
Physiology or Medicine 2020: Seminal experiments by
44:
is the cause of hepatitis C and some cancers such as liver cancer (
6281:
6040:
5672:
4532:
4333:"Ethel Cesarman, M.D., Ph.D. | Weill Cornell Medical College"
3420:
Ellerman C, Bang O (1908). "Experimentelle Leukämie bei Hühnern".
1295:
1168:
1058:
1028:
1012:
879:
871:
547:
is a cancer that can form masses in the skin and is caused by the
539:
365:
262:
171:
2920:(Updated ed.). Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
1171:
in mice. This compound was subsequently identified as a virus by
964:) by preventing infection with the causative virus. In 2006, the
4951:
3722:
Proceedings of the
Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine
3347:
3345:
3343:
3341:
3339:
2953:
1195:
1120:
336:
5286:
4887:
4501:
3441:"A Transmissible Avian Neoplasm. (Sarcoma of the Common Fowl.)"
3422:
Zentralbl. Bakteriol. Parasitenkd. Infectionskr. Hyg. Abt. Orig
3403:
Zentralbl. Bakteriol. Parasitenkd. Infectionskr. Hyg. Abt. Orig
1356:(CDC). HCV was subsequently shown to be a major contributor to
872:
5507:
1982:
Microbes and malignancy: infection as a cause of human cancers
992:
The history of cancer virus discovery is intertwined with the
880:
569:
415:
328:
276:
185:
85:
77:
4354:
Beral V, Peterman TA, Berkelman RL, Jaffe HW (January 1990).
1155:
were subsequently discovered and identified to cause cancer.
68:. This term originated from studies of acutely transforming
2841:
Ljubojevic S, Skerlev M (2014). "HPV-associated diseases".
3300:
zur Hausen H (November 1991). "Viruses in human cancers".
2773:"Prospects for prevention of HPV-driven oropharynx cancer"
3847:
Percy DH, Barthold SW (2013). "Polyoma Virus Infection".
3804:
American Journal of Public Health and the Nation's Health
1194:
In 1961 Eddy discovered the simian vacuolating virus 40 (
876:
Major capsid protein L1 pentamer, Human papillomavirus 11
368:), forming a complex which causes the rapid and specific
184:
Tumor viruses come in a variety of forms: Viruses with a
1930:"The Environment and Disease: Association or Causation?"
648: – is associated with the development of
348:
Viruses employ various methods of inactivating p53. The
211:
or plasmids, replicating separately from host cell DNA (
1584:
ACS Medical and Editorial Content Team (30 July 2020).
1328:
viruses (HPV) are responsible for approximately 70% of
1206:. Several years later, it was shown to cause cancer in
1163:) in 1951 and in 1953 reported on a component of mouse
1015:
were studied at microscopic level with the help of the
1000:. The oldest surviving record of a human cancer is the
892:
The main viruses associated with human cancers are the
618:(EBV or HHV-4) is associated with four types of cancers
2297:"p53, the Cellular Gatekeeper for Growth and Division"
1830:"The landscape of viral associations in human cancers"
1183:, after whom it was once called "SE polyoma". In 1957
932:, near a proto-oncogene in the host genome. The viral
6294:
948:, can induce a chronic viral infection that leads to
397:
inactivates p53 by sequestering it in the cytoplasm.
4401:
Antman K, Chang Y (April 2000). "Kaposi's sarcoma".
2555:
Feng H, Shuda M, Chang Y, Moore PS (February 2008).
331:
family of transcription factors, which regulate the
88:
or RNA genome causing cancer and is synonymous with
6258:
6234:
6142:
6065:
6020:
6009:
5838:
5800:
5779:
5747:
5702:
5656:
5535:
5524:
5497:
5324:
5239:
5192:
5150:
5125:
5089:
5011:
4970:
4937:
4930:
4727:
4686:
4650:
4602:
4567:
2262:
Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology
758:HPV types 16 and 18 are associated with cancers of
340:typically kept active by a positive feedback loop.
2907:
2905:
491:All retroviruses have three major coding domains;
1391:and colleagues who inferred from the epidemic of
4095:"Preface to 25 years of HTLV-1 and ATL research"
3946:"SV40 and human cancer: a review of recent data"
2888:"Human papillomavirus (HPV) and cervical cancer"
2712:
2710:
523:is the domain that encodes the virion protease.
4167:Seiki M, Hattori S, Yoshida M (November 1982).
3587:
3585:
3486:
3484:
3196:How Many Cancers Are Linked with HPV Each Year?
2766:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2756:
1623:"Human oncogenic viruses: nature and discovery"
1027:accumulated evidence that implicated bacteria,
5298:
4899:
4513:
2106:Felsani A, Mileo AM, Paggi MG (August 2006).
1457:, a virus that infects and kills cancer cells
8:
1934:Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine
1242:first physically isolated and characterized
1011:could only emerge in the 19th century, when
982:Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices
3849:Pathology of Laboratory Rodents and Rabbits
2655:
2653:
2651:
1774:
1324:discovered HPV16 and HPV18, together these
1159:identified the first mouse leukemia virus (
848:post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease
450:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
319:Rb and p53 regulate the transition between
195:, and viruses with an RNA genome, like the
176:Simplified diagram of the structure of the
119:International Agency for Research on Cancer
84:removed, it now refers to any virus with a
6017:
5797:
5562:Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
5532:
5305:
5291:
5283:
4934:
4906:
4892:
4884:
4520:
4506:
4498:
3208:Klein E, Kis LL, Klein G (February 2007).
3140:NTP (National Toxicology Program) (2016).
2882:
2880:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1354:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1230:identified the first human oncovirus from
978:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
5433:Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type
4490:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
4461:
4308:
4202:
4192:
4143:
4110:
3961:
3920:
3823:
3800:"Characteristics of the SE polyoma virus"
3617:
3565:
3516:
3464:
3377:
3276:
3266:
3225:
3017:
3007:
2836:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2824:
2796:
2682:
2588:
2438:
2394:
2312:
2231:
2123:
2082:
2032:
2022:
1953:
1904:
1855:
1845:
1796:
1658:
1560:
1511:
1501:
1107:confirmed Bang and Ellerman findings for
868:Main viruses associated with human cancer
470:Learn how and when to remove this message
4762:Laboratory diagnosis of viral infections
4297:Journal of the National Cancer Institute
3876:. Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
3765:Journal of the National Cancer Institute
3542:"Peyton Rous: father of the tumor virus"
1879:Fredricks DN, Relman DA (January 1996).
1387:. This search was prompted by work from
687:
226:
31:
6301:
3851:(3rd ed.). John Wiley & Sons.
2914:"Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma"
1476:
1381:Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus
914:Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus
791:Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus
672:as well as certain retroviruses, e.g.,
632:Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus
549:Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus
217:Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus
150:, 19th-century constructs developed by
2969:
2959:
2065:Mantovani F, Banks L (November 2001).
1083:. Bang and Ellerman demonstrated that
668:have also been associated such as the
3798:Eddy BE, Stewart SE (November 1959).
2985:
2983:
2912:Anjum T, Zohaib J (4 December 2020).
2550:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2416:
2414:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2349:The cell cycle: principles of control
2342:
2340:
2295:Levine, Arnold J. (7 February 1997).
2255:
2253:
2251:
2174:
2172:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2052:
138:diseases such as acute hepatitis for
7:
4854:
4029:"Baruch S. Blumberg – Autobiography"
3598:The Journal of Experimental Medicine
3546:The Journal of Experimental Medicine
3497:The Journal of Experimental Medicine
3445:The Journal of Experimental Medicine
3352:Javier RT, Butel JS (October 2008).
3044:Experimental and Molecular Pathology
1385:representational difference analysis
1265:In 1980 the first human retrovirus,
448:adding citations to reliable sources
5583:Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
4866:
4403:The New England Journal of Medicine
4227:"Harald zur Hausen – Autobiography"
3249:Yau TO, Tang CM, Yu J (June 2014).
2898:from the original on 5 August 2016.
2663:The New England Journal of Medicine
1984:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1007:(dated ca. 1754 BC) but scientific
725:HCV is a known carcinogen, causing
634:(KSHV or HHV-8) is associated with
36:Percentage of people infected with
2990:Tang CM, Yau TO, Yu J (May 2014).
2855:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2013.08.007
2789:10.1016/j.oraloncology.2013.06.007
1051:at the close of the 19th century.
624:(CMV or HHV-5) is associated with
25:
5902:Severe acute respiratory syndrome
5428:Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma
3540:Van Epps, H. L. (February 2005).
3255:World Journal of Gastroenterology
2996:World Journal of Gastroenterology
1586:"Viruses that can lead to cancer"
1167:extract capable of causing solid
966:U.S. Food and Drug Administration
154:to establish the likelihood that
6304:
5888:Middle East respiratory syndrome
4865:
4853:
4842:
4841:
4829:
4593:
3171:Cancer Genomics & Proteomics
1535:Rusyn I, Lemon SM (April 2014).
1055:History of non-human oncoviruses
628:and possibly other malignancies.
420:
102:, but also in investigations of
3950:International Journal of Cancer
3354:"The history of tumor virology"
1785:International Journal of Cancer
1348:, a biotechnology company, and
1330:human papillomavirus infections
106:control mechanisms such as the
80:virus origin. With the letters
72:in the 1950–60s, when the term
5487:Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma
5473:Splenic marginal zone lymphoma
1445:Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma
1291:Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma
1:
5221:Clonally transmissible cancer
4064:10.1016/S0140-6736(81)90585-7
4007:10.1016/S0140-6736(64)91524-7
3370:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-3301
2731:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61416-0
2421:DeCaprio JA (February 2009).
2314:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81871-1
1885:Clinical Microbiology Reviews
1277:at NIH, and independently by
1204:Salk and Sabin polio vaccines
940:Hepatitis viruses, including
27:Viruses that can cause cancer
5692:Tropical spastic paraparesis
5597:Lymphocytic choriomeningitis
4372:10.1016/0140-6736(90)90001-L
4093:Yoshida M, Jeang KT (2005).
3872:Tontonoz M (13 March 2019).
2626:10.1016/0092-8674(90)90409-8
2476:10.1016/0092-8674(93)90384-3
2181:Journal of Clinical Oncology
2024:10.1371/journal.ppat.1005255
1553:10.1016/j.canlet.2013.06.028
1269:(HTLV-I), was discovered by
1267:Human T-lymphotropic virus 1
1248:National Institute of Health
1214:History of human oncoviruses
1085:avian sarcoma leukosis virus
6342:Infectious causes of cancer
6055:Cytomegalovirus esophagitis
5975:Human parainfluenza viruses
5648:Ramsay Hunt syndrome type 2
4415:10.1056/NEJM200004063421407
4126:Gallo RC (September 2005).
3663:10.1126/science.95.2470.462
3056:10.1016/j.yexmp.2011.10.011
2440:10.1016/j.virol.2008.12.010
2396:10.1016/j.virol.2008.09.034
2377:Levine AJ (February 2009).
2274:10.1101/sqb.1980.044.01.059
1621:, Weiss RA (October 2017).
1490:World Journal of Hepatology
1466:List of infectious diseases
1425:Infectious causes of cancer
564:(HPV), a DNA virus, causes
527:Retrovirus enters host cell
6358:
5252:Index of oncology articles
3165:Bellon M, Nicot C (2007).
1946:10.1177/003591576505800503
1360:(liver cancer) worldwide.
957:transmission and disease.
910:human T-lymphotropic virus
734:Human T-lymphotropic virus
674:human T-lymphotropic virus
551:(KSHV), also called HHV-8.
382:adenovirus early region 1A
201:Human T-lymphotropic virus
64:is a virus that can cause
5719:Cytomegalovirus retinitis
4825:
4591:
4554:Social history of viruses
4539:
3901:British Journal of Cancer
3734:10.3181/00379727-83-20376
3439:Rous P (September 1910).
2944:. Bookshelf ID: NBK563268
1847:10.1038/s41588-019-0558-9
1375:), working together with
1238:or EBV. In the mid-1960s
1181:National Cancer Institute
1137:mouse mammary tumor virus
808:primary effusion lymphoma
609:(HBV) is associated with
404:has been associated with
223:Oncogenic viral mechanism
115:World Health Organization
76:was used to denote their
5821:Infectious mononucleosis
5638:Chandipura vesiculovirus
5468:Hepatocellular carcinoma
5413:Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
5346:Hepatocellular carcinoma
4492:Medical Subject Headings
4291:Schmidt C (April 2008).
3944:Shah KV (January 2007).
3268:10.3748/wjg.v20.i21.6448
3009:10.3748/wjg.v20.i20.6262
2771:Kreimer AR (June 2014).
2193:10.1200/JCO.2005.03.7101
2147:Gaston, K, eds. (2012).
1635:Royal Society Publishing
1413:Merkel cell polyomavirus
1358:Hepatocellular carcinoma
1256:hepatocellular carcinoma
1081:University of Copenhagen
962:hepatocellular carcinoma
918:Merkel cell polyomavirus
852:nasopharyngeal carcinoma
815:Merkel cell polyomavirus
697:Associated cancer types
660:Not all oncoviruses are
642:Merkel cell polyomavirus
638:, a type of skin cancer.
626:mucoepidermoid carcinoma
402:Merkel cell polyomavirus
306:Integration of viral DNA
46:hepatocellular carcinoma
5617:Encephalitis lethargica
5318:viral systemic diseases
5174:Prostate cancer staging
5138:Paraneoplastic syndrome
4270:10.1126/science.2523562
4194:10.1073/pnas.79.22.6899
3816:10.2105/AJPH.49.11.1486
3592:Friend C (April 1957).
3322:10.1126/science.1659743
3111:10.1126/science.7997879
2581:10.1126/science.1152586
2527:10.1126/science.2537532
2149:Small DNA Tumor Viruses
1779:Parkin DM (June 2006).
1684:Medicina Experimentalis
1594:American Cancer Society
1252:Fox Chase Cancer Center
1101:endogenous retroviruses
281:retinoblastoma proteins
124:papillomavirus vaccines
48:, abbreviated HCC) and
5989:Human orthopneumovirus
5643:Herpesviral meningitis
5604:Arbovirus encephalitis
5212:Tumor suppressor genes
5179:Gleason grading system
5133:Precancerous condition
4755:Helper dependent virus
4145:10.1038/sj.onc.1208980
4112:10.1038/sj.onc.1208967
3913:10.1054/bjoc.2001.2065
3777:10.1093/jnci/20.6.1223
3227:10.1038/sj.onc.1210240
2843:Clinics in Dermatology
2347:Morgan, D. O. (2007).
2233:10.1038/sj.onc.1205214
2153:Caister Academic Press
2125:10.1038/sj.onc.1209621
2084:10.1038/sj.onc.1204869
1643:10.1098/rstb.2016.0264
1461:Gag-onc fusion protein
1316:Between 1984 and 1986
1313:
1285:and his colleagues at
1093:Rockefeller University
1068:
889:
877:
750:Human papillomaviruses
552:
350:adenovirus E1B protein
272:
236:
181:
108:retinoblastoma protein
53:
5447:Merkel-cell carcinoma
5231:Carcinogenic bacteria
4971:Malignant progression
3610:10.1084/jem.105.4.307
3491:Rous P (April 1911).
3143:Report on Carcinogens
2351:. New Science Press.
1503:10.4254/wjh.v7.i3.327
1383:(KSHV or HHV8) using
1299:
1246:while working at the
1161:murine leukemia virus
1129:Shope papilloma virus
1111:in mice by . In 1933
1065:Shope papilloma virus
1062:
970:human papilloma virus
884:The structure of the
883:
875:
824:Merkel cell carcinoma
783:oropharyngeal cancers
743:Adult T-cell leukemia
650:Merkel cell carcinoma
622:Human cytomegalovirus
601:oropharyngeal cancers
543:
406:Merkel cell carcinoma
266:
230:
175:
167:A. B. Hill's criteria
142:or mononucleosis for
35:
6092:Adenovirus infection
5556:Human polyomavirus 2
5385:Oropharyngeal cancer
5184:Dukes classification
4807:Virus quantification
4802:Virus classification
4454:10.1128/JVI.00875-07
3509:10.1084/jem.13.4.397
3457:10.1084/jem.12.5.696
2675:10.1056/NEJMoa021641
1928:Hill AB (May 1965).
1250:(NIH) and later the
922:acutely transforming
894:human papillomavirus
644: – a
562:Human papillomavirus
487:Description of virus
444:improve this section
395:Human Papillomavirus
300:human papillomavirus
5678:Post-polio syndrome
5314:Infectious diseases
5003:Sentinel lymph node
4797:Virus-like particle
4448:(20): 11332–11340.
4442:Journal of Virology
4310:10.1093/jnci/djn122
4262:1989Sci...244..359C
4185:1982PNAS...79.6899S
4058:(8256): 1129–1133.
3655:1942Sci....95..462B
3558:10.1084/jem.2013fta
3314:1991Sci...254.1167Z
3308:(5035): 1167–1173.
3103:1994Sci...266.1865C
3097:(5192): 1865–1869.
2573:2008Sci...319.1096F
2567:(5866): 1096–1100.
2519:1989Sci...243..934D
1373:Columbia University
1133:John Joseph Bittner
1117:Edward Weston Hurst
1049:Martinus Beijerinck
1017:compound microscope
998:history of virology
926:slowly transforming
804:Castleman's disease
694:Percent of cancers
344:Inactivation of p53
5811:Epstein–Barr virus
5781:Respiratory system
5418:Burkitt's lymphoma
5051:Respiratory system
1897:10.1128/CMR.9.1.18
1314:
1236:Epstein–Barr virus
1232:Burkitt's lymphoma
1125:cottontail rabbits
1069:
906:Epstein–Barr virus
890:
878:
844:Hodgkin's lymphoma
840:Burkitt's lymphoma
831:Epstein–Barr virus
678:Rous sarcoma virus
616:Epstein–Barr virus
553:
376:Inactivation of Rb
273:
237:
235:becomes activated.
213:Epstein–Barr virus
182:
178:Epstein–Barr virus
157:Bacillus anthracis
144:Epstein–Barr virus
54:
6292:
6291:
6254:
6253:
6005:
6004:
5936:Influenza virus A
5853:Human coronavirus
5743:
5742:
5733:Herpes of the eye
5280:
5279:
5267:Cancer and nausea
5146:
5145:
4983:Carcinoma in situ
4881:
4880:
4772:Neurotropic virus
4617:Viral replication
4409:(14): 1027–1038.
4366:(8682): 123–128.
4335:. Med.cornell.edu
4303:(8): 524–5, 529.
4256:(4902): 359–362.
4179:(22): 6899–6902.
4138:(39): 5926–5930.
4001:(7335): 702–703.
3963:10.1002/ijc.22425
3810:(11): 1486–1492.
3649:(2470): 462–463.
3364:(19): 7693–7706.
3261:(21): 6448–6456.
3002:(20): 6262–6278.
2725:(9590): 890–907.
2513:(4893): 934–937.
2358:978-1-904455-99-8
2226:(10): 1510–1517.
2187:(26): 4356–4365.
2162:978-1-904455-99-8
2118:(38): 5277–5285.
2077:(54): 7874–7887.
1991:978-0-19-510401-1
1798:10.1002/ijc.21731
1791:(12): 3030–3044.
1696:10.1159/000134890
1350:Daniel W. Bradley
1338:Hepatitis C virus
1318:Harald zur Hausen
1260:R. Palmer Beasley
1021:achromatic lenses
1005:Code of Hammurabi
996:research and the
994:history of cancer
862:
861:
854:and a subtype of
718:Hepatitis C virus
703:Hepatitis B virus
670:hepatitis C virus
607:Hepatitis B virus
480:
479:
472:
205:hepatitis B virus
197:hepatitis C virus
148:Koch's postulates
140:hepatitis B virus
42:hepatitis C virus
16:(Redirected from
6349:
6309:
6308:
6300:
6018:
6013:digestive system
5930:Orthomyxoviridae
5896:SARS coronavirus
5882:MERS coronavirus
5798:
5610:Orthomyxoviridae
5533:
5499:Immune disorders
5423:Hodgkin lymphoma
5399:Kaposi's sarcoma
5307:
5300:
5293:
5284:
5081:Endocrine system
5046:Digestive system
4935:
4908:
4901:
4894:
4885:
4869:
4868:
4857:
4856:
4845:
4844:
4833:
4668:Phenotype mixing
4604:Viral life cycle
4597:
4522:
4515:
4508:
4499:
4476:
4475:
4465:
4433:
4427:
4426:
4398:
4392:
4391:
4351:
4345:
4344:
4342:
4340:
4329:
4323:
4322:
4312:
4288:
4282:
4281:
4245:
4239:
4238:
4236:
4234:
4229:. Nobelprize.org
4223:
4217:
4216:
4206:
4196:
4164:
4158:
4157:
4147:
4123:
4117:
4116:
4114:
4090:
4084:
4083:
4047:
4041:
4040:
4038:
4036:
4031:. Nobelprize.org
4025:
4019:
4018:
3990:
3984:
3983:
3965:
3941:
3935:
3934:
3924:
3907:(9): 1295–1297.
3892:
3886:
3885:
3883:
3881:
3869:
3863:
3862:
3844:
3838:
3837:
3827:
3795:
3789:
3788:
3771:(6): 1223–1243.
3760:
3754:
3753:
3717:
3711:
3710:
3689:
3683:
3682:
3638:
3632:
3631:
3621:
3589:
3580:
3579:
3569:
3537:
3531:
3530:
3520:
3488:
3479:
3478:
3468:
3436:
3430:
3429:
3417:
3411:
3410:
3398:
3392:
3391:
3381:
3349:
3334:
3333:
3297:
3291:
3290:
3280:
3270:
3246:
3240:
3239:
3229:
3220:(9): 1297–1305.
3205:
3199:
3193:
3187:
3186:
3162:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3151:
3137:
3131:
3130:
3082:
3076:
3075:
3038:
3032:
3031:
3021:
3011:
2987:
2978:
2977:
2971:
2967:
2965:
2957:
2951:
2949:
2909:
2900:
2899:
2884:
2875:
2874:
2838:
2819:
2818:
2800:
2768:
2751:
2750:
2714:
2705:
2704:
2686:
2657:
2646:
2645:
2620:(6): 1129–1136.
2609:
2603:
2602:
2592:
2552:
2539:
2538:
2502:
2496:
2495:
2459:
2453:
2452:
2442:
2418:
2409:
2408:
2398:
2374:
2363:
2362:
2344:
2335:
2334:
2316:
2292:
2286:
2285:
2257:
2246:
2245:
2235:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2176:
2167:
2166:
2144:
2138:
2137:
2127:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2086:
2062:
2047:
2046:
2036:
2026:
2017:(11): e1005255.
2002:
1996:
1995:
1978:Parsonnet, Julie
1974:
1968:
1967:
1957:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1908:
1876:
1870:
1869:
1859:
1849:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1800:
1776:
1749:
1748:
1742:
1740:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1662:
1611:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1564:
1532:
1526:
1525:
1515:
1505:
1481:
1405:Patrick S. Moore
1393:Kaposi's sarcoma
1365:Patrick S. Moore
1342:Michael Houghton
1334:cervical cancers
1326:Papillomaviridae
1306:Michael Houghton
1287:Kyoto University
1279:Mitsuaki Yoshida
1200:Merck Laboratory
1185:Charlotte Friend
1105:Charlotte Friend
1077:Vilhelm Ellerman
1045:Dmitri Ivanovsky
972:vaccine, called
800:Kaposi's sarcoma
688:
636:Kaposi's sarcoma
545:Kaposi's sarcoma
475:
468:
464:
461:
455:
424:
416:
21:
6357:
6356:
6352:
6351:
6350:
6348:
6347:
6346:
6317:
6316:
6315:
6303:
6295:
6293:
6288:
6250:
6230:
6138:
6112:Gastroenteritis
6070:
6067:Gastroenteritis
6061:
6049:Cytomegalovirus
6012:
6001:
5969:Paramyxoviridae
5958:Avian influenza
5834:
5829:Cytomegalovirus
5793:viral pneumonia
5791:
5788:nasopharyngitis
5787:
5784:
5775:
5739:
5713:Cytomegalovirus
5698:
5652:
5540:
5527:
5520:
5493:
5360:Cervical cancer
5320:
5311:
5281:
5276:
5235:
5188:
5142:
5121:
5085:
5007:
4966:
4926:
4912:
4882:
4877:
4821:
4723:
4682:
4678:Viral evolution
4663:Antigenic shift
4658:Antigenic drift
4646:
4642:Lysogenic cycle
4598:
4589:
4563:
4535:
4526:
4484:
4479:
4435:
4434:
4430:
4400:
4399:
4395:
4353:
4352:
4348:
4338:
4336:
4331:
4330:
4326:
4290:
4289:
4285:
4247:
4246:
4242:
4232:
4230:
4225:
4224:
4220:
4166:
4165:
4161:
4125:
4124:
4120:
4092:
4091:
4087:
4049:
4048:
4044:
4034:
4032:
4027:
4026:
4022:
3992:
3991:
3987:
3943:
3942:
3938:
3894:
3893:
3889:
3879:
3877:
3871:
3870:
3866:
3859:
3846:
3845:
3841:
3797:
3796:
3792:
3762:
3761:
3757:
3719:
3718:
3714:
3691:
3690:
3686:
3640:
3639:
3635:
3591:
3590:
3583:
3539:
3538:
3534:
3490:
3489:
3482:
3438:
3437:
3433:
3419:
3418:
3414:
3400:
3399:
3395:
3358:Cancer Research
3351:
3350:
3337:
3299:
3298:
3294:
3248:
3247:
3243:
3207:
3206:
3202:
3194:
3190:
3164:
3163:
3159:
3149:
3147:
3139:
3138:
3134:
3084:
3083:
3079:
3040:
3039:
3035:
2989:
2988:
2981:
2968:
2958:
2947:
2945:
2926:10.32388/G6TG1L
2911:
2910:
2903:
2886:
2885:
2878:
2840:
2839:
2822:
2770:
2769:
2754:
2716:
2715:
2708:
2659:
2658:
2649:
2611:
2610:
2606:
2554:
2553:
2542:
2504:
2503:
2499:
2461:
2460:
2456:
2420:
2419:
2412:
2376:
2375:
2366:
2359:
2346:
2345:
2338:
2294:
2293:
2289:
2259:
2258:
2249:
2213:
2212:
2208:
2178:
2177:
2170:
2163:
2146:
2145:
2141:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2064:
2063:
2050:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1992:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1878:
1877:
1873:
1834:Nature Genetics
1827:
1826:
1822:
1778:
1777:
1752:
1746:oncornaviruses.
1738:
1736:
1734:
1716:
1715:
1711:
1681:
1680:
1676:
1613:
1612:
1608:
1598:
1596:
1583:
1582:
1578:
1534:
1533:
1529:
1483:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1455:Oncolytic virus
1450:Cancer bacteria
1421:
1310:Charles M. Rice
1302:Harvey J. Alter
1240:Baruch Blumberg
1220:Anthony Epstein
1216:
1208:Syrian hamsters
1187:discovered the
1147:confirmed that
1135:identified the
1079:in 1908 at the
1057:
1023:. 19th century
990:
955:viral hepatitis
916:(KSHV) and the
870:
802:, multicentric
727:hepatocarcinoma
711:Hepatocarcinoma
686:
658:
611:Hepatocarcinoma
578:cervical cancer
558:
538:
529:
489:
476:
465:
459:
456:
441:
425:
414:
412:RNA oncoviruses
390:
378:
354:large T antigen
346:
317:
315:G1/S Checkpoint
308:
292:Simian virus 40
261:
259:DNA oncoviruses
241:proto-oncogenes
225:
132:
62:oncogenic virus
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6355:
6353:
6345:
6344:
6339:
6334:
6329:
6327:Carcinogenesis
6319:
6318:
6314:
6313:
6290:
6289:
6287:
6286:
6285:
6284:
6272:
6264:
6262:
6256:
6255:
6252:
6251:
6249:
6248:
6240:
6238:
6232:
6231:
6229:
6228:
6216:
6204:
6192:
6180:
6173:
6167:
6166:
6154:
6148:
6146:
6140:
6139:
6137:
6136:
6129:
6122:
6115:
6103:
6097:
6096:
6095:
6094:
6082:
6076:
6074:
6063:
6062:
6060:
6059:
6058:
6057:
6045:
6044:
6043:
6030:
6028:
6015:
6007:
6006:
6003:
6002:
6000:
5999:
5992:
5985:
5984:
5983:
5963:
5962:
5961:
5960:
5921:
5920:
5919:
5918:
5906:
5905:
5904:
5892:
5891:
5890:
5878:
5877:
5876:
5844:
5842:
5836:
5835:
5833:
5832:
5825:
5824:
5823:
5806:
5804:
5795:
5777:
5776:
5774:
5773:
5772:
5771:
5766:
5753:
5751:
5749:Cardiovascular
5745:
5744:
5741:
5740:
5738:
5737:
5736:
5735:
5723:
5722:
5721:
5708:
5706:
5700:
5699:
5697:
5696:
5695:
5694:
5682:
5681:
5680:
5675:
5662:
5660:
5654:
5653:
5651:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5634:
5633:
5621:
5620:
5619:
5606:
5601:
5600:
5599:
5587:
5586:
5585:
5573:
5567:
5566:
5565:
5564:
5552:
5546:
5544:
5530:
5528:nervous system
5522:
5521:
5519:
5518:
5517:
5516:
5503:
5501:
5495:
5494:
5492:
5491:
5490:
5489:
5477:
5476:
5475:
5470:
5458:
5452:
5451:
5450:
5449:
5437:
5436:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5403:
5402:
5401:
5389:
5388:
5387:
5382:
5380:Vaginal cancer
5377:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5350:
5349:
5348:
5336:
5330:
5328:
5322:
5321:
5312:
5310:
5309:
5302:
5295:
5287:
5278:
5277:
5275:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5243:
5241:
5237:
5236:
5234:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5209:
5204:
5198:
5196:
5194:Carcinogenesis
5190:
5189:
5187:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5160:
5158:
5148:
5147:
5144:
5143:
5141:
5140:
5135:
5129:
5127:
5123:
5122:
5120:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5093:
5091:
5087:
5086:
5084:
5083:
5078:
5076:Nervous system
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5042:
5041:
5039:nasopharyngeal
5036:
5031:
5026:
5015:
5013:
5009:
5008:
5006:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4974:
4972:
4968:
4967:
4965:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4943:
4941:
4932:
4928:
4927:
4913:
4911:
4910:
4903:
4896:
4888:
4879:
4878:
4876:
4875:
4863:
4851:
4839:
4826:
4823:
4822:
4820:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4767:Marine viruses
4764:
4759:
4758:
4757:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4735:Antiviral drug
4731:
4729:
4725:
4724:
4722:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4690:
4688:
4684:
4683:
4681:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4654:
4652:
4648:
4647:
4645:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4622:Viral shedding
4619:
4614:
4608:
4606:
4600:
4599:
4592:
4590:
4588:
4587:
4582:
4580:Viral envelope
4577:
4571:
4569:
4565:
4564:
4562:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4540:
4537:
4536:
4527:
4525:
4524:
4517:
4510:
4502:
4496:
4495:
4483:
4482:External links
4480:
4478:
4477:
4428:
4393:
4346:
4324:
4283:
4240:
4218:
4159:
4118:
4085:
4042:
4020:
3985:
3956:(2): 215–223.
3936:
3887:
3864:
3858:978-1118704639
3857:
3839:
3790:
3755:
3728:(2): 414–421.
3712:
3701:(2): 179–185.
3684:
3633:
3604:(4): 307–318.
3581:
3532:
3503:(4): 397–411.
3480:
3451:(5): 696–705.
3431:
3412:
3393:
3335:
3292:
3241:
3200:
3188:
3157:
3132:
3077:
3050:(1): 118–125.
3033:
2979:
2901:
2876:
2849:(2): 227–234.
2820:
2783:(6): 555–559.
2752:
2706:
2669:(6): 518–527.
2647:
2604:
2540:
2497:
2470:(3): 495–505.
2454:
2433:(2): 274–284.
2410:
2389:(2): 285–293.
2364:
2357:
2336:
2307:(3): 323–331.
2287:
2268:(1): 569–584.
2247:
2206:
2168:
2161:
2139:
2098:
2048:
2011:PLOS Pathogens
1997:
1990:
1969:
1940:(5): 295–300.
1920:
1871:
1840:(3): 320–330.
1820:
1750:
1732:
1709:
1674:
1606:
1590:www.cancer.org
1576:
1547:(2): 210–215.
1541:Cancer Letters
1527:
1496:(3): 327–343.
1475:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1420:
1417:
1377:Ethel Cesarman
1271:Bernard Poiesz
1215:
1212:
1127:contained the
1091:. Rous at the
1056:
1053:
1041:stomach cancer
1039:could provoke
989:
986:
869:
866:
860:
859:
856:stomach cancer
837:
834:
827:
826:
821:
818:
811:
810:
797:
794:
787:
786:
756:
753:
746:
745:
740:
737:
730:
729:
723:
721:
714:
713:
708:
706:
699:
698:
695:
692:
685:
684:Overview table
682:
657:
654:
653:
652:
639:
629:
619:
613:
604:
586:vaginal cancer
566:transformation
557:
554:
537:
536:Classification
534:
528:
525:
488:
485:
478:
477:
428:
426:
419:
413:
410:
389:
386:
377:
374:
370:ubiquitination
345:
342:
316:
313:
307:
304:
260:
257:
224:
221:
131:
128:
74:oncornaviruses
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6354:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6324:
6322:
6312:
6307:
6302:
6298:
6283:
6280:
6279:
6278:
6277:
6273:
6271:
6270:
6266:
6265:
6263:
6261:
6257:
6247:
6246:
6242:
6241:
6239:
6237:
6233:
6226:
6222:
6221:
6217:
6214:
6210:
6209:
6205:
6202:
6198:
6197:
6193:
6190:
6186:
6185:
6181:
6179:
6178:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6168:
6164:
6160:
6159:
6155:
6153:
6150:
6149:
6147:
6145:
6141:
6135:
6134:
6130:
6128:
6127:
6123:
6121:
6120:
6116:
6113:
6109:
6108:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6098:
6093:
6090:
6089:
6088:
6087:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6077:
6075:
6073:
6068:
6064:
6056:
6053:
6052:
6051:
6050:
6046:
6042:
6039:
6038:
6037:
6036:
6032:
6031:
6029:
6027:
6023:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6008:
5998:
5997:
5993:
5991:
5990:
5986:
5982:
5981:Parainfluenza
5979:
5978:
5977:
5976:
5971:
5970:
5965:
5964:
5959:
5955:
5952:
5951:
5950:
5949:
5945:
5941:
5937:
5932:
5931:
5926:
5923:
5922:
5917:
5914:
5913:
5912:
5911:
5907:
5903:
5900:
5899:
5898:
5897:
5893:
5889:
5886:
5885:
5884:
5883:
5879:
5875:
5872:
5871:
5870:
5869:
5865:
5861:
5857:
5854:
5849:
5846:
5845:
5843:
5841:
5837:
5831:
5830:
5826:
5822:
5818:
5817:EBV infection
5815:
5814:
5813:
5812:
5808:
5807:
5805:
5803:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5789:
5782:
5778:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5761:
5760:
5759:
5755:
5754:
5752:
5750:
5746:
5734:
5731:
5730:
5729:
5728:
5724:
5720:
5717:
5716:
5715:
5714:
5710:
5709:
5707:
5705:
5701:
5693:
5690:
5689:
5688:
5687:
5683:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5673:Poliomyelitis
5671:
5670:
5669:
5668:
5664:
5663:
5661:
5659:
5655:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5632:
5629:
5628:
5627:
5626:
5622:
5618:
5615:
5614:
5612:
5611:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5598:
5595:
5594:
5593:
5592:
5588:
5584:
5581:
5580:
5579:
5578:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5568:
5563:
5560:
5559:
5558:
5557:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5547:
5545:
5543:
5538:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5523:
5515:
5512:
5511:
5510:
5509:
5505:
5504:
5502:
5500:
5496:
5488:
5485:
5484:
5483:
5482:
5478:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5465:
5464:
5463:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5453:
5448:
5445:
5444:
5443:
5442:
5438:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5410:
5409:
5408:
5404:
5400:
5397:
5396:
5395:
5394:
5390:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5375:Vulvar cancer
5373:
5371:
5370:Penile cancer
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5357:
5356:
5355:
5351:
5347:
5344:
5343:
5342:
5341:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5331:
5329:
5327:
5323:
5319:
5315:
5308:
5303:
5301:
5296:
5294:
5289:
5288:
5285:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5244:
5242:
5238:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5199:
5197:
5195:
5191:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5161:
5159:
5157:
5153:
5149:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5130:
5128:
5124:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5094:
5092:
5088:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5029:oropharyngeal
5027:
5025:
5022:
5021:
5020:
5019:Head and neck
5017:
5016:
5014:
5010:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4998:Primary tumor
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4975:
4973:
4969:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4944:
4942:
4940:
4939:Benign tumors
4936:
4933:
4929:
4925:
4921:
4917:
4909:
4904:
4902:
4897:
4895:
4890:
4889:
4886:
4874:
4873:
4864:
4862:
4861:
4852:
4850:
4849:
4840:
4838:
4837:
4832:
4828:
4827:
4824:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4787:Viral disease
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4756:
4753:
4752:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4732:
4730:
4726:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4699:Bacteriophage
4697:
4695:
4692:
4691:
4689:
4685:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4655:
4653:
4649:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4632:Virus latency
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4609:
4607:
4605:
4601:
4596:
4586:
4585:Viral protein
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4572:
4570:
4566:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4541:
4538:
4534:
4530:
4523:
4518:
4516:
4511:
4509:
4504:
4503:
4500:
4493:
4489:
4486:
4485:
4481:
4473:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4443:
4439:
4432:
4429:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4397:
4394:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4377:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4361:
4357:
4350:
4347:
4334:
4328:
4325:
4320:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4302:
4298:
4294:
4287:
4284:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4255:
4251:
4244:
4241:
4228:
4222:
4219:
4214:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4170:
4163:
4160:
4155:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4122:
4119:
4113:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4089:
4086:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4046:
4043:
4030:
4024:
4021:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3989:
3986:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3947:
3940:
3937:
3932:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3891:
3888:
3875:
3868:
3865:
3860:
3854:
3850:
3843:
3840:
3835:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3794:
3791:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3759:
3756:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3716:
3713:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3688:
3685:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3637:
3634:
3629:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3588:
3586:
3582:
3577:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3536:
3533:
3528:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3487:
3485:
3481:
3476:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3435:
3432:
3427:
3423:
3416:
3413:
3408:
3404:
3397:
3394:
3389:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3348:
3346:
3344:
3342:
3340:
3336:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3296:
3293:
3288:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3245:
3242:
3237:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3204:
3201:
3197:
3192:
3189:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3161:
3158:
3145:
3144:
3136:
3133:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3081:
3078:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3037:
3034:
3029:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2986:
2984:
2980:
2975:
2963:
2955:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2908:
2906:
2902:
2897:
2894:. June 2016.
2893:
2889:
2883:
2881:
2877:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2837:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2821:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2777:Oral Oncology
2774:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2753:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2713:
2711:
2707:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2648:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2608:
2605:
2600:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2545:
2541:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2501:
2498:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2458:
2455:
2450:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2417:
2415:
2411:
2406:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2365:
2360:
2354:
2350:
2343:
2341:
2337:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2291:
2288:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2248:
2243:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2210:
2207:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2175:
2173:
2169:
2164:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2143:
2140:
2135:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2102:
2099:
2094:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2049:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2001:
1998:
1993:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1973:
1970:
1965:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1924:
1921:
1916:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1875:
1872:
1867:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1824:
1821:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1735:
1733:9781468410129
1729:
1725:
1724:
1719:
1713:
1710:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1678:
1675:
1670:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1610:
1607:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1580:
1577:
1572:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1531:
1528:
1523:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1480:
1477:
1471:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1410:
1409:transcriptome
1406:
1402:
1397:
1394:
1390:
1389:Valerie Beral
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1361:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1322:Lutz Gissmann
1319:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1298:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1173:Sarah Stewart
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1113:Richard Shope
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1066:
1061:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1037:nematode worm
1034:
1031:, fungi, and
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1003:
999:
995:
987:
985:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
958:
956:
951:
947:
943:
938:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
904:viruses, the
903:
899:
895:
887:
882:
874:
867:
865:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
838:
835:
832:
829:
828:
825:
822:
819:
816:
813:
812:
809:
805:
801:
798:
795:
792:
789:
788:
784:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
754:
751:
748:
747:
744:
741:
738:
735:
732:
731:
728:
724:
722:
719:
716:
715:
712:
709:
707:
704:
701:
700:
696:
693:
690:
689:
683:
681:
679:
676:(HTLV-1) and
675:
671:
667:
663:
655:
651:
647:
646:polyoma virus
643:
640:
637:
633:
630:
627:
623:
620:
617:
614:
612:
608:
605:
602:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
582:vulvar cancer
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
560:
559:
555:
550:
546:
542:
535:
533:
526:
524:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
505:
500:
496:
495:
486:
484:
474:
471:
463:
453:
449:
445:
439:
438:
434:
429:This section
427:
423:
418:
417:
411:
409:
407:
403:
398:
396:
387:
385:
383:
375:
373:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
343:
341:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
314:
312:
305:
303:
301:
297:
293:
289:
284:
282:
278:
270:
265:
258:
256:
252:
250:
244:
242:
234:
229:
222:
220:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
187:
179:
174:
170:
168:
163:
159:
158:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
129:
127:
125:
120:
116:
111:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
92:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
51:
47:
43:
40:in 2015. The
39:
34:
30:
19:
6274:
6267:
6243:
6236:Pancreatitis
6218:
6206:
6194:
6182:
6175:
6156:
6131:
6124:
6117:
6105:
6084:
6047:
6033:
5994:
5987:
5973:
5967:
5934:
5928:
5908:
5894:
5880:
5851:
5827:
5809:
5764:Pericarditis
5756:
5725:
5711:
5684:
5665:
5623:
5608:
5589:
5575:
5554:
5537:Encephalitis
5506:
5479:
5460:
5439:
5405:
5391:
5352:
5338:
5325:
5225:
4914:Overview of
4870:
4858:
4846:
4834:
4776:
4750:Viral vector
4745:Helper virus
4709:Human virome
4694:Animal virus
4673:Reassortment
4549:Introduction
4529:Microbiology
4445:
4441:
4431:
4406:
4402:
4396:
4363:
4359:
4349:
4337:. Retrieved
4327:
4300:
4296:
4286:
4253:
4249:
4243:
4231:. Retrieved
4221:
4176:
4172:
4162:
4135:
4131:
4121:
4105:(39): 5925.
4102:
4098:
4088:
4055:
4051:
4045:
4033:. Retrieved
4023:
3998:
3994:
3988:
3953:
3949:
3939:
3904:
3900:
3890:
3878:. Retrieved
3867:
3848:
3842:
3807:
3803:
3793:
3768:
3764:
3758:
3725:
3721:
3715:
3698:
3694:
3687:
3646:
3642:
3636:
3601:
3597:
3549:
3545:
3535:
3500:
3496:
3448:
3444:
3434:
3425:
3421:
3415:
3406:
3402:
3396:
3361:
3357:
3305:
3301:
3295:
3258:
3254:
3244:
3217:
3213:
3203:
3191:
3177:(1): 21–25.
3174:
3170:
3160:
3148:. Retrieved
3142:
3135:
3094:
3090:
3080:
3047:
3043:
3036:
2999:
2995:
2952:– via
2946:. Retrieved
2917:
2891:
2846:
2842:
2780:
2776:
2722:
2718:
2666:
2662:
2617:
2613:
2607:
2564:
2560:
2510:
2506:
2500:
2467:
2463:
2457:
2430:
2426:
2386:
2382:
2348:
2304:
2300:
2290:
2265:
2261:
2223:
2219:
2209:
2184:
2180:
2148:
2142:
2115:
2111:
2101:
2074:
2070:
2014:
2010:
2000:
1981:
1972:
1937:
1933:
1923:
1891:(1): 18–33.
1888:
1884:
1874:
1837:
1833:
1823:
1788:
1784:
1744:
1737:. Retrieved
1722:
1718:Herberman RB
1712:
1687:
1683:
1677:
1630:
1626:
1609:
1597:. Retrieved
1589:
1579:
1544:
1540:
1530:
1493:
1489:
1479:
1398:
1362:
1315:
1283:Yorio Hinuma
1275:Robert Gallo
1264:
1262:and others.
1217:
1193:
1189:Friend virus
1177:Bernice Eddy
1157:Ludwik Gross
1145:Friend virus
1141:
1119:showed that
1109:liquid tumor
1097:Rous sarcoma
1096:
1070:
1063:Rabbit with
1025:microbiology
991:
959:
950:liver cancer
939:
930:retroviruses
925:
921:
891:
863:
780:HPV-positive
659:
598:HPV-positive
590:penis cancer
530:
520:
516:
512:
508:
502:
498:
492:
490:
481:
466:
457:
442:Please help
430:
399:
391:
379:
347:
318:
309:
296:polyomavirus
288:Adenoviruses
285:
274:
253:
245:
238:
183:
155:
133:
112:
100:epidemiology
96:cancer virus
95:
90:
89:
81:
73:
70:retroviruses
61:
57:
55:
29:
6133:Coronavirus
5874:Common cold
5786:acute viral
5769:Myocarditis
5613:(probable)
5365:Anal cancer
5262:Cancer pain
5202:Cancer cell
4947:Hyperplasia
4872:WikiProject
4740:Giant virus
4719:Plant virus
4637:Lytic cycle
4612:Viral entry
4488:Oncoviruses
2970:|work=
2918:Definitions
2684:2445/122831
1690:: 309–316.
1599:27 February
1379:, isolated
1332:that cause
1244:Hepatitis B
1228:Yvonne Barr
1224:Bert Achong
1089:Peyton Rous
968:approved a
946:hepatitis C
942:hepatitis B
902:hepatitis C
898:hepatitis B
886:hepatitis B
666:RNA viruses
662:DNA viruses
656:RNA viruses
594:anal cancer
556:DNA viruses
160:will cause
152:Robert Koch
91:tumor virus
38:hepatitis C
18:Tumor virus
6321:Categories
6260:Urogenital
6126:Astrovirus
6086:Adenovirus
5910:SARS-CoV-2
5667:Poliovirus
5542:meningitis
5207:Carcinogen
5071:Urogenital
5012:Topography
4993:Metastasis
4957:Pseudocyst
4931:Conditions
4817:Virosphere
4792:Viral load
4782:Satellites
4568:Components
3552:(3): 320.
3428:: 595–609.
3409:: 595–609.
2948:7 February
1739:20 October
1472:References
1430:Carcinogen
1401:Yuan Chang
1369:Yuan Chang
1149:retroviral
1131:. In 1936
1123:from wild
1067:infection.
1002:Babylonian
574:cell cycle
388:Variations
294:(SV40), a
269:micrograph
193:adenovirus
191:, such as
136:neoplastic
104:cell cycle
52:in humans.
6171:RNA virus
6152:DNA virus
6144:Hepatitis
6119:Norovirus
6107:Rotavirus
6101:RNA virus
6080:DNA virus
6026:Esophagus
5954:Influenza
5840:RNA virus
5802:DNA virus
5571:RNA virus
5550:DNA virus
5456:RNA virus
5334:DNA virus
5326:Oncovirus
5226:Oncovirus
5216:oncogenes
5169:Ann Arbor
5112:Papilloma
5097:Carcinoma
5090:Histology
5034:laryngeal
4978:Dysplasia
4962:Hamartoma
4777:Oncovirus
4714:Mycovirus
4704:Virophage
4627:Viroplasm
3150:8 January
2972:ignored (
2962:cite book
2942:229252540
2323:0092-8674
1435:Oncogenic
1153:oncogenes
1073:Oluf Bang
507:. In the
460:July 2020
431:does not
130:Causality
58:oncovirus
50:lymphomas
6332:Virology
6269:BK virus
6072:diarrhea
5916:COVID-19
5658:Myelitis
5247:Research
5107:Blastoma
4924:oncology
4848:Category
4651:Genetics
4559:Virology
4472:17686852
4423:10749966
4388:35639169
4339:17 March
4319:18398088
4233:17 March
4154:16155599
4132:Oncogene
4099:Oncogene
4080:32264986
4035:17 March
4015:14107961
3980:20679358
3972:17131333
3931:11720463
3880:18 April
3834:13819251
3785:13549981
3750:34223353
3742:13064287
3695:Oncogene
3679:10527142
3671:17736889
3628:13416470
3576:15756727
3527:19867421
3475:19867354
3388:18829521
3287:24914366
3236:17322915
3214:Oncogene
3183:17726237
3127:29977325
3072:41446671
3064:22101257
3028:24876747
2934:33085415
2896:Archived
2871:24219797
2863:24559558
2815:13768854
2807:23876626
2747:20196938
2739:17826171
2693:12571259
2599:18202256
2492:27437768
2449:19150725
2427:Virology
2405:19081592
2383:Virology
2242:11896579
2220:Oncogene
2201:16963733
2134:16936748
2112:Oncogene
2093:11753670
2071:Oncogene
2043:26545119
1980:(1999).
1964:14283879
1866:32025001
1815:10042384
1807:16404738
1704:13779782
1669:28893931
1651:44679143
1633:(1732).
1619:Moore PS
1571:23871966
1522:25848462
1440:Oncogene
1419:See also
1399:In 2008
1363:In 1994
1218:In 1964
1165:leukemia
1033:protozoa
1009:oncology
974:Gardasil
934:promoter
372:of p53.
333:Cyclin E
279:and the
249:antigens
233:oncogene
209:episomes
6337:Viruses
6311:Viruses
6022:Pharynx
5526:Central
5257:History
5156:grading
5152:Staging
5117:Adenoma
5102:Sarcoma
4860:Commons
4687:By host
4544:History
4463:2045575
4380:1967430
4278:2523562
4258:Bibcode
4250:Science
4213:6294664
4181:Bibcode
4072:6118576
3922:2375249
3825:1373056
3707:2842714
3651:Bibcode
3643:Science
3619:2136697
3567:2213042
3518:2124874
3466:2124810
3379:3501656
3330:1659743
3310:Bibcode
3302:Science
3278:4047330
3198:CDC.gov
3119:7997879
3099:Bibcode
3091:Science
3019:4033464
2798:4058827
2701:1451343
2642:7268482
2634:2175676
2590:2740911
2569:Bibcode
2561:Science
2535:2537532
2515:Bibcode
2507:Science
2484:8221889
2331:9039259
2282:6253158
2034:4636184
1955:1898525
1915:8665474
1857:8076016
1660:5597731
1637:: 1–9.
1615:Chang Y
1562:3844040
1513:4381161
1352:at the
1179:at the
988:History
793:(HHV-8)
680:(RSV).
664:. Some
452:removed
437:sources
325:S phase
162:anthrax
6297:Portal
5686:HTLV-I
5631:Rabies
5481:HTLV-I
4988:Cancer
4920:cancer
4916:tumors
4836:Portal
4812:Virome
4575:Capsid
4494:(MeSH)
4470:
4460:
4421:
4386:
4378:
4360:Lancet
4317:
4276:
4211:
4204:347241
4201:
4152:
4078:
4070:
4052:Lancet
4013:
3995:Lancet
3978:
3970:
3929:
3919:
3855:
3832:
3822:
3783:
3748:
3740:
3705:
3677:
3669:
3626:
3616:
3574:
3564:
3525:
3515:
3473:
3463:
3386:
3376:
3328:
3285:
3275:
3234:
3181:
3125:
3117:
3070:
3062:
3026:
3016:
2940:
2932:
2869:
2861:
2813:
2805:
2795:
2745:
2737:
2719:Lancet
2699:
2691:
2640:
2632:
2597:
2587:
2533:
2490:
2482:
2447:
2403:
2355:
2329:
2321:
2280:
2240:
2199:
2159:
2132:
2091:
2041:
2031:
1988:
1962:
1952:
1913:
1906:172879
1903:
1864:
1854:
1813:
1805:
1730:
1702:
1667:
1657:
1649:
1569:
1559:
1520:
1510:
1346:Chiron
1169:tumors
1029:yeasts
1013:tumors
980:(CDC)
912:, the
908:, the
896:, the
778:, and
776:vagina
760:cervix
736:(HTLV)
691:Virus
596:, and
189:genome
180:(EBV).
66:cancer
6282:Mumps
6041:Mumps
6011:Human
5441:MCPyV
5240:Misc.
5126:Other
5066:Blood
4728:Other
4533:Virus
4384:S2CID
4076:S2CID
3976:S2CID
3746:S2CID
3675:S2CID
3123:S2CID
3068:S2CID
2938:S2CID
2867:S2CID
2811:S2CID
2743:S2CID
2697:S2CID
2638:S2CID
2488:S2CID
1811:S2CID
1647:JSTOR
1121:warts
888:virus
833:(EBV)
817:(MCV)
772:vulva
768:penis
752:(HPV)
720:(HCV)
705:(HBV)
366:UBE3A
5996:hMPV
5868:OC43
5864:HKU1
5860:NL63
5856:229E
5514:AIDS
5393:KSHV
5272:Diet
5061:Skin
5056:Bone
5024:oral
4952:Cyst
4922:and
4468:PMID
4419:PMID
4376:PMID
4341:2010
4315:PMID
4274:PMID
4235:2010
4209:PMID
4150:PMID
4068:PMID
4037:2010
4011:PMID
3968:PMID
3927:PMID
3882:2019
3853:ISBN
3830:PMID
3781:PMID
3738:PMID
3703:PMID
3667:PMID
3624:PMID
3572:PMID
3523:PMID
3471:PMID
3384:PMID
3326:PMID
3283:PMID
3232:PMID
3179:PMID
3152:2017
3115:PMID
3060:PMID
3024:PMID
2974:help
2954:NCBI
2950:2021
2930:PMID
2859:PMID
2803:PMID
2735:PMID
2689:PMID
2630:PMID
2614:Cell
2595:PMID
2531:PMID
2480:PMID
2464:Cell
2445:PMID
2401:PMID
2353:ISBN
2327:PMID
2319:ISSN
2301:Cell
2278:PMID
2238:PMID
2197:PMID
2157:ISBN
2130:PMID
2089:PMID
2039:PMID
1986:ISBN
1960:PMID
1911:PMID
1862:PMID
1803:PMID
1741:2016
1728:ISBN
1700:PMID
1665:PMID
1601:2021
1567:PMID
1518:PMID
1403:and
1367:and
1320:and
1308:and
1273:and
1226:and
1196:SV40
1175:and
1115:and
1075:and
1047:and
1019:and
944:and
900:and
806:and
764:anus
739:0.03
501:and
435:any
433:cite
362:p130
360:and
358:p107
337:Cdk2
323:and
215:and
203:and
113:The
6276:MuV
6245:CBV
6220:HEV
6208:HDV
6196:HCV
6184:HAV
6177:CBV
6158:HBV
6035:MuV
5966:V,
5758:CBV
5727:HSV
5704:Eye
5591:LCV
5577:MeV
5508:HIV
5462:HCV
5407:EBV
5354:HPV
5340:HBV
5164:TNM
4458:PMC
4450:doi
4411:doi
4407:342
4368:doi
4364:335
4305:doi
4301:100
4266:doi
4254:244
4199:PMC
4189:doi
4140:doi
4107:doi
4060:doi
4003:doi
3958:doi
3954:120
3917:PMC
3909:doi
3820:PMC
3812:doi
3773:doi
3730:doi
3659:doi
3614:PMC
3606:doi
3602:105
3562:PMC
3554:doi
3550:201
3513:PMC
3505:doi
3461:PMC
3453:doi
3374:PMC
3366:doi
3318:doi
3306:254
3273:PMC
3263:doi
3222:doi
3107:doi
3095:266
3052:doi
3014:PMC
3004:doi
2922:doi
2892:WHO
2851:doi
2793:PMC
2785:doi
2727:doi
2723:370
2679:hdl
2671:doi
2667:348
2622:doi
2585:PMC
2577:doi
2565:319
2523:doi
2511:243
2472:doi
2435:doi
2431:384
2391:doi
2387:384
2309:doi
2270:doi
2228:doi
2189:doi
2120:doi
2079:doi
2029:PMC
2019:doi
1950:PMC
1942:doi
1901:PMC
1893:doi
1852:PMC
1842:doi
1793:doi
1789:118
1692:doi
1655:PMC
1639:doi
1631:372
1557:PMC
1549:doi
1545:345
1508:PMC
1498:doi
1371:at
1344:at
1198:).
924:or
796:0.9
755:5.2
570:p53
521:Pol
517:env
513:pol
509:gag
504:env
499:pol
494:gag
446:by
329:E2F
277:p53
186:DNA
117:'s
94:or
86:DNA
82:RNA
78:RNA
60:or
56:An
6323::
5972::
5933::
5927:,
5850::
5848:IV
5625:RV
5316:–
4918:,
4531::
4466:.
4456:.
4446:81
4444:.
4440:.
4417:.
4405:.
4382:.
4374:.
4362:.
4358:.
4313:.
4299:.
4295:.
4272:.
4264:.
4252:.
4207:.
4197:.
4187:.
4177:79
4175:.
4171:.
4148:.
4136:24
4134:.
4130:.
4103:24
4101:.
4097:.
4074:.
4066:.
4054:.
4009:.
3997:.
3974:.
3966:.
3952:.
3948:.
3925:.
3915:.
3905:85
3903:.
3899:.
3828:.
3818:.
3808:49
3806:.
3802:.
3779:.
3769:20
3767:.
3744:.
3736:.
3726:83
3724:.
3697:.
3673:.
3665:.
3657:.
3647:95
3645:.
3622:.
3612:.
3600:.
3596:.
3584:^
3570:.
3560:.
3548:.
3544:.
3521:.
3511:.
3501:13
3499:.
3495:.
3483:^
3469:.
3459:.
3449:12
3447:.
3443:.
3426:46
3424:.
3407:46
3405:.
3382:.
3372:.
3362:68
3360:.
3356:.
3338:^
3324:.
3316:.
3304:.
3281:.
3271:.
3259:20
3257:.
3253:.
3230:.
3218:26
3216:.
3212:.
3173:.
3169:.
3121:.
3113:.
3105:.
3093:.
3089:.
3066:.
3058:.
3048:92
3046:.
3022:.
3012:.
3000:20
2998:.
2994:.
2982:^
2966::
2964:}}
2960:{{
2936:.
2928:.
2916:.
2904:^
2890:.
2879:^
2865:.
2857:.
2847:32
2845:.
2823:^
2809:.
2801:.
2791:.
2781:50
2779:.
2775:.
2755:^
2741:.
2733:.
2721:.
2709:^
2695:.
2687:.
2677:.
2665:.
2650:^
2636:.
2628:.
2618:63
2616:.
2593:.
2583:.
2575:.
2563:.
2559:.
2543:^
2529:.
2521:.
2509:.
2486:.
2478:.
2468:75
2466:.
2443:.
2429:.
2425:.
2413:^
2399:.
2385:.
2381:.
2367:^
2339:^
2325:.
2317:.
2305:88
2303:.
2299:.
2276:.
2266:44
2264:.
2250:^
2236:.
2224:21
2222:.
2218:.
2195:.
2185:24
2183:.
2171:^
2155:.
2151:.
2128:.
2116:25
2114:.
2110:.
2087:.
2075:20
2073:.
2069:.
2051:^
2037:.
2027:.
2015:11
2013:.
2009:.
1958:.
1948:.
1938:58
1936:.
1932:.
1909:.
1899:.
1887:.
1883:.
1860:.
1850:.
1838:52
1836:.
1832:.
1809:.
1801:.
1787:.
1783:.
1753:^
1743:.
1698:.
1686:.
1663:.
1653:.
1645:.
1629:.
1625:.
1617:,
1592:.
1588:.
1565:.
1555:.
1543:.
1539:.
1516:.
1506:.
1492:.
1488:.
1304:,
1222:,
1103:.
858:.
850:,
846:,
842:,
836:NA
820:NA
774:,
770:,
766:,
762:,
592:,
588:,
584:,
580:,
497:,
321:G1
267:A
110:.
6299::
6227:)
6225:E
6223:(
6215:)
6213:D
6211:(
6203:)
6201:C
6199:(
6191:)
6189:A
6187:(
6165:)
6163:B
6161:(
6114:)
6110:(
6069:/
6024:/
5956:/
5948:D
5946:/
5944:C
5942:/
5940:B
5938:/
5925:V
5866:/
5862:/
5858:/
5819:/
5790:/
5783:/
5539:/
5306:e
5299:t
5292:v
5214:/
5154:/
4907:e
4900:t
4893:v
4521:e
4514:t
4507:v
4474:.
4452::
4425:.
4413::
4390:.
4370::
4343:.
4321:.
4307::
4280:.
4268::
4260::
4237:.
4215:.
4191::
4183::
4156:.
4142::
4115:.
4109::
4082:.
4062::
4056:2
4039:.
4017:.
4005::
3999:1
3982:.
3960::
3933:.
3911::
3884:.
3861:.
3836:.
3814::
3787:.
3775::
3752:.
3732::
3709:.
3699:3
3681:.
3661::
3653::
3630:.
3608::
3578:.
3556::
3529:.
3507::
3477:.
3455::
3390:.
3368::
3332:.
3320::
3312::
3289:.
3265::
3238:.
3224::
3185:.
3175:4
3154:.
3129:.
3109::
3101::
3074:.
3054::
3030:.
3006::
2976:)
2956:.
2924::
2873:.
2853::
2817:.
2787::
2749:.
2729::
2703:.
2681::
2673::
2644:.
2624::
2601:.
2579::
2571::
2537:.
2525::
2517::
2494:.
2474::
2451:.
2437::
2407:.
2393::
2361:.
2333:.
2311::
2284:.
2272::
2244:.
2230::
2203:.
2191::
2165:.
2136:.
2122::
2095:.
2081::
2045:.
2021::
1994:.
1966:.
1944::
1917:.
1895::
1889:9
1868:.
1844::
1817:.
1795::
1706:.
1694::
1688:2
1671:.
1641::
1603:.
1573:.
1551::
1524:.
1500::
1494:7
473:)
467:(
462:)
458:(
454:.
440:.
335:-
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
