Tunguska event - Knowledge (XXG)

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Suddenly, I got shoved again, this time so hard I fell into the fire. I got scared. Chekaren got scared too. We started crying out for father, mother, brother, but no one answered. There was noise beyond the hut, we could hear trees falling down. Chekaren and I got out of our sleeping bags and wanted to run out, but then the thunder struck. This was the first thunder. The Earth began to move and rock, the wind hit our hut and knocked it over. My body was pushed down by sticks, but my head was in the clear. Then I saw a wonder: trees were falling, the branches were on fire, it became mighty bright, how can I say this, as if there was a second sun, my eyes were hurting, I even closed them. It was like what the Russians call lightning. And immediately there was a loud thunderclap. This was the second thunder. The morning was sunny, there were no clouds, our Sun was shining brightly as usual, and suddenly there came a second one!

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The body appeared as a "pipe", i.e., a cylinder. The sky was cloudless, only a small dark cloud was observed in the general direction of the bright body. It was hot and dry. As the body neared the ground (forest), the bright body seemed to smudge, and then turned into a giant billow of black smoke, and a loud knocking (not thunder) was heard as if large stones were falling, or artillery was fired. All buildings shook. At the same time the cloud began emitting flames of uncertain shapes. All villagers were stricken with panic and took to the streets, women cried, thinking it was the end of the world. The author of these lines was meantime in the forest about 6 versts north of Kirensk and heard to the north-east some kind of artillery barrage, that repeated at intervals of 15 minutes at least 10 times. In Kirensk in a few buildings in the walls facing north-east window glass shook.

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thump was followed by a second, and then a third. Then the interval between the first and the third thumps was accompanied by an unusual underground rattle, similar to a railway upon which dozens of trains are travelling at the same time. Afterward, for 5 to 6 minutes an exact likeness of artillery fire was heard: 50 to 60 salvoes in short, equal intervals, which got progressively weaker. After 1.5–2 minutes after one of the "barrages" six more thumps were heard, like cannon firing, but individual, loud and accompanied by tremors. The sky, at the first sight, appeared to be clear. There was no wind and no clouds. Upon closer inspection to the north, i.e. where most of the thumps were heard, a kind of an ashen cloud was seen near the horizon, which kept getting smaller and more transparent and possibly by around 2–3 p.m. completely disappeared.

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collected near the center of the lake, consists of an upper c. 1-metre-thick (39 in) sequence of lacustrine deposits overlaying coarser chaotic material. Pb and Cs indicate that the transition from lower to upper sequence occurred close to the time of the Tunguska event. Pollen analysis reveals that remains of aquatic plants are abundant in the top post-1908 sequence but are absent in the lower pre-1908 portion of the core. These results, including organic C, N and δC data, suggest that Lake Cheko formed at the time of the Tunguska event. Pollen assemblages confirm the presence of two different units, above and below the ~100‐cm level (Fig. 4). The upper 100‐cm long section, in addition to pollen of taiga forest trees such as Abies, Betula, Juniperus, Larix, Pinus, Picea, and Populus, contains abundant remains of hydrophytes,

952:, aquatic plants probably deposited under lacustrine conditions similar to those prevailing today. These include both free-floating plants and rooted plants, growing usually in water up to 3–4 metres in depth (Callitriche, Hottonia, Lemna, Hydrocharis, Myriophyllum, Nuphar, Nymphaea, Potamogeton, Sagittaria). In contrast, the lower unit (below ~100 cm) contains abundant forest tree pollen, but no hydrophytes, suggesting that no lake existed then, but a taiga forest growing on marshy ground (Fig. 5). Pollen and microcharcoal show a progressive reduction in the taiga forest, from the bottom of the core upward. This reduction may have been caused by fires (two local episodes below ~100 cm), then by the TE and the formation of the lake (between 100 and 90 cm), and again by subsequent fires (one local fire in the upper 40 cm). 373:

couldn't bear it as if my shirt was on fire; from the northern side, where the fire was, came strong heat. I wanted to tear off my shirt and throw it down, but then the sky shut closed, and a strong thump sounded, and I was thrown a few metres. I lost my senses for a moment, but then my wife ran out and led me to the house. After that such noise came, as if rocks were falling or cannons were firing, the Earth shook, and when I was on the ground, I pressed my head down, fearing rocks would smash it. When the sky opened up, hot wind raced between the houses, like from cannons, which left traces in the ground like pathways, and it damaged some crops. Later we saw that many windows were shattered, and in the barn, a part of the iron lock snapped.

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apart or exploding at similar altitudes. Some models focused on combinations of properties which created scenarios with similar effects to the tree-fall pattern as well as the atmospheric and seismic pressure waves of Tunguska. Four different computer models produced similar results; they concluded that the likeliest candidate for the Tunguska impactor was a stony body between 50 and 80 m (164 and 262 ft) in diameter, entering the atmosphere at roughly 55,000 km/h (34,000 mph), exploding at 10 to 14 km (6 to 9 mi) altitude, and releasing explosive energy equivalent to between 10 and 30 megatons. This is similar to the blast energy equivalent of the 1980 volcanic

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if the impactor had arrived a few minutes earlier it would have exploded over the US or Canada. It is now known that bodies of this kind explode at frequent intervals tens to hundreds of kilometres above the ground. Military satellites have been observing these explosions for decades. In 2019 astronomers searched for hypothesized asteroids ~100 metres in diameter from the Taurid swarm between 5–11 July, and 21 July – 10 August. As of February 2020, there have been no reports of discoveries of any such objects.

318:. Over the next few days, night skies in Asia and Europe were aglow. There are contemporaneous reports of brightly lit photographs being successfully taken at midnight (without the aid of flashbulbs) in Sweden and Scotland. It has been theorized that this sustained glowing effect was due to light passing through high-altitude ice particles that had formed at extremely low temperatures as a result of the explosion – a phenomenon that decades later was reproduced by 299:, moving across the sky and leaving a thin trail. Closer to the horizon, there was a flash producing a billowing cloud, followed by a pillar of fire that cast a red light on the landscape. The pillar split in two and faded, turning to black. About ten minutes later, there was a sound similar to artillery fire. Eyewitnesses closer to the explosion reported that the source of the sound moved from the east to the north of them. The sounds were accompanied by a 264: 889: 819:

point where the asteroid abruptly disintegrated in a huge explosion. The destruction would have to have been so complete that no remnants of substantial size survived, and the material scattered into the upper atmosphere during the explosion would have caused the skyglows. Models published in 1993 suggested that the stony body would have been about 60 metres (200 ft) across, with physical properties somewhere between an ordinary

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crater", 32 m in diameter), he found an old tree stump on the bottom, ruling out the possibility that it was a meteoric crater. In 1938, Kulik arranged for an aerial photographic survey of the area covering the central part of the leveled forest (250 square kilometres ). The original negatives of these aerial photographs (1,500 negatives, each 18 by 18 centimetres ) were burned in 1975 by order of

4756: 40: 762:, such as water ice and frozen gases, and could have been completely vaporised by the impact with Earth's atmosphere, leaving no obvious traces. The comet hypothesis was further supported by the glowing skies (or "skyglows" or "bright nights") observed across Eurasia for several evenings after the impact, which are possibly explained by dust and ice that had been dispersed from the 4768: 4732: 4744: 342: 4780: 956:

In 2017, new research by Russian scientists pointed to a rejection of the theory that the Tunguska event created Lake Cheko. They used soil research to determine that the lake is 280 years old or even much older; in any case clearly older than the Tunguska event. In analyzing soils from the bottom of

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The hypothesis has been disputed by other impact crater specialists. A 1961 investigation had dismissed a modern origin of Lake Cheko, saying that the presence of metres-thick silt deposits on the lake bed suggests an age of at least 5,000 years, but more recent research suggests that only a metre or

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and others have proposed a process whereby a stony asteroid could have exhibited the Tunguska impactor's behaviour. Their models show that when the forces opposing a body's descent become greater than the cohesive force holding it together, it blows apart, releasing nearly all its energy at once. The

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of carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen at the layer of the bogs corresponding to 1908 were found to be inconsistent with the isotopic ratios measured in the adjacent layers, and this abnormality was not found in bogs outside the area. The region of the bogs showing these anomalous signatures also contains

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are assumed and the trajectories plotted by the solid, dashed, and dotted lines, respectively. The parenthesized data are the distances of the locations from the plane of projection: a plus sign indicates the location is south-south west of the plane (i.e toward the viewer); a minus sign, north-north

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has proposed that the Tunguska event was caused by the release and subsequent explosion of 10 million tons of natural gas from within the Earth's crust. The basic idea is that natural gas leaked out of the crust and then rose to its equal-density height in the atmosphere; from there, it drifted

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with a maximum activity around 28–29 June. The Tunguska event coincided with that shower's peak activity, the Tunguska object's approximate trajectory is consistent with what would be expected from a fragment of Comet Encke, and a hypothetical risk corridor has now been calculated demonstrating that

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In 2020, a group of Russian scientists used a range of computer models to calculate the passage of asteroids with diameters of 200, 100, and 50 metres at oblique angles across Earth's atmosphere. They used a range of assumptions about the object's composition as if it was made of iron, rock, or ice.

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We had a hut by the river with my brother Chekaren. We were sleeping. Suddenly we both woke up at the same time. Somebody shoved us. We heard whistling and felt strong wind. Chekaren said "Can you hear all those birds flying overhead?" We were both in the hut, couldn't see what was going on outside.

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of the lake floor support the hypothesis that the Tunguska event formed the lake. The soundings revealed a conical shape for the lake bed, which is consistent with an impact crater. Magnetic readings indicate a possible metre-sized chunk of rock below the lake's deepest point that may be a fragment

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published a paper criticising the comet hypothesis. He pointed out that a body composed of cometary material, travelling through the atmosphere along such a shallow trajectory, ought to have disintegrated, whereas the Tunguska body apparently remained intact into the lower atmosphere. Sekanina also

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Soviet experiments performed in the mid-1960s, with model forests (made of matches on wire stakes) and small explosive charges slid downward on wires, produced butterfly-shaped blast patterns similar to the pattern found at the Tunguska site. The experiments suggested that the object had approached

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in the Ural district of Russia. The exploding meteoroid was determined to have been an asteroid that measured about 17–20 metres (56–66 ft) across. It had an estimated initial mass of 11,000 tonnes and exploded with an energy release of approximately 500 kilotons. The air burst inflicted over

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On the morning of 17th of June, around 9:00, we observed an unusual natural occurrence. In the north Karelinski village the peasants saw to the northwest, rather high above the horizon, some strangely bright (impossible to look at) bluish-white heavenly body, which for 10 minutes moved downwards.

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estimated that 20-kiloton events occur annually and that Tunguska-sized events occur about once every 300 years. More recent estimates place Tunguska-sized events at about once every thousand years, with 5-kiloton air bursts averaging about once per year. Most of these are thought to be caused by

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During the next 10 years, there were three more expeditions to the area. Kulik found several dozen little "pothole" bogs, each 10 to 50 metres (33 to 164 feet) in diameter, that he thought might be meteoric craters. After a laborious exercise in draining one of these bogs (the so-called "Suslov's

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Since the 1908 event, an estimated 1,000 scholarly papers (most in Russian) have been published about the Tunguska explosion. Owing to the site's remoteness and the limited instrumentation available at the time of the event, modern scientific interpretations of its cause and magnitude have relied

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Kezhemskoye village. On the 17th an unusual atmospheric event was observed. At 7:43 the noise akin to a strong wind was heard. Immediately afterward a horrific thump sounded, followed by an earthquake that literally shook the buildings as if they were hit by a large log or a heavy rock. The first

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event provided ample data for scientists to create new models for the Tunguska event. Researchers used data from both Tunguska and Chelyabinsk to perform a statistical study of over 50 million combinations of bolide and entry properties that could produce Tunguska-scale damage when breaking

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The chief difficulty in the asteroid hypothesis is that a stony object should have produced a large crater where it struck the ground, but no such crater has been found. It has been hypothesised that the asteroid's passage through the atmosphere caused pressures and temperatures to build up to a

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In the 1960s, it was established that the zone of levelled forest occupied an area of 2,150 km (830 sq mi), its shape resembling a gigantic spread-eagled butterfly with a "wingspan" of 70 km (43 mi) and a "body length" of 55 km (34 mi). Upon closer examination,

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Trading Post , facing north. I suddenly saw that directly to the north, over Onkoul's Tunguska Road, the sky split in two and fire appeared high and wide over the forest . The split in the sky grew larger, and the entire northern side was covered with fire. At that moment I became so hot that I

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Other scientists disagree: "Some papers report that hydrogen, carbon and nitrogen isotopic compositions with signatures similar to those of CI and CM carbonaceous chondrites were found in Tunguska peat layers dating from the TE (Kolesnikov et al. 1999, 2003) and that iridium anomalies were also

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Cheko, a small lake located in Siberia close to the epicentre of the 1908 Tunguska explosion, might fill a crater left by the impact of a fragment of a cosmic body. Sediment cores from the lake's bottom were studied to support or reject this hypothesis. A 175-centimetre-long (69 in) core,

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We looked at the fallen trees, watched the tree tops get snapped off, watched the fires. Suddenly Chekaren yelled "Look up" and pointed with his hand. I looked there and saw another flash, and it made another thunder. But the noise was less than before. This was the fourth strike, like normal

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Additionally, there are problems with impact physics: It is unlikely that a stony meteorite in the right size range would have the mechanical strength necessary to survive atmospheric passage intact while retaining a velocity high enough to excavate a crater that size on reaching the ground.

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produced by large air-burst explosions. The trees directly below the explosion are stripped as the blast wave moves vertically downward, but remain standing upright, while trees farther away are knocked over because the blast wave is travelling closer to horizontal when it reaches them.

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Since the second half of the 20th century, close monitoring of Earth's atmosphere through infrasound and satellite observation has shown that asteroid air bursts with energies comparable to those of nuclear weapons routinely occur, although Tunguska-sized events, on the order of 5–15

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Chekaren and I had some difficulty getting out from under the remains of our hut. Then we saw that above, but in a different place, there was another flash, and loud thunder came. This was the third thunder strike. Wind came again, knocked us off our feet, struck the fallen trees.

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Tunguska's trajectory and the locations of five villages projected onto a plane normal to the Earth's surface and passing through the fireball's approach path. The scale is given by an adopted beginning height of 100 km. Three zenith angles ZR of the apparent

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Though the region of Siberia in which the explosion occurred was very sparsely populated in 1908, there are accounts of the event from eyewitnesses who were in the surrounding area at the time, and regional newspapers reported the event shortly after it occurred.

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relative to iron, which is also found in meteorites, leading to the conclusion they were of extraterrestrial origin. The concentration of the spheres in different regions of the soil was also found to be consistent with the expected distribution of debris from a

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Bonatti, Enrico; Breger, Dee; Di Rocco, Tommaso; Franchi, Fulvio; Gasperini, Luca; Polonia, Alina; Anfinogenov, John; Anfinogenova, Yana (September 2015). "Origin of John's Stone: A quartzitic boulder from the site of the 1908 Tunguska (Siberia) explosion".

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released a study calculating the probabilities based on orbital modelling extracted from the atmospheric trajectories of the Tunguska object. They concluded with a probability of 83% that the object moved on an asteroidal path originating from the

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identified a lake in the Tunguska region as a possible impact crater from the event. They do not dispute that the Tunguska body exploded in midair, but believe that a 10-metre (33 ft) fragment survived the explosion and struck the ground.

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downwind, in a sort of wick, which eventually found an ignition source such as lightning. Once the gas was ignited, the fire streaked along the wick, and then down to the source of the leak in the ground, whereupon there was an explosion.

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Rogozin, D. Y.; Darin, A. V.; Kalugin, I. A.; Melgunov, M. S.; Meydus, A. V.; Degermendzhi, A. G. (October 2017). "Sedimentation rate in Cheko Lake (Evenkia, Siberia): New evidence on the problem of the 1908 Tunguska Event".

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spheres in siftings of the soil. Similar spheres were predicted to exist in the felled trees, although they could not be detected by contemporary means. Later expeditions did identify such spheres in the resin of the trees.

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east of it (i.e away from the viewer). The transliteration of the village names in this figure and the text is consistent with that of Paper I and differs somewhat from the transliteration in the current world atlases.

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Only more than a decade after the event did any scientific analysis of the region take place, in part due to the area's isolation and significant political upheaval affecting Russia in the 1910s. In 1921, the Russian

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flattened an estimated 80 million trees over an area of 2,150 km (830 sq mi) of forest, and eyewitness accounts suggest up to three people may have died. The explosion is generally attributed to a

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Phipps Morgan, J; Reston, T.J; Ranero, C.R (January 2004). "Contemporaneous mass extinctions, continental flood basalts, and 'impact signals': are mantle plume-induced lithospheric gas explosions the causal link?".

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find that more of the energy was focused downward than would be the case from a nuclear explosion and estimate that the air burst had an energy range from 3 to 5 megatons of TNT (13 to 21 PJ). The 15-megaton

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Borovička, Jiří; Spurný, Pavel; Brown, Peter; Wiegert, Paul; Kalenda, Pavel; Clark, David; Shrbený, Lukáš (14 November 2013). "The trajectory, structure and origin of the Chelyabinsk asteroidal impactor".

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of the colliding body. Finally, the lake's long axis points to the Tunguska explosion's hypocentre, about 7.0 km (4.3 mi) away. Work is still being done at Lake Cheko to determine its origins.

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Turco, R.P.; Toon, O.B.; Park, C.; Whitten, R.C.; Pollack, J.B.; Noerdlinger, P. (April 1982). "An analysis of the physical, chemical, optical, and historical impacts of the 1908 Tunguska meteor fall".

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In 2013, a team of researchers published the results of an analysis of micro-samples from a peat bog near the centre of the affected area, which show fragments that may be of extraterrestrial origin.

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Gasperini, Luca; Bonatti, Enrico; Albertazzi, Sonia; Forlani, Luisa; Accorsi, Carla A.; Longo, Giuseppe; Ravaioli, Mariangela; Alvisi, Francesca; Polonia, Alina; Sacchetti, Fabio (December 2009).

2653: 642:) as it travels through the atmosphere is immense and most meteoroids burn up or explode before they reach the ground. Early estimates of the energy of the Tunguska air burst ranged from 10–15 543:. Later studies of the spheres found unusual ratios of numerous other metals relative to the surrounding environment, which was taken as further evidence of their extraterrestrial origin. 2970: 424:

When the meteorite fell, strong tremors in the ground were observed, and near the Lovat village of the Kansk uezd two strong explosions were heard, as if from large-calibre artillery.

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following the impact, a phenomenon caused by massive amounts of water vapour in the upper atmosphere. They compared the noctilucent cloud phenomenon to the exhaust plume from NASA's

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chiefly on damage assessments and geological studies conducted many years after the event. Estimates of its energy have ranged from 3–30 megatons of TNT (13–126 petajoules).

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Researcher John Anfinogenov has suggested that a boulder found at the event site, known as John's stone, is a remnant of the meteorite, but oxygen isotope analysis of the

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materials, based on their typical penetration depths into the Earth's atmosphere. The largest asteroid air burst observed with modern instrumentation was the 500-kiloton

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about 50–60 metres (160–200 feet) wide. The asteroid approached from the east-south-east, probably with a relatively high speed of about 27 km/s (60,000 mph) (~

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Kolesnikov, E.M.; Kolesnikova, N.V.; Boettger, T. (February 1998). "Isotopic anomaly in peat nitrogen is a probable trace of acid rains caused by 1908 Tunguska bolide".

2463: 2927: 3719: 1505: 563:. These unusual proportions are believed to result from debris from the falling body that deposited in the bogs. The nitrogen is believed to have been deposited as 2117:

Kvasnytsya, Victor; Wirth, Richard; Dobrzhinetskaya, Larissa; Matzel, Jennifer; Jacobsen, Benjamin; Hutcheon, Ian; Tappero, Ryan; Kovalyukh, Mykola (August 2013).

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Vaganov, Evgenii A.; Hughes, Malcolm K.; Silkin, Pavel P.; Nesvetailo, Valery D. (September 2004). "The Tunguska Event in 1908: Evidence from Tree-Ring Anatomy".

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had caused the event. Upon returning, he persuaded the Soviet government to fund an expedition to the suspected impact zone, based on the prospect of salvaging

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Anfinogenov, John; Budaeva, Larisa; Kuznetsov, Dmitry; Anfinogenova, Yana (November 2014). "John's Stone: A possible fragment of the 1908 Tunguska meteorite".

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Brown, P.; Spalding, R. E.; ReVelle, D. O.; Tagliaferri, E.; Worden, S. P. (November 2002). "The flux of small near-Earth objects colliding with the Earth".

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observed (Hou et al. 1998, 2004). Measurements performed in other laboratories have not confirmed these results (Rocchia et al. 1990; Tositti et al. 2006)."

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in their 2009 publication on their analysis of the core they took from Lake Cheko in 1999. The Russian scientists in 2017 counted at least 280 such annual

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Perkins, Sid (30 September 2009). "Story One: A century later, scientists still study Tunguska: Asteroid or comet blamed for Siberian blast of 1908".

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The model that most closely matched the observed event was an iron asteroid up to 200 metres in diameter, travelling at 11.2 km per second, that

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Though scientific consensus is that the Tunguska explosion was caused by the impact of a small asteroid, there are some dissenters. Astrophysicist

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Hou, Q.L.; Ma, P.X.; Kolesnikov, E.M. (February 1998). "Discovery of iridium and other element anomalies near the 1908 Tunguska explosion site".

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Boyarkina, A. P., Demin, D. V., Zotkin, I. T., Fast, W. G. "Estimation of the blast wave of the Tunguska meteorite from the forest destruction".

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result is no crater, with damage distributed over a fairly wide radius, and all the damage resulting from the thermal energy the blast releases.

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hypothesis has also been proposed as a possible cause of the Tunguska event. Other research has proposed a geophysical mechanism for the event.

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Drobyshevski, E. M.; Galushina, T. Yu; Drobyshevski, M. E. (March 2009). "A search for a present-day candidate for the Comet P/Tunguska-1908".

4059:"Skeptoid #803: What Really Happened at Tunguska: The true cause of one of history's most violent cataclysms remains a mystery... to a degree" 5867: 5862: 5706: 5701: 5427: 4460: 4445: 4429: 4414: 4355: 4347: 4103: 4088: 4080: 3934: 3911: 3881: 3852: 3810: 3475: 1436: 323: 1269: 5766: 5635: 5590: 5419: 2865:"Two-dimensional turbulence, space shuttle plume transport in the thermosphere, and a possible relation to the Great Siberian Impact Event" 1567:"Two-dimensional Turbulence, Space Shuttle Plume Transport in the Thermosphere, and a Possible Relation to the Great Siberian Impact Event" 798:

argued that the evidence pointed to a dense rocky object, probably of asteroidal origin. This hypothesis was further boosted in 2001, when

314:, and Washington, D.C. It is estimated that, in some places, the resulting shock wave was equivalent to an earthquake measuring 5.0 on the 310:

across Eurasia, and air waves from the blast were detected in Germany, Denmark, Croatia, and the United Kingdom – and as far away as

4549: 4463:, also (Crows Nest, NSW, Australia) Allen & Unwin Pty Ltd., 2006, with same ISBN. Index has "Lake Cheko" as "Ceko, Lake", without "h". 1753: 1330: 5857: 5797: 5655: 1413: 638:

every day, travelling at a speed of at least 11 km/s (7 mi/s). The heat generated by compression of air in front of the body (

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Serra, R.; Cecchini, S.; Galli, M.; Longo, G. (September 1994). "Experimental hints on the fragmentation of the Tunguska Cosmic body".

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may be a possible candidate for the Tunguska object's parent body as the asteroid made a close approach of 0.06945 AU (27

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Kulik found holes that he erroneously concluded were meteorite holes; he did not have the means at that time to excavate the holes.

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across the upper atmosphere. The cometary hypothesis gained a general acceptance among Soviet Tunguska investigators by the 1960s.

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so of the sediment layer on the lake bed is "normal lacustrine sedimentation", a depth consistent with an age of about 100 years.

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Now I remember well there was also one more thunder strike, but it was small, and somewhere far away, where the Sun goes to sleep.

5792: 5479: 5209: 4919: 3514: 3422: 510:, then Chairman of the Committee on Meteorites of the USSR Academy of Sciences, as part of an initiative to dispose of flammable 5802: 5296: 811:, rather than on a cometary one (probability of 17%). Proponents of the comet hypothesis have suggested that the object was an 240: 1499: 5852: 2464:"Most Explosive Meteor Impact: 1908 Tunguska Explosion Caused by Iron Asteroid That Entered Earth Then Bounced Back to Space" 1361: 475:. Although they never visited the central blast area, the many local accounts of the event led Kulik to believe that a giant 4184:

Lerman, J. C.; Mook, W. G.; Vogel, J. C. (1967). "Effect of the Tunguska Meteor and Sunspots on Radiocarbon in Tree Rings".

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in the 1260 mm long core sample pulled from the bottom of the lake, representing an age older than the Tunguska event.

2913: 5812: 4957: 4873: 4798: 4722: 650:) to 30 megatons of TNT (130 PJ), depending on the exact height of the burst as estimated when the scaling laws from the 5847: 5676: 5600: 5376: 5270: 4897: 4867: 3658:"ГЕОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ И МИНЕРАЛОГО-ГЕОХИМИЧЕСКИЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ РЫХЛЫХ И КОРЕННЫХ ПОРОД ИЗ ЭПИЦЕНТРА ТУНГУССКОЙ КАТАСТРОФЫ 1908 Г" 2212: 1885: 1383: 905: 94: 3574:

Vannucchi, Paola; Morgan, Jason P.; Della Lunga, Damiano; Andronicos, Christopher L.; Morgan, W. Jason (January 2015).

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Longo, G.; Serra, R.; Cecchini, S.; Galli, M. (February 1994). "Search for microremnants of the Tunguska Cosmic Body".

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Nemtchinov, I.V.; Jacobs, C.; Tagliaferri, E. (1997). "Analysis of Satellite Observations of Large Meteoroid Impacts".

5827: 5807: 908:. The researchers also concluded impactors of this size hit the Earth only at an average interval scale of millennia. 472: 192: 79: 5138: 3944:

Brown, John C.; Hughes, David W. (August 1977). "Tunguska's comet and non-thermal 14C production in the atmosphere".

1910:

Kolesnikov, E.m.; Boettger, T.; Kolesnikova, N.V. (June 1999). "Finding of probable Tunguska Cosmic Body material".

1300: 892:

Comparison of approximate sizes of notable impactors with the Hoba meteorite, a Boeing 747 and a New Routemaster bus

5645: 5620: 5289: 5225: 4952: 4924: 1646: 875: 747: 679:

test in 1961. A 2019 paper suggests the explosive power of the Tunguska event may have been around 20–30 megatons.

651: 311: 2420:

Khrennikov, Daniil E; Titov, Andrei K; Ershov, Alexander E; Pariev, Vladimir I; Karpov, Sergei V (21 March 2020).

2344: 781:

with a period of just over three years that stays entirely within Jupiter's orbit. It is also responsible for the

440: 5842: 5696: 5686: 5521: 5392: 5312: 5230: 5156: 5150: 5144: 4946: 3656:СКУБЛОВ, Г.Т.; МАРИН, Ю.Б.; СКУБЛОВ, С.Г.; БИДЮКОВ, Б.Ф.; ЛОГУНОВА, Л.Н.; ГЕМБИЦКИЙ, В.В.; НЕЧАЕВА, Е.С. (2010). 1210: 1033: 369: 248: 4281:

Ol'khovatov, A. Yu. (November 2003). "Geophysical Circumstances Of The 1908 Tunguska Event In Siberia, Russia".

3613:

Ol'khovatov, A. Yu. (November 2003). "Geophysical Circumstances Of The 1908 Tunguska Event In Siberia, Russia".

827:. Typical carbonaceous chondrite substance tends to be dissolved with water rather quickly unless it is frozen. 5872: 5837: 5817: 5640: 5458: 5132: 4941: 3271: 327: 597: 4555: 3753: 1796: 1111:

Farinella, P.; Foschini, L.; Froeschlé, Ch.; Gonczi, R.; Jopek, T. J.; Longo, G.; Michel, P. (October 2001).

5787: 5397: 5197: 3207: 1712: 1085: 1043: 857: 759: 446: 315: 4180:, trans. J. S. Romankiewicz (Part III: The Tunguska Meteorite), (Oxford and New York) Pergamon Press, 1966. 1051: 957:

Lake Cheko, they identified a layer of radionuclide contamination from mid-20th century nuclear testing at

352:, 1931. The original photo was taken between 1927 and 1930 (presumptively no later than 14 September 1930). 5832: 5756: 5336: 5240: 4982: 4885: 4063: 4054: 2167: 1079: 863:. A team of Russian researchers led by Edward Drobyshevski in 2009 suggested that the near-Earth asteroid 824: 710: 688: 664: 2716: 738:

at an angle of roughly 30 degrees from the ground and 115 degrees from north and had exploded in midair.

5560: 5204: 5115: 4997: 4992: 4974: 923: 842: 610: 196: 83: 631: 2216: 5681: 5544: 5474: 5039: 5002: 4675: 4634: 4625:

Beasley, William H.; Tinsley, Brian A. (August 1974). "Tungus event was not caused by a black hole".

4597: 4492: 4375: 4290: 4260: 4231: 4193: 4141: 4119: 4026: 3990: 3953: 3622: 3587: 3548: 3501: 3358: 3307: 3242: 3157: 3107: 3047: 2876: 2837: 2802: 2759: 2688: 2611: 2549: 2494:"World's largest 'explosion' could have been caused by iron asteroid entering and leaving atmosphere" 2378: 2301: 2260: 2179: 2130: 2060: 2016: 1981: 1946: 1616: 1578: 1471: 1424: 1246: 1219: 1174: 1124: 243:

occurred in prehistoric times. An explosion of this magnitude would be capable of destroying a large

3005:"Tunguska Revisited: 111-Year-Old Mystery Impact Inspires New, More Optimistic Asteroid Predictions" 1038:

In fiction, many alternative explanations for the event appear. The notion that it was caused by an

5585: 5551: 5464: 4891: 4772: 3034:

Gasperini, L; Alvisi, F; Biasini, G; Bonatti, E; Longo, G; Pipan, M; Ravaioli, M; Serra, R (2007).

1047: 208: 3458:

Kundt, Wolfgang (2007). "Tunguska (1908) and Its Relevance for Comet/Asteroid Impact Statistics".

2650:"Could larger space rocks be hiding in the Beta Taurid Meteor stream? We may find out this summer" 1525: 382: 4969: 4748: 4701: 4650: 4613: 4306: 4209: 4157: 4042: 3969: 3874:

Islam, Science Fiction and Extraterrestrial Life: The Culture of Astrobiology in the Muslim World

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Jackson, A. A.; Ryan, Michael P. (September 1973). "Was the Tungus Event due to a Black Hole?".

3687:СКУБЛОВ, Г.Г.; МАРИН, Ю.Б.; СКУБЛОВ, С.Г.; ЛОГУНОВА, Л.Н.; НЕЧАЕВА, E.С.; САВИЧЕВ, A.A. (2011). 1265: 794: 770: 4531:

NASA Astronomy Picture of the Day: Tunguska: The Largest Recent Impact Event (14 November 2007)

2578: 550:

from the area also revealed numerous anomalies considered consistent with an impact event. The

378: 263: 5571: 5451: 5407: 5371: 5351: 5265: 5245: 5033: 5012: 4855: 4849: 4709: 4693: 4508: 4456: 4441: 4425: 4410: 4393: 4351: 4343: 4165: 4099: 4084: 4076: 3930: 3907: 3877: 3848: 3806: 3796: 3771: 3761: 3471: 3342: 3181: 2918: 2775: 2528: 2394: 2317: 1745: 1432: 1357: 1002: 853: 830: 531: 244: 3869: 3832: 1442: 1322: 931:

is a small bowl-shaped lake about 8 km (5.0 mi) north-northwest of the hypocentre.

878:) from Earth on 27 June 1908, three days before the Tunguska impact. The team suspected that 5346: 5192: 5023: 4963: 4736: 4683: 4642: 4605: 4500: 4383: 4327: 4298: 4294: 4268: 4239: 4235: 4201: 4149: 4123: 4034: 3994: 3961: 3840: 3792: 3630: 3626: 3595: 3591: 3556: 3552: 3525: 3490: 3463: 3366: 3315: 3250: 3165: 3115: 3055: 2884: 2845: 2841: 2810: 2806: 2767: 2696: 2619: 2443: 2386: 2309: 2268: 2187: 2138: 2134: 2091: 2068: 2024: 1989: 1985: 1954: 1950: 1919: 1869: 1624: 1586: 1479: 1462:

Whipple, F. J. W. (10 September 2007). "On Phenomena related to the great Siberian meteor".

1182: 1165: 1132: 1128: 1088:, protected area covering a portion of the site; ongoing scientific study of forest recovery 1073: 1055: 1006: 617: 540: 236: 213: 200: 137: 3231:"Sediments from Lake Cheko (Siberia), a possible impact crater for the 1908 Tunguska Event" 2118: 1024:

1,200 injuries, mainly from broken glass falling from windows shattered by its shock wave.

888: 5722: 5671: 5402: 5187: 5182: 3521: 3497: 1650: 1039: 799: 490:

hunters to guide his team to the centre of the blast area, where they expected to find an

284: 280: 4302: 3634: 763: 4713: 4679: 4638: 4601: 4535: 4496: 4379: 4264: 4197: 4145: 4030: 3957: 3362: 3311: 3246: 3161: 3111: 3076: 3051: 2880: 2763: 2692: 2615: 2553: 2422:"On the possibility of through passage of asteroid bodies across the Earth's atmosphere" 2382: 2305: 2264: 2191: 2183: 2064: 2020: 1620: 1582: 1475: 1428: 1250: 1223: 1178: 5515: 5469: 4879: 4843: 4760: 4038: 2623: 982: 838: 778: 684: 660: 643: 583: 507: 204: 188: 87: 4272: 4243: 4153: 3576:"Direct evidence of ancient shock metamorphism at the site of the 1908 Tunguska event" 3560: 3169: 1993: 1958: 1923: 1819: 5781: 5740: 5488: 5356: 5250: 4402:

This is one of several articles in a special issue, cover title: "Cosmic Cataclysms".

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Kundt, Wolfgang (2001). "The 1908 Tunguska catastrophe: An alternative explanation".

3371: 3346: 3327: 3255: 3230: 3129: 3120: 3095: 3060: 3035: 2898: 2849: 2814: 2631: 2103: 2036: 1628: 1194: 958: 936: 812: 808: 786: 491: 486:

Kulik led a scientific expedition to the Tunguska blast site in 1927. He hired local

480: 319: 229: 3380: 5727: 5610: 5527: 5432: 5341: 4821: 4784: 4705: 4654: 4617: 4524: 4213: 3973: 3688: 2914:"A mystery solved: Space shuttle shows 1908 Tunguska explosion was caused by comet" 2406: 2329: 1067: 782: 672: 668: 639: 606: 476: 468: 361: 348: 252: 225: 4132:

Gasperini, Luca; Bonatti, Enrico; Longo, Giuseppe (2008). "The Tunguska Mystery".

3148:

Gasperini, Luca; Bonatti, Enrico; Longo, Giuseppe (2008). "The Tunguska Mystery".

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Peplow, Mark (10 June 2013). "Rock samples suggest meteor caused Tunguska blast".

303:

that knocked people off their feet and broke windows hundreds of kilometres away.

4331: 3467: 2273: 2248: 2072: 2028: 1186: 1137: 1112: 852:(2009) contend that the impact was caused by a comet because of the sightings of 346:

Tunguska marshes, around the area where it fell. This photo is from the magazine

3844: 3839:. Science and Fiction. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 32–35. 1020: 774: 755: 635: 495: 471:

led a team to the Podkamennaya Tunguska River basin to conduct a survey for the

292: 221: 39: 3599: 1548:"Space Shuttle Science Shows How 1908 Tunguska Explosion Was Caused By A Comet" 1163:

Jenniskens, P (2019). "Tunguska eyewitness accounts, injuries and casualties".

654:

are employed. More recent calculations that include the effect of the object's

17: 5691: 5650: 5630: 5625: 5533: 3758:

The Ultimate Encyclopedia of Science Fiction: The Definitive Illustrated Guide

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According to the testimony of S. Semenov, as recorded by Russian mineralogist

331: 307: 300: 4519: 4438:

The Tunguska Fireball: Solving One of the Great Mysteries of the 20th century

2779: 1873: 116: 103: 5732: 5507: 5501: 5366: 5361: 5260: 5255: 3775: 2448: 2421: 990: 865: 820: 575: 564: 526: 511: 207:, on the morning of 30 June 1908. The explosion over the sparsely populated 184: 4697: 4530: 4512: 4504: 4397: 4169: 4003:

Christie, William H. (April 1942). "The great Siberian meteorite of 1908".

3185: 2398: 2321: 1483: 1378: 3657: 1874:"Preliminary results from the 1961 combined Tunguska meteorite expedition" 255:

rating for the impactor is 8: a certain collision with local destruction.

5494: 5326: 5088: 5077: 5066: 5055: 5044: 4929: 4571: 4543: 4479: – Many Tunguska-related pictures with comments in English 2889: 2864: 2748:"The 1908 Tunguska explosion: atmospheric disruption of a stony asteroid" 2746:

Chyba, Christopher F.; Thomas, Paul J.; Zahnle, Kevin J. (January 1993).

1591: 1566: 1292: 655: 621: 547: 522: 217: 141: 4520:

Preliminary results from the 1961 combined Tunguska meteorite expedition

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N. V. Vasiliev, A. F. Kovalevsky, S. A. Razin, L. E. Epiktetova (1981).

671:

nuclear test in 1954 (which measured 15.2 Mt) and one third that of the

5538: 5124: 5028: 5017: 5007: 4987: 4790: 2579:"Analysis of the Tunguska Event as a Semi-Hypothetical Impact Scenario" 1421:

Comet/Asteroid Impacts and Human Society, An Interdisciplinary Approach

663:) estimate represents an energy about 1,000 times greater than that of 556: 288: 268: 4476: 2747: 2540:

Kresak, L' (1978). "The Tunguska Object: a Fragment of Comet Encke?".

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Expeditions sent to the area in the 1950s and 1960s found microscopic

334:

transparency consistent with an increase in suspended dust particles.

5605: 5331: 5235: 4688: 4663: 4646: 4609: 4388: 4363: 4205: 4058: 3965: 2771: 1042:

is a popular one that gained prominence following the publication of

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During the 1990s, Italian researchers, coordinated by the physicist

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Crowther, J. G. (1931). "More About the Great Siberian Meteorite".

3575: 2701: 2676: 2438: 1423:. Berlin; Heidelberg; New York: Springer-Verlag. pp. 303–330. 3096:"Reply – Lake Cheko and the Tunguska Event: impact or non-impact?" 2955: 2209:"Sandia supercomputers offer new explanation of Tunguska disaster" 1788: 887: 751: 693: 647: 596: 515: 439: 341: 262: 145: 3491:"100 years on, mystery shrouds massive 'cosmic impact' in Russia" 815:

with a stony mantle that allowed it to penetrate the atmosphere.

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Boslough, Mark; Chodas, Paul; Brown, Peter (13 December 2023).

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Gasperini, L.; Bonatti, Enrico; Longo, Giuseppe (April 2008).

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Trayner, C (1994). "Perplexities of the Tunguska meteorite".

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The Fire Came by: The Riddle of the Great Siberian Explosion

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Kelley, M. C.; Seyler, C. E.; Larsen, M. F. (22 July 2009).

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The Day the Sky Split Apart: Investigating a Cosmic Mystery

2971:"Meteoroid, not comet, explains the 1908 Tunguska fireball" 235:

The Tunguska event is the largest impact event on Earth in

4567:"In Siberia in 1908, a huge explosion came out of nowhere" 4251:

Oliver, Charles P (1928). "The Great Siberian Meteorite".

3720:"Meteorite hits central Russia, more than 500 people hurt" 1076:, about 830 kilometres (520 mi) to the east-southeast 700:

in 2013, which shattered windows and produced meteorites.

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The leading scientific explanation for the explosion is a

2542:

Bulletin of the Astronomical Institutes of Czechoslovakia

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Gritzner, C (1997). "Human Casualties in Impact Events".

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The explosion's effect on the trees near the explosion's

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The Tungus Event: The Great Siberian Catastrophe of 1908

3200:"Crater From 1908 Russian Space Impact Found, Team Says" 2677:"The Tunguska event - No cometary signature in evidence" 1113:"Probable asteroidal origin of the Tunguska Cosmic Body" 3515:"Massive Tunguska Blast Still Unsolved 100 Years Later" 2170:(1983). "Asteroid and Comet Bombardment of the Earth". 1019:

occurred over a populated area on 15 February 2013, at

601:

Comparison of possible sizes of Tunguska (TM mark) and

291:

natives and Russian settlers in the hills northwest of

155:

Flattened 2,150 km (830 sq mi) of forest

3787: 3785: 3036:"A possible impact crater for the 1908 Tunguska Event" 713:

the Earth's atmosphere and returned into solar orbit.

692:

asteroid impactors, as opposed to mechanically weaker

624:

6–10 km (4–6 mi) above the Earth's surface.

534:

showed that the spheres contained high proportions of

514:. Positive prints were preserved for further study in 4720: 1464:

Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society

1407: 1405: 746:

In 1930, the British meteorologist and mathematician

4110:

Gallant, Roy A. (June 1994). "Journey to Tunguska".

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Kelley, M. C.; Seyler, C. E.; Larsen, M. F. (2009).

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Nemiroff, R.; Bonnell, J., eds. (14 November 2007).

1323:"Reported Deaths and Injuries from Meteorite Impact" 5749: 5715: 5664: 5570: 5443: 5385: 5319: 5218: 5165: 5122: 5107: 4912: 4835: 4828: 169: 161: 151: 132: 93: 75: 67: 49: 4128:Cover article, with full-page map. Cited in Verma. 3347:"Evidence that Lake Cheko is not an impact crater" 1554:(Press release). Cornell University. 25 June 2009. 1498: 667:, and roughly equal to that of the United States' 3927:The Tunguska Meteorite: History of Investigations 3802:Science Fact and Science Fiction: An Encyclopedia 2426:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 582:origin, and probably related to Permian-Triassic 330:in California observed a months-long decrease in 295:observed a bluish light, nearly as bright as the 4098:, (New York) Atheneum Books for Children, 1995. 3981:Chaikin, A. (January 1984). "Target: Tunguska". 3701:Proceedings of the Russian Mineralogical Society 3670:Proceedings of the Russian Mineralogical Society 2247:Wheeler, Lorien F.; Mathias, Donovan L. (2019). 1843: 1841: 1419:. In Bobrowsky, Peter T.; Rickman, Hans (eds.). 1106: 1104: 1102: 368:At breakfast time I was sitting by the house at 4011:. Los Angeles: The Griffith Observatory: 38–47. 1778:, Vol. 24, 1964, pp. 112–128 (in Russian). 1506:Journal of the British Astronomical Association 1054:". The idea that the cause was the impact of a 945: 725:was similar to the effects of the conventional 433: 422: 410: 387: 366: 3826: 3824: 3822: 3697:ЗАПИСКИ РОССИЙСКОГО МИНЕРАЛОГИЧЕСКОГО ОБЩЕСТВА 3666:ЗАПИСКИ РОССИЙСКОГО МИНЕРАЛОГИЧЕСКОГО ОБЩЕСТВА 2286: 2284: 5297: 4806: 2172:Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 1864: 1862: 750:suggested that the Tunguska body was a small 224:80). Though the incident is classified as an 8: 1905: 1903: 1158: 1156: 1154: 1152: 1150: 1148: 559:, similar to the iridium layer found in the 494:. To their surprise, there was no crater at 32: 4342:, (Dordrecht and New York) Springer, 2009. 2998: 2996: 1379:"Tunguska: The Largest Recent Impact Event" 5304: 5290: 5282: 4832: 4813: 4799: 4791: 4277:Cited in Baxter and Atkins, also in Verma. 3805:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 301–303. 2603:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 773:suggested that the body was a fragment of 567:, a suspected fallout from the explosion. 38: 31: 27:1908 meteor air burst explosion in Siberia 4687: 4409:, (New York) Simon & Schuster, 1977. 4387: 3923:Тунгусский метеорит: история исследования 3876:. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 68–69. 3504:, 29 June 2008. Retrieved 8 October 2017. 3370: 3272:"ОЗЕРО ЧЕКО СТАРШЕ ТУНГУССКОГО МЕТЕОРИТА" 3254: 3119: 3059: 2954: 2888: 2700: 2447: 2437: 2272: 1590: 1136: 4527:. Reconstruction by William K. Hartmann. 4075:, (New York) Nordon Publications, 1977. 3921:Бронштэн, Виталий Александрович (2000). 3902:Baxter, John; Atkins, Thomas R. (1976). 3528:, 4 July 2008. 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Random House Childrens Books. 3439:from the original on 31 May 2015 3372:10.1111/j.1365-3121.2008.00791.x 3256:10.1111/j.1365-3121.2009.00906.x 3121:10.1111/j.1365-3121.2008.00792.x 3061:10.1111/j.1365-3121.2007.00742.x 3015:from the original on 1 July 2019 2727:from the original on 16 May 2017 2656:from the original on 14 May 2019 2345:"Phenomena, Comment & Notes" 1723:from the original on 16 May 2021 555:an unusually high proportion of 2675:Sekanina, Z. (September 1983). 2504:from the original on 7 May 2020 2474:from the original on 7 May 2020 1746:"This Month in Physics History" 4424:, (London) W. H. Allen, 1977. 4083:. (St. Albans) Panther, 1977. 3421:Jones, N. (7 September 2002). 1356:. Cambridge University Press. 1: 5823:Geography of Krasnoyarsk Krai 4958:2012 United Kingdom meteoroid 4244:10.1016/s0012-821x(03)00602-2 3561:10.1016/s0012-821x(03)00602-2 3075:Rincon, Paul (26 June 2007). 2977:. 1 July 2013. Archived from 1994:10.1016/S0032-0633(97)00190-6 1959:10.1016/S0032-0633(97)00174-8 1924:10.1016/S0032-0633(99)00006-9 561:Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary 5868:Unsolved problems in physics 5863:Natural disasters in Siberia 5677:Japan Spaceguard Association 5420:Earth-crossing minor planets 5377:Potentially hazardous object 5271:Potentially hazardous object 4536:"Mystery space blast 'solved 4332:10.1002/scin.2008.5591731904 4013:This review is widely cited. 3468:10.1007/978-3-540-32711-0_19 2869:Geophysical Research Letters 2850:10.1016/0032-0633(94)90120-1 2815:10.1016/0032-0633(94)90028-0 2610:(1 Near–Earth Ob): 303–317. 2274:10.1016/j.icarus.2018.12.017 2213:Sandia National Laboratories 2073:10.1016/j.icarus.2015.06.018 2029:10.1016/j.icarus.2014.09.006 1629:10.1016/0019-1035(82)90096-3 1384:Astronomy Picture of the Day 1187:10.1016/j.icarus.2019.01.001 1117:Astronomy & Astrophysics 906:eruption of Mount St. Helens 377:Testimony of Chuchan of the 306:The explosion registered at 5767:Fiction about impact events 4662:Steel, Duncan (June 2008). 4550:Sound of the Tunguska event 3845:10.1007/978-3-319-42605-1_2 3760:. Carlton. pp. 39–40. 2830:Planetary and Space Science 2795:Planetary and Space Science 2123:Planetary and Space Science 1974:Planetary and Space Science 1939:Planetary and Space Science 1912:Planetary and Space Science 1856:Rubtsov (2009), p. 59. 1702:Vasiliev, Section 1, Item 5 1693:Vasiliev, Section 1, Item 3 1672:Vasiliev, Section 1, Item 2 1524:Watson, Nigel (July 2008). 769:In 1978, Slovak astronomer 338:Selected eyewitness reports 193:Podkamennaya Tunguska River 80:Podkamennaya Tunguska River 5894: 5858:Modern Earth impact events 5798:1908 in the Russian Empire 5226:Asteroid impact prediction 4925:2007 Carancas impact event 4422:Tunguska, Cauldron of Hell 4407:Cauldron of Hell: Tunguska 3600:10.1016/j.epsl.2014.11.001 1820:"The 1938 aerophotosurvey" 1138:10.1051/0004-6361:20011054 1031: 1000: 915: 704:Glancing impact hypothesis 652:effects of nuclear weapons 473:Soviet Academy of Sciences 322:. In the United States, a 312:Batavia, Dutch East Indies 5697:The Spaceguard Foundation 5415:Asteroid close approaches 5393:Asteroid impact avoidance 5231:Asteroid impact avoidance 4947:2009 Sulawesi superbolide 3520:21 September 2013 at the 3496:24 September 2015 at the 3320:10.1134/S1028334X17100269 2975:DiscoverMagazine.com blog 2912:Ju, Anne (24 June 2009). 2143:10.1016/j.pss.2013.05.003 2096:10.1038/nature.2013.13163 1750:American Physical Society 1649:30 September 2007 at the 1034:Tunguska event in fiction 754:. A comet is composed of 431:newspaper, 13 July 1908: 420:newspaper, 27 July 1908: 267:Location of the event in 37: 5762:Fiction about meteoroids 5641:Sentinel Space Telescope 5133:Impact events on Jupiter 4283:Earth, Moon, and Planets 3615:Earth, Moon, and Planets 2681:The Astronomical Journal 1414:"18: The Tunguska event" 1412:Longo, Giuseppe (2007). 455:Scientific investigation 408:newspaper, 2 July 1908: 328:Mount Wilson Observatory 5793:1908 in the environment 5398:Asteroid laser ablation 4904:Earth-grazing meteoroid 4898:Great Daylight Fireball 4868:Great Meteor Procession 4295:2003EM&P...93..163O 4236:2004E&PSL.217..263P 4124:1994S&T....87...38G 3995:1984S&T....67...18C 3627:2003EM&P...93..163O 3592:2015E&PSL.409..168V 3553:2004E&PSL.217..263P 2842:1994P&SS...42..777S 2807:1994P&SS...42..163L 2581:. 2023 AGU Fall Meeting 2237:Verma (2005), p 1. 2135:2013P&SS...84..131K 1986:1998P&SS...46..163K 1951:1998P&SS...46..179H 1497:Traynor, Chris (1997). 1129:2001A&A...377.1081F 1086:Tunguska Nature Reserve 1044:Russian science fiction 937:Acoustic-echo soundings 605:(CM) meteoroids to the 578:suggests that it is of 364:'s expedition in 1930: 316:Richter magnitude scale 279:(cited as 17 June 1908 191:that occurred near the 173:A few damaged buildings 55:; 116 years ago 5803:1908 natural disasters 5337:Earth-grazing fireball 5241:Earth-grazing fireball 5139:Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 4525:1908 Siberia Explosion 4505:10.1089/ast.2004.4.391 4362:Steel, Duncan (2008). 3300:Doklady Earth Sciences 1484:10.1002/qj.49706025709 1080:Sikhote-Alin meteorite 977:Geophysical hypotheses 954: 893: 825:carbonaceous chondrite 613: 451: 438: 426: 415: 403: 381:tribe, as recorded by 375: 353: 272: 117:60.90306°N 101.90972°E 5853:Yeniseysk Governorate 5116:Impact events on Mars 4998:2015 Kerala meteoroid 4993:2014 Ontario fireball 4975:Chelyabinsk meteorite 4942:Buzzard Coulee meteor 4005:The Griffith Observer 2449:10.1093/mnras/staa329 1789:"external image from 1050:'s 1946 short story " 924:University of Bologna 891: 843:University of Bologna 611:Empire State Building 600: 546:Chemical analysis of 443: 345: 266: 247:. The event has been 197:Yeniseysk Governorate 84:Yeniseysk Governorate 5813:Explosions in Russia 5682:Meteoritical Society 5003:2015 Thailand bolide 4953:Sutter's Mill meteor 4822:Modern impact events 4340:The Tunguska Mystery 3831:May, Andrew (2017). 3703:] (in Russian). 3672:] (in Russian). 3502:Agence France-Presse 3462:. pp. 331–339. 2890:10.1029/2009GL038362 1592:10.1029/2009GL038362 1526:"The Tunguska Event" 1500:"The Tunguska Event" 1266:"The Tunguska event" 793:In 1983, astronomer 593:Earth impactor model 187:of between 3 and 50 5848:Evenkiysky District 5586:Catalina Sky Survey 4983:Braunschweig meteor 4886:Sikhote-Alin meteor 4680:2008Natur.453.1157S 4674:(7199): 1157–1159. 4639:1974Natur.250..555B 4602:1973Natur.245...88J 4497:2004AsBio...4..391V 4380:2008MNSSA..67...75. 4374:(7199): 1157–1159. 4338:Rubtsov, Vladimir. 4265:1928SciAm.139...42O 4253:Scientific American 4198:1967Natur.216..990L 4146:2008SciAm.298f..80G 4134:Scientific American 4057:(26 October 2021). 4031:1931SciAm.144..314C 4019:Scientific American 3958:1977Natur.268..512B 3870:"Missions and Mars" 3754:"Cosmic collisions" 3363:2008TeNov..20..165C 3312:2017DokES.476.1226R 3247:2009TeNov..21..489G 3204:National Geographic 3162:2008SciAm.298f..80G 3150:Scientific American 3112:2008TeNov..20..169G 3052:2007TeNov..19..245G 2881:2009GeoRL..3614103K 2764:1993Natur.361...40C 2693:1983AJ.....88.1382S 2616:1997NYASA.822..303N 2554:1978BAICz..29..129K 2524:Siberian Apocalypse 2391:10.1038/nature01238 2383:2002Natur.420..294B 2314:10.1038/nature12671 2306:2013Natur.503..235B 2265:2019Icar..327...83W 2219:on 19 February 2013 2184:1983AREPS..11..461S 2065:2015Icar..258..297B 2021:2014Icar..243..139A 1663:Vasiliev, Section 5 1654:, Section 6, Item 4 1621:1982Icar...50....1T 1583:2009GeoRL..3614103K 1476:1934QJRMS..60..505W 1448:on 14 October 2013. 1429:2007caih.book.....B 1251:1997JIMO...25..222G 1224:1994Obs...114..227T 1179:2019Icar..327....4J 1058:has also appeared. 1048:Alexander Kazantsev 552:isotopic signatures 241:much larger impacts 209:East Siberian taiga 122:60.90306; 101.90972 113: / 34: 5828:History of Siberia 5808:Explosions in 1908 5750:Related categories 4970:Chelyabinsk meteor 4558: – 4071:Furneaux, Rupert. 3513:Choi, Charles Q., 2924:Cornell University 2717:"Arctic Asteroid!" 1682:Gregorian calendar 1571:Geophys. Res. Lett 1354:Planetary Sciences 1327:delong.typepad.com 1011:Chelyabinsk meteor 896:The February 2013 894: 854:noctilucent clouds 727:Operation Blowdown 698:Chelyabinsk meteor 687:, are much rarer. 632:Earth's atmosphere 614: 452: 354: 273: 5775: 5774: 5716:Potential threats 5408:Ion-beam shepherd 5372:Near-Earth object 5352:Meteor procession 5313:Planetary defense 5279: 5278: 5266:Near-Earth object 5246:Meteor procession 5193:Meteor air bursts 5103: 5102: 5040:Winchcombe meteor 5034:2020 China bolide 5013:2017 China bolide 4633:(5467): 555–556. 4477:Tunguska pictures 4461:978-1-84046-728-4 4451:Verma, Surendra. 4446:978-1-84046-620-1 4436:Verma, Surendra. 4430:978-0-352-39619-8 4415:978-0-671-22943-6 4364:"Tunguska at 100" 4356:978-1-4614-2925-8 4348:978-0-387-76573-0 4192:(5119): 990–991. 4112:Sky and Telescope 4104:978-0-689-80323-9 4089:978-0-586-04423-0 4081:978-0-8439-0619-6 3983:Sky and Telescope 3952:(5620): 512–514. 3936:978-5-901273-04-3 3913:978-0-385-11396-0 3883:978-0-7556-0129-5 3854:978-3-319-42604-4 3812:978-0-415-97460-8 3793:Stableford, Brian 3477:978-3-540-32709-7 2919:Cornell Chronicle 2652:. Bad Astronomy. 2498:siberiantimes.com 2377:(6913): 294–296. 2300:(7475): 235–237. 2168:Shoemaker, Eugene 1438:978-3-540-32709-7 1297:philipcoppins.com 1291:Coppins, Philip. 1017:smaller air burst 1003:Fireball (meteor) 831:Christopher Chyba 742:Asteroid or comet 532:Chemical analysis 251:. The equivalent 245:metropolitan area 177: 176: 53:30 June 1908 16:(Redirected from 5885: 5843:June 1908 events 5347:Meteor air burst 5306: 5299: 5292: 5283: 5094: 5083: 5072: 5061: 5050: 5024:Kamchatka meteor 4935: 4892:Murchison meteor 4833: 4815: 4808: 4801: 4792: 4783: 4782: 4771: 4770: 4769: 4759: 4758: 4757: 4747: 4746: 4745: 4735: 4734: 4733: 4726: 4717: 4691: 4689:10.1038/4531157a 4658: 4647:10.1038/250555a0 4621: 4610:10.1038/245088a0 4584: 4582: 4580: 4552:(reconstruction) 4539: 4516: 4401: 4391: 4389:10.1038/4531157a 4335: 4314: 4276: 4247: 4230:(3–4): 263–284. 4217: 4206:10.1038/216990a0 4178:Giant Meteorites 4173: 4127: 4094:Gallant, Roy A. 4068: 4050: 4012: 3998: 3977: 3966:10.1038/268512a0 3940: 3917: 3888: 3887: 3865: 3859: 3858: 3828: 3817: 3816: 3789: 3780: 3779: 3746: 3740: 3739: 3737: 3735: 3715: 3709: 3708: 3694: 3684: 3678: 3677: 3663: 3653: 3647: 3646: 3610: 3604: 3603: 3571: 3565: 3564: 3547:(3–4): 263–284. 3535: 3529: 3526:Fox News Channel 3511: 3505: 3488: 3482: 3481: 3455: 3449: 3448: 3446: 3444: 3418: 3412: 3411: 3391: 3385: 3384: 3374: 3338: 3332: 3331: 3306:(2): 1226–1228. 3294: 3288: 3287: 3285: 3283: 3270:Лебедева, Юлия. 3267: 3261: 3260: 3258: 3226: 3220: 3219: 3217: 3215: 3196: 3190: 3189: 3145: 3134: 3133: 3123: 3091: 3085: 3084: 3072: 3066: 3065: 3063: 3031: 3025: 3024: 3022: 3020: 3000: 2991: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2967: 2961: 2960: 2958: 2946: 2940: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2909: 2903: 2902: 2892: 2860: 2854: 2853: 2825: 2819: 2818: 2790: 2784: 2783: 2772:10.1038/361040a0 2743: 2737: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2713: 2707: 2706: 2704: 2672: 2666: 2665: 2663: 2661: 2642: 2636: 2635: 2597: 2591: 2590: 2588: 2586: 2574: 2568: 2567: 2564:PASCAL7830419797 2562: 2537: 2531: 2520: 2514: 2513: 2511: 2509: 2490: 2484: 2483: 2481: 2479: 2460: 2454: 2453: 2451: 2441: 2432:(1): 1344–1351. 2417: 2411: 2410: 2366: 2357: 2356: 2340: 2334: 2333: 2288: 2279: 2278: 2276: 2244: 2238: 2235: 2229: 2228: 2226: 2224: 2205: 2196: 2195: 2164: 2147: 2146: 2114: 2108: 2107: 2083: 2077: 2076: 2047: 2041: 2040: 2004: 1998: 1997: 1980:(2–3): 163–167. 1969: 1963: 1962: 1945:(2–3): 179–188. 1934: 1928: 1927: 1918:(6–7): 905–916. 1907: 1898: 1897: 1895: 1893: 1866: 1857: 1854: 1848: 1845: 1836: 1835: 1833: 1831: 1815: 1809: 1808: 1806: 1804: 1785: 1779: 1772: 1766: 1765: 1763: 1761: 1742: 1733: 1732: 1730: 1728: 1709: 1703: 1700: 1694: 1691: 1685: 1679: 1673: 1670: 1664: 1661: 1655: 1639: 1633: 1632: 1603: 1597: 1596: 1594: 1562: 1556: 1555: 1544: 1538: 1537: 1521: 1515: 1514: 1502: 1494: 1488: 1487: 1470:(257): 505–522. 1459: 1450: 1449: 1447: 1441:. Archived from 1418: 1409: 1400: 1399: 1397: 1395: 1374: 1368: 1367: 1349: 1343: 1342: 1340: 1338: 1319: 1313: 1312: 1310: 1308: 1288: 1282: 1281: 1279: 1277: 1261: 1255: 1254: 1234: 1228: 1227: 1205: 1199: 1198: 1160: 1143: 1142: 1140: 1123:(3): 1081–1097. 1108: 1074:Patomskiy crater 1056:micro black hole 1007:Meteor air burst 884: 873: 871: 870: 748:F. J. W. Whipple 689:Eugene Shoemaker 618:meteor air burst 541:meteor air burst 477:meteorite impact 349:Around the World 308:seismic stations 275:On 30 June 1908 237:recorded history 214:meteor air burst 201:Krasnoyarsk Krai 165:Up to 3 possible 138:meteor air burst 128: 127: 125: 124: 123: 118: 114: 111: 110: 109: 106: 63: 61: 56: 42: 35: 21: 5893: 5892: 5888: 5887: 5886: 5884: 5883: 5882: 5873:Meteorite falls 5838:Holocene events 5818:Fires in Russia 5778: 5777: 5776: 5771: 5745: 5736: 5711: 5672:B612 Foundation 5660: 5566: 5439: 5403:Gravity tractor 5381: 5315: 5310: 5280: 5275: 5214: 5198:Meteorite falls 5161: 5118: 5099: 5093: 5089: 5082: 5078: 5071: 5067: 5060: 5056: 5049: 5045: 4934: 4930: 4908: 4824: 4819: 4789: 4777: 4767: 4765: 4755: 4753: 4743: 4741: 4731: 4729: 4721: 4661: 4624: 4596:(5420): 88–89. 4587: 4578: 4576: 4564: 4537: 4482: 4473: 4468: 4361: 4317: 4280: 4250: 4220: 4183: 4131: 4109: 4053: 4016: 4002: 3999:Cited in Verma. 3980: 3943: 3937: 3920: 3914: 3901: 3897: 3892: 3891: 3884: 3867: 3866: 3862: 3855: 3830: 3829: 3820: 3813: 3791: 3790: 3783: 3768: 3748: 3747: 3743: 3733: 3731: 3717: 3716: 3712: 3692: 3686: 3685: 3681: 3661: 3655: 3654: 3650: 3612: 3611: 3607: 3573: 3572: 3568: 3537: 3536: 3532: 3522:Wayback Machine 3512: 3508: 3498:Wayback Machine 3489: 3485: 3478: 3457: 3456: 3452: 3442: 3440: 3420: 3419: 3415: 3396:Current Science 3393: 3392: 3388: 3341:Collins, G.S.; 3340: 3339: 3335: 3296: 3295: 3291: 3281: 3279: 3269: 3268: 3264: 3228: 3227: 3223: 3213: 3211: 3198: 3197: 3193: 3147: 3146: 3137: 3093: 3092: 3088: 3074: 3073: 3069: 3033: 3032: 3028: 3018: 3016: 3002: 3001: 2994: 2984: 2982: 2969: 2968: 2964: 2948: 2947: 2943: 2933: 2931: 2911: 2910: 2906: 2862: 2861: 2857: 2827: 2826: 2822: 2792: 2791: 2787: 2758:(6407): 40–44. 2745: 2744: 2740: 2730: 2728: 2721:Science at NASA 2715: 2714: 2710: 2674: 2673: 2669: 2659: 2657: 2648:(14 May 2019). 2644: 2643: 2639: 2599: 2598: 2594: 2584: 2582: 2576: 2575: 2571: 2560: 2539: 2538: 2534: 2521: 2517: 2507: 2505: 2492: 2491: 2487: 2477: 2475: 2462: 2461: 2457: 2419: 2418: 2414: 2368: 2367: 2360: 2342: 2341: 2337: 2290: 2289: 2282: 2246: 2245: 2241: 2236: 2232: 2222: 2220: 2207: 2206: 2199: 2166: 2165: 2150: 2116: 2115: 2111: 2085: 2084: 2080: 2049: 2048: 2044: 2006: 2005: 2001: 1971: 1970: 1966: 1936: 1935: 1931: 1909: 1908: 1901: 1891: 1889: 1870:Florenskiy, K P 1868: 1867: 1860: 1855: 1851: 1846: 1839: 1829: 1827: 1817: 1816: 1812: 1802: 1800: 1787: 1786: 1782: 1773: 1769: 1759: 1757: 1744: 1743: 1736: 1726: 1724: 1711: 1710: 1706: 1701: 1697: 1692: 1688: 1680: 1676: 1671: 1667: 1662: 1658: 1651:Wayback Machine 1640: 1636: 1605: 1604: 1600: 1564: 1563: 1559: 1546: 1545: 1541: 1523: 1522: 1518: 1496: 1495: 1491: 1461: 1460: 1453: 1445: 1439: 1416: 1411: 1410: 1403: 1393: 1391: 1376: 1375: 1371: 1364: 1351: 1350: 1346: 1336: 1334: 1321: 1320: 1316: 1306: 1304: 1290: 1289: 1285: 1275: 1273: 1263: 1262: 1258: 1236: 1235: 1231: 1211:The Observatory 1207: 1206: 1202: 1162: 1161: 1146: 1110: 1109: 1100: 1095: 1064: 1040:alien spaceship 1036: 1030: 1013: 999: 979: 920: 914: 883: 879: 868: 867: 864: 795:Zdeněk Sekanina 744: 719: 706: 644:megatons of TNT 595: 457: 340: 326:program at the 285:Soviet calendar 261: 170:Property damage 156: 121: 119: 115: 112: 107: 104: 102: 100: 99: 59: 57: 54: 45: 28: 23: 22: 18:Tunguska impact 15: 12: 11: 5: 5891: 5889: 5881: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5860: 5855: 5850: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5788:Tunguska event 5780: 5779: 5773: 5772: 5770: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5753: 5751: 5747: 5746: 5744: 5743: 5738: 5734: 5730: 5725: 5719: 5717: 5713: 5712: 5710: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5668: 5666: 5662: 5661: 5659: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5593: 5588: 5583: 5577: 5575: 5568: 5567: 5565: 5564: 5557: 5556: 5555: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5524: 5519: 5516:NEAR Shoemaker 5512: 5511: 5510: 5498: 5491: 5486: 5485: 5484: 5477: 5467: 5462: 5455: 5447: 5445: 5441: 5440: 5438: 5437: 5436: 5435: 5430: 5424:Damage scales 5422: 5417: 5412: 5411: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5389: 5387: 5383: 5382: 5380: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5354: 5349: 5344: 5339: 5334: 5329: 5323: 5321: 5317: 5316: 5311: 5309: 5308: 5301: 5294: 5286: 5277: 5276: 5274: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5222: 5220: 5216: 5215: 5213: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5201: 5200: 5195: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5169: 5167: 5163: 5162: 5160: 5159: 5157:Jupiter impact 5153: 5151:Jupiter impact 5147: 5145:Jupiter impact 5141: 5135: 5129: 5127: 5120: 5119: 5114: 5112: 5105: 5104: 5101: 5100: 5098: 5097: 5091: 5086: 5080: 5075: 5069: 5064: 5058: 5053: 5047: 5042: 5036: 5031: 5029:2019 MO impact 5026: 5020: 5018:2018 LA impact 5015: 5010: 5008:WT1190F impact 5005: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4988:2014 AA impact 4985: 4979: 4978: 4977: 4966: 4960: 4955: 4949: 4944: 4938: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4916: 4914: 4910: 4909: 4907: 4906: 4900: 4894: 4888: 4882: 4880:Chicora meteor 4876: 4870: 4864: 4858: 4852: 4846: 4839: 4837: 4830: 4826: 4825: 4820: 4818: 4817: 4810: 4803: 4795: 4788: 4787: 4775: 4763: 4751: 4739: 4719: 4718: 4659: 4622: 4585: 4562: 4553: 4547: 4533: 4528: 4522: 4517: 4491:(3): 391–399. 4480: 4472: 4471:External links 4469: 4467: 4466: 4465: 4464: 4434: 4433: 4432: 4403: 4359: 4336: 4315: 4289:(3): 163–173. 4278: 4248: 4218: 4181: 4176:Krinov, E. L. 4174: 4129: 4107: 4092: 4069: 4055:Dunning, Brian 4051: 4025:(5): 314–317. 4014: 4000: 3978: 3941: 3935: 3918: 3912: 3898: 3896: 3893: 3890: 3889: 3882: 3860: 3853: 3818: 3811: 3781: 3766: 3752:, ed. (1996). 3750:Pringle, David 3741: 3710: 3679: 3648: 3621:(3): 163–173. 3605: 3566: 3530: 3506: 3483: 3476: 3450: 3413: 3402:(4): 399–407. 3386: 3357:(2): 165–168. 3333: 3289: 3262: 3241:(6): 489–494. 3221: 3210:on 15 May 2018 3191: 3135: 3106:(2): 169–172. 3086: 3067: 3026: 2992: 2981:on 4 July 2013 2962: 2941: 2904: 2855: 2836:(9): 777–783. 2820: 2801:(2): 163–177. 2785: 2738: 2708: 2702:10.1086/113429 2667: 2637: 2592: 2569: 2532: 2515: 2485: 2470:. 6 May 2020. 2455: 2412: 2358: 2335: 2280: 2239: 2230: 2197: 2178:(1): 461–494. 2148: 2109: 2078: 2042: 1999: 1964: 1929: 1899: 1858: 1849: 1837: 1810: 1780: 1767: 1734: 1704: 1695: 1686: 1674: 1665: 1656: 1634: 1598: 1577:(14): L14103. 1557: 1539: 1516: 1489: 1451: 1437: 1401: 1369: 1362: 1344: 1314: 1283: 1256: 1229: 1200: 1144: 1097: 1096: 1094: 1091: 1090: 1089: 1083: 1077: 1071: 1063: 1060: 1032:Main article: 1029: 1026: 998: 995: 983:Wolfgang Kundt 978: 975: 913: 910: 881: 839:Giuseppe Longo 779:periodic comet 743: 740: 718: 715: 705: 702: 594: 591: 584:Siberian Traps 508:Yevgeny Krinov 456: 453: 339: 336: 320:Space Shuttles 260: 257: 181:Tunguska event 175: 174: 171: 167: 166: 163: 159: 158: 153: 149: 148: 134: 130: 129: 97: 91: 90: 88:Russian Empire 77: 73: 72: 69: 65: 64: 51: 47: 46: 43: 33:Tunguska event 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5890: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5833:Holocene Asia 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5785: 5783: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5757:Impact events 5755: 5754: 5752: 5748: 5742: 5741:99942 Apophis 5739: 5737: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5720: 5718: 5714: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5669: 5667: 5665:Organizations 5663: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5621:OGS Telescope 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5569: 5563: 5562: 5558: 5554: 5553: 5549: 5548: 5547: 5546: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5529: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5517: 5513: 5509: 5506: 5505: 5504: 5503: 5499: 5497: 5496: 5492: 5490: 5489:Halley Armada 5487: 5483: 5482: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5472: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5460: 5456: 5454: 5453: 5449: 5448: 5446: 5442: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5428:Palermo scale 5426: 5425: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5395: 5394: 5391: 5390: 5388: 5384: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5357:Meteor shower 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5324: 5322: 5318: 5314: 5307: 5302: 5300: 5295: 5293: 5288: 5287: 5284: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5251:Meteor shower 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5223: 5221: 5217: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5205:Minor planets 5203: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5190: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5170: 5168: 5164: 5158: 5154: 5152: 5148: 5146: 5142: 5140: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5130: 5128: 5126: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5111: 5106: 5096: 5087: 5085: 5076: 5074: 5065: 5063: 5054: 5052: 5043: 5041: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4973: 4972: 4971: 4967: 4965: 4964:Novato meteor 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4939: 4937: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4917: 4915: 4911: 4905: 4901: 4899: 4895: 4893: 4889: 4887: 4883: 4881: 4877: 4875: 4871: 4869: 4865: 4863: 4859: 4857: 4853: 4851: 4847: 4845: 4841: 4840: 4838: 4834: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4816: 4811: 4809: 4804: 4802: 4797: 4796: 4793: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4774: 4764: 4762: 4752: 4750: 4740: 4738: 4728: 4724: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4586: 4574: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4561: 4557: 4554: 4551: 4548: 4545: 4541: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4481: 4478: 4475: 4474: 4470: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4449: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4418: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4399: 4395: 4390: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4360: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4279: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4182: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4130: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4108: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4065: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4015: 4010: 4006: 4001: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3942: 3938: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3919: 3915: 3909: 3905: 3900: 3899: 3894: 3885: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3864: 3861: 3856: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3827: 3825: 3823: 3819: 3814: 3808: 3804: 3803: 3798: 3794: 3788: 3786: 3782: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3767:1-85868-188-X 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3745: 3742: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3714: 3711: 3707:(3): 120–138. 3706: 3702: 3698: 3690: 3683: 3680: 3676:(1): 111–135. 3675: 3671: 3667: 3659: 3652: 3649: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3609: 3606: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3570: 3567: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3534: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3516: 3510: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3492: 3487: 3484: 3479: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3454: 3451: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3429: 3428:New Scientist 3424: 3417: 3414: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3390: 3387: 3382: 3378: 3373: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3343:Artemieva, N. 3337: 3334: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3293: 3290: 3277: 3273: 3266: 3263: 3257: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3225: 3222: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3195: 3192: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3144: 3142: 3140: 3136: 3131: 3127: 3122: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3090: 3087: 3082: 3078: 3071: 3068: 3062: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3030: 3027: 3014: 3010: 3006: 2999: 2997: 2993: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2966: 2963: 2957: 2952: 2945: 2942: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2920: 2915: 2908: 2905: 2900: 2896: 2891: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2859: 2856: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2824: 2821: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2789: 2786: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2742: 2739: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2712: 2709: 2703: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2687:: 1382–1413. 2686: 2682: 2678: 2671: 2668: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2641: 2638: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2604: 2596: 2593: 2580: 2573: 2570: 2565: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2536: 2533: 2530: 2526: 2525: 2519: 2516: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2489: 2486: 2473: 2469: 2468:Science Times 2465: 2459: 2456: 2450: 2445: 2440: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2416: 2413: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2365: 2363: 2359: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2339: 2336: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2287: 2285: 2281: 2275: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2243: 2240: 2234: 2231: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2204: 2202: 2198: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2163: 2161: 2159: 2157: 2155: 2153: 2149: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2113: 2110: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2082: 2079: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2046: 2043: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2003: 2000: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1968: 1965: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1933: 1930: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1906: 1904: 1900: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1865: 1863: 1859: 1853: 1850: 1844: 1842: 1838: 1825: 1821: 1814: 1811: 1798: 1794: 1792: 1784: 1781: 1777: 1771: 1768: 1755: 1752:. June 2018. 1751: 1747: 1741: 1739: 1735: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1708: 1705: 1699: 1696: 1690: 1687: 1683: 1678: 1675: 1669: 1666: 1660: 1657: 1653: 1652: 1648: 1645: 1638: 1635: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1602: 1599: 1593: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1561: 1558: 1553: 1549: 1543: 1540: 1535: 1531: 1530:History Today 1527: 1520: 1517: 1513:(3): 111–130. 1512: 1508: 1507: 1501: 1493: 1490: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1458: 1456: 1452: 1444: 1440: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1415: 1408: 1406: 1402: 1390: 1386: 1385: 1380: 1373: 1370: 1365: 1359: 1355: 1348: 1345: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1318: 1315: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1287: 1284: 1271: 1267: 1260: 1257: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1233: 1230: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1212: 1204: 1201: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1167: 1159: 1157: 1155: 1153: 1151: 1149: 1145: 1139: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1107: 1105: 1103: 1099: 1092: 1087: 1084: 1082:, 1947 impact 1081: 1078: 1075: 1072: 1069: 1066: 1065: 1061: 1059: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1035: 1027: 1025: 1022: 1018: 1012: 1008: 1004: 997:Similar event 996: 994: 992: 987: 984: 976: 974: 970: 968: 964: 960: 959:Novaya Zemlya 953: 951: 944: 941: 938: 932: 930: 925: 919: 911: 909: 907: 902: 899: 890: 886: 877: 872: 862: 861:Space Shuttle 860: 855: 851: 846: 844: 840: 835: 832: 828: 826: 822: 816: 814: 813:extinct comet 810: 809:asteroid belt 805: 801: 796: 791: 788: 787:meteor shower 784: 780: 776: 772: 767: 765: 761: 757: 753: 749: 741: 739: 735: 732: 728: 724: 717:Blast pattern 716: 714: 712: 703: 701: 699: 695: 690: 686: 680: 678: 674: 670: 666: 662: 657: 653: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 623: 619: 612: 608: 604: 599: 592: 590: 587: 585: 581: 577: 572: 568: 566: 562: 558: 553: 549: 544: 542: 537: 533: 528: 524: 519: 517: 513: 509: 503: 499: 497: 493: 492:impact crater 489: 484: 482: 481:meteoric iron 478: 474: 470: 467: 461: 454: 448: 442: 437: 432: 430: 425: 421: 419: 418:Siberian Life 414: 409: 407: 402: 399: 395: 391: 386: 384: 380: 374: 371: 365: 363: 358: 351: 350: 344: 337: 335: 333: 329: 325: 321: 317: 313: 309: 304: 302: 298: 294: 290: 286: 282: 278: 270: 265: 258: 256: 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 233: 231: 230:impact crater 227: 223: 219: 215: 210: 206: 202: 198: 194: 190: 186: 182: 172: 168: 164: 160: 154: 150: 147: 143: 139: 135: 131: 126: 98: 96: 92: 89: 85: 81: 78: 74: 70: 66: 52: 48: 41: 36: 30: 19: 5728:101955 Bennu 5611:NEO Surveyor 5559: 5550: 5543: 5528:New Horizons 5526: 5514: 5500: 5493: 5480: 5457: 5450: 5444:Space probes 5433:Torino scale 5342:Impact event 4874:Curuçá River 4861: 4856:Great Meteor 4850:Great Meteor 4773:Solar System 4671: 4667: 4630: 4626: 4593: 4589: 4577:. Retrieved 4570: 4488: 4485:Astrobiology 4484: 4452: 4437: 4421: 4406: 4371: 4367: 4339: 4323: 4320:Science News 4319: 4286: 4282: 4259:(1): 42–44. 4256: 4252: 4227: 4223: 4189: 4185: 4177: 4140:(6): 80–86. 4137: 4133: 4115: 4111: 4095: 4072: 4062: 4022: 4018: 4008: 4004: 3986: 3982: 3949: 3945: 3926: 3922: 3903: 3895:Bibliography 3873: 3863: 3836: 3800: 3757: 3744: 3732:. Retrieved 3723: 3713: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3682: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3651: 3618: 3614: 3608: 3583: 3579: 3569: 3544: 3540: 3533: 3509: 3486: 3459: 3453: 3443:17 September 3441:. Retrieved 3432: 3426: 3416: 3399: 3395: 3389: 3354: 3350: 3336: 3303: 3299: 3292: 3280:. Retrieved 3265: 3238: 3234: 3224: 3212:. Retrieved 3208:the original 3203: 3194: 3156:(6): 80–86. 3153: 3149: 3103: 3099: 3089: 3080: 3070: 3043: 3039: 3029: 3017:. Retrieved 3008: 2983:. Retrieved 2979:the original 2974: 2965: 2944: 2932:. Retrieved 2917: 2907: 2872: 2868: 2858: 2833: 2829: 2823: 2798: 2794: 2788: 2755: 2751: 2741: 2729:. 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CBC News. 1259: 1242: 1238: 1232: 1215: 1209: 1203: 1170: 1164: 1120: 1116: 1068:Asteroid Day 1037: 1014: 989:The similar 988: 980: 971: 962: 955: 949: 946: 942: 933: 921: 895: 858: 849: 847: 836: 829: 817: 803: 802:, Foschini, 792: 785:, an annual 783:Beta Taurids 771:Ľubor Kresák 768: 764:comet's tail 745: 736: 720: 707: 681: 673:Soviet Union 669:Castle Bravo 640:ram pressure 626: 615: 607:Eiffel Tower 588: 580:hydrothermal 573: 569: 545: 520: 512:nitrate film 504: 500: 485: 469:Leonid Kulik 466:mineralogist 462: 458: 434: 429:Krasnoyaretz 428: 427: 423: 417: 416: 411: 405: 404: 400: 396: 392: 388: 383:I. M. Suslov 376: 367: 362:Leonid Kulik 359: 355: 347: 305: 274: 271:(modern map) 253:Torino scale 234: 226:impact event 183:was a large 180: 178: 29: 5459:Deep Impact 5320:Main topics 4749:Outer space 4326:(19): 5–6. 3797:"Meteorite" 3586:: 168–174. 2585:17 December 2349:Smithsonian 2223:22 December 2129:: 131–140. 2059:: 297–308. 2015:: 139–147. 1878:Meteoritica 1803:6 September 1791:Meteoritika 1776:Meteoritika 1760:22 December 1615:(1): 1–52. 1264:Jay, Paul. 1218:: 227–231. 1021:Chelyabinsk 898:Chelyabinsk 775:Comet Encke 711:glanced off 636:outer space 603:Chelyabinsk 586:magmatism. 496:ground zero 332:atmospheric 293:Lake Baikal 259:Description 120: / 108:101°54′35″E 95:Coordinates 5782:Categories 5692:Spaceguard 5651:Spacewatch 5631:Pan-STARRS 5626:Orbit@home 5534:OSIRIS-REx 4714:A183317615 3833:"Tunguska" 3351:Terra Nova 3282:17 January 3235:Terra Nova 3100:Terra Nova 3046:(4): 245. 3040:Terra Nova 2985:29 October 2646:Phil Plait 2439:2009.14234 1727:13 January 1363:0521482194 1093:References 1028:In fiction 1001:See also: 929:Lake Cheko 918:Lake Cheko 916:See also: 912:Lake Cheko 731:blast wave 723:hypocentre 677:Tsar Bomba 648:petajoules 628:Meteoroids 301:shock wave 105:60°54′11″N 60:1908-06-30 5687:NEOShield 5522:NEA Scout 5502:Hayabusa2 5367:Meteoroid 5362:Meteorite 5261:Meteoroid 5256:Meteorite 4913:Post-2000 4737:Astronomy 4579:8 October 4311:122496016 4118:(6): 38. 3734:8 October 3643:122496016 3328:134128473 3214:8 October 3130:140554080 2956:0903.3313 2899:129245795 2780:0028-0836 2731:8 October 2632:122983849 2259:: 83–96. 2104:131239755 2037:118541956 1830:8 October 1818:Longo G. 1684:: 30 June 1337:8 October 1307:8 October 1195:127618395 1052:Explosion 991:verneshot 859:Endeavour 841:from the 821:chondrite 800:Farinella 760:volatiles 576:quartzite 565:acid rain 548:peat bogs 527:magnetite 398:thunder. 385:in 1926: 379:Shanyagir 239:, though 185:explosion 140:of small 136:Probable 5574:tracking 5561:Stardust 5495:Hayabusa 5327:Asteroid 5219:See also 4862:Tunguska 4844:Qingyang 4836:Pre-2000 4829:On Earth 4698:18580919 4572:BBC News 4544:BBC News 4513:15383242 4398:18580919 4350:; 2012, 4170:18642546 4162:26000644 4064:Skeptoid 4047:24975675 3795:(2006). 3776:38373691 3728:Archived 3518:Archived 3494:Archived 3437:Archived 3408:24104960 3381:31459798 3345:(2008). 3276:Archived 3186:18642546 3178:26000644 3081:BBC News 3013:Archived 2928:Archived 2725:Archived 2654:Archived 2502:Archived 2472:Archived 2399:12447433 2353:Archived 2322:24196708 1886:Archived 1872:(1963). 1824:Archived 1797:Archived 1793:article" 1754:Archived 1721:Archived 1647:Archived 1331:Archived 1301:Archived 1270:Archived 1173:: 4–18. 1062:See also 694:cometary 685:megatons 656:momentum 622:asteroid 523:silicate 370:Vanavara 218:asteroid 189:megatons 142:asteroid 76:Location 5733:2010 RF 5723:1950 DA 5616:NEOSSat 5545:Rosetta 5539:PROCYON 5386:Defense 5188:Bolides 5125:Jupiter 5090:2024 RW 5079:2024 BX 5068:2023 CX 5057:2022 WJ 5046:2022 EB 4931:2008 TC 4761:Siberia 4723:Portals 4706:4360243 4676:Bibcode 4655:4155163 4635:Bibcode 4618:4216795 4598:Bibcode 4575:. 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