528:, who claimed to be a direct descendant of Túpac Amaru, led an indigenous uprising against continued Spanish presence in Peru alongside his wife Micaela Bastidas. Condorcanqui's rebellion emerged in response to new Bourbon Reforms implemented by the Spanish crown, which included incremental increases in levels of taxation upon indigenous populations – such as the alcabala or sales tax. Túpac Amaru II's rebellion was sparked when he (Condorcanqui) captured and killed the Spanish corregidor Antonio Arriaga in November 1780.
470:, in executing a head of state recognized by the Spanish as an independent king, exceeded his authority and committed a crime within the political ideas of his own time. Other claims have been made to the contrary – that Túpac Amaru was in rebellion (his predecessors having allegedly accepted Spanish authority), that Toledo had tried peaceful means to settle differences, that three of his ambassadors to the Inca were murdered and that Túpac Amaru subsequently raised an army to resist the colonial army. The King of Spain,
384:, decided to attack and conquer Vilcabamba. He declared war on 14 April 1572. The first engagement of the war commenced in the Vilcabamba valley on 1 June. The Inca people attacked first with much spirit despite being only lightly armed. Again and again, they attempted to lift the siege held by the Spanish and their native allies but each time they were forced to retreat. On 24 June the Spanish entered Vilcabamba to find it deserted and the
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575:
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603:
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Relatively little is known about Tupac Amaru, but this has not prevented his death from becoming a symbol of power to those in the region. Public figures such as Andean rebel leader Jose
Gabriel Condorcanqui resonated with Tupac Amaru ideology, so much so that he changed his name to Tupac Amaru II.
462:
himself began a couple of days later. Túpac Amaru was convicted of the murder of the priests in
Vilcabamba. Túpac Amaru was sentenced to be beheaded. It was reported in various sources in 1598 that numerous Catholic clerics, convinced of Túpac Amaru's innocence, pleaded to no avail, on their knees,
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Túpac Amaru mounted the scaffold accompanied by the Bishop of Cuzco. As he did, it was reported by the same witnesses that a "multitude of
Indians, who completely filled the square, saw that lamentable spectacle that their lord and Inca was to die, they deafened the skies, making them reverberate
423:
At Momorí, they discovered that Tupac Amaru had escaped by land. They followed with the help of the Manarí, who advised which path the Inca had followed and reported that Túpac was slowed by his wife, who was about to give birth. After a fifty-mile march, they saw a campfire around nine o'clock at
403:
Three groups of
Spanish soldiers pursued them. One group captured Titu Cusi's son and wife. A second returned with military prisoners along with gold, silver and other precious jewels. The third group returned with Túpac Amaru's two brothers, other relatives and several of his generals. The
415:
set out to pursue them. They followed the
Masahuay river for 170 miles, where they found an Inca warehouse with quantities of gold and the Inca's tableware. The Spanish captured a group of Chunco and compelled them to tell them what they had seen, and if they had seen the
448:
520:, the conquest ended with the execution of his nephew. The Spanish Viceroy rounded up the royal descendants. Several dozen, including Túpac Amaru's three-year-old son, were banished to Mexico, Chile, Panama and elsewhere. Some of them were allowed to return home.
347:(also known as Manco Cápac II), who had initially allied himself with the Spanish, then led an unsuccessful war against them before establishing himself in Vilcabamba in 1540. After a Spanish attack in 1544 in which Manco Inca Yupanqui was killed, his son
399:
Túpac Amaru had left the previous day with a party of about 100 and headed west into the lowland forests. The group, which included his generals and family members, had then split up into smaller parties in an attempt to avoid capture.
913:(1596), Coleción de documentos inéditos relativos al descubrimiento, conquista y colonization de las posesiones espanolas en América y Oceanía sacadas en su mayor parte de Real Archivo de Indias, 42 vols., Madrid, 1864–84. In Hemming.
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Túpac Amaru's memory lived on and would become personified in an important late eighteenth century insurgency that was rooted in aspirations toward a revival of Inca status vis-a-vis the
Spanish administration. In 1780,
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and a gold statue of
Punchao, a representation of the Inca's lineage containing the mortal remains of the hearts of the deceased Inca kings. These sacred items were then destroyed.
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The captives were brought back to the ruins of
Vilcabamba and together they were all marched into Cuzco on 21 September. The invaders also brought the mummified remains of
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377:(Titu Cusi) and had routinely sent two ambassadors to continue ongoing negotiations being held with Titu Cusi. They were both killed on the border by an Inca captain.
918:
Relación de la conquista del Perú y hechos del Inca Manco II; Instrución el muy Ille. Señor Ldo. Lope García de Castro, Gobernador que fue destos rreynos del Pirú
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1048:
357:(emperor, literally "only Inca"), before accepting Spanish authority in 1558, moving to Cuzco and dying (perhaps by poison) in 1561. He was succeeded in
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Túpac Amaru and his wife warming themselves. They assured them that no harm would come to them and secured their surrender. Túpac Amaru was arrested.
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Using the justification that the Incas had "broken the inviolate law observed by all nations of the world regarding ambassadors", the new viceroy,
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The five captured Inca generals received a summary trial and were sentenced to death by hanging. Several had already died of torture or disease.
837:
La Guerra de
Reconquista Inca, Histórica épica de como Los Incas lucharon en Defensa de la Soberanía del Perú ó Tawantinsuyu entre 1536 y 1572
872:
857:
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832:, Coleción de Publicaciones Históricas de la Biblioteca del Congreso Argentino, ed. Roberto Levillier, 14 vols., Madrid, 1921–6. In Hemming.
420:. They reported that he had gone down river, by boat, to a place called Momorí. The Spaniards then constructed five rafts and pursued them.
816:
Colección de documentos inéditos relativos al descubrimiento, conquista y organización de las antiquas posesiónes españoles de
Ultramar
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365:, who himself died in 1571. Túpac Amaru, another brother of the two preceding emperors, then succeeded to the title in Vilcabamba.
802:
Historical Companion to Postcolonial Literatures—Continental Europe and its Colonies, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, 2008.
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disapproved of the public execution of Tupac Amaru. Tupac Amaru's death in 1572 has generated great interest centuries after.
71:
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in the central square of Cuzco a black-draped scaffold had been erected. Reportedly 10,000 to 15,000 witnesses were present.
75:
823:
Rebeliones indigenas, quechuas y aymaras : homenaje al bicentenario de la rebelion campesina de Thupa Amaro, 1780–1980
818:, ed. Angel de Altolaguirre y Duvale and Adolfo Bonilla y San Martin, 25 vols., Madrid, 1885–1932, vol. 15. In Hemming.
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with hands tied behind his back and a rope around his neck. Other witnesses reported there were great crowds and the
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Despite Tupac Amaru's short life and tragic death his legacy precedes him especially among the Peruvian community.
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As reported by eyewitnesses Baltasar de Ocampa and Friar Gabriel de Oviedo, Prior of the Dominicans at Cuzco, the
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Relación sobre el periodo del gobierno de los Virreyes Don Francisco de Toledo y Don García Hurtado de Mendoza
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920:(1570), Coleción de libros y documentos referentes a la historia del Perú, ed. Carlos A. Romero and
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Valer, Nonato Rufino Chuquimamani; Morales, Carmen Gladis Alosilla; Valer, Victoria Choque (2014).
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Tupaq Amaru, last Inca King, prisoner of the Spaniards, 1572 (drawing by Guaman Poma de Ayala)
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906:(1610). Tr. C. R. Markham, The Hakluyt Society, Second Series, vol. 22, 1907. In Hemming.
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315:, which can either mean "snake" or refer to the snake-like being from Andean mythology.
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852:, "Forgotten Vilcabamba, Final Stronghold of the Incas". Sixpac Manco., Colorado, 2000
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by the Spanish following a months-long pursuit after the fall of the Neo-Inca State.
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Gobernantes del Perú, cartas y papeles, Siglo XVI, Documentos del Archivo de Indias
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Colección de documentos para la historia de la formación social de Hispano-América
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in the 1530s, a few members of the royal family established the small independent
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Descripción de la Provincia de Sant Francisco de la Victoria de Villcapampa
899:, ed. Manuel Ballesteros-Gaibrois, 2 vols., Madrid, 1962, 1964. In Hemming.
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Witness to the Age of Revolution: The Odyssey of Juan Bautista Tupac Amaru
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Nearly forty years after the conquest of Peru began with the execution of
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At this time, the Spanish were still unaware of the death of the previous
897:
Historia General del Perú, Orígen y descendencia de los Incas (1590–1611)
555:), had been named in honor of Túpac Amaru, but it closed in 2001. Rapper
504:
were: "Ccollanan Pachacamac ricuy auccacunac yawarniy hichascancuta." ("
388:
gone. The city had been entirely destroyed and the last remnants of the
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223:
78: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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that the Inca be sent to Spain for a trial instead of being executed.
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690:. Lima: Ministry of Education, Peru; digeibir.gob.pe. Archived from
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was surrounded by hundreds of guards with lances. In front of the
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718:"Tupac Amaru: The Life, Times, and Execution of the Last Inca"
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825:, Cuzco, Peru : Centro de Estudios Andinos Cuzco, 1980.
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Following this, a group of forty hand-picked soldiers under
931:, ed. Richard Konetzke, 4 vols., Madrid, 1953. In Hemming.
752:"Ruina szkoły przy Złotej: tu kręcono 'Czterdziestolatka'"
798:
Beverley, John, "Tupac Amaru Rebellion", in Prem Poddar
477:
An eyewitness report from the day recalls him riding a
828:
García de Castro, Lope, Despatch, Lima, 6 March 1565,
889:, tr. George Ordish, Pantheon Books, New York, 1969.
846:, Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, Inc., New York, 1970.
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Historian El Inca Garcilaso De La Vega claimed that
41:(José Gabriel Condorcanqui, c. 1742–1781) or rapper
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1089:Converts to Roman Catholicism from pagan religions
924:, two series, 22 vols., Lima, 1916–35. In Hemming.
1054:16th-century indigenous leaders of the Americas
500:raised his hand to silence the crowds and his
290:, the final remaining independent part of the
821:Flores-Ochoa, Jorge and Abraham Valencia E.,
122:Tupac Amaru, the last Sapa Inca of Vilcabamba
8:
978:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography
916:Titu Cusi Yupanqui, Inca Diego del Castro,
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526:José Gabriel Condorcanqui (Túpac Amaru II)
508:, witness how my enemies shed my blood.")
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955:Walker, Charles F. and Liz Clarke. 2020.
936:Historia del Perú, Virreinato (1551–1600)
660:. Boulder: University Press of Colorado.
94:Learn how and when to remove this message
1069:People executed by Spain by decapitation
658:An Inca Account of the Conquest of Peru
648:
882:, 2nd ed., John Murray, London, 1912.
408:and his commander remained at large.
382:Francisco de Toledo, Count of Oropesa
369:Final war with and capture by Spanish
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76:adding citations to reliable sources
309:, meaning "royal" or "shining" and
1079:Monarchs taken prisoner in wartime
1049:16th-century South American people
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27:Monarch of the Inca state in Peru
1064:16th-century executions by Spain
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474:, disapproved of the execution.
396:now officially ceased to exist.
343:. The founder of this state was
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493:with their cries and wailing."
63:needs additional citations for
909:Salazar, Antonio Bautista de,
867:, Simon & Schuster, 2007.
769:Bruck, Connie (30 June 1997).
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547:Primary school number 239 in
301:His name is derived from the
684:Qullaw Qichwapa Simi Qullqan
656:Yupanqui, Titu Cusi (2005).
413:Martín García Óñez de Loyola
32:Túpac Amaru (disambiguation)
927:Valladolid, 29 April 1549,
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959:. Oxford University Press.
938:, Lima, 1949, p. 258.
865:The Last Days of the Incas
835:Guillen Guillen, Edmundo,
487:Cathedral of Santo Domingo
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946:The Tupac Amaru Rebellion
844:The Conquest of the Incas
274:, last name also spelled
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887:The History of the Incas
810:Historia del Nuevo Mundo
325:Spanish conquest of Peru
37:Not to be confused with
1084:Roman Catholic monarchs
1074:16th-century Sapa Incas
878:Markham, Sir Clements.
771:"The Takedown of Tupac"
934:Vargas Ugarte, Ruben,
466:Many have argued that
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424:night. They found the
902:Ocampa, Baltasar de,
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351:assumed the title of
167:Juan Santos Atahualpa
339:to the northeast of
72:improve this article
30:For other uses, see
972:"Tupac-Amaru"
697:on 29 November 2014
632:Manco Inca Yupanqui
345:Manco Inca Yupanqui
237:Manco Inca Yupanqui
203:Viceroyalty of Peru
942:Walker, Charles F.
922:Horacio H. Urteaga
557:Tupac Amaru Shakur
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192:September 24, 1572
43:Tupac Amaru Shakur
1059:Executed monarchs
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885:Métraux, Alfred.
880:The Incas of Peru
873:978-0-7432-6049-7
863:MacQuarrie, Kim.
858:978-0-9677109-0-7
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667:978-0-87081-821-9
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70:Please help
65:verification
62:
45:(1971–1996).
1044:1572 deaths
1039:1545 births
637:Sayri Tupac
581:Peru portal
512:Descendants
506:Pacha Kamaq
433:Manco Cápac
390:Inca Empire
349:Sayri Tupac
292:Inca Empire
278:instead of
249:Thupa Amaru
245:Tupaq Amaru
228:Hanan Qusqu
218:Tupaq Amaru
147:Predecessor
84:August 2023
18:Tupak Amaru
1028:Categories
1013:1571–1572
643:References
627:Vilcabamba
502:last words
359:Vilcabamba
333:Vilcabamba
1004:Sapa Inca
997:Titu Cusi
780:10 August
741:Murúa 271
518:Atahualpa
498:Sapa Inca
483:Sapa Inca
472:Philip II
460:Sapa Inca
443:Execution
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426:Sapa Inca
418:Sapa Inca
406:Sapa Inca
386:Sapa Inca
375:Sapa Inca
363:Titu Cusi
354:Sapa Inca
319:Accession
294:. He was
284:Sapa Inca
157:Successor
151:Titu Cusi
142:1571–1572
129:Sapa Inca
952:, 2014).
812:, bk 12.
567:See also
296:executed
981:. 1889.
303:Quechua
286:of the
224:Dynasty
214:Quechua
131:of the
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800:et al.
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549:Warsaw
532:Legacy
392:, the
307:thupaq
305:words
268:Thupaq
253:Túpac,
233:Father
695:(PDF)
688:(PDF)
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276:Amaro
272:Thupa
264:Tupaq
256:Tupac
199:Cusco
139:Reign
869:ISBN
854:ISBN
782:2020
729:2017
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662:ISBN
479:mule
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177:Born
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247:or
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