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of the turbine housing as the engine accelerates, the turbo's aspect ratio can be maintained at its optimum. Because of this, variable-geometry turbochargers often have reduced lag, a lower boost threshold, and greater efficiency at higher engine speeds. The benefit of variable-geometry turbochargers is that the optimum aspect ratio at low engine speeds is very different from that at high engine speeds.
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gas pulses from each cylinder to interfere with each other. For a twin-scroll turbocharger, the cylinders are split into two groups in order to maximize the pulses. The exhaust manifold keeps the gases from these two groups of cylinders separated, then they travel through two separate spiral chambers ("scrolls") before entering the turbine housing via two separate nozzles. The
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refers to delay – when the engine rpm is within the turbocharger's operating range – that occurs between pressing the throttle and the turbocharger spooling up to provide boost pressure. This delay is due to the increasing exhaust gas flow (after the throttle is suddenly
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If the turbine's aspect ratio is too large, the turbo will fail to create boost at low speeds; if the aspect ratio is too small, the turbo will choke the engine at high speeds, leading to high exhaust manifold pressures, high pumping losses, and ultimately lower power output. By altering the geometry
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A twin-scroll turbocharger uses two separate exhaust gas inlets, to make use of the pulses in the flow of the exhaust gasses from each cylinder. In a standard (single-scroll) turbocharger, the exhaust gas from all cylinders is combined and enters the turbocharger via a single intake, which causes the
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Some engines use multiple turbochargers, usually to reduce turbo lag, increase the range of rpm where boost is produced, or simplify the layout of the intake/exhaust system. The most common arrangement is twin turbochargers, however triple-turbo or quad-turbo arrangements have been occasionally used
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The turbine uses a series of blades to convert kinetic energy from the flow of exhaust gases to mechanical energy of a rotating shaft (which is used to power the compressor section). The turbine housings direct the gas flow through the turbine section, and the turbine itself can spin at speeds of up
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A turbocharger's performance is closely tied to its size, and the relative sizes of the turbine wheel and the compressor wheel. Large turbines typically require higher exhaust gas flow rates, therefore increasing turbo lag and increasing the boost threshold. Small turbines can produce boost quickly
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In 2017, 27% of vehicles sold in the US were turbocharged. In Europe 67% of all vehicles were turbocharged in 2014. Historically, more than 90% of turbochargers were diesel, however, adoption in petrol engines is increasing. The companies which manufacture the most turbochargers in Europe and the
155:
in
Winterthur. This was followed very closely in 1925, when Alfred Büchi successfully installed turbochargers on ten-cylinder diesel engines, increasing the power output from 1,300 to 1,860 kilowatts (1,750 to 2,500 hp). This engine was used by the German Ministry of Transport for two large
122:
and compressor mounted on a common shaft. The first prototype was finished in 1915 with the aim of overcoming the power loss experienced by aircraft engines due to the decreased density of air at high altitudes. However, the prototype was not reliable and did not reach production. Another early
302:
and at lower flow rates, since it has lower rotational inertia, but can be a limiting factor in the peak power produced by the engine. Various technologies, as described in the following sections, are often aimed at combining the benefits of both small turbines and large turbines.
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Another common feature of twin-scroll turbochargers is that the two nozzles are different sizes: the smaller nozzle is installed at a steeper angle and is used for low-rpm response, while the larger nozzle is less angled and optimised for times when high outputs are required.
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Some turbochargers use a "ported shroud", whereby a ring of holes or circular grooves allows air to bleed around the compressor blades. Ported shroud designs can have greater resistance to compressor surge and can improve the efficiency of the compressor wheel.
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of the turbocharger as operating conditions change. This is done with the use of adjustable vanes located inside the turbine housing between the inlet and turbine, which affect flow of gases towards the turbine. Some variable-geometry turbochargers use a rotary
682:. This is where the engine speed (rpm) is currently below the operating range of the turbocharger system, therefore the engine is unable to produce significant boost. At low rpm, the exhaust gas flow rate is unable to spin the turbine sufficiently.
204:
Automobile manufacturers began research into turbocharged engines during the 1950s, however the problems of "turbo lag" and the bulky size of the turbocharger were not able to be solved at the time. The first turbocharged cars were the short-lived
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The center hub rotating assembly (CHRA) houses the shaft that connects the turbine to the compressor. A lighter shaft can help reduce turbo lag. The CHRA also contains a bearing to allow this shaft to rotate at high speeds with minimal friction.
685:
The boost threshold causes delays in the power delivery at low rpm (since the unboosted engine must accelerate the vehicle to increase the rpm above the boost threshold), while turbo lag causes delay in the power delivery at higher rpm.
523:- many turbochargers are capable of producing boost pressures in some circumstances that are higher than the engine can safely withstand, therefore a wastegate is often used to limit the amount of exhaust gases that enters the turbine
500:
turbocharger. This system would be able to achieve maximum boost at maximum engine revs and full throttle, however additional components are needed to produce an engine that is driveable in a range of load and rpm conditions.
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showed that a turbocharger could enable an engine to avoid any power loss (compared with the power produced at sea level) at an altitude of up to 4,250 m (13,944 ft) above sea level. The testing was conducted at
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to 250,000 rpm. Some turbocharger designs are available with multiple turbine housing options, allowing a housing to be selected to best suit the engine's characteristics and the performance requirements.
196:
in the 1930s. BXD and BZD engines were manufactured with optional turbocharging from 1931 onwards. The Swiss industry played a pioneering role with turbocharging engines as witnessed by Sulzer, Saurer and
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is mechanically powered (usually by a belt from the engine's crankshaft). However, up until the mid-20th century, a turbocharger was called a "turbosupercharger" and was considered a type of supercharger.
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Some CHRAs are water-cooled and have pipes for the engine's coolant to flow through. One reason for water cooling is to protect the turbocharger's lubricating oil from overheating.
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device that is powered by the flow of exhaust gases. It uses this energy to compress the intake air, forcing more air into the engine in order to produce more power for a given
2231:
455:). The compressor section of the turbocharger consists of an impeller, a diffuser, and a volute housing. The operating characteristics of a compressor are described by the
723:. A turbocharger does not place a direct mechanical load on the engine, although turbochargers place exhaust back pressure on engines, increasing pumping losses.
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The key difference between a turbocharger and a supercharger is that a supercharger is mechanically driven by the engine (often through a belt connected to the
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section (also called the "hot side" or "exhaust side" of the turbo) is where the rotational force is produced, in order to power the compressor (via a rotating
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The first commercial application of a turbocharger was in June 1924 when the first heavy duty turbocharger, model VT402, was delivered from the Baden works of
608:, in the form of a delay in the power delivery. Superchargers do not suffer from turbo lag because the compressor mechanism is driven directly by the engine.
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Failure of the seals will cause oil to leak into the cylinders causing blue-gray smoke. In diesel engines, this can cause an overspeed, a condition known as
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effect of these gas pulses recovers more energy from the exhaust gases, minimizes parasitic back losses and improves responsiveness at low engine speeds.
241:. In the case of a turbocharger, the compressor is powered by the kinetic energy of the engine's exhaust gases, which is extracted by the turbocharger's
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213:, both introduced in 1962. Greater adoption of turbocharging in passenger cars began in the 1980s, as a way to increase the performance of smaller
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A combination of an exhaust-driven turbocharger and an engine-driven supercharger can mitigate the weaknesses of both. This technique is called
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166:. The design was licensed to several manufacturers and turbochargers began to be used in marine, railcar and large stationary applications.
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1392: Mayer, Andreas: "Free-running pressure wave supercharger", issued 1989-07-13, assigned to BBC Brown Boveri AG, Baden, Switzerland
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Supercharged engines are common in applications where throttle response is a key concern, and supercharged engines are less likely to
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95:. Use of superchargers began in 1878, when several supercharged two-stroke gas engines were built using a design by Scottish engineer
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through the center of a turbo). After the exhaust has spun the turbine it continues into the exhaust piping and out of the vehicle.
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combines a traditional exhaust-powered turbine with an electric motor, in order to reduce turbo lag. This differs from an
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Lowering the rotational inertia of the turbocharger by using lower radius parts and ceramic and other lighter materials
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The current categorisation is that a turbocharger is powered by the kinetic energy of the exhaust gases, whereas a
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opened) taking time to spin up the turbine to speeds where boost is produced. The effect of turbo lag is reduced
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in 1938, which used turbochargers produced by
General Electric. Other early turbocharged airplanes included the
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1683:"BorgWarner's Twin Scroll Turbocharger Delivers Power and Response for Premium Manufacturers - BorgWarner"
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patented the technique of using a gear-driven pump to force air into an internal combustion engine.
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Turbocharger failures and resultant high exhaust temperatures are among the causes of car fires.
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A medium-sized six-cylinder marine diesel-engine, with turbocharger and exhaust in the foreground
448:
400:
210:
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Using a turbocharger spool valve to increase exhaust gas flow speed to the (twin-scroll) turbine
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draws in outside air through the engine's intake system, pressurises it, then feeds it into the
2204:. Australian Road Transport Suppliers Association (ARTSA). November 2006. Retrieved 2020-07-22.
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2132:"Interview: David Paja, VP, Global Marketing and Craig Balis, VP, Engineering Honeywell Turbo"
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The first practical application for trucks was realized by Swiss truck manufacturing company
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Turbochargers were used on several aircraft engines during World War II, beginning with the
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Compressor
Performance: Aerodynamics for the User. M. Theodore Gresh. Newnes, 29 March 2001
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Increasing upper-deck air pressure (compressor discharge) and improving wastegate response
511:- a radiator used to cool the intake air after it has been pressurised by the turbocharger
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Cut-away view turbocharger (turbine section on the left, compressor section on the right)
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2009:"What is the difference between a turbocharger and a supercharger on a car's engine?"
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1366:
Ernst Jenny: "Der BBC-Turbolader." Birkhäuser, Basel, 1993, ISBN 978-3-7643-2719-4.
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Additional components that are commonly used in conjunction with turbochargers are:
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patent for turbochargers was applied for in 1916 by French steam turbine inventor
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is often considered the birth of the turbocharger. This patent was for a compound
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517:- spraying water into the combustion chamber, in order to cool the intake air
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903:
719:) whereas a turbocharger is powered by the kinetic energy of the engine's
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2723:
1478:"Happy 100th Birthday to the Turbocharger - News - Automobile Magazine"
572: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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in the turbocharger pressurises the intake air before it enters the
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38:
1634:"A Look At Twin Scroll Turbo System Design - Divide And Conquer?"
678:
A similar phenomenon that is often mistaken for turbo lag is the
667:
to force exhaust gas through a smaller passage in the turbo inlet
2804:
2181:"Turbochargers - European growth driven by spread to small cars"
2158:"IHI Aims to Double Turbocharger Sales by 2013 on Europe Demand"
1321:
Diesel and gas turbine progress, Volume 26. Diesel
Engines, 1960
1078:
2213:
1907:"Turbo Lag. Reasons For Turbocharger Lag. How To Fix Turbo Lag"
1533:
Popular
Science. Detroit's big switch to Turbo Power. Apr 1984.
423:, which solely uses an electric motor to power the compressor.
2251:
1244:
1242:
795:
541:
1984:"Turbochargers: an interview with Garrett's Martin Verschoor"
950:(6th ed.). Stuttgart: Robert Bosch. 2004. p. 528.
764:
Turbochargers have been used in the following applications:
1404:"Throwback Thursday 1962: the Oldsmobile Jetfire explained"
2179:
CLEPA CEO Lars
Holmqvist is retiring (18 November 2002).
2003:
2001:
1292:"Alfred Büchi the inventor of the turbocharger - page 2"
1195:"Alfred Büchi the inventor of the turbocharger - page 1"
651:
Using multiple turbochargers sequentially or in parallel
358:, showing the paired cylinders (1 & 4 and 2 & 3)
1141:
1524:
Mechanical engineering: Volume 106, Issues 7-12; p.51
342:
twin-scroll (the larger scroll is illuminated in red)
1189:
1187:
979:"The Turbosupercharger and the Airplane Power Plant"
354:
Transparent exhaust manifold and turbo scrolls on a
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1332:"World War II - General Electric Turbosupercharges"
27:
Exhaust-powered forced-induction device for engines
1881:"What Is Turbo Lag? And How Do You Get Rid Of It?"
923:
921:
630:Reducing bearing frictional losses, e.g., using a
151:, under the supervision of Alfred Büchi, to SLM,
1079:"The turbocharger turns 100 years old this week"
711:Supercharger #Supercharging versus turbocharging
399:to open and close the vanes, while others use a
386:Variable-geometry turbochargers (also known as
1073:
1071:
648:Decreasing the volume of the upper-deck piping
305:Large diesel engines often use a single-stage
248:The main components of the turbocharger are:
2225:
1277:"The" BBC Turbocharger: A Swiss Success Story
1216:
1214:
1212:
91:was only possible using mechanically-powered
8:
1863:"Get Schooled: Water Methanol Injection 101"
87:Prior to the invention of the turbocharger,
30:"Turbo" redirects here. For other uses, see
1805:
1803:
129:National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics
2232:
2218:
2210:
1594:A National Maritime Academy Presentation.
1574:"How does Variable Turbine Geometry work?"
492:Schematic of a typical turbo petrol engine
338:Cutaway view showing the two scrolls of a
1133:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1003:Encyclopedia of the History of Technology
588:Learn how and when to remove this message
496:The simplest type of turbocharger is the
2298:Crankcase ventilation system (PCV valve)
1713:. MotorBooks International. p. 95.
1541:
1539:
1054:"Celebrating 110 years of turbocharging"
439:GT30 with the compressor housing removed
2105:"Honeywell sees hot turbo growth ahead"
1609:"Twin-Turbocharging: How Does It Work?"
1181: "Verbrennungskraftmaschinenanlage"
894:
328:
233:Like other forced induction devices, a
1811:"How Turbocharged Piston Engines Work"
1567:
1565:
634:rather than a conventional oil bearing
1982:Parkhurst, Terry (10 November 2006).
1458:. Large.stanford.edu. 24 October 2010
611:Methods to reduce turbo lag include:
282:GT30 with the turbine housing removed
7:
570:adding citations to reliable sources
265:Center housing hub rotating assembly
1546:Veltman, Thomas (24 October 2010).
1352:(in German). German. Archived from
411:Electrically-assisted turbochargers
1710:Turbocharging Performance Handbook
1006:. London: Routledge. p. 315.
774:Diesel-powered car and van engines
705:Turbocharging versus supercharging
417:electrically-assisted turbocharger
390:) are used to alter the effective
153:Swiss Locomotive and Machine Works
118:with an exhaust-driven axial flow
25:
2156:Kitamura, Makiko (24 July 2008).
2079:"Turbo Engine Use at Record High"
1661:"Twin Scroll Turbo System Design"
1548:"Variable-Geometry Turbochargers"
1456:"Variable-Geometry Turbochargers"
185:and experimental variants of the
2130:Kahl, Martin (3 November 2010).
1280:. Birkhäuser Verlag. p. 46.
642:
546:
347:
331:
2400:Overhead valve (pushrod) layout
2037:. Torquecars.com. 29 March 2012
1861:Gearhart, Mark (22 July 2011).
1813:. TurboKart.com. Archived from
1106:Porsche Turbo: The Full History
902:Nice, Karim (4 December 2000).
879:Exhaust pulse pressure charging
557:needs additional citations for
140:in the United States using the
538:Turbo lag and boost threshold
382:Variable-geometry turbocharger
376:variable-geometry turbocharger
110:, a Swiss engineer working at
1:
2035:"How to twincharge an engine"
1402:Culmer, Kris (8 March 2018).
1028:"History of the Supercharger"
981:. Rwebs.net. 30 December 1943
826:Stationary/industrial engines
690:Use of multiple turbochargers
388:variable-nozzle turbochargers
309:instead of a radial turbine.
1958:"5 Ways To Reduce Turbo Lag"
1572:Tan, Paul (16 August 2006).
1550:. Coursework for Physics 240
1108:. MotorBooks International.
1104:Vann, Peter (11 July 2004).
472:Center hub rotating assembly
1735:"Ported Shroud Conversions"
884:Hot vee turbocharged engine
670:Electric turbochargers and
533:when the throttle is closed
175:Consolidated B-24 Liberator
171:Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress
156:passenger ships called the
2910:
2241:Internal combustion engine
2057:"BorgWarner turbo history"
1837:"How a Turbocharger Works"
1506:. Conceptengine.tripod.com
1144:. CarTech Inc. p. 9.
769:Petrol-powered car engines
737:
708:
693:
379:
49:internal combustion engine
29:
2858:
2709:Diesel particulate filter
2661:Idle air control actuator
2602:Engine control unit (ECU)
2247:
1596:Variable Turbine Geometry
1504:"How Turbo Chargers Work"
183:Republic P-47 Thunderbolt
2774:Viscous fan (fan clutch)
2686:Throttle position sensor
2395:Overhead camshaft layout
1788:. Auto.howstuffworks.com
1786:"How Turbochargers Work"
1254:Air & Space Magazine
1000:Ian McNeil, ed. (1990).
906:. Auto.howstuffworks.com
904:"How Turbochargers Work"
435:Compressor section of a
2313:Core plug (freeze plug)
1739:www.turbodynamics.co.uk
1138:Miller, Jay K. (2008).
842:Mitsubishi Turbocharger
806:Aircraft piston engines
618:Changing the turbine's
259:Compressor – usually a
229:Turbocharger components
207:Chevrolet Corvair Monza
199:Brown, Boveri & Cie
179:Lockheed P-38 Lightning
149:Brown, Boveri & Cie
1707:Hartman, Jeff (2007).
1373:, May 26, 1993, p. 69.
1222:"Turbocharger History"
836:(formerly Honeywell),
761:
493:
440:
377:
283:
261:centrifugal compressor
230:
133:Sanford Alexander Moss
44:
32:Turbo (disambiguation)
2202:Why trucks catch fire
1841:www.GarrettMotion.com
1764:www.GarrettMotion.com
1302:on 29 September 2017.
1274:Jenny, Ernst (1993).
932:26 March 2011 at the
857:diesel engine runaway
759:
491:
484:Supporting components
434:
421:electric supercharger
371:
278:Turbine section of a
277:
228:
42:
2554:Compression ignition
1937:www.enginebasics.com
1933:"What is turbo lag?"
1371:Neue Zürcher Zeitung
820:diesel multiple unit
701:in production cars.
672:hybrid turbochargers
566:improve this article
356:Hyundai Gamma engine
307:axial inflow turbine
252:Turbine – usually a
2704:Catalytic converter
1962:www.CarThrottle.com
1913:. 25 September 2021
1663:. Modified Magazine
1613:www.CarThrottle.com
1350:"Saurer Geschichte"
947:Automotive handbook
788:, beginning with a
449:combustion chambers
106:The 1905 patent by
2830:Knocking / pinging
2422:Combustion chamber
2137:. Automotive World
1885:www.MotorTrend.com
1687:www.borgwarner.com
1638:www.MotorTrend.com
1484:. 21 December 2005
1482:www.MotorTrend.com
1368:"Buchbesprechung."
1336:aviationshoppe.com
1085:. 18 November 2005
822:engines for trains
779:Motorcycle engines
762:
494:
441:
401:pneumatic actuator
378:
372:Cutaway view of a
284:
231:
211:Oldsmobile Jetfire
45:
2894:Engine components
2876:
2875:
2845:Stratified charge
2612:Electrical system
2594:Engine management
2427:Compression ratio
2367:Starter ring gear
2266:rotating assembly
2059:. Turbodriven.com
1720:978-1-61059-231-4
874:Engine downsizing
606:throttle response
598:
597:
590:
397:electric actuator
364:Variable-geometry
187:Focke-Wulf Fw 190
163:Hansestadt Danzig
144:aircraft engine.
61:turbosupercharger
55:(also known as a
16:(Redirected from
2901:
2719:Exhaust manifold
2584:Spark plug wires
2470:Boost controller
2457:Forced induction
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2111:. 7 January 2015
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1515:
1513:
1511:
1500:
1494:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1474:
1468:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1452:
1446:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1427:
1421:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1399:
1393:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1380:
1374:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1356:on 4 March 2010.
1346:
1340:
1339:
1328:
1322:
1319:
1313:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1298:. Archived from
1288:
1282:
1281:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1246:
1237:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1218:
1207:
1206:
1205:on 5 April 2015.
1201:. Archived from
1191:
1182:
1180:
1179:
1175:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1135:
1120:
1119:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1083:www.newatlas.com
1075:
1066:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1050:
1044:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1030:. Archived from
1024:
1018:
1017:
997:
991:
990:
988:
986:
975:
969:
968:
966:
964:
942:
936:
925:
916:
915:
913:
911:
899:
730:the intake air.
593:
586:
582:
579:
573:
550:
542:
531:compressor stall
351:
335:
101:Gottlieb Daimler
99:. Then in 1885,
89:forced induction
65:forced induction
21:
2909:
2908:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2899:
2898:
2879:
2878:
2877:
2872:
2854:
2850:Top dead centre
2818:
2778:
2733:
2690:
2639:
2613:
2606:
2595:
2588:
2535:
2489:
2451:
2407:Tappet / lifter
2390:Flathead layout
2380:
2371:
2265:
2256:
2243:
2238:
2208:
2200:
2196:
2186:
2184:
2183:. Just-auto.com
2178:
2177:
2173:
2163:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2150:
2140:
2138:
2134:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2114:
2112:
2109:Automotive News
2103:
2102:
2098:
2088:
2086:
2085:. 7 August 2017
2077:
2076:
2072:
2062:
2060:
2055:
2054:
2050:
2040:
2038:
2033:
2032:
2028:
2018:
2016:
2007:
2006:
1999:
1989:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1976:
1966:
1964:
1956:
1955:
1951:
1941:
1939:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1916:
1914:
1911:www.CarBuzz.com
1905:
1904:
1900:
1890:
1888:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1845:
1843:
1835:
1834:
1830:
1820:
1818:
1817:on 28 June 2016
1809:
1808:
1801:
1791:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1778:
1768:
1766:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1743:
1741:
1733:
1732:
1728:
1721:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1691:
1689:
1681:
1680:
1676:
1666:
1664:
1659:Pratte, David.
1658:
1657:
1653:
1643:
1641:
1632:
1631:
1627:
1617:
1615:
1607:
1606:
1602:
1593:
1589:
1579:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1563:
1553:
1551:
1545:
1544:
1537:
1532:
1528:
1523:
1519:
1509:
1507:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1487:
1485:
1476:
1475:
1471:
1461:
1459:
1454:
1453:
1449:
1439:
1437:
1429:
1428:
1424:
1414:
1412:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1388:
1382:
1381:
1377:
1365:
1361:
1348:
1347:
1343:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1320:
1316:
1311:
1307:
1296:www.ae-plus.com
1290:
1289:
1285:
1273:
1272:
1268:
1258:
1256:
1248:
1247:
1240:
1230:
1228:
1220:
1219:
1210:
1199:www.ae-plus.com
1193:
1192:
1185:
1177:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1137:
1136:
1123:
1116:
1103:
1102:
1098:
1088:
1086:
1077:
1076:
1069:
1059:
1057:
1052:
1051:
1047:
1037:
1035:
1034:on 13 July 2015
1026:
1025:
1021:
1014:
999:
998:
994:
984:
982:
977:
976:
972:
962:
960:
958:
944:
943:
939:
934:Wayback Machine
926:
919:
909:
907:
901:
900:
896:
892:
865:
850:
784:Diesel-powered
754:
742:
736:
713:
707:
698:
692:
680:boost threshold
665:butterfly valve
639:variable-nozzle
594:
583:
577:
574:
563:
551:
540:
515:Water injection
486:
474:
465:
429:
413:
384:
366:
359:
352:
343:
336:
315:
272:
223:
85:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2907:
2905:
2897:
2896:
2891:
2881:
2880:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2870:
2865:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2826:
2824:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2816:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2786:
2784:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2755:
2754:
2749:
2743:
2741:
2739:Cooling system
2735:
2734:
2732:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2700:
2698:
2696:Exhaust system
2692:
2691:
2689:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2666:Inlet manifold
2663:
2658:
2653:
2647:
2645:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2604:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2545:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2521:Fuel injection
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2497:
2495:
2491:
2490:
2488:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2461:
2459:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2403:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2386:
2384:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2288:Connecting rod
2285:
2280:
2275:
2269:
2267:
2258:
2257:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2239:
2237:
2236:
2229:
2222:
2214:
2207:
2206:
2194:
2171:
2148:
2122:
2096:
2070:
2048:
2026:
2015:. 1 April 2000
1997:
1974:
1949:
1924:
1898:
1887:. 7 March 2015
1872:
1853:
1828:
1799:
1776:
1751:
1726:
1719:
1699:
1674:
1651:
1625:
1600:
1587:
1561:
1535:
1526:
1517:
1495:
1469:
1447:
1435:www.bwauto.com
1422:
1394:
1375:
1359:
1341:
1323:
1314:
1305:
1283:
1266:
1238:
1226:www.cummins.ru
1208:
1183:
1164:
1150:
1121:
1114:
1096:
1067:
1045:
1019:
1012:
992:
970:
956:
937:
917:
893:
891:
888:
887:
886:
881:
876:
871:
864:
861:
849:
846:
834:Garrett Motion
829:
828:
823:
813:
811:Marine engines
808:
803:
802:diesel engines
793:
782:
781:(quite rarely)
776:
771:
753:
750:
738:Main article:
735:
732:
709:Main article:
706:
703:
694:Main article:
691:
688:
676:
675:
668:
661:
658:
656:antilag system
652:
649:
646:
635:
628:
625:
616:
596:
595:
554:
552:
545:
539:
536:
535:
534:
524:
518:
512:
485:
482:
473:
470:
464:
461:
457:compressor map
453:inlet manifold
428:
425:
412:
409:
380:Main article:
365:
362:
361:
360:
353:
346:
344:
337:
330:
314:
311:
271:
268:
267:
266:
263:
257:
254:radial turbine
239:inlet manifold
222:
219:
125:Auguste Rateau
84:
81:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2906:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2889:Turbochargers
2887:
2886:
2884:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2857:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2821:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2781:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2753:
2752:Water cooling
2750:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2740:
2736:
2730:
2729:Oxygen sensor
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2693:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2644:Intake system
2642:
2636:
2635:Starter motor
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2609:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2591:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2574:Ignition coil
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2538:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2506:Petrol engine
2504:
2502:
2501:Diesel engine
2499:
2498:
2496:
2492:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2465:Blowoff valve
2463:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2454:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2404:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2382:Cylinder head
2378:
2374:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2273:Balance shaft
2271:
2270:
2268:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2253:
2246:
2242:
2235:
2230:
2228:
2223:
2221:
2216:
2215:
2212:
2203:
2198:
2195:
2182:
2175:
2172:
2159:
2152:
2149:
2133:
2126:
2123:
2110:
2106:
2100:
2097:
2084:
2080:
2074:
2071:
2058:
2052:
2049:
2036:
2030:
2027:
2014:
2013:HowStuffWorks
2010:
2004:
2002:
1998:
1985:
1978:
1975:
1963:
1959:
1953:
1950:
1938:
1934:
1928:
1925:
1912:
1908:
1902:
1899:
1886:
1882:
1876:
1873:
1868:
1864:
1857:
1854:
1842:
1838:
1832:
1829:
1816:
1812:
1806:
1804:
1800:
1787:
1784:Nice, Karim.
1780:
1777:
1765:
1761:
1755:
1752:
1740:
1736:
1730:
1727:
1722:
1716:
1712:
1711:
1703:
1700:
1688:
1684:
1678:
1675:
1662:
1655:
1652:
1640:. 20 May 2009
1639:
1635:
1629:
1626:
1614:
1610:
1604:
1601:
1597:
1591:
1588:
1576:. PaulTan.com
1575:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1549:
1542:
1540:
1536:
1530:
1527:
1521:
1518:
1505:
1499:
1496:
1483:
1479:
1473:
1470:
1457:
1451:
1448:
1436:
1432:
1426:
1423:
1411:
1410:
1405:
1398:
1395:
1385:
1379:
1376:
1372:
1369:
1363:
1360:
1355:
1351:
1345:
1342:
1337:
1333:
1327:
1324:
1318:
1315:
1309:
1306:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1287:
1284:
1279:
1278:
1270:
1267:
1255:
1251:
1245:
1243:
1239:
1227:
1223:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1174:
1168:
1165:
1153:
1151:9781932494297
1147:
1143:
1142:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1115:9780760319239
1111:
1107:
1100:
1097:
1084:
1080:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1055:
1049:
1046:
1033:
1029:
1023:
1020:
1015:
1013:0-203-19211-7
1009:
1005:
1004:
996:
993:
980:
974:
971:
959:
957:0-8376-1243-8
953:
949:
948:
941:
938:
935:
931:
928:
924:
922:
918:
905:
898:
895:
889:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
866:
862:
860:
858:
853:
847:
845:
843:
839:
835:
827:
824:
821:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
801:
797:
794:
792:truck in 1938
791:
787:
786:truck engines
783:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
766:
765:
758:
751:
749:
747:
741:
733:
731:
729:
724:
722:
718:
712:
704:
702:
697:
689:
687:
683:
681:
673:
669:
666:
662:
659:
657:
653:
650:
647:
645:turbochargers
644:
640:
636:
633:
629:
626:
624:
622:
617:
614:
613:
612:
609:
607:
602:
592:
589:
581:
571:
567:
561:
560:
555:This section
553:
549:
544:
543:
537:
532:
529:- to prevent
528:
527:Blowoff valve
525:
522:
519:
516:
513:
510:
507:
506:
505:
502:
499:
498:free floating
490:
483:
481:
478:
471:
469:
463:Ported shroud
462:
460:
458:
454:
450:
446:
438:
433:
426:
424:
422:
418:
410:
408:
404:
402:
398:
393:
389:
383:
375:
370:
363:
357:
350:
345:
341:
334:
329:
327:
323:
321:
312:
310:
308:
303:
299:
295:
293:
289:
281:
276:
269:
264:
262:
258:
255:
251:
250:
249:
246:
244:
240:
236:
227:
220:
218:
216:
212:
208:
202:
200:
195:
190:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
167:
165:
164:
159:
154:
150:
145:
143:
139:
134:
130:
126:
121:
117:
116:radial engine
113:
109:
104:
102:
98:
94:
93:superchargers
90:
82:
80:
77:
72:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
41:
37:
33:
19:
18:Turbochargers
2759:Electric fan
2559:Coil-on-plug
2485:Turbocharger
2484:
2480:Supercharger
2352:Main bearing
2342:Firing order
2332:Displacement
2278:Block heater
2262:Engine block
2250:Part of the
2249:
2197:
2185:. Retrieved
2174:
2162:. Retrieved
2151:
2139:. Retrieved
2125:
2113:. Retrieved
2108:
2099:
2087:. Retrieved
2082:
2073:
2061:. Retrieved
2051:
2039:. Retrieved
2029:
2017:. Retrieved
2012:
1988:. Retrieved
1977:
1965:. Retrieved
1961:
1952:
1940:. Retrieved
1936:
1927:
1915:. Retrieved
1910:
1901:
1889:. Retrieved
1884:
1875:
1866:
1856:
1844:. Retrieved
1840:
1831:
1819:. Retrieved
1815:the original
1790:. Retrieved
1779:
1767:. Retrieved
1763:
1754:
1742:. Retrieved
1738:
1729:
1709:
1702:
1690:. Retrieved
1686:
1677:
1667:28 September
1665:. Retrieved
1654:
1642:. Retrieved
1637:
1628:
1616:. Retrieved
1612:
1603:
1590:
1578:. Retrieved
1552:. Retrieved
1529:
1520:
1508:. Retrieved
1498:
1486:. Retrieved
1481:
1472:
1460:. Retrieved
1450:
1440:20 September
1438:. Retrieved
1434:
1425:
1413:. Retrieved
1407:
1397:
1378:
1362:
1354:the original
1344:
1335:
1326:
1317:
1308:
1300:the original
1295:
1286:
1276:
1269:
1257:. Retrieved
1253:
1250:"Hill Climb"
1231:20 September
1229:. Retrieved
1225:
1203:the original
1198:
1167:
1157:20 September
1155:. Retrieved
1140:
1105:
1099:
1089:20 September
1087:. Retrieved
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1058:. Retrieved
1048:
1036:. Retrieved
1032:the original
1022:
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995:
983:. Retrieved
973:
961:. Retrieved
946:
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908:. Retrieved
897:
854:
851:
830:
763:
752:Applications
746:twincharging
745:
743:
734:Twincharging
725:
714:
699:
684:
679:
677:
632:foil bearing
621:aspect ratio
619:
610:
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584:
575:
564:Please help
559:verification
556:
530:
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392:aspect ratio
387:
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232:
215:displacement
203:
191:
168:
162:
157:
146:
142:Liberty L-12
108:Alfred Büchi
105:
97:Dugald Clerk
86:
76:supercharger
73:
69:displacement
60:
56:
53:turbocharger
52:
46:
36:
2783:Lubrication
2747:Air cooling
2564:Distributor
2516:Fuel filter
2494:Fuel system
2475:Intercooler
2442:Timing belt
2432:Head gasket
2362:Piston ring
2160:. Bloomberg
2141:11 November
1990:12 December
869:Boost gauge
740:Twincharger
721:exhaust gas
643:twin-scroll
623:(A/R ratio)
509:Intercooler
313:Twin-scroll
131:(NACA) and
2883:Categories
2835:Power band
2795:Oil filter
2769:Thermostat
2714:EGT sensor
2676:MAF sensor
2671:MAP sensor
2656:Air filter
2620:Alternator
2579:Spark plug
2511:Carburetor
2437:Rocker arm
2377:Valvetrain
2308:Crankshaft
2252:Automobile
2083:Wards Auto
1760:"GTW3684R"
1384:US 4838234
890:References
838:BorgWarner
816:Locomotive
717:crankshaft
696:Twin-turbo
445:compressor
427:Compressor
340:Mitsubishi
320:scavenging
235:compressor
138:Pikes Peak
2569:Glow plug
2531:Fuel tank
2526:Fuel pump
2293:Crankcase
1431:"History"
1173:DE 204630
832:U.S. are
728:heat soak
654:Using an
601:Turbo lag
578:June 2022
521:Wastegate
451:(via the
217:engines.
2868:Category
2813:Dry sump
2809:Wet sump
2800:Oil pump
2764:Radiator
2681:Throttle
2541:Ignition
2412:Camshaft
2337:Flywheel
2318:Cylinder
2303:Crankpin
2063:2 August
1986:. Allpar
1867:Dragzine
1821:17 April
1792:2 August
1580:17 April
1554:17 April
1415:15 April
1259:2 August
985:3 August
930:Archived
863:See also
663:Using a
209:and the
158:Preussen
2840:Redline
2724:Muffler
2625:Battery
2549:Magneto
2089:22 July
1967:12 June
1942:12 June
1917:12 June
1891:12 June
1846:25 June
1769:18 June
1744:18 June
1692:16 June
1644:16 June
1618:16 June
1488:25 June
1409:Autocar
1060:22 July
1038:30 June
437:Garrett
374:Porsche
288:turbine
280:Garrett
270:Turbine
243:turbine
120:turbine
83:History
63:) is a
2863:Portal
2651:Airbox
2630:Dynamo
2357:Piston
2347:Stroke
2326:layout
2254:series
2187:1 June
2164:1 June
2115:19 May
2041:1 June
2019:1 June
1717:
1510:1 June
1462:1 June
1389:
1178:
1148:
1112:
1010:
963:6 June
954:
910:1 June
848:Safety
790:Saurer
637:Using
256:design
221:Design
194:Saurer
112:Sulzer
47:In an
2823:Other
2447:Valve
2417:Chest
2135:(PDF)
1056:. ABB
800:coach
292:shaft
59:or a
57:turbo
2805:Sump
2322:bank
2283:Bore
2189:2012
2166:2012
2143:2011
2117:2017
2091:2021
2065:2010
2043:2012
2021:2012
1992:2006
1969:2022
1944:2022
1919:2022
1893:2022
1848:2022
1823:2012
1794:2010
1771:2022
1746:2022
1715:ISBN
1694:2022
1669:2012
1646:2022
1620:2022
1582:2012
1556:2012
1512:2012
1490:2022
1464:2012
1442:2019
1417:2022
1261:2010
1233:2019
1159:2019
1146:ISBN
1110:ISBN
1091:2019
1062:2021
1040:2011
1008:ISBN
987:2010
965:2022
952:ISBN
912:2012
840:and
818:and
798:and
443:The
286:The
201:.
160:and
51:, a
2790:Oil
2379:and
2264:and
796:Bus
641:or
568:by
415:An
2885::
2811:,
2324:,
2107:.
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2011:.
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
