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of the turbine housing as the engine accelerates, the turbo's aspect ratio can be maintained at its optimum. Because of this, variable-geometry turbochargers often have reduced lag, a lower boost threshold, and greater efficiency at higher engine speeds. The benefit of variable-geometry turbochargers is that the optimum aspect ratio at low engine speeds is very different from that at high engine speeds.
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gas pulses from each cylinder to interfere with each other. For a twin-scroll turbocharger, the cylinders are split into two groups in order to maximize the pulses. The exhaust manifold keeps the gases from these two groups of cylinders separated, then they travel through two separate spiral chambers ("scrolls") before entering the turbine housing via two separate nozzles. The
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refers to delay – when the engine rpm is within the turbocharger's operating range – that occurs between pressing the throttle and the turbocharger spooling up to provide boost pressure. This delay is due to the increasing exhaust gas flow (after the throttle is suddenly
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If the turbine's aspect ratio is too large, the turbo will fail to create boost at low speeds; if the aspect ratio is too small, the turbo will choke the engine at high speeds, leading to high exhaust manifold pressures, high pumping losses, and ultimately lower power output. By altering the geometry
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A twin-scroll turbocharger uses two separate exhaust gas inlets, to make use of the pulses in the flow of the exhaust gasses from each cylinder. In a standard (single-scroll) turbocharger, the exhaust gas from all cylinders is combined and enters the turbocharger via a single intake, which causes the
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Some engines use multiple turbochargers, usually to reduce turbo lag, increase the range of rpm where boost is produced, or simplify the layout of the intake/exhaust system. The most common arrangement is twin turbochargers, however triple-turbo or quad-turbo arrangements have been occasionally used
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The turbine uses a series of blades to convert kinetic energy from the flow of exhaust gases to mechanical energy of a rotating shaft (which is used to power the compressor section). The turbine housings direct the gas flow through the turbine section, and the turbine itself can spin at speeds of up
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A turbocharger's performance is closely tied to its size, and the relative sizes of the turbine wheel and the compressor wheel. Large turbines typically require higher exhaust gas flow rates, therefore increasing turbo lag and increasing the boost threshold. Small turbines can produce boost quickly
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In 2017, 27% of vehicles sold in the US were turbocharged. In Europe 67% of all vehicles were turbocharged in 2014. Historically, more than 90% of turbochargers were diesel, however, adoption in petrol engines is increasing. The companies which manufacture the most turbochargers in Europe and the
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in
Winterthur. This was followed very closely in 1925, when Alfred Büchi successfully installed turbochargers on ten-cylinder diesel engines, increasing the power output from 1,300 to 1,860 kilowatts (1,750 to 2,500 hp). This engine was used by the German Ministry of Transport for two large
111:
and compressor mounted on a common shaft. The first prototype was finished in 1915 with the aim of overcoming the power loss experienced by aircraft engines due to the decreased density of air at high altitudes. However, the prototype was not reliable and did not reach production. Another early
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and at lower flow rates, since it has lower rotational inertia, but can be a limiting factor in the peak power produced by the engine. Various technologies, as described in the following sections, are often aimed at combining the benefits of both small turbines and large turbines.
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Another common feature of twin-scroll turbochargers is that the two nozzles are different sizes: the smaller nozzle is installed at a steeper angle and is used for low-rpm response, while the larger nozzle is less angled and optimised for times when high outputs are required.
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Some turbochargers use a "ported shroud", whereby a ring of holes or circular grooves allows air to bleed around the compressor blades. Ported shroud designs can have greater resistance to compressor surge and can improve the efficiency of the compressor wheel.
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of the turbocharger as operating conditions change. This is done with the use of adjustable vanes located inside the turbine housing between the inlet and turbine, which affect flow of gases towards the turbine. Some variable-geometry turbochargers use a rotary
671:. This is where the engine speed (rpm) is currently below the operating range of the turbocharger system, therefore the engine is unable to produce significant boost. At low rpm, the exhaust gas flow rate is unable to spin the turbine sufficiently.
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Automobile manufacturers began research into turbocharged engines during the 1950s, however the problems of "turbo lag" and the bulky size of the turbocharger were not able to be solved at the time. The first turbocharged cars were the short-lived
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The center hub rotating assembly (CHRA) houses the shaft that connects the turbine to the compressor. A lighter shaft can help reduce turbo lag. The CHRA also contains a bearing to allow this shaft to rotate at high speeds with minimal friction.
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The boost threshold causes delays in the power delivery at low rpm (since the unboosted engine must accelerate the vehicle to increase the rpm above the boost threshold), while turbo lag causes delay in the power delivery at higher rpm.
512:- many turbochargers are capable of producing boost pressures in some circumstances that are higher than the engine can safely withstand, therefore a wastegate is often used to limit the amount of exhaust gases that enters the turbine
489:
turbocharger. This system would be able to achieve maximum boost at maximum engine revs and full throttle, however additional components are needed to produce an engine that is driveable in a range of load and rpm conditions.
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showed that a turbocharger could enable an engine to avoid any power loss (compared with the power produced at sea level) at an altitude of up to 4,250 m (13,944 ft) above sea level. The testing was conducted at
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to 250,000 rpm. Some turbocharger designs are available with multiple turbine housing options, allowing a housing to be selected to best suit the engine's characteristics and the performance requirements.
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in the 1930s. BXD and BZD engines were manufactured with optional turbocharging from 1931 onwards. The Swiss industry played a pioneering role with turbocharging engines as witnessed by Sulzer, Saurer and
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is mechanically powered (usually by a belt from the engine's crankshaft). However, up until the mid-20th century, a turbocharger was called a "turbosupercharger" and was considered a type of supercharger.
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Some CHRAs are water-cooled and have pipes for the engine's coolant to flow through. One reason for water cooling is to protect the turbocharger's lubricating oil from overheating.
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device that is powered by the flow of exhaust gases. It uses this energy to compress the intake air, forcing more air into the engine in order to produce more power for a given
2220:
444:). The compressor section of the turbocharger consists of an impeller, a diffuser, and a volute housing. The operating characteristics of a compressor are described by the
712:. A turbocharger does not place a direct mechanical load on the engine, although turbochargers place exhaust back pressure on engines, increasing pumping losses.
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The key difference between a turbocharger and a supercharger is that a supercharger is mechanically driven by the engine (often through a belt connected to the
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section (also called the "hot side" or "exhaust side" of the turbo) is where the rotational force is produced, in order to power the compressor (via a rotating
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The first commercial application of a turbocharger was in June 1924 when the first heavy duty turbocharger, model VT402, was delivered from the Baden works of
597:, in the form of a delay in the power delivery. Superchargers do not suffer from turbo lag because the compressor mechanism is driven directly by the engine.
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Failure of the seals will cause oil to leak into the cylinders causing blue-gray smoke. In diesel engines, this can cause an overspeed, a condition known as
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effect of these gas pulses recovers more energy from the exhaust gases, minimizes parasitic back losses and improves responsiveness at low engine speeds.
230:. In the case of a turbocharger, the compressor is powered by the kinetic energy of the engine's exhaust gases, which is extracted by the turbocharger's
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202:, both introduced in 1962. Greater adoption of turbocharging in passenger cars began in the 1980s, as a way to increase the performance of smaller
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A combination of an exhaust-driven turbocharger and an engine-driven supercharger can mitigate the weaknesses of both. This technique is called
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155:. The design was licensed to several manufacturers and turbochargers began to be used in marine, railcar and large stationary applications.
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1381: Mayer, Andreas: "Free-running pressure wave supercharger", issued 1989-07-13, assigned to BBC Brown Boveri AG, Baden, Switzerland
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Supercharged engines are common in applications where throttle response is a key concern, and supercharged engines are less likely to
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84:. Use of superchargers began in 1878, when several supercharged two-stroke gas engines were built using a design by Scottish engineer
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through the center of a turbo). After the exhaust has spun the turbine it continues into the exhaust piping and out of the vehicle.
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combines a traditional exhaust-powered turbine with an electric motor, in order to reduce turbo lag. This differs from an
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Lowering the rotational inertia of the turbocharger by using lower radius parts and ceramic and other lighter materials
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The current categorisation is that a turbocharger is powered by the kinetic energy of the exhaust gases, whereas a
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116:, for their intended use on the Renault engines used by French fighter planes. Separately, testing in 1917 by the
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opened) taking time to spin up the turbine to speeds where boost is produced. The effect of turbo lag is reduced
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in 1938, which used turbochargers produced by
General Electric. Other early turbocharged airplanes included the
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1672:"BorgWarner's Twin Scroll Turbocharger Delivers Power and Response for Premium Manufacturers - BorgWarner"
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patented the technique of using a gear-driven pump to force air into an internal combustion engine.
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Turbocharger failures and resultant high exhaust temperatures are among the causes of car fires.
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A medium-sized six-cylinder marine diesel-engine, with turbocharger and exhaust in the foreground
437:
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199:
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Using a turbocharger spool valve to increase exhaust gas flow speed to the (twin-scroll) turbine
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draws in outside air through the engine's intake system, pressurises it, then feeds it into the
2193:. Australian Road Transport Suppliers Association (ARTSA). November 2006. Retrieved 2020-07-22.
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2121:"Interview: David Paja, VP, Global Marketing and Craig Balis, VP, Engineering Honeywell Turbo"
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The first practical application for trucks was realized by Swiss truck manufacturing company
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Turbochargers were used on several aircraft engines during World War II, beginning with the
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Compressor
Performance: Aerodynamics for the User. M. Theodore Gresh. Newnes, 29 March 2001
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Increasing upper-deck air pressure (compressor discharge) and improving wastegate response
500:- a radiator used to cool the intake air after it has been pressurised by the turbocharger
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Cut-away view turbocharger (turbine section on the left, compressor section on the right)
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1998:"What is the difference between a turbocharger and a supercharger on a car's engine?"
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104:
2023:
1355:
Ernst Jenny: "Der BBC-Turbolader." Birkhäuser, Basel, 1993, ISBN 978-3-7643-2719-4.
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Additional components that are commonly used in conjunction with turbochargers are:
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patent for turbochargers was applied for in 1916 by French steam turbine inventor
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is often considered the birth of the turbocharger. This patent was for a compound
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506:- spraying water into the combustion chamber, in order to cool the intake air
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745:
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708:) whereas a turbocharger is powered by the kinetic energy of the engine's
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2712:
1467:"Happy 100th Birthday to the Turbocharger - News - Automobile Magazine"
561: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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in the turbocharger pressurises the intake air before it enters the
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213:
27:
1623:"A Look At Twin Scroll Turbo System Design - Divide And Conquer?"
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A similar phenomenon that is often mistaken for turbo lag is the
656:
to force exhaust gas through a smaller passage in the turbo inlet
2793:
2170:"Turbochargers - European growth driven by spread to small cars"
2147:"IHI Aims to Double Turbocharger Sales by 2013 on Europe Demand"
1310:
Diesel and gas turbine progress, Volume 26. Diesel
Engines, 1960
1067:
2202:
1896:"Turbo Lag. Reasons For Turbocharger Lag. How To Fix Turbo Lag"
1522:
Popular
Science. Detroit's big switch to Turbo Power. Apr 1984.
412:, which solely uses an electric motor to power the compressor.
2240:
1233:
1231:
784:
530:
1973:"Turbochargers: an interview with Garrett's Martin Verschoor"
939:(6th ed.). Stuttgart: Robert Bosch. 2004. p. 528.
753:
Turbochargers have been used in the following applications:
1393:"Throwback Thursday 1962: the Oldsmobile Jetfire explained"
2168:
CLEPA CEO Lars
Holmqvist is retiring (18 November 2002).
1992:
1990:
1281:"Alfred Büchi the inventor of the turbocharger - page 2"
1184:"Alfred Büchi the inventor of the turbocharger - page 1"
640:
Using multiple turbochargers sequentially or in parallel
347:, showing the paired cylinders (1 & 4 and 2 & 3)
1130:
1513:
Mechanical engineering: Volume 106, Issues 7-12; p.51
331:
twin-scroll (the larger scroll is illuminated in red)
1178:
1176:
968:"The Turbosupercharger and the Airplane Power Plant"
343:
Transparent exhaust manifold and turbo scrolls on a
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2726:
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2528:
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1321:"World War II - General Electric Turbosupercharges"
16:
Exhaust-powered forced-induction device for engines
1870:"What Is Turbo Lag? And How Do You Get Rid Of It?"
912:
910:
619:Reducing bearing frictional losses, e.g., using a
140:, under the supervision of Alfred Büchi, to SLM,
1068:"The turbocharger turns 100 years old this week"
700:Supercharger #Supercharging versus turbocharging
388:to open and close the vanes, while others use a
375:Variable-geometry turbochargers (also known as
1062:
1060:
637:Decreasing the volume of the upper-deck piping
294:Large diesel engines often use a single-stage
237:The main components of the turbocharger are:
2214:
1266:"The" BBC Turbocharger: A Swiss Success Story
1205:
1203:
1201:
80:was only possible using mechanically-powered
8:
1852:"Get Schooled: Water Methanol Injection 101"
76:Prior to the invention of the turbocharger,
19:"Turbo" redirects here. For other uses, see
1794:
1792:
118:National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics
2878:Pages with image sizes containing extra px
2221:
2207:
2199:
1583:A National Maritime Academy Presentation.
1563:"How does Variable Turbine Geometry work?"
481:Schematic of a typical turbo petrol engine
327:Cutaway view showing the two scrolls of a
1122:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1114:
992:Encyclopedia of the History of Technology
577:Learn how and when to remove this message
485:The simplest type of turbocharger is the
2287:Crankcase ventilation system (PCV valve)
1702:. MotorBooks International. p. 95.
1530:
1528:
1043:"Celebrating 110 years of turbocharging"
428:GT30 with the compressor housing removed
2094:"Honeywell sees hot turbo growth ahead"
1598:"Twin-Turbocharging: How Does It Work?"
1170: "Verbrennungskraftmaschinenanlage"
883:
317:
222:Like other forced induction devices, a
1800:"How Turbocharged Piston Engines Work"
1556:
1554:
623:rather than a conventional oil bearing
1971:Parkhurst, Terry (10 November 2006).
1447:. Large.stanford.edu. 24 October 2010
600:Methods to reduce turbo lag include:
271:GT30 with the turbine housing removed
7:
559:adding citations to reliable sources
254:Center housing hub rotating assembly
1535:Veltman, Thomas (24 October 2010).
1341:(in German). German. Archived from
400:Electrically-assisted turbochargers
1699:Turbocharging Performance Handbook
995:. London: Routledge. p. 315.
763:Diesel-powered car and van engines
694:Turbocharging versus supercharging
406:electrically-assisted turbocharger
379:) are used to alter the effective
142:Swiss Locomotive and Machine Works
107:with an exhaust-driven axial flow
14:
2145:Kitamura, Makiko (24 July 2008).
2068:"Turbo Engine Use at Record High"
1650:"Twin Scroll Turbo System Design"
1537:"Variable-Geometry Turbochargers"
1445:"Variable-Geometry Turbochargers"
174:and experimental variants of the
2119:Kahl, Martin (3 November 2010).
1269:. Birkhäuser Verlag. p. 46.
631:
535:
336:
320:
2389:Overhead valve (pushrod) layout
2026:. Torquecars.com. 29 March 2012
1850:Gearhart, Mark (22 July 2011).
1802:. TurboKart.com. Archived from
1095:Porsche Turbo: The Full History
891:Nice, Karim (4 December 2000).
868:Exhaust pulse pressure charging
546:needs additional citations for
129:in the United States using the
527:Turbo lag and boost threshold
371:Variable-geometry turbocharger
365:variable-geometry turbocharger
99:, a Swiss engineer working at
1:
2024:"How to twincharge an engine"
1391:Culmer, Kris (8 March 2018).
1017:"History of the Supercharger"
970:. Rwebs.net. 30 December 1943
815:Stationary/industrial engines
679:Use of multiple turbochargers
377:variable-nozzle turbochargers
298:instead of a radial turbine.
1947:"5 Ways To Reduce Turbo Lag"
1561:Tan, Paul (16 August 2006).
1539:. Coursework for Physics 240
1097:. MotorBooks International.
1093:Vann, Peter (11 July 2004).
461:Center hub rotating assembly
1724:"Ported Shroud Conversions"
873:Hot vee turbocharged engine
659:Electric turbochargers and
522:when the throttle is closed
164:Consolidated B-24 Liberator
160:Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress
145:passenger ships called the
2906:
2230:Internal combustion engine
2046:"BorgWarner turbo history"
1826:"How a Turbocharger Works"
1495:. Conceptengine.tripod.com
1133:. CarTech Inc. p. 9.
758:Petrol-powered car engines
726:
697:
682:
368:
38:internal combustion engine
18:
2847:
2698:Diesel particulate filter
2650:Idle air control actuator
2591:Engine control unit (ECU)
2236:
1585:Variable Turbine Geometry
1493:"How Turbo Chargers Work"
172:Republic P-47 Thunderbolt
2763:Viscous fan (fan clutch)
2675:Throttle position sensor
2384:Overhead camshaft layout
1777:. Auto.howstuffworks.com
1775:"How Turbochargers Work"
1243:Air & Space Magazine
989:Ian McNeil, ed. (1990).
895:. Auto.howstuffworks.com
893:"How Turbochargers Work"
424:Compressor section of a
2302:Core plug (freeze plug)
1728:www.turbodynamics.co.uk
1127:Miller, Jay K. (2008).
831:Mitsubishi Turbocharger
795:Aircraft piston engines
607:Changing the turbine's
248:Compressor – usually a
218:Turbocharger components
196:Chevrolet Corvair Monza
188:Brown, Boveri & Cie
168:Lockheed P-38 Lightning
138:Brown, Boveri & Cie
1696:Hartman, Jeff (2007).
1362:, May 26, 1993, p. 69.
1211:"Turbocharger History"
825:(formerly Honeywell),
750:
482:
429:
366:
272:
250:centrifugal compressor
219:
122:Sanford Alexander Moss
33:
21:Turbo (disambiguation)
2191:Why trucks catch fire
1830:www.GarrettMotion.com
1753:www.GarrettMotion.com
1291:on 29 September 2017.
1263:Jenny, Ernst (1993).
921:26 March 2011 at the
846:diesel engine runaway
748:
480:
473:Supporting components
423:
410:electric supercharger
360:
267:Turbine section of a
266:
217:
31:
2543:Compression ignition
1926:www.enginebasics.com
1922:"What is turbo lag?"
1360:Neue Zürcher Zeitung
809:diesel multiple unit
690:in production cars.
661:hybrid turbochargers
555:improve this article
345:Hyundai Gamma engine
296:axial inflow turbine
241:Turbine – usually a
2693:Catalytic converter
1951:www.CarThrottle.com
1902:. 25 September 2021
1652:. Modified Magazine
1602:www.CarThrottle.com
1339:"Saurer Geschichte"
936:Automotive handbook
777:, beginning with a
438:combustion chambers
95:The 1905 patent by
2819:Knocking / pinging
2411:Combustion chamber
2126:. Automotive World
1874:www.MotorTrend.com
1676:www.borgwarner.com
1627:www.MotorTrend.com
1473:. 21 December 2005
1471:www.MotorTrend.com
1357:"Buchbesprechung."
1325:aviationshoppe.com
1074:. 18 November 2005
811:engines for trains
768:Motorcycle engines
751:
483:
430:
390:pneumatic actuator
367:
361:Cutaway view of a
273:
220:
200:Oldsmobile Jetfire
34:
2888:Engine components
2865:
2864:
2834:Stratified charge
2601:Electrical system
2583:Engine management
2416:Compression ratio
2356:Starter ring gear
2255:rotating assembly
2048:. Turbodriven.com
1709:978-1-61059-231-4
863:Engine downsizing
595:throttle response
587:
586:
579:
386:electric actuator
353:Variable-geometry
176:Focke-Wulf Fw 190
152:Hansestadt Danzig
133:aircraft engine.
50:turbosupercharger
44:(also known as a
2895:
2708:Exhaust manifold
2573:Spark plug wires
2459:Boost controller
2446:Forced induction
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1504:
1502:
1500:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1441:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1416:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1388:
1382:
1380:
1379:
1375:
1369:
1363:
1353:
1347:
1346:
1345:on 4 March 2010.
1335:
1329:
1328:
1317:
1311:
1308:
1302:
1299:
1293:
1292:
1287:. Archived from
1277:
1271:
1270:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1235:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1207:
1196:
1195:
1194:on 5 April 2015.
1190:. Archived from
1180:
1171:
1169:
1168:
1164:
1158:
1152:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1124:
1109:
1108:
1090:
1084:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1072:www.newatlas.com
1064:
1055:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1039:
1033:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1019:. Archived from
1013:
1007:
1006:
986:
980:
979:
977:
975:
964:
958:
957:
955:
953:
931:
925:
914:
905:
904:
902:
900:
888:
719:the intake air.
582:
575:
571:
568:
562:
539:
531:
520:compressor stall
340:
324:
90:Gottlieb Daimler
88:. Then in 1885,
78:forced induction
54:forced induction
2905:
2904:
2898:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2893:
2892:
2868:
2867:
2866:
2861:
2843:
2839:Top dead centre
2807:
2767:
2722:
2679:
2628:
2602:
2595:
2584:
2577:
2524:
2478:
2440:
2396:Tappet / lifter
2379:Flathead layout
2369:
2360:
2254:
2245:
2232:
2227:
2197:
2189:
2185:
2175:
2173:
2172:. Just-auto.com
2167:
2166:
2162:
2152:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2139:
2129:
2127:
2123:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2103:
2101:
2098:Automotive News
2092:
2091:
2087:
2077:
2075:
2074:. 7 August 2017
2066:
2065:
2061:
2051:
2049:
2044:
2043:
2039:
2029:
2027:
2022:
2021:
2017:
2007:
2005:
1996:
1995:
1988:
1978:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1955:
1953:
1945:
1944:
1940:
1930:
1928:
1920:
1919:
1915:
1905:
1903:
1900:www.CarBuzz.com
1894:
1893:
1889:
1879:
1877:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1849:
1848:
1844:
1834:
1832:
1824:
1823:
1819:
1809:
1807:
1806:on 28 June 2016
1798:
1797:
1790:
1780:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1767:
1757:
1755:
1747:
1746:
1742:
1732:
1730:
1722:
1721:
1717:
1710:
1695:
1694:
1690:
1680:
1678:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1655:
1653:
1648:Pratte, David.
1647:
1646:
1642:
1632:
1630:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1606:
1604:
1596:
1595:
1591:
1582:
1578:
1568:
1566:
1560:
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1552:
1542:
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1534:
1533:
1526:
1521:
1517:
1512:
1508:
1498:
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1486:
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1474:
1465:
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1460:
1450:
1448:
1443:
1442:
1438:
1428:
1426:
1418:
1417:
1413:
1403:
1401:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1354:
1350:
1337:
1336:
1332:
1319:
1318:
1314:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1296:
1285:www.ae-plus.com
1279:
1278:
1274:
1262:
1261:
1257:
1247:
1245:
1237:
1236:
1229:
1219:
1217:
1209:
1208:
1199:
1188:www.ae-plus.com
1182:
1181:
1174:
1166:
1160:
1159:
1155:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1126:
1125:
1112:
1105:
1092:
1091:
1087:
1077:
1075:
1066:
1065:
1058:
1048:
1046:
1041:
1040:
1036:
1026:
1024:
1023:on 13 July 2015
1015:
1014:
1010:
1003:
988:
987:
983:
973:
971:
966:
965:
961:
951:
949:
947:
933:
932:
928:
923:Wayback Machine
915:
908:
898:
896:
890:
889:
885:
881:
854:
839:
773:Diesel-powered
743:
731:
725:
702:
696:
687:
681:
669:boost threshold
654:butterfly valve
628:variable-nozzle
583:
572:
566:
563:
552:
540:
529:
504:Water injection
475:
463:
454:
418:
402:
373:
355:
348:
341:
332:
325:
304:
261:
212:
74:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2903:
2902:
2899:
2891:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2870:
2869:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2859:
2854:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2815:
2813:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2805:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2775:
2773:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2744:
2743:
2738:
2732:
2730:
2728:Cooling system
2724:
2723:
2721:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2689:
2687:
2685:Exhaust system
2681:
2680:
2678:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2655:Inlet manifold
2652:
2647:
2642:
2636:
2634:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2593:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2534:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2510:Fuel injection
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2486:
2484:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2450:
2448:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2392:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2375:
2373:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2277:Connecting rod
2274:
2269:
2264:
2258:
2256:
2247:
2246:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2228:
2226:
2225:
2218:
2211:
2203:
2196:
2195:
2183:
2160:
2137:
2111:
2085:
2059:
2037:
2015:
2004:. 1 April 2000
1986:
1963:
1938:
1913:
1887:
1876:. 7 March 2015
1861:
1842:
1817:
1788:
1765:
1740:
1715:
1708:
1688:
1663:
1640:
1614:
1589:
1576:
1550:
1524:
1515:
1506:
1484:
1458:
1436:
1424:www.bwauto.com
1411:
1383:
1364:
1348:
1330:
1312:
1303:
1294:
1272:
1255:
1227:
1215:www.cummins.ru
1197:
1172:
1153:
1139:
1110:
1103:
1085:
1056:
1034:
1008:
1001:
981:
959:
945:
926:
906:
882:
880:
877:
876:
875:
870:
865:
860:
853:
850:
838:
835:
823:Garrett Motion
818:
817:
812:
802:
800:Marine engines
797:
792:
791:diesel engines
782:
771:
770:(quite rarely)
765:
760:
742:
739:
727:Main article:
724:
721:
698:Main article:
695:
692:
683:Main article:
680:
677:
665:
664:
657:
650:
647:
645:antilag system
641:
638:
635:
624:
617:
614:
605:
585:
584:
543:
541:
534:
528:
525:
524:
523:
513:
507:
501:
474:
471:
462:
459:
453:
450:
446:compressor map
442:inlet manifold
417:
414:
401:
398:
369:Main article:
354:
351:
350:
349:
342:
335:
333:
326:
319:
303:
300:
260:
257:
256:
255:
252:
246:
243:radial turbine
228:inlet manifold
211:
208:
114:Auguste Rateau
73:
70:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2901:
2900:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2883:Turbochargers
2881:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2846:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2810:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2770:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2742:
2741:Water cooling
2739:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2725:
2719:
2718:Oxygen sensor
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2686:
2682:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2633:Intake system
2631:
2625:
2624:Starter motor
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2598:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2580:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2563:Ignition coil
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2527:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2495:Petrol engine
2493:
2491:
2490:Diesel engine
2488:
2487:
2485:
2481:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2454:Blowoff valve
2452:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2443:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2371:Cylinder head
2367:
2363:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2262:Balance shaft
2260:
2259:
2257:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2242:
2235:
2231:
2224:
2219:
2217:
2212:
2210:
2205:
2204:
2201:
2192:
2187:
2184:
2171:
2164:
2161:
2148:
2141:
2138:
2122:
2115:
2112:
2099:
2095:
2089:
2086:
2073:
2069:
2063:
2060:
2047:
2041:
2038:
2025:
2019:
2016:
2003:
2002:HowStuffWorks
1999:
1993:
1991:
1987:
1974:
1967:
1964:
1952:
1948:
1942:
1939:
1927:
1923:
1917:
1914:
1901:
1897:
1891:
1888:
1875:
1871:
1865:
1862:
1857:
1853:
1846:
1843:
1831:
1827:
1821:
1818:
1805:
1801:
1795:
1793:
1789:
1776:
1773:Nice, Karim.
1769:
1766:
1754:
1750:
1744:
1741:
1729:
1725:
1719:
1716:
1711:
1705:
1701:
1700:
1692:
1689:
1677:
1673:
1667:
1664:
1651:
1644:
1641:
1629:. 20 May 2009
1628:
1624:
1618:
1615:
1603:
1599:
1593:
1590:
1586:
1580:
1577:
1565:. PaulTan.com
1564:
1557:
1555:
1551:
1538:
1531:
1529:
1525:
1519:
1516:
1510:
1507:
1494:
1488:
1485:
1472:
1468:
1462:
1459:
1446:
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1425:
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1415:
1412:
1400:
1399:
1394:
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1384:
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1344:
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1331:
1326:
1322:
1316:
1313:
1307:
1304:
1298:
1295:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1276:
1273:
1268:
1267:
1259:
1256:
1244:
1240:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1216:
1212:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1163:
1157:
1154:
1142:
1140:9781932494297
1136:
1132:
1131:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1106:
1104:9780760319239
1100:
1096:
1089:
1086:
1073:
1069:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1044:
1038:
1035:
1022:
1018:
1012:
1009:
1004:
1002:0-203-19211-7
998:
994:
993:
985:
982:
969:
963:
960:
948:
946:0-8376-1243-8
942:
938:
937:
930:
927:
924:
920:
917:
913:
911:
907:
894:
887:
884:
878:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
855:
851:
849:
847:
842:
836:
834:
832:
828:
824:
816:
813:
810:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
790:
786:
783:
781:truck in 1938
780:
776:
775:truck engines
772:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
755:
754:
747:
740:
738:
736:
730:
722:
720:
718:
713:
711:
707:
701:
693:
691:
686:
678:
676:
672:
670:
662:
658:
655:
651:
648:
646:
642:
639:
636:
634:turbochargers
633:
629:
625:
622:
618:
615:
613:
611:
606:
603:
602:
601:
598:
596:
591:
581:
578:
570:
560:
556:
550:
549:
544:This section
542:
538:
533:
532:
526:
521:
518:- to prevent
517:
516:Blowoff valve
514:
511:
508:
505:
502:
499:
496:
495:
494:
491:
488:
487:free floating
479:
472:
470:
467:
460:
458:
452:Ported shroud
451:
449:
447:
443:
439:
435:
427:
422:
415:
413:
411:
407:
399:
397:
393:
391:
387:
382:
378:
372:
364:
359:
352:
346:
339:
334:
330:
323:
318:
316:
312:
310:
301:
299:
297:
292:
288:
284:
282:
278:
270:
265:
258:
253:
251:
247:
244:
240:
239:
238:
235:
233:
229:
225:
216:
209:
207:
205:
201:
197:
191:
189:
184:
179:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
156:
154:
153:
148:
143:
139:
134:
132:
128:
123:
119:
115:
110:
106:
105:radial engine
102:
98:
93:
91:
87:
83:
82:superchargers
79:
71:
69:
66:
61:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
30:
26:
22:
2748:Electric fan
2548:Coil-on-plug
2474:Turbocharger
2473:
2469:Supercharger
2341:Main bearing
2331:Firing order
2321:Displacement
2267:Block heater
2251:Engine block
2239:Part of the
2238:
2186:
2174:. Retrieved
2163:
2151:. Retrieved
2140:
2128:. Retrieved
2114:
2102:. Retrieved
2097:
2088:
2076:. Retrieved
2071:
2062:
2050:. Retrieved
2040:
2028:. Retrieved
2018:
2006:. Retrieved
2001:
1977:. Retrieved
1966:
1954:. Retrieved
1950:
1941:
1929:. Retrieved
1925:
1916:
1904:. Retrieved
1899:
1890:
1878:. Retrieved
1873:
1864:
1855:
1845:
1833:. Retrieved
1829:
1820:
1808:. Retrieved
1804:the original
1779:. Retrieved
1768:
1756:. Retrieved
1752:
1743:
1731:. Retrieved
1727:
1718:
1698:
1691:
1679:. Retrieved
1675:
1666:
1656:28 September
1654:. Retrieved
1643:
1631:. Retrieved
1626:
1617:
1605:. Retrieved
1601:
1592:
1579:
1567:. Retrieved
1541:. Retrieved
1518:
1509:
1497:. Retrieved
1487:
1475:. Retrieved
1470:
1461:
1449:. Retrieved
1439:
1429:20 September
1427:. Retrieved
1423:
1414:
1402:. Retrieved
1396:
1386:
1367:
1351:
1343:the original
1333:
1324:
1315:
1306:
1297:
1289:the original
1284:
1275:
1265:
1258:
1246:. Retrieved
1242:
1239:"Hill Climb"
1220:20 September
1218:. Retrieved
1214:
1192:the original
1187:
1156:
1146:20 September
1144:. Retrieved
1129:
1094:
1088:
1078:20 September
1076:. Retrieved
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1047:. Retrieved
1037:
1025:. Retrieved
1021:the original
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984:
972:. Retrieved
962:
950:. Retrieved
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897:. Retrieved
886:
843:
840:
819:
752:
741:Applications
735:twincharging
734:
732:
723:Twincharging
714:
703:
688:
673:
668:
666:
621:foil bearing
610:aspect ratio
608:
599:
589:
588:
573:
564:
553:Please help
548:verification
545:
519:
492:
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381:aspect ratio
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236:
221:
204:displacement
192:
180:
157:
151:
146:
135:
131:Liberty L-12
97:Alfred Büchi
94:
86:Dugald Clerk
75:
65:supercharger
62:
58:displacement
49:
45:
42:turbocharger
41:
35:
25:
2772:Lubrication
2736:Air cooling
2553:Distributor
2505:Fuel filter
2483:Fuel system
2464:Intercooler
2431:Timing belt
2421:Head gasket
2351:Piston ring
2149:. Bloomberg
2130:11 November
1979:12 December
858:Boost gauge
729:Twincharger
710:exhaust gas
632:twin-scroll
612:(A/R ratio)
498:Intercooler
302:Twin-scroll
120:(NACA) and
2872:Categories
2824:Power band
2784:Oil filter
2758:Thermostat
2703:EGT sensor
2665:MAF sensor
2660:MAP sensor
2645:Air filter
2609:Alternator
2568:Spark plug
2500:Carburetor
2426:Rocker arm
2366:Valvetrain
2297:Crankshaft
2241:Automobile
2072:Wards Auto
1749:"GTW3684R"
1373:US 4838234
879:References
827:BorgWarner
805:Locomotive
706:crankshaft
685:Twin-turbo
434:compressor
416:Compressor
329:Mitsubishi
309:scavenging
224:compressor
127:Pikes Peak
2558:Glow plug
2520:Fuel tank
2515:Fuel pump
2282:Crankcase
1420:"History"
1162:DE 204630
821:U.S. are
717:heat soak
643:Using an
590:Turbo lag
567:June 2022
510:Wastegate
440:(via the
206:engines.
2857:Category
2802:Dry sump
2798:Wet sump
2789:Oil pump
2753:Radiator
2670:Throttle
2530:Ignition
2401:Camshaft
2326:Flywheel
2307:Cylinder
2292:Crankpin
2052:2 August
1975:. Allpar
1856:Dragzine
1810:17 April
1781:2 August
1569:17 April
1543:17 April
1404:15 April
1248:2 August
974:3 August
919:Archived
852:See also
652:Using a
198:and the
147:Preussen
2829:Redline
2713:Muffler
2614:Battery
2538:Magneto
2078:22 July
1956:12 June
1931:12 June
1906:12 June
1880:12 June
1835:25 June
1758:18 June
1733:18 June
1681:16 June
1633:16 June
1607:16 June
1477:25 June
1398:Autocar
1049:22 July
1027:30 June
426:Garrett
363:Porsche
277:turbine
269:Garrett
259:Turbine
232:turbine
109:turbine
72:History
52:) is a
2852:Portal
2640:Airbox
2619:Dynamo
2346:Piston
2336:Stroke
2315:layout
2243:series
2176:1 June
2153:1 June
2104:19 May
2030:1 June
2008:1 June
1706:
1499:1 June
1451:1 June
1378:
1167:
1137:
1101:
999:
952:6 June
943:
899:1 June
837:Safety
779:Saurer
626:Using
245:design
210:Design
183:Saurer
101:Sulzer
36:In an
2812:Other
2436:Valve
2406:Chest
2124:(PDF)
1045:. ABB
789:coach
281:shaft
48:or a
46:turbo
2794:Sump
2311:bank
2272:Bore
2178:2012
2155:2012
2132:2011
2106:2017
2080:2021
2054:2010
2032:2012
2010:2012
1981:2006
1958:2022
1933:2022
1908:2022
1882:2022
1837:2022
1812:2012
1783:2010
1760:2022
1735:2022
1704:ISBN
1683:2022
1658:2012
1635:2022
1609:2022
1571:2012
1545:2012
1501:2012
1479:2022
1453:2012
1431:2019
1406:2022
1250:2010
1222:2019
1148:2019
1135:ISBN
1099:ISBN
1080:2019
1051:2021
1029:2011
997:ISBN
976:2010
954:2022
941:ISBN
901:2012
829:and
807:and
787:and
432:The
275:The
190:.
149:and
40:, a
2779:Oil
2368:and
2253:and
785:Bus
630:or
557:by
404:An
2874::
2800:,
2313:,
2096:.
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
