371:
31:
296:
A perennial problem for the
Christian states of Outremer was the limited quantities of Frankish manpower, horses and weapons available. To a certain extent this weakness was redressed through the employment of locally recruited Turcoples, riding indigenous horses and using the same equipment as their
259:
As lightly armed and mobile auxiliaries the
Turcopoles were of particular value when scouting and raiding expeditions were undertaken. On such occasions the heavily armoured and relatively slow moving horsemen of the western armies were at a disadvantage. Accordingly this was the sole occasion when
130:
writes that their fathers were Turks and their mothers Greeks. From the 12th century, evidence suggest that non-Turks fighting in the
Turkish fashion were also included in the Turcopoles, for example, in the 14th century Turcopoles who were employed by the Catalan company included Greeks who shaved
390:
included a
Turcopolier who commanded both the mercenary cavalry recruited by the Order in the east and the sergeant-brothers. The personal attendants of the Grand Master of the Temple included a Turcopole - possibly as an interpreter or orderly. The Hospitallers included in their rank-structure a
287:
An indication of the approximate numbers of
Turcopoles available to the military orders is given by a pledge made by the Hospitalers in 1186, when an invasion of Egypt was being planned. Of a total Hospitaler contingent of 1,000 men, half were to be Turcopoles.
250:
or jerkin and a conical steel helmet. Regulations of the
Hospitallers made a clear distinction between the heavy war saddles of the knights of the military order and the "Turkish saddles" issued to the Syrian Turcoples who served with them.
200:(Syrian-born Franks), as well as European Franks. In addition to indigenous Christians and converted Turks, the Turcopoles of Outremer may at various dates have included contingents from the west trained to serve as mounted archers.
317:
considers this number exaggerated, and notes that the Muslim light cavalry present were probably better armed than the
Turcopoles. The Turcopoles captured at Hattin were, as perceived renegades, probably executed at
276:. In the latter, Turcopoles had lower status than the Frankish sergeants and were subject to various restrictions. These included having to eat at a separate table from the other mounted soldiers of the
297:
opponents. The cost of paying the mercenary element amongst the
Turcopoles was one of the specific reasons for repeated cash donations being sent to the crusader states from Europe.
652:
of the Middle East. Poulains in this context were the
Frankish descendants of those original crusaders who had remained in Palestine after the capture of Jerusalem in 1099.
1069:
244:
knights and sergeants. Turcopoles had lighter and faster horses than the western mounted troops and wore much lighter armour. Usually this comprised only a quilted
126:
writes that they were called
Turcopoles because they were either reared with Turks or because their fathers were Turks and their mothers Christians.
196:
Christians living under crusader rule. By the second half of the 12th century the recorded names of individual Turcoples indicate that some were
386:
The Turcopoles had their own leaders called Turcopoliers who outranked ordinary sergeants, at least in battle. The senior office-holders of the
1032:
985:
889:
808:
768:
743:
693:
624:
572:
488:
1064:
1037:
Jean Richard, "Les turcoples au service des royaumes de Jérusalem et de Chypre: musulmans convertis ou chrétiens orientaux?", in idem,
145:
accompanied the First Crusade and may have provided a model for the subsequent employment of indigenous auxiliary light horse in the
964:
941:
864:
839:
718:
599:
542:
914:
562:
334:
also considered Turcopoles to be traitors and apostates, killing all those whom they captured. The Turcopoles who survived the
1014:
468:
284:. In contrast to the unsalaried brother-knights and brother-sergeants of the fighting orders, Turcopoles were paid warriors.
929:
82:, in charge of the coastal defences of Rhodes and Malta. In addition to the two Military Orders, the army of the
273:
784:
Foley, Alan. "Paid Troops in the Service of the Military Orders during the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries".
450:
391:
Turcopolier, who originally was probably a sergeant-brother but who in 1303 was accorded the senior status of
1054:
672:
Les Turcoples au service des royaumes de Jerusalem et de Chypre: Musulmans converted ou Chretiens orientaux?
178:
173:) led infantry of Outremer is not available but there are specific references to their participation in the
161:, the term was a general one also applicable to indigenous Syrian footmen serving as feudal levies in the
661:
Ian Heath, page 7 "Armies and Enemies of the Crusades 1096-1291", Wargames Research Group Publication
639:
Ian Heath, page 6 "Armies and Enemies of the Crusades 1096-1291", Wargames Research Group Publication
335:
162:
83:
370:
355:
123:
79:
379:
165:. Evidence that Syrian levies, whether designated as turcoples or not, provided the bulk of the
232:
to help combat the more mobile Muslim forces. The Turcopoles served as light cavalry providing
1028:
981:
960:
937:
910:
885:
860:
835:
804:
764:
739:
714:
689:
620:
595:
568:
538:
484:
564:
The Medieval Way of War: Studies in Medieval Military History in Honor of Bernard S. Bachrach
313:
records 4,000 turcopoles as being part of the defeated Christian army. However the historian
1059:
306:
174:
113:
75:
63:
952:
649:
430:
421:) was the order's Turcopolier; and in charge of the coastal defences of Rhodes and Malta.
387:
343:
314:
237:
193:
158:
67:
55:
1027:
Michael Haag, "The Templars: History and Myth", p. 158, Profile Books, London 2009.
30:
359:
260:
Turcopoliers (Turcopole commanders) could issue direct orders to accompanying knights.
170:
146:
117:
105:
47:
1048:
1011:
History of the Knights of Malta, or The Order of the Hospital of St John of Jerusalem
831:
825:
512:
465:
History of the Knights of Malta, or The Order of the Hospital of St John of Jerusalem
375:
229:
135:
127:
109:
59:
589:
508:
281:
221:
184:
The Turcopoles employed by the crusader states were not necessarily Turkish or
157:
It has been argued that, while Turcopoles certainly included light cavalry and
233:
185:
504:
217:
209:
17:
338:
followed the military orders out of the Holy Land and were established on
414:
277:
269:
142:
39:
520:
418:
406:
397:
319:
213:
189:
1041:(Aldershot, Ashgate, 1992) (Variorum Collected Studies Series: CS383),
516:
347:
339:
331:
246:
131:
their heads like the Turks in order to be employed in this capacity.
648:
A twelfth century term designating Latin Christian settlers in the
410:
395:(official in the Central Convent). Since the establishment of the
369:
351:
240:, and sometimes rode as a second line in a charge, to back up the
225:
29:
1039:
Croisades et Etats latins d’Orient Points de vue et Documents
188:
mercenaries. Many were probably recruited from Christianized
141:
Some Byzantine Turcopole units under the command of General
380:
Order of Knights of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem
362:
also called its own native light cavalry the "Turkopolen".
138:, mainly equipped with bows, regardless of ethnic origins.
433:, another foreign mercenary force in the Byzantine Empire.
674:, Melanges Dominique Sourdel/Revue des estates islamiques
74:, a title subsequently given to a senior officer in the
134:
The term underwent a semantic evolution, extending to
857:
A History of the Crusades - The Kingdom of Jerusalem
503:
The term "Turkic" refers to populations such as the
54:, literally "sons of Turks") were locally recruited
104:The crusaders first encountered Turcopoles in the
70:. A leader of these auxiliaries was designated as
212:, Turcopoles were more lightly equipped than the
34:A 12th century turcopole, historical re-enactment
268:Turcopoles served in both the secular armies of
80:Order of the Hospital of St John of Jerusalem
8:
46:(also "turcoples" or "turcopoli"; from the
1000:Francesco Balbi (1568): The Siege of Malta
1070:Army reconnaissance units and formations
27:Recruits by the Byzantines and crusaders
882:Hattin 1187. Saladin's Greatest Victory
801:Hattin 1187. Saladin's Greatest Victory
761:Hattin 1187. Saladin's Greatest Victory
481:Hattin 1187. Saladin's Greatest Victory
442:
401:of the Knights of St John in 1319, the
7:
556:
554:
112:. These auxiliaries were from mixed
934:The Knights Templar - a New History
905:Richard, Jean (16 September 1999).
709:Wise, Terrence (22 November 1984).
591:Armies and Enemies of the Crusades
561:Halfond, Gregory I. (2016-03-09).
378:(c.1458-1527), Turcopolier of the
25:
978:Knights Hospitaller (1) 1100-1306
855:Runciman, Steven (January 1952).
736:Knights Hospitaller (1) 1100-1306
686:Knights Hospitaller (1) 1100-1306
615:Small, R. C. (27 October 1994).
976:Nicolle, David (25 July 2001).
734:Nicolle, David (25 July 2001).
684:Nicolle, David (25 July 2001).
824:Riley-Smith, Jonathan (1987).
311:Historia Regni Hierosolymitani
1:
264:Employment by military orders
617:Crusading Warfare 1097–1193
533:Health, Ian (5 July 1979).
366:Turcopoliers and attendants
1086:
1065:Christians of the Crusades
567:. Routledge. p. 181.
535:Byzantine Armies 886-1118
90:under the direction of a
51:
38:During the period of the
907:The Crusades c1071-c1291
588:Ian Heath (2019-03-03).
537:. pp. 23 & 39.
405:(head) of the Langue of
179:Raymond de Saint-Gilles
383:
35:
711:The Knights of Christ
373:
272:and the ranks of the
33:
859:. pp. 489–490.
619:. pp. 111–112.
224:), being armed with
163:Kingdom of Jerusalem
84:Kingdom of Jerusalem
356:Knights Hospitaller
124:Raymond of Aguilers
1009:Whitworth Porter,
786:The Crusader World
463:Whitworth Porter,
384:
36:
1033:978-1-84668-153-0
987:978-1-84176-214-2
891:978-1-85532-284-4
810:978-1-85532-284-4
770:978-1-85532-284-4
745:978-1-84176-214-2
695:978-1-84176-214-2
626:978-0-521-48029-1
574:978-1-317-02419-4
490:978-1-85532-284-4
393:conventual bailli
100:Byzantine origins
93:Grand Turcopolier
16:(Redirected from
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1016:
1007:
1001:
998:
992:
991:
973:
967:
950:
944:
927:
921:
920:
902:
896:
895:
880:Nicolle, David.
877:
871:
870:
852:
846:
845:
821:
815:
814:
799:Nicolle, David.
796:
790:
789:
781:
775:
774:
759:Nicolle, David.
756:
750:
749:
731:
725:
724:
706:
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479:Nicolle, David.
476:
470:
461:
455:
454:
447:
307:Battle of Hattin
305:At the decisive
301:Battle of Hattin
255:Specialist roles
175:Siege of Tripoli
171:Western European
136:light cavalryman
88:king's Turcoples
76:Knights Templars
64:Byzantine Empire
62:employed by the
53:
21:
1085:
1084:
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1045:
1044:
1024:
1022:Further reading
1019:
1008:
1004:
999:
995:
988:
975:
974:
970:
953:Piers Paul Read
951:
947:
930:Helen Nicholson
928:
924:
917:
909:. p. 207.
904:
903:
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892:
879:
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854:
853:
849:
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783:
782:
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771:
758:
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746:
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732:
728:
721:
708:
707:
703:
696:
683:
682:
678:
669:
665:
660:
656:
650:crusader states
647:
643:
638:
634:
627:
614:
613:
609:
602:
587:
586:
582:
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560:
559:
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532:
531:
527:
502:
498:
491:
478:
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473:
462:
458:
449:
448:
444:
440:
431:Varangian Guard
427:
388:Knights Templar
368:
344:Knights Templar
328:
315:Steven Runciman
303:
294:
274:military orders
266:
257:
238:mounted archers
206:
194:Syrian Orthodox
159:mounted archers
155:
147:crusader states
102:
68:Crusader states
56:mounted archers
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1083:
1081:
1073:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1055:Byzantine army
1047:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1035:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1017:
1002:
993:
986:
980:. p. 16.
968:
945:
922:
915:
897:
890:
884:. p. 78.
872:
865:
847:
840:
816:
809:
803:. p. 52.
791:
776:
769:
763:. p. 48.
751:
744:
738:. p. 30.
726:
719:
713:. p. 34.
701:
694:
688:. p. 40.
676:
663:
654:
641:
632:
625:
607:
600:
594:. p. 15.
580:
573:
550:
543:
525:
496:
489:
483:. p. 47.
471:
456:
451:"Tourkopouloi"
441:
439:
436:
435:
434:
426:
423:
367:
364:
360:Teutonic Order
327:
324:
302:
299:
293:
290:
265:
262:
256:
253:
236:, scouts, and
205:
202:
154:
151:
106:Byzantine army
101:
98:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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989:
983:
979:
972:
969:
966:
965:1-84212-142-1
962:
958:
954:
949:
946:
943:
942:0-7509-3839-0
939:
935:
931:
926:
923:
918:
912:
908:
901:
898:
893:
887:
883:
876:
873:
868:
866:0-521-06162-8
862:
858:
851:
848:
843:
841:0-300-04700-2
837:
833:
829:
828:
820:
817:
812:
806:
802:
795:
792:
787:
780:
777:
772:
766:
762:
755:
752:
747:
741:
737:
730:
727:
722:
720:0-85045-604-5
716:
712:
705:
702:
697:
691:
687:
680:
677:
673:
667:
664:
658:
655:
651:
645:
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636:
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628:
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611:
608:
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601:9780244474881
597:
593:
592:
584:
581:
576:
570:
566:
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557:
555:
551:
546:
544:0-85045-306-2
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522:
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377:
376:Thomas Docwra
372:
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349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
326:Later history
325:
323:
321:
316:
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308:
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128:Albert of Aix
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110:First Crusade
107:
99:
97:
95:
94:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
60:light cavalry
57:
49:
45:
41:
32:
19:
1038:
1010:
1005:
996:
977:
971:
957:The Templars
956:
948:
933:
925:
916:0-521-625661
906:
900:
881:
875:
856:
850:
827:The Crusades
826:
819:
800:
794:
788:. p. 5.
785:
779:
760:
754:
735:
729:
710:
704:
685:
679:
671:
670:J. Richard,
666:
657:
644:
635:
616:
610:
590:
583:
563:
534:
528:
499:
480:
474:
464:
459:
445:
402:
396:
392:
385:
336:Fall of Acre
329:
310:
309:in 1187 the
304:
295:
286:
267:
258:
245:
241:
207:
197:
183:
166:
156:
140:
133:
122:
103:
92:
91:
87:
71:
52:τουρκόπουλοι
43:
37:
509:Oghuz Turks
322:'s order.
282:Hospitalers
234:skirmishers
222:men at arms
153:Composition
108:during the
72:Turcopolier
18:Turcopolier
1049:Categories
959:, p. 133,
936:, p. 118,
830:. p.
438:References
192:, or from
186:mixed-race
44:turcopoles
505:Pechenegs
382:1499-1501
354:with the
342:with the
220:(mounted
218:sergeants
210:Holy Land
204:Equipment
120:origins.
114:Byzantine
86:employed
425:See also
415:Scotland
278:Templars
270:Outremer
242:Frankish
198:Poulains
167:Frankish
143:Tatikios
78:and the
66:and the
40:Crusades
1060:Cavalry
1013:, p.287
521:Bulgars
467:, p.287
419:Ireland
407:England
398:Langues
346:, plus
332:Mamluks
320:Saladin
292:Funding
214:knights
208:In the
190:Seljuqs
1031:
984:
963:
940:
913:
888:
863:
838:
807:
767:
742:
717:
692:
623:
598:
571:
541:
517:Cumans
487:
409:(with
403:Pilier
358:. The
348:Rhodes
340:Cyprus
247:aketon
226:lances
118:Turkic
411:Wales
352:Malta
48:Greek
1029:ISBN
982:ISBN
961:ISBN
938:ISBN
911:ISBN
886:ISBN
861:ISBN
836:ISBN
805:ISBN
765:ISBN
740:ISBN
715:ISBN
690:ISBN
621:ISBN
596:ISBN
569:ISBN
539:ISBN
519:and
513:Uzes
485:ISBN
417:and
374:Sir
350:and
330:The
230:bows
228:and
216:and
116:and
58:and
280:or
177:by
96:.
1051::
955::
932::
834:.
832:79
553:^
515:,
511:,
507:,
413:,
181:.
149:.
50::
42:,
990:.
919:.
894:.
869:.
844:.
813:.
773:.
748:.
723:.
698:.
629:.
604:.
577:.
547:.
523:.
493:.
453:.
169:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
