1204:
924:
889:
1009:
1807:
59:
908:
1228:
1825:
1771:
1789:
1495:
873:
755:
858:
235:
1216:
111:
1552:
273:
86:
1847:
42:
1124:'s appearance is important in the interactions of the common blackbird. The territory-holding male responds more aggressively towards models with orange bills than to those with yellow bills, and reacts least to the brown bill colour typical of the first-year male. The female is, however, relatively indifferent to bill colour, but responds instead to shinier bills.
1859:
1186:
for up to three weeks after leaving the nest, and will follow the adults begging for food. If the female starts another nest, the male alone will feed the fledged young. Second broods are common, with the female reusing the same nest if the brood was successful, and three broods may be raised in the south of the common blackbird's range.
1466:
calls in the evening in an attempt (usually unsuccessful) to deter other blackbirds from roosting in its territory overnight. During the northern winter, blackbirds can be heard quietly singing to themselves, so much so that
September and October are the only months in which the song cannot be heard.
1185:
chicks are hatched naked and blind. Fledging takes another 10–19 (average 13.6) days, with both parents feeding the young and removing faecal sacs. The nest is often ill-concealed compared with those of other species, and many breeding attempts fail due to predation. The young are fed by the parents
512:
up to about the 18th century, "bird" was used only for smaller or young birds, and larger ones such as crows were called "fowl". At that time, the blackbird was therefore the only widespread and conspicuous "black bird" in the
British Isles. Until about the 17th century, another name for the species
1445:
range, the first-year male common blackbird of the nominate race may start singing as early as late
January in fine weather in order to establish a territory, followed in late March by the adult male. The male's song is a varied and melodious low-pitched fluted warble, given from trees, rooftops or
1136:
The male common blackbird attracts the female with a courtship display which consists of oblique runs combined with head-bowing movements, an open beak, and a "strangled" low song. The female remains motionless until she raises her head and tail to permit copulation. This species is monogamous, and
1127:
As long as winter food is available, both the male and female will remain in the territory throughout the year, although occupying different areas. Migrants are more gregarious, travelling in small flocks and feeding in loose groups in the wintering grounds. The flight of migrating birds comprises
1116:
The male common blackbird defends its breeding territory, chasing away other males or utilising a "bow and run" threat display. This consists of a short run, the head first being raised and then bowed with the tail dipped simultaneously. If a fight between male blackbirds does occur, it is usually
1666:
ticks, whereas, only 2% of blackbirds living in urban habitats were infested. This is partly because it is more difficult for ticks to find another host on lawns and gardens in urban areas than in uncultivated rural areas, and partly because ticks are likely to be commoner in rural areas, where a
1042:
is similar to the female, but has pale spots on the upperparts, and the very young juvenile also has a speckled breast. Young birds vary in the shade of brown, with darker birds presumably males. The first year male resembles the adult male, but has a dark bill and weaker eye ring, and its folded
1696:
The common blackbird has an extensive range, estimated at 32.4 million square kilometres (12.5 million square miles), and a large population, including an estimated 79 to 160 million individuals in Europe alone. The species is not believed to approach the thresholds for the population
1079:
Common over most of its range in woodland, the common blackbird has a preference for deciduous trees with dense undergrowth. However, gardens provide the best breeding habitat with up to 7.3 pairs per hectare (nearly three pairs per acre), with woodland typically holding about a tenth of that
1542:
and other active insects. Animal prey predominates, and is particularly important during the breeding season, with windfall apples and berries taken more in the autumn and winter. The nature of the fruit taken depends on what is locally available, and frequently includes exotics in gardens.
1144:
may commence breeding in March, but eastern and Indian races are a month or more later, and the introduced New
Zealand birds start nesting in August (late winter). The breeding pair prospect for a suitable nest site in a creeper or bush, favouring evergreen or thorny species such as
1705:, populations are generally stable or increasing, but there have been local declines, especially on farmland, which may be due to agricultural policies that encouraged farmers to remove hedgerows (which provide nesting places), and to drain damp grassland and increase the use of
1874:. Like many other small birds, it has in the past been trapped in rural areas at its night roosts as an easily available addition to the diet, and in medieval times the practice of placing live birds under a pie crust just before serving may have been the origin of the familiar
1087:
The common blackbird occurs at elevations of up to 1,000 m (3,300 ft) in Europe, 2,300 m (7,500 ft) in North Africa, and at 900–1,820 m (2,950–5,970 ft) in peninsular India and Sri Lanka, but the large
Himalayan subspecies range much higher, with
1137:
the established pair will usually stay together as long as they both survive. Pair separation rates of up to 20% have been noted following poor breeding. Although the species is socially monogamous, there have been studies showing as much as 17% extra-pair paternity.
1659:
Common blackbirds spend much of their time looking for food on the ground where they can become infested with ticks, which are external parasites that most commonly attach to the head of a blackbird. In France, 74% of rural blackbirds were found to be infested with
837:, western and northeastern Afghanistan, and eastern China. Many birds are resident, but some are altitudinal migrants and occur in southern Afghanistan and southern Iraq in winter. This is a large subspecies, with a sooty-black male and a blackish-brown female.
1076:) to Scotland, and some onwards to Ireland. Scottish-ringed birds have also been recovered in England, Belgium, the Netherlands, Denmark, and Sweden. Female blackbirds in Scotland and the north of England migrate more (to Ireland) in winter than do the males
1240:
1067:
in cooler climes than rural males, an adaptation made feasible by the warmer microclimate and relatively abundant food that allow the birds to establish territories and start reproducing earlier in the year. Recoveries of blackbirds ringed on the
1760:. It eats a wide range of native and exotic fruit, and makes a major contribution to the development of communities of naturalised woody weeds. These communities provide fruit more suited to non-endemic native birds and naturalised birds than to
1282:
1177:
are 2.9 cm × 2.1 cm (1.14 in × 0.83 in) in size and weigh 7.2 g (0.25 oz), of which 6% is shell. Eggs of birds of the southern Indian races are paler than those from the northern subcontinent and Europe.
1261:
1728:
islands. The introduced population in
Australia is considered a pest because it damages a variety of soft fruits in orchards, parks and gardens, including berries, cherries, stone fruit and grapes. It is thought to spread weeds, such as
1425:
1407:
1117:
short and the intruder is soon chased away. The female blackbird is also aggressive in the spring when it competes with other females for a good nesting territory, and although fights are less frequent, they tend to be more violent.
1303:
634:
family of the New World is sometimes called the blackbird family because of some species' superficial resemblance to the common blackbird and other Old World thrushes, but they are not evolutionarily close, being related to the
1243:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1241:
1247:
1285:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1283:
1095:
This widespread species has occurred as a vagrant in many locations in
Eurasia outside its normal range, but records from North America are normally considered to involve escapees, including, for example, the 1971 bird in
1264:
1289:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1262:
1268:
1518:, seeds and berries. It feeds mainly on the ground, running and hopping with a start-stop-start progress. It pulls earthworms from the soil, usually finding them by sight, but sometimes by hearing, and roots through
1307:
1324:
1310:
1309:
1305:
1304:
1311:
394:
on the breeding grounds, with distinctive threat displays, but are more gregarious during migration and in wintering areas. Pairs stay in their territory throughout the year where the climate is sufficiently
1245:
1688:, characteristic of wakefulness, is present in the other. The benefit of this is that the bird can rest in areas of high predation or during long migratory flights, but still retain a degree of alertness.
1971:
in 1970; it has also featured on a number of other stamps issued by
European and Asian countries, including a 1966 4d British stamp and a 1998 Irish 30p stamp. This bird—arguably—also gives rise to the
1287:
1266:
1433:
1415:
1203:
923:
1308:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1326:
488:
It may not immediately be clear why the name "blackbird", first recorded in 1486, was applied to this species, but not to one of the various other common black
English birds, such as the
1331:
1128:
bursts of rapid wing beats interspersed with level or diving movement, and differs from both the normal fast agile flight of this species and the more dipping action of larger thrushes.
667:
As would be expected for a widespread passerine bird species, several geographical subspecies are recognised. The treatment of subspecies in this article follows
Clement et al. (2000).
1575:, also take this species when the opportunity arises. However, there is little direct evidence to show that either predation of the adult blackbirds or loss of the eggs and chicks to
907:
1426:
1408:
3223:
1613:
blackbird in New Zealand, where the cuckoo does not occur, has, over the past 130 years, lost the ability to recognize the adult common cuckoo but still rejects non-mimetic eggs.
4187:
1038:. The bill darkens somewhat in winter. The adult female is sooty-brown with a dull yellowish-brownish bill, a brownish-white throat and some weak mottling on the breast. The
888:
1372:
3322:
2124:
Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata
1328:
549:
refers to "The Woosell cocke, so blacke of hew, With Orenge-tawny bill". The ouzel usage survived later in poetry, and still occurs as the name of the closely related
1806:
4519:
1265:
4571:
4149:
3505:
1286:
1244:
1169:
is made with grasses, leaves and other vegetation, bound together with mud. It is built by the female alone. She lays three to five (usually four) bluish-green
845:, also differs in structure and voice, and may represent a distinct species. Alternatively, it has been suggested that it should be considered a subspecies of
1824:
1446:
other elevated perches mainly in the period from March to June, sometimes into the beginning of July. It has a number of other calls, including an aggressive
4710:
1770:
3499:
Kipp, Susanne; Goedecke, Andreas; Dorn, Wolfram; Wilske, Bettina; Fingerle, Volke (May 2006). "Role of birds in Thuringia, Germany, in the natural cycle of
3451:
1306:
1977:
1788:
4136:
3160:
4493:
3135:
1371:
4532:
3540:
Rattenbourg, Neils C.; Amlaner, C. J.; Lima, S.L. (2000). "Behavioral, neurophysiological and evolutionary perspectives on unihemispheric sleep".
1933:", the line commonly sung today as "four calling birds" is believed to have originally been written in the 18th century as "four colly birds", an
1677:
bacteria to birds, there is no evidence that this affects the fitness of blackbirds except when they are exhausted and run down after migration.
1227:
1354:
2571:
Partecke, J.; Gwinner, E. (2007). "Increased sedentariness in European blackbirds following urbanization: a consequence of local adaptation?".
1030:
is 23.5–29 cm (9.3–11.4 in) in length, has a long tail, and weighs 80–125 g (2.8–4.4 oz). The adult male has glossy black
4027:
2709:
2188:
872:
1752:) in 1862, it has spread throughout the country up to an elevation of 1,500 metres (4,921 ft), as well as outlying islands such as the
1390:
4740:
3633:, Australia: State of the Environment, Second Technical Paper Series (Biodiversity), Department of the Environment and Heritage, Canberra.
1101:
857:
3230:
1930:
1697:
decline criterion of the IUCN Red List (i.e., declining more than 30% in ten years or three generations), and is therefore evaluated as
1353:
4441:
4181:
2501:
2475:
399:. This common and conspicuous species has given rise to a number of literary and cultural references, frequently related to its song.
1563:
Near human habitation the main predator of the common blackbird is the domestic cat, with newly fledged young especially vulnerable.
1389:
4203:
4075:
3928:
3820:
3789:
3759:
3708:
3119:
3006:
2684:
2654:
2559:
2539:
2514:
2484:
2448:
2362:
2334:
2281:
2242:
2147:
2105:
2081:
1379:
4117:
4043:
1870:
The common blackbird was seen as a sacred though destructive bird in Classical Greek folklore, and was said to die if it consumed
4735:
4656:
2924:
643:. The term is often limited to smaller species with mostly or entirely black plumage, at least in the breeding male, notably the
2802:
4454:
3078:
412:
225:
58:
3378:
3197:
4725:
3353:
1681:
1105:
4537:
1008:
457:, characterised by rounded heads, longish, pointed wings, and usually melodious songs. Although two European thrushes, the
4558:
4376:
715:
4264:
1092:
breeding at 3,200–4,800 m (10,500–15,700 ft) and remaining above 2,100 m (6,900 ft) even in winter.
541:
3629:
Clarke, G. M.; Gross, S., Matthews, M.; Catling, P. C.; Baker, B.; Hewitt, C. L.; Crowther, D.; Saddler, S. R. (2000),
4648:
4350:
4288:
2073:
4142:
2771:
4472:
4063:
2354:
1494:
1215:
4730:
4576:
4485:
2400:
2258:
2378:
4720:
3482:
2726:
1996:
1361:
1325:
754:
576:
469:
thrushes after they spread north from Africa, the blackbird is descended from ancestors that had colonised the
332:
across its large range; a few former Asian subspecies are now widely treated as separate species. Depending on
110:
1944:
wrote that there is "a suggestion of dark Places about it", and it symbolised resignation in the 17th century
4687:
367:. This species breeds in woods and gardens, building a neat, cup-shaped nest, bound together with mud. It is
1882:
1851:
1667:
variety of tick hosts, such as foxes, deer and boar, are more numerous. Although ixodid ticks can transmit
1486:, will mimic other species of birds, cats, humans or alarms, but this is usually quiet and hard to detect.
4324:
4217:
3583:
3409:
2019:
1958:
1685:
1605:), but this is minimal because the common blackbird recognizes the adult of the parasitic species and its
1397:
1165:. Sometimes the birds will nest in sheds or outbuildings where a ledge or cavity is used. The cup-shaped
4630:
3836:
2000:
1753:
1628:
1014:
584:
558:
205:
4355:
2046:
3610:
4661:
4596:
4415:
4306:
4275:
1950:
1940:
The common blackbird, unlike many black creatures, is not normally seen as a symbol of bad luck, but
1904:
1568:
690:. Birds from the north of the range winter throughout Europe and around the Mediterranean, including
652:
1744:), the most widely distributed avian seed disperser in New Zealand. Introduced there along with the
1609:
eggs. In the UK, only three nests of 59,770 examined (0.005%) contained cuckoo eggs. The introduced
3255:
Davies, N. B.; Brooke, M. de L. (1989). "An experimental study of co-evolution between the Cuckoo,
1617:
1442:
1039:
656:
537:
352:
313:
234:
75:
3862:
4363:
4337:
4255:
3565:
3276:
2825:
2753:
740:, another small dark subspecies with a glossy black male plumage, breeds in central and northern
473:
from Africa and subsequently reached Europe from there. It is close in evolutionary terms to the
391:
325:
105:
4635:
4175:
3812:
3806:
4550:
4524:
3944:
3920:
3914:
2857:
Streif, Michael; Rasa O. Anne E. (2001). "Divorce and its consequences in the Common blackbird
1961:
of Sweden, which has a breeding population of 1–2 million pairs, and was featured on a 30
1080:
density, and open and very built-up habitats even less. They are often replaced by the related
4617:
4389:
4131:
4071:
4023:
3924:
3816:
3785:
3755:
3721:
3704:
3557:
3522:
3345:
3170:
3115:
2803:"Effects of bill pigmentation and UV reflectance during territory establishment in blackbirds"
2705:
2680:
2650:
2588:
2555:
2535:
2510:
2480:
2444:
2358:
2330:
2277:
2238:
2184:
2143:
2101:
2077:
1084:
in areas of higher altitude. The common blackbird also lives in parks, gardens and hedgerows.
993:
985:
847:
636:
608:
600:
360:
3111:
3105:
968:
thrushes exist far outside the range of the common blackbird, for example the South American
811:. It is mostly resident, but part of the population moves southwest or west to winter in the
694:
and North Africa. The introduced birds in Australia and New Zealand are of the nominate race.
4622:
4329:
4094:
3652:
3634:
3605:
3549:
3514:
3474:
3425:
3337:
3303:
3268:
2901:
2870:
2817:
2745:
2580:
2041:
1973:
1757:
1538:
are occasionally hunted. This species will also perch in bushes to take berries and collect
1475:
since the sound is rapidly attenuated in vegetation, making the source difficult to locate.
1063:
south as far as northern Africa and tropical Asia in winter. Urban males are more likely to
977:
969:
592:
4643:
3032:
355:), which is found throughout most of Europe, is all black except for a yellow eye-ring and
4715:
4604:
4586:
4191:
4153:
1926:
1580:
1190:
955:
808:
3992:
3010:
2023:
3587:
4480:
4467:
4342:
4098:
3384:) and their gastrointestinal parasites: A role for parasites in life-history decisions?
3323:"Response of introduced European birds in New Zealand to experimental brood parasitism"
3054:
2874:
1591:
1556:
1060:
1055:, and South Asia. It has been introduced to Australia and New Zealand. Populations are
1052:
731:
683:
557:), and in water ouzel, an alternative name for the unrelated but superficially similar
509:
481:) of Southeast Asia and islands in the southwest Pacific, which probably diverged from
470:
443:
341:
4280:
3884:
3553:
2932:
1937:
meaning "black as coal" that was a popular English nickname for the common blackbird.
1551:
4704:
4545:
4381:
4293:
3596:
3478:
3341:
2954:
2833:
2118:
2032:
1968:
1875:
1716:
in early 1857, and its range has expanded from its initial foothold in Melbourne and
1698:
1634:
1598:
1173:
marked with reddish-brown blotches, heaviest at the larger end; the eggs of nominate
1072:
show that these birds commonly migrate from southern Norway (or from as far north as
686:
and north to about 70 N, where it is fairly scarce. A small population breeds in the
620:
572:
474:
462:
408:
337:
221:
172:
95:
90:
3082:
2829:
4394:
3569:
3391:
1985:
1941:
1846:
1646:
1584:
1523:
1472:
1194:
946:
In Europe, the common blackbird can be confused with the paler-winged first-winter
933:
812:
493:
489:
282:
4459:
4165:
2122:
4368:
3410:"The prevalence and ecology of the haematozoan parasites of European blackbirds,
1954:; an alternate connotation is vigilance, the bird's clear cry warning of danger.
324:
local species. It breeds in Europe, western Asia, and North Africa, and has been
4563:
4506:
4249:
2984:
1992:
1871:
1745:
1725:
1652:
1539:
1519:
1424:
1406:
1388:
1370:
1352:
1158:
1104:, has been accepted as a genuine wild bird, and the species is therefore on the
1069:
899:
687:
616:
546:
526:
505:
497:
458:
305:
182:
4674:
3966:
3518:
615:)—are also named blackbirds; the latter three species were formerly treated as
41:
4669:
4169:
4123:
3678:
3639:
3307:
3136:"We watched a blackbird kill and then fly away with a shrew. Is this unusual?"
2301:
1730:
1702:
1640:
1507:
1162:
1081:
1064:
1023:
947:
834:
816:
550:
368:
329:
3349:
3174:
2499:). p. 646 in: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., & Christie, D. A., eds. (2005).
17:
4428:
3165:
2906:
2889:
1965:
1899:
The common blackbird's melodious, distinctive song is mentioned in the poem
1737:
1713:
1706:
1572:
1527:
1515:
1182:
1166:
1154:
1073:
1056:
648:
396:
376:
162:
122:
4446:
4240:
3561:
3526:
2821:
2592:
2530:
Mullarney, Killian; Svensson, Lars, Zetterstrom, Dan; Grant, Peter (2001).
2473:). p. 645 in: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., & Christie, D. A. eds. (2005)
1712:
The common blackbird was introduced to Australia by a bird dealer visiting
2779:
1709:, both of which could have reduced the availability of invertebrate food.
823:. Both sexes of this subspecies are darker and greyer than the equivalent
674:, the nominate subspecies, breeds commonly throughout much of Europe from
4234:
3429:
1934:
1863:
1761:
1721:
1717:
1684:. One hemisphere of the brain is effectively asleep, while a low-voltage
1673:
1668:
1622:
1576:
1499:
1170:
851:, but it differs in structure, voice and the appearance of the eye-ring.
333:
142:
4316:
4139:(archived PDF; 5.3 MB) by Javier Blasco-Zumeta & Gerd-Michael Heinze
3294:
Glue, David; Morgan, Robert (1972). "Cuckoo hosts in British habitats".
1858:
4682:
4609:
4498:
4301:
3450:
Gregoire, Arnaud; Faivre, Bruno; Heeb, Philipp; Cezilly, Frank (2002).
3229:. Lambeth Council's Parks and Greenspaces Business Unit. Archived from
2757:
1945:
1606:
1031:
914:
749:
745:
741:
727:
719:
675:
644:
640:
631:
501:
364:
301:
3161:"Birds get taste for tadpoles as summer heat keeps worms under ground"
651:, and for around 20 species with "blackbird" in the name, such as the
4511:
2931:. The Royal Horticultural Society/The Wildlife Trusts. Archived from
1662:
1594:
1535:
1531:
1511:
1097:
964:
804:
800:
774:
701:
691:
679:
372:
132:
4211:
3280:
2749:
2584:
1962:
1051:
The common blackbird breeds in temperate Eurasia, North Africa, the
4433:
4407:
1980:(and Metohija), which is the possessive adjectival form of Serbian
312:(especially in North America, to distinguish it from the unrelated
4402:
2100:. Agricultural Protection Board of Western Australia. pp. 21–493.
1857:
1845:
1550:
1493:
1150:
1007:
820:
782:
770:
753:
427:
384:
380:
243:
4420:
3272:
2479:. Vol. 10. Cuckoo-shrikes to Thrushes. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.
3681:. Department of Agriculture, Western Australia. 16 December 2014
1834:
1816:
1798:
1780:
1733:, and may compete with native birds for food and nesting sites.
1121:
1035:
786:
778:
356:
152:
4215:
3408:
Hatchwell, B. J.; Wood; Anwar, M. J. M.; Perrins C. M. (2000).
2441:
The Birds of the Western Palearctic concise edition (2 volumes)
1000:) were formerly treated as subspecies of the common blackbird.
3701:
The new guide to the birds of New Zealand and outlying islands
1564:
1146:
1034:, blackish-brown legs, a yellow eye-ring and an orange-yellow
799:
breeds on the Mediterranean coast of southern Turkey south to
453:
About 65 species of medium to large thrushes are in the genus
3456:
ticks in urban and rural populations of the Common Blackbird
1736:
The introduced common blackbird is, together with the native
1680:
The common blackbird is one of a number of species which has
2985:"89% of Blackbird nest failures are attributed to predators"
1422:
1404:
1386:
1368:
1350:
1059:
in the south and west of the range, although northern birds
2554:. Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen.
3811:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp.
2262:, Oxford University Press, 1933: Bird (sense 2), Blackbird
2168:. University of Edinburgh: Scottish Language Dictionaries.
438:, "blackbird", the latter giving rise to its French name,
2183:. Pelagic Monographs. Exeter: Pelagic. pp. 221–225.
4137:
iberCaja Classroom Network – Blackbird ageing and sexing
2163:
1620:
were found in 88% of common blackbirds, most frequently
1043:
wing is brown, rather than black like the body plumage.
3919:. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company. p.
1454:
alarm for terrestrial predators like cats, and various
363:; the adult female and juvenile have mainly dark brown
4081:
Snow, David W. (1958). "The breeding of the Blackbird
3699:
Falla, R. A., R. B. Sibson, and E. G. Turbott (1979).
2888:
Garamszegia, László Zsolt; Anders Pape Møller (2004).
1632:
species. and more than 80% had haematozoan parasites (
1346:
769:
breeds in Hungary, south and east to southern Greece,
1895:
Oh, wasn't that a dainty dish to set before the king?
1616:
As with other passerine birds, parasites are common.
1462:
vocalisations. The territorial male invariably gives
1197:, the oldest recorded age is 21 years and 10 months.
4118:
BBC Science & Nature – Blackbird, with song clip
2890:"Extrapair paternity and the evolution of bird song"
2670:
2668:
2666:
2127:(in Latin). Holmiae (Laurentii Salvii). p. 170.
1720:
to include all of southeastern Australia, including
1317:
A common blackbird eating figs near Toulouse, France
917:
adult male in England with much white in the plumage
4224:
2439:Snow, David; Perrins, Christopher M., eds. (1998).
2233:Clement, Peter; Hathway, Ren; Wilczur, Jan (2000).
841:The Central Asian subspecies, the relatively large
465:, are early offshoots from the Eurasian lineage of
2047:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T103888106A87871094.en
627:) is alternatively known as the Somali blackbird.
279:This article includes inline links to audio files.
4132:RSPB – Blackbird, including video and sound clips
4124:Madeira Birdwatching – Information on subspecies
3784:. London: Chatto & Windus. pp. 349–353.
3611:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-2.RLTS.T22708775A62578644.en
2801:Bright, Ashleigh; Waas, Joseph R. (August 2002).
833:is an Asian race breeding from Central Russia to
328:to Australia and New Zealand. It has a number of
4020:A Legal Geography of Yugoslavia's Disintegration
1891:When the pie was opened the birds began to sing,
1671:viruses and bacteria, and are known to transmit
4022:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 76.
3321:Hale, Katrina; Briskie, James V. (March 2007).
2772:"The A.O.U. Check-list of North American Birds"
1467:Like other passerine birds, it has a thin high
1181:The female incubates for 12–14 days before the
3259:, and its hosts. I. Host egg discrimination".
27:Thrush native to Europe, Asia and North Africa
3506:International Journal of Medical Microbiology
3390:. Doctoral dissertation, Bonn. Archived from
2919:
2917:
1296:Common blackbird foraging in Norfolk, England
320:where this does not lead to confusion with a
8:
3908:
3906:
2725:McNeil, Raymond; Cyr, André (October 1971).
2344:
2342:
793:with a duller male and paler female plumage.
619:with the common blackbird. In addition, the
3503:sensu lato, the Lyme disease spirochaete".
3445:
3443:
3441:
3439:
3204:. Royal Society for the Protection of Birds
2534:. Princeton University Press. pp. 304–306.
1991:A common blackbird can be heard singing on
281:If you have trouble playing the files, see
4212:
3625:
3623:
3621:
2607:The Isle of May: a Scottish nature reserve
2526:
2524:
2522:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2220:
1889:Four and twenty blackbirds baked in a pie!
781:. It winters in southern Turkey, northern
233:
84:
57:
40:
31:
4143:Ornithos – Feathers of common blackbird (
3775:
3773:
3771:
3609:
3452:"A comparison of infestation patterns by
2905:
2495:Collar, N. J. (2005). Tibetan Blackbird (
2218:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2045:
2469:Collar, N. J. (2005). Common Blackbird (
2349:Jaramillo, Alvaro; Burke, Peter (1997).
347:The adult male of the common blackbird (
3863:"Birds of the Twelve Days of Christmas"
3808:The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes
3631:Environmental Pest Species in Australia
3192:
3190:
2778:(Seventh ed.). AOU. Archived from
2640:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2401:"All About Birds: Great-tailed Grackle"
2011:
1766:
1590:This species is occasionally a host of
1199:
853:
758:First-summer male, probably subspecies
704:. The male is darker and glossier than
3754:. London: Aquarian Press. p. 38.
3542:Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
3081:. British Garden Birds. Archived from
3055:"Blackbird - learn its song and calls"
2987:. Game and Wildfowl Conservation Trust
2434:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2300:Gill, F.; Donsker, D. (20 July 2015).
2295:
2293:
2142:(in French). Dictionnaires Le Robert.
2140:Le Grand Robert de la langue française
1193:of 2.4 years, and, based on data from
789:and southern Iran. It is smaller than
536:). Another variant occurs in Act 3 of
426:). The binomial name derives from two
407:The common blackbird was described by
4176:Blackbird videos, photos & sounds
3780:Cocker, Mark; Mabey, Richard (2005).
2550:Fjeldså, J., & N. Krabbe (1990).
2235:Thrushes (Helm Identification Guides)
1337:Feeding chick and removing faecal sac
7:
4688:40B40163-936A-4075-8D36-96F6E2DD3334
4597:2c4ddf57-35cb-46bc-8710-602cccc3dec2
4486:5be00f8b-1ac7-4637-a539-d8d539d44ee4
3009:. garden-birds.co.uk. Archived from
2727:"General Notes: European Blackbird (
2649:. British Museum (Natural History).
2325:Sinclair, I., & P. Ryan (2003).
1911:And for that minute a blackbird sang
700:is a small race which breeds in the
4711:IUCN Red List least concern species
3597:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2622:. George Allen & Unwin. p. 173.
2443:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2357:. Christopher Helm Publishers Ltd.
2327:Birds of Africa south of the Sahara
2276:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2237:. Christopher Helm Publishers Ltd.
2033:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1921:Of Oxfordshire and Gloucestershire.
1917:Farther and farther, all the birds
424:T. ater, rostro palpebrisque fulvis
4099:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1958.tb00362.x
3726:) in weed invasion in New Zealand"
2875:10.1111/j.1474-919X.2001.tb04882.x
2776:Check-list of North American Birds
2677:The Observer's Book of Birds' Eggs
2502:Handbook of the Birds of the World
2476:Handbook of the Birds of the World
2403:. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. 2003
2381:. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. 2003
2379:"All About Birds: Bronzed Cowbird"
2351:New World Blackbirds: The Icterids
1915:Close by, and round him, mistier,
1498:Adult male feeding on cherries in
1189:A common blackbird has an average
682:and the British Isles east to the
25:
3916:Dictionary of Symbols and Imagery
3752:Symbolic and Mythological Animals
3007:"British garden birds – lifespan"
2274:Oxford Book of British Bird Names
1567:and predatory birds, such as the
819:of northern Egypt south to about
242:Global range based on reports to
3479:10.1046/j.1474-919X.2002.00102.x
3342:10.1111/j.2007.0908-8857.03734.x
2329:. Struik Publishers, Cape Town.
2306:IOC World Bird List, version 5.3
2165:Dictionary of the Scots Language
2068:Alderfer, Jonathan, ed. (2006).
1823:
1805:
1787:
1769:
1555:A male attempting to distract a
1322:
1301:
1280:
1259:
1238:
1226:
1214:
1202:
922:
906:
887:
871:
856:
271:
109:
4204:ARKive – Blackbird still images
4178:on the Internet Bird Collection
2965:. British Trust for Ornithology
2070:Complete Birds of North America
1587:, decrease population numbers.
1254:Blackbird fledgelings being fed
1012:Historic image of blackbird in
954:) or the superficially similar
3733:New Zealand Journal of Ecology
2702:RSPB Handbook Of British Birds
1682:unihemispheric slow-wave sleep
1534:and (on rare occasions) small
1100:. However, a 1994 record from
336:, the common blackbird may be
1:
4166:Audio recordings of Blackbird
3554:10.1016/S0149-7634(00)00039-7
2679:. London: Warne. p. 78.
2098:Introduced Birds of the World
3033:"European Longevity Records"
2509:. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.
1957:The common blackbird is the
1931:The Twelve Days of Christmas
1471:alarm call for threats from
1209:female with nesting material
1022:The common blackbird of the
4741:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
3418:Canadian Journal of Zoology
3110:. London: Granada. p.
2552:The Birds of the High Andes
2074:National Geographic Society
1866:in the shape of a blackbird
4757:
3720:Williams, Peter A (2006).
3519:10.1016/j.ijmm.2006.01.001
2609:. Oliver and Boyd. p. 108.
2507:Cuckoo-shrikes to Thrushes
2355:Helm Identification Guides
1813:Turdus merula mauritanicus
359:and has a rich, melodious
4182:Other blackbird songs on
4018:Trbovich, Ana S. (2008).
3967:"Bird stamps from Sweden"
3722:"The role of blackbirds (
3377:Misof, Katharina (2005).
3308:10.1080/00063657209476342
3261:Journal of Animal Ecology
2959:[Linnaeus, 1758]"
2259:Oxford English Dictionary
1862:A pie with a traditional
1510:, eating a wide range of
1478:At least two subspecies,
625:T. (olivaceus) ludoviciae
542:A Midsummer Night's Dream
371:, eating a wide range of
241:
232:
211:
204:
106:Scientific classification
104:
82:
73:
65:
56:
48:
39:
34:
4070:. Shire Natural History
3805:Opie, I. and P. (1997).
3604:: e.T22708775A62578644.
3330:Journal of Avian Biology
2272:Lockwood, W. B. (1984).
2138:Le Robert, Paul (2001).
1852:Sing a Song for Sixpence
1506:The common blackbird is
1047:Distribution and habitat
577:white-collared blackbird
403:Taxonomy and systematics
308:. It is also called the
4736:Birds described in 1758
3993:"218 Thrushes Turdidae"
3224:"Blackbird Action Plan"
3104:Burton, Robert (1985).
1883:Sing a song of sixpence
1831:Turdus merula azorensis
1777:Turdus merula cabrerae
1692:Status and conservation
1102:Bonavista, Newfoundland
962:). A number of similar
936:, Canary Islands, Spain
485:stock fairly recently.
3584:BirdLife International
2822:10.1006/anbe.2002.3042
2700:Holden, Peter (2012).
2605:Eggeling W. J. (1960)
2096:Long, John L. (1981).
2020:BirdLife International
1923:
1897:
1867:
1855:
1560:
1503:
1431:
1413:
1395:
1377:
1359:
1019:
762:
344:, or fully migratory.
256: Year-round range
4726:Birds of Central Asia
4631:Paleobiology Database
3997:Theme Birds on Stamps
3971:Theme Birds on Stamps
3945:"Background – Sweden"
3913:de Vries, Ad (1976).
3750:Cooper, J.C. (1992).
3703:. Collins, Auckland.
3380:Eurasian Blackbirds (
2907:10.1093/beheco/arh041
2647:A Study of Blackbirds
2620:A Study of Blackbirds
2179:Reilly, John (2018).
2001:civil rights movement
1999:" as a symbol of the
1988:("Blackbird Field").
1909:
1887:A pocket full of rye;
1880:
1861:
1849:
1795:Turdus merula merula
1554:
1497:
1429:
1411:
1393:
1375:
1357:
1112:Behaviour and ecology
1015:Nederlandsche Vogelen
1011:
863:Female of subspecies
757:
585:grey-winged blackbird
559:white-throated dipper
479:T. poliocephalus
411:in his landmark 1758
4481:Fauna Europaea (new)
3501:Borrelia burgdorferi
3430:10.1139/cjz-78-4-684
2782:on December 11, 2007
2645:Snow, David (1988).
2072:. Washington, D.C.:
1984:("blackbird") as in
1951:The Duchess of Malfi
1854:" cover illustration
1618:Intestinal parasites
1233:Two chicks in a nest
653:red-winged blackbird
349:Turdus merula merula
314:New World blackbirds
283:Knowledge Media help
4112:Species information
3887:A Blackbird Singing
3659:. Australian Museum
2181:The Ascent of Birds
1742:Zosterops lateralis
1443:Northern Hemisphere
1275:Male feeding chicks
1106:North American list
657:melodious blackbird
568:Five related Asian
353:nominate subspecies
76:Conservation status
4587:eurasian-blackbird
4338:BirdLife-Australia
4190:2017-06-22 at the
4152:2020-07-31 at the
3657:Birds in Backyards
3653:"Common Blackbird"
3640:102.100.100/203987
3159:Elliott, Valerie.
2935:on 29 October 2013
2894:Behavioral Ecology
1868:
1856:
1842:In popular culture
1561:
1504:
1432:
1414:
1396:
1378:
1360:
1020:
763:
738:T. m. mauritanicus
637:New World warblers
422:(characterised as
310:Eurasian blackbird
262: Winter range
250: Summer range
68:T. m. mauritanicus
4698:
4697:
4618:Open Tree of Life
4218:Taxon identifiers
4160:Sounds and videos
4029:978-0-19-533343-5
3999:. Kjell Scharning
3973:. Kjell Scharning
3236:on 5 October 2007
2711:978-1-4081-2735-3
2190:978-1-78427-169-5
2119:Linnaeus, Carolus
1750:Turdus philomelos
1701:. In the western
1559:close to its nest
1484:T. m. nigropileus
1439:
1438:
1427:
1409:
1391:
1373:
1355:
1332:
1312:
1291:
1270:
1249:
998:Turdus mandarinus
994:Chinese blackbird
986:Tibetan blackbird
982:Turdus simillimus
831:T. m. intermedius
807:and the northern
609:Chinese blackbird
601:Tibetan blackbird
316:), or simply the
267:
266:
99:
35:Common blackbird
16:(Redirected from
4748:
4731:Birds of Oceania
4691:
4690:
4678:
4677:
4665:
4664:
4652:
4651:
4639:
4638:
4626:
4625:
4613:
4612:
4600:
4599:
4590:
4589:
4580:
4579:
4567:
4566:
4564:NHMSYS0000530674
4554:
4553:
4541:
4540:
4528:
4527:
4515:
4514:
4502:
4501:
4489:
4488:
4476:
4475:
4463:
4462:
4450:
4449:
4437:
4436:
4424:
4423:
4411:
4410:
4398:
4397:
4385:
4384:
4372:
4371:
4359:
4358:
4346:
4345:
4343:common-blackbird
4333:
4332:
4320:
4319:
4310:
4309:
4307:1BB50DE8362A4963
4297:
4296:
4284:
4283:
4271:
4270:
4260:
4259:
4258:
4245:
4244:
4243:
4213:
4102:
4052:
4051:
4040:
4034:
4033:
4015:
4009:
4008:
4006:
4004:
3989:
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3980:
3978:
3963:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3952:
3941:
3935:
3934:
3910:
3901:
3900:
3898:
3896:
3881:
3875:
3874:
3872:
3870:
3859:
3853:
3852:
3850:
3848:
3833:
3827:
3826:
3802:
3796:
3795:
3782:Birds Britannica
3777:
3766:
3765:
3747:
3741:
3740:
3730:
3717:
3711:
3697:
3691:
3690:
3688:
3686:
3675:
3669:
3668:
3666:
3664:
3649:
3643:
3642:
3627:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3580:
3574:
3573:
3537:
3531:
3530:
3496:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3481:. Archived from
3464:
3447:
3434:
3433:
3405:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3389:
3374:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3364:
3358:
3352:. Archived from
3327:
3318:
3312:
3311:
3291:
3285:
3284:
3252:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3241:
3235:
3228:
3220:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3209:
3194:
3185:
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3156:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3146:
3132:
3126:
3125:
3101:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3075:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3065:
3059:Birdsong Academy
3051:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3040:
3029:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3018:
3003:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2981:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2963:BTOWeb BirdFacts
2951:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2940:
2921:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2885:
2879:
2878:
2854:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2844:
2838:
2832:. Archived from
2810:Animal Behaviour
2807:
2798:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2768:
2762:
2761:
2735:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2697:
2691:
2690:
2675:Evans G (1972).
2672:
2661:
2660:
2642:
2623:
2616:
2610:
2603:
2597:
2596:
2568:
2562:
2548:
2542:
2528:
2517:
2493:
2487:
2467:
2456:
2454:
2436:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2375:
2369:
2368:
2346:
2337:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2297:
2288:
2287:
2269:
2263:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2230:
2195:
2194:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2160:
2154:
2153:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2115:
2109:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2065:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2049:
2016:
1827:
1809:
1791:
1773:
1428:
1410:
1392:
1374:
1356:
1347:
1334:
1333:
1314:
1313:
1293:
1292:
1272:
1271:
1251:
1250:
1230:
1218:
1206:
978:Indian blackbird
974:Turdus chiguanco
970:Chiguanco thrush
960:Sturnus vulgaris
952:Turdus torquatus
926:
910:
891:
875:
860:
730:and the western
593:Indian blackbird
555:Turdus torquatus
434:, "thrush", and
413:10th edition of
323:
292:common blackbird
275:
274:
261:
255:
249:
237:
217:
114:
113:
93:
88:
87:
61:
44:
32:
21:
4756:
4755:
4751:
4750:
4749:
4747:
4746:
4745:
4721:Birds of Europe
4701:
4700:
4699:
4694:
4686:
4681:
4673:
4668:
4660:
4655:
4647:
4642:
4634:
4629:
4621:
4616:
4608:
4605:Observation.org
4603:
4595:
4593:
4585:
4583:
4575:
4570:
4562:
4557:
4549:
4544:
4536:
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4380:
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4300:
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4287:
4279:
4274:
4268:
4263:
4254:
4253:
4248:
4239:
4238:
4233:
4220:
4200:
4192:Wayback Machine
4162:
4154:Wayback Machine
4114:
4109:
4080:
4060:
4058:Further reading
4055:
4042:
4041:
4037:
4030:
4017:
4016:
4012:
4002:
4000:
3991:
3990:
3986:
3976:
3974:
3965:
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3950:
3948:
3943:
3942:
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3931:
3912:
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3894:
3892:
3883:
3882:
3878:
3868:
3866:
3861:
3860:
3856:
3846:
3844:
3843:. Poets' Graves
3835:
3834:
3830:
3823:
3804:
3803:
3799:
3792:
3779:
3778:
3769:
3762:
3749:
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3728:
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3360:
3356:
3325:
3320:
3319:
3315:
3293:
3292:
3288:
3257:Cuculus canorus
3254:
3253:
3249:
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3237:
3233:
3226:
3222:
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3217:
3207:
3205:
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3133:
3129:
3122:
3103:
3102:
3098:
3088:
3086:
3077:
3076:
3072:
3063:
3061:
3053:
3052:
3048:
3038:
3036:
3031:
3030:
3026:
3016:
3014:
3005:
3004:
3000:
2990:
2988:
2983:
2982:
2978:
2968:
2966:
2953:
2952:
2948:
2938:
2936:
2923:
2922:
2915:
2887:
2886:
2882:
2856:
2855:
2851:
2842:
2840:
2836:
2805:
2800:
2799:
2795:
2785:
2783:
2770:
2769:
2765:
2750:10.2307/4083850
2733:
2724:
2723:
2719:
2712:
2704:. p. 225.
2699:
2698:
2694:
2687:
2674:
2673:
2664:
2657:
2644:
2643:
2626:
2618:Snow D. (1958)
2617:
2613:
2604:
2600:
2585:10.1890/06-1105
2570:
2569:
2565:
2549:
2545:
2532:Birds of Europe
2529:
2520:
2494:
2490:
2468:
2459:
2451:
2438:
2437:
2416:
2406:
2404:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2384:
2382:
2377:
2376:
2372:
2365:
2348:
2347:
2340:
2324:
2320:
2310:
2308:
2299:
2298:
2291:
2284:
2271:
2270:
2266:
2256:
2252:
2245:
2232:
2231:
2198:
2191:
2178:
2177:
2173:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2150:
2137:
2136:
2132:
2117:
2116:
2112:
2095:
2091:
2084:
2076:. p. 489.
2067:
2066:
2062:
2052:
2050:
2018:
2017:
2013:
2009:
1927:Christmas carol
1925:In the English
1918:
1916:
1912:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1844:
1837:
1828:
1819:
1810:
1801:
1792:
1783:
1774:
1694:
1603:Cuculus canorus
1581:European magpie
1549:
1547:Natural threats
1492:
1423:
1405:
1387:
1369:
1351:
1345:
1343:Songs and calls
1338:
1335:
1323:
1318:
1315:
1302:
1297:
1294:
1281:
1276:
1273:
1260:
1255:
1252:
1239:
1234:
1231:
1222:
1219:
1210:
1207:
1191:life expectancy
1134:
1114:
1049:
1006:
956:common starling
944:
942:Similar species
937:
927:
918:
911:
902:
892:
883:
876:
867:
861:
698:T. m. azorensis
665:
563:Cinclus cinclus
415:Systema Naturae
405:
390:Both sexes are
322:similar-looking
321:
288:
287:
286:
276:
272:
263:
259:
257:
253:
251:
247:
228:
219:
213:
200:
108:
100:
89:
85:
78:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4754:
4752:
4744:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4703:
4702:
4696:
4695:
4693:
4692:
4679:
4666:
4653:
4640:
4627:
4614:
4601:
4591:
4581:
4568:
4555:
4542:
4529:
4516:
4503:
4490:
4477:
4468:Fauna Europaea
4464:
4451:
4438:
4425:
4412:
4399:
4386:
4373:
4360:
4347:
4334:
4321:
4311:
4298:
4285:
4272:
4261:
4246:
4230:
4228:
4222:
4221:
4216:
4208:
4207:
4199:
4196:
4195:
4194:
4179:
4173:
4161:
4158:
4157:
4156:
4140:
4134:
4129:
4121:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4107:External links
4105:
4104:
4103:
4078:
4064:Snow, David W.
4059:
4056:
4054:
4053:
4035:
4028:
4010:
3984:
3958:
3947:. Nationmaster
3936:
3929:
3902:
3876:
3865:. 10,000 Birds
3854:
3828:
3821:
3797:
3790:
3767:
3760:
3742:
3712:
3692:
3670:
3644:
3617:
3575:
3548:(8): 817–842.
3532:
3491:
3488:on 2008-12-17.
3473:(4): 640–645.
3435:
3424:(4): 684–687.
3400:
3397:on 2011-07-19.
3369:
3336:(2): 198–204.
3313:
3302:(4): 187–192.
3286:
3267:(1): 207–224.
3247:
3215:
3186:
3151:
3127:
3120:
3107:Bird behaviour
3096:
3070:
3046:
3024:
2998:
2976:
2946:
2913:
2900:(3): 508–519.
2880:
2869:(4): 554–560.
2849:
2816:(2): 207–213.
2793:
2763:
2744:(4): 919–920.
2717:
2710:
2692:
2685:
2662:
2655:
2624:
2611:
2598:
2563:
2543:
2518:
2497:Turdus maximus
2488:
2457:
2449:
2414:
2392:
2370:
2363:
2338:
2318:
2289:
2282:
2264:
2250:
2243:
2196:
2189:
2171:
2155:
2148:
2130:
2110:
2089:
2082:
2060:
2010:
2008:
2005:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1829:
1822:
1820:
1811:
1804:
1802:
1793:
1786:
1784:
1775:
1768:
1693:
1690:
1597:, such as the
1579:, such as the
1548:
1545:
1491:
1488:
1452:pook-pook-pook
1441:In its native
1437:
1436:
1419:
1418:
1401:
1400:
1383:
1382:
1365:
1364:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1339:
1336:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1225:
1223:
1221:Eggs in a nest
1220:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1201:
1133:
1130:
1113:
1110:
1053:Canary Islands
1048:
1045:
1005:
1002:
990:Turdus maximus
943:
940:
939:
938:
930:T. m. cabrerae
928:
921:
919:
912:
905:
903:
893:
886:
884:
877:
870:
868:
862:
855:
839:
838:
828:
797:T. m. syriacus
794:
767:T m. aterrimus
764:
735:
732:Canary Islands
726:and breeds in
718:, the Spanish
712:T. m. cabrerae
709:
695:
684:Ural Mountains
664:
661:
581:T. albocinctus
510:modern English
504:. However, in
471:Canary Islands
404:
401:
277:
270:
269:
268:
265:
264:
258:
252:
246:
239:
238:
230:
229:
220:
209:
208:
202:
201:
197:T. merula
194:
192:
188:
187:
180:
176:
175:
170:
166:
165:
160:
156:
155:
150:
146:
145:
140:
136:
135:
130:
126:
125:
120:
116:
115:
102:
101:
83:
80:
79:
74:
71:
70:
63:
62:
54:
53:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4753:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4708:
4706:
4689:
4684:
4680:
4676:
4675:Turdus-merula
4671:
4667:
4663:
4658:
4654:
4650:
4645:
4641:
4637:
4632:
4628:
4624:
4619:
4615:
4611:
4606:
4602:
4598:
4592:
4588:
4582:
4578:
4573:
4569:
4565:
4560:
4556:
4552:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4521:
4517:
4513:
4508:
4504:
4500:
4495:
4491:
4487:
4482:
4478:
4474:
4469:
4465:
4461:
4456:
4452:
4448:
4443:
4439:
4435:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4391:
4387:
4383:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4365:
4361:
4357:
4352:
4348:
4344:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4326:
4322:
4318:
4312:
4308:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4294:Turdus_merula
4290:
4286:
4282:
4281:Turdus_merula
4277:
4273:
4266:
4262:
4257:
4256:Turdus merula
4251:
4247:
4242:
4236:
4232:
4231:
4229:
4227:
4226:Turdus merula
4223:
4219:
4214:
4210:
4205:
4202:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4186:
4185:
4180:
4177:
4174:
4171:
4167:
4164:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4145:Turdus merula
4141:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4127:
4122:
4119:
4116:
4115:
4111:
4106:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4083:Turdus merula
4079:
4077:
4076:0-85263-854-X
4073:
4069:
4068:The Blackbird
4065:
4062:
4061:
4057:
4049:
4048:Rolling Stone
4045:
4039:
4036:
4031:
4025:
4021:
4014:
4011:
3998:
3994:
3988:
3985:
3972:
3968:
3962:
3959:
3946:
3940:
3937:
3932:
3930:0-7204-8021-3
3926:
3922:
3918:
3917:
3909:
3907:
3903:
3890:
3888:
3880:
3877:
3864:
3858:
3855:
3842:
3840:
3832:
3829:
3824:
3822:0-19-869111-4
3818:
3814:
3810:
3809:
3801:
3798:
3793:
3791:0-7011-6907-9
3787:
3783:
3776:
3774:
3772:
3768:
3763:
3761:1-85538-118-4
3757:
3753:
3746:
3743:
3739:(2): 285–291.
3738:
3734:
3727:
3725:
3724:Turdus merula
3716:
3713:
3710:
3709:0-00-216928-2
3706:
3702:
3696:
3693:
3680:
3674:
3671:
3658:
3654:
3648:
3645:
3641:
3636:
3632:
3626:
3624:
3622:
3618:
3612:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3598:
3593:
3591:
3590:Turdus merula
3585:
3579:
3576:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3536:
3533:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3507:
3502:
3495:
3492:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3461:
3459:
3458:Turdus merula
3455:
3446:
3444:
3442:
3440:
3436:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3413:
3412:Turdus merula
3404:
3401:
3393:
3386:
3385:
3382:Turdus merula
3381:
3373:
3370:
3359:on 2012-01-13
3355:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3324:
3317:
3314:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3290:
3287:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3251:
3248:
3232:
3225:
3219:
3216:
3203:
3199:
3193:
3191:
3187:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3167:
3162:
3155:
3152:
3141:
3137:
3131:
3128:
3123:
3121:0-246-12440-7
3117:
3113:
3109:
3108:
3100:
3097:
3085:on 2016-01-09
3084:
3080:
3074:
3071:
3060:
3056:
3050:
3047:
3034:
3028:
3025:
3013:on 2007-04-24
3012:
3008:
3002:
2999:
2986:
2980:
2977:
2964:
2960:
2958:
2957:Turdus merula
2950:
2947:
2934:
2930:
2928:
2927:Turdus merula
2925:"Blackbird –
2920:
2918:
2914:
2908:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2884:
2881:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2859:Turdus merula
2853:
2850:
2839:on 2011-09-29
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2804:
2797:
2794:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2767:
2764:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2732:
2730:
2729:Turdus merula
2721:
2718:
2713:
2707:
2703:
2696:
2693:
2688:
2686:0-7232-0060-2
2682:
2678:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2663:
2658:
2656:0-565-01021-2
2652:
2648:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2615:
2612:
2608:
2602:
2599:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2579:(4): 882–90.
2578:
2574:
2567:
2564:
2561:
2560:87-88757-16-1
2557:
2553:
2547:
2544:
2541:
2540:0-691-05054-6
2537:
2533:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2519:
2516:
2515:84-87334-72-5
2512:
2508:
2504:
2503:
2498:
2492:
2489:
2486:
2485:84-87334-72-5
2482:
2478:
2477:
2472:
2471:Turdus merula
2466:
2464:
2462:
2458:
2452:
2450:0-19-854099-X
2446:
2442:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2415:
2402:
2396:
2393:
2380:
2374:
2371:
2366:
2364:0-7136-4333-1
2360:
2356:
2352:
2345:
2343:
2339:
2336:
2335:1-86872-857-9
2332:
2328:
2322:
2319:
2307:
2303:
2296:
2294:
2290:
2285:
2283:0-19-214155-4
2279:
2275:
2268:
2265:
2261:
2260:
2254:
2251:
2246:
2244:0-7136-3940-7
2240:
2236:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2197:
2192:
2186:
2182:
2175:
2172:
2167:
2166:
2159:
2156:
2151:
2149:2-85036-673-0
2145:
2141:
2134:
2131:
2126:
2125:
2120:
2114:
2111:
2107:
2106:9780876633182
2103:
2099:
2093:
2090:
2085:
2083:0-7922-4175-4
2079:
2075:
2071:
2064:
2061:
2048:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2034:
2029:
2027:
2026:Turdus merula
2021:
2015:
2012:
2006:
2004:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1989:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1970:
1969:postage stamp
1967:
1964:
1960:
1959:national bird
1955:
1953:
1952:
1947:
1943:
1938:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1922:
1919:
1913:
1908:
1906:
1905:Edward Thomas
1902:
1896:
1893:
1884:
1879:
1877:
1876:nursery rhyme
1873:
1865:
1860:
1853:
1848:
1841:
1836:
1832:
1826:
1821:
1818:
1814:
1808:
1803:
1800:
1796:
1790:
1785:
1782:
1778:
1772:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1734:
1732:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1710:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1699:least concern
1691:
1689:
1687:
1683:
1678:
1676:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1664:
1657:
1655:
1654:
1649:
1648:
1643:
1642:
1637:
1636:
1635:Leucocytozoon
1631:
1630:
1625:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1599:common cuckoo
1596:
1593:
1588:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1558:
1553:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1524:invertebrates
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1502:, Switzerland
1501:
1496:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1481:
1476:
1474:
1473:birds of prey
1470:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1444:
1435:
1421:
1420:
1417:
1403:
1402:
1399:
1385:
1384:
1381:
1367:
1366:
1363:
1349:
1348:
1342:
1320:
1299:
1278:
1257:
1236:
1229:
1224:
1217:
1212:
1205:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1184:
1179:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1140:The nominate
1138:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1123:
1118:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1093:
1091:
1090:T. m. maximus
1085:
1083:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1017:
1016:
1010:
1003:
1001:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
966:
961:
957:
953:
949:
941:
935:
931:
925:
920:
916:
909:
904:
901:
897:
890:
885:
881:
874:
869:
866:
859:
854:
852:
850:
849:
844:
836:
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814:
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810:
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777:and northern
776:
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642:
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633:
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626:
622:
621:Somali thrush
618:
614:
613:T. mandarinus
610:
606:
602:
598:
597:T. simillimus
594:
590:
586:
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578:
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556:
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544:
543:
539:
538:Shakespeare's
535:
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528:
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520:
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511:
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499:
495:
491:
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484:
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475:island thrush
472:
468:
464:
463:mistle thrush
460:
456:
451:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
420:Turdus merula
417:
416:
410:
409:Carl Linnaeus
402:
400:
398:
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386:
382:
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374:
370:
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358:
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319:
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303:
299:
298:
297:Turdus merula
293:
284:
280:
245:
240:
236:
231:
227:
223:
218:
216:
215:Turdus merula
210:
207:
206:Binomial name
203:
199:
198:
193:
190:
189:
186:
185:
181:
178:
177:
174:
171:
168:
167:
164:
163:Passeriformes
161:
158:
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127:
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118:
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91:Least Concern
81:
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4082:
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2373:
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2326:
2321:
2311:29 September
2309:. Retrieved
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2037:
2031:
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1986:Kosovo Polje
1981:
1956:
1949:
1942:R. S. Thomas
1939:
1924:
1920:
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1900:
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1830:
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1645:
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1621:
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1610:
1602:
1589:
1585:Eurasian jay
1562:
1540:caterpillars
1505:
1483:
1480:T. m. merula
1479:
1477:
1468:
1463:
1460:chook, chook
1459:
1455:
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1195:bird ringing
1188:
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1139:
1135:
1126:
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1028:T. m. merula
1027:
1021:
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963:
959:
951:
945:
934:Gran Canaria
929:
896:T. m. merula
895:
894:Young adult
880:T. m. merula
879:
864:
846:
842:
840:
830:
824:
796:
790:
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759:
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714:, named for
711:
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672:T. m. merula
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289:
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51:T. m. merula
50:
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4507:iNaturalist
4250:Wikispecies
4093:(1): 1–30.
4044:"Blackbird"
3977:13 December
3951:12 December
3869:19 December
3679:"Blackbird"
3663:30 December
3513:: 125–128.
3240:11 December
3208:19 December
3079:"Blackbird"
3039:15 December
2969:30 December
2955:"Blackbird
2786:14 December
2505:. Vol. 10:
2407:18 February
2385:18 February
1993:the Beatles
1746:song thrush
1726:Bass Strait
1653:Trypanosoma
1607:non-mimetic
1569:sparrowhawk
1520:leaf litter
1464:chink-chink
1434:Alarm calls
1159:honeysuckle
1070:Isle of May
1026:subspecies
1004:Description
992:), and the
900:Oxfordshire
843:intermedius
815:and in the
773:, northern
688:Nile Valley
617:conspecific
607:), and the
589:T. boulboul
527:Old English
506:Old English
459:song thrush
392:territorial
306:true thrush
4705:Categories
4670:Xeno-canto
4170:Xeno-canto
3895:7 December
3847:7 December
3363:2012-01-16
3296:Bird Study
3180:2021-04-16
3145:2021-04-16
3064:2024-05-20
2991:23 January
2843:2007-12-16
2455:p1215–1218
2302:"Thrushes"
2007:References
1731:blackberry
1707:pesticides
1703:Palearctic
1669:pathogenic
1656:species).
1641:Plasmodium
1629:Capillaria
1573:accipiters
1571:and other
1528:amphibians
1522:for other
1516:earthworms
1508:omnivorous
1163:pyracantha
1082:ring ouzel
1065:overwinter
948:ring ouzel
882:in England
848:T. maximus
835:Tajikistan
817:Nile Delta
744:, coastal
663:Subspecies
605:T. maximus
551:ring ouzel
442:, and its
377:earthworms
369:omnivorous
330:subspecies
326:introduced
4551:103888106
4330:103888106
4206:(archive)
4120:(archive)
3839:Adlestrop
3685:17 August
3350:0908-8857
3202:Blackbird
3198:"Threats"
3175:0140-0460
3166:The Times
3089:4 January
1997:Blackbird
1976:name for
1966:Christmas
1901:Adlestrop
1758:Kermadecs
1738:silvereye
1714:Melbourne
1592:parasitic
1183:altricial
1175:T. merula
1142:T. merula
1074:Trondheim
1057:sedentary
915:leucistic
878:Juvenile
827:plumages.
760:aterrimus
724:azorensis
720:zoologist
508:, and in
483:T. merula
397:temperate
342:migratory
318:blackbird
191:Species:
129:Kingdom:
123:Eukaryota
4525:11164632
4421:45510215
4382:bob11870
4325:BirdLife
4314:BioLib:
4235:Wikidata
4188:Archived
4184:Sonatura
4150:Archived
4126:cabrerae
4066:(1987).
3586:(2014).
3562:11118608
3527:16530003
3140:The RSPB
2830:51833485
2593:17536705
2121:(1758).
2022:(2016).
1935:archaism
1864:pie bird
1754:Campbell
1724:and the
1722:Tasmania
1718:Adelaide
1674:Borrelia
1623:Isospora
1526:. Small
1500:Lausanne
1155:hawthorn
1132:Breeding
1040:juvenile
1024:nominate
655:and the
649:grackles
645:cowbirds
641:tanagers
573:thrushes
545:, where
338:resident
334:latitude
222:Linnaeus
173:Turdidae
169:Family:
143:Chordata
139:Phylum:
133:Animalia
119:Domain:
96:IUCN 3.1
4683:ZooBank
4499:2490719
4302:Avibase
3570:7592942
3454:Ixodes
3017:7 April
2939:9 April
2758:4083850
2738:The Auk
2573:Ecology
2053:25 July
1974:Serbian
1764:birds.
1762:endemic
1595:cuckoos
1577:corvids
1557:kestrel
1536:mammals
1532:lizards
1512:insects
1490:Feeding
1061:migrate
1032:plumage
984:), the
976:). The
750:Tunisia
746:Algeria
742:Morocco
728:Madeira
676:Iceland
632:icterid
599:), the
591:), the
583:), the
502:jackdaw
430:words,
381:berries
373:insects
365:plumage
302:species
300:) is a
179:Genus:
159:Order:
149:Class:
94: (
66:Female
4716:Turdus
4662:558602
4636:365958
4623:568572
4594:NZOR:
4584:NZBO:
4538:179757
4455:EURING
4434:TURDME
4408:eurbla
4369:eurbla
4269:eurbla
4241:Q25234
4198:Images
4074:
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2080:
1995:song "
1978:Kosovo
1946:tragic
1663:Ixodes
1611:merula
1430:noicon
1416:Song 4
1412:noicon
1398:Song 3
1394:noicon
1380:Song 2
1376:noicon
1362:Song 1
1358:noicon
1098:Quebec
1018:(1770)
965:Turdus
865:merula
825:merula
805:Israel
801:Jordan
791:merula
775:Turkey
706:merula
702:Azores
692:Cyprus
680:Faroes
678:, the
647:, the
570:Turdus
547:Bottom
525:(from
467:Turdus
455:Turdus
446:name,
436:merula
432:turdus
385:fruits
383:, and
351:, the
260:
254:
248:
184:Turdus
4657:WoRMS
4649:18275
4520:IRMNG
4512:12716
4473:97226
4460:11870
4442:EUNIS
4403:eBird
4395:7CYVX
3813:394–5
3729:(PDF)
3566:S2CID
3486:(PDF)
3463:(PDF)
3395:(PDF)
3388:(PDF)
3357:(PDF)
3326:(PDF)
3277:JSTOR
3234:(PDF)
3227:(PDF)
2837:(PDF)
2826:S2CID
2806:(PDF)
2754:JSTOR
2734:(PDF)
1948:play
1565:Foxes
1456:chink
1151:holly
821:Cairo
809:Sinai
783:Egypt
771:Crete
575:—the
534:Amsel
523:wosel
519:ousel
515:ouzel
500:, or
494:raven
444:Scots
440:merle
428:Latin
244:eBird
49:Male
4577:9187
4572:NCBI
4546:IUCN
4533:ITIS
4494:GBIF
4447:1332
4429:EPPO
4356:9563
4351:BOLD
4317:8883
4087:Ibis
4072:ISBN
4024:ISBN
4005:2015
3979:2007
3953:2007
3925:ISBN
3897:2007
3871:2013
3849:2007
3817:ISBN
3786:ISBN
3756:ISBN
3705:ISBN
3687:2017
3665:2007
3602:2014
3558:PMID
3523:PMID
3467:Ibis
3346:ISSN
3281:4995
3242:2007
3210:2007
3171:ISSN
3116:ISBN
3091:2016
3041:2007
3019:2007
2993:2012
2971:2007
2941:2012
2863:Ibis
2788:2007
2706:ISBN
2681:ISBN
2651:ISBN
2589:PMID
2556:ISBN
2536:ISBN
2511:ISBN
2481:ISBN
2445:ISBN
2409:2008
2387:2008
2359:ISBN
2331:ISBN
2313:2015
2278:ISBN
2239:ISBN
2185:ISBN
2144:ISBN
2102:ISBN
2078:ISBN
2055:2019
2038:2016
1835:MHNT
1817:MHNT
1799:MHNT
1781:MHNT
1756:and
1650:and
1626:and
1482:and
1469:seee
1458:and
1450:, a
1448:seee
1171:eggs
1167:nest
1122:bill
1120:The
1036:bill
787:Iraq
779:Iran
639:and
630:The
530:osle
513:was
498:rook
461:and
448:merl
361:song
357:bill
290:The
226:1758
153:Aves
4644:TSA
4610:150
4559:NBN
4416:EoL
4390:CoL
4377:BTO
4364:BOW
4289:AFD
4276:ADW
4265:ABA
4168:on
4095:doi
4091:100
3635:hdl
3606:doi
3550:doi
3515:doi
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3475:doi
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3426:doi
3338:doi
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3269:doi
3112:125
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2861:".
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2042:doi
1982:kos
1963:öre
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