906:
535:
1978:(they had previously been exempt from military service). Thousands of settlers were killed, and this was matched by Russian reprisals, particularly against the nomadic population. To escape Russians slaughtering them in 1916, Uzbeks, Kazakhs and Kyrgyz escaped to China. Xinjiang became a sanctuary for fleeing Kazakhs escaping the Russians after the Muslims faced conscription by the Russian government. The Turkmen, Kyrgyz, and Kazakhs were all impacted by the 1916 insurrection caused by the conscription decreed by the Russian government. The corvée conscription issued on June 25, 1916. Order had not really been restored by the time the
70:
2010:
1712:
1704:
1305:
3007:
1238:
4662:
4201:
2200:
84:
1929:
A policy of deliberately enforcing anti-modern, traditional, ancient conservative
Islamic education in schools and Islamic ideology was enforced by the Russians in order to deliberately hamper and destroy opposition to their rule by keeping them in a state of torpor to and prevent foreign ideologies
905:
134:
129:
130:
133:
127:
128:
124:
123:
132:
126:
125:
131:
2746:
135:
1937:
upon the
Ferghana and Samarkand Tajiks, replacing their language with Uzbek, resulting in a dominantly Uzbek-speaking Samarkand, whereas decades before Tajik Persian was the dominant language in Samarkand.
1893:
The administration of the region had an almost purely military character throughout. Von
Kaufman died in 1882, and a committee under Fedor Karlovich Giers (or Girs, brother of the Russian Foreign Minister
2721:
1970:(Переселенческое Управление). This caused considerable discontent amongst the local population as these settlers took scarce land and water resources away from them. In 1916 discontent boiled over in the
1910:
in 1877, reached
Samarkand. Nevertheless, Turkestan remained an isolated colonial outpost, with an administration that preserved many distinctive features from the previous Islamic regimes, including
1542:
2691:
2498:
1845:
426:
5122:
2751:
Malikov, Azim. Russian policy toward
Islamic “sacred lineages” of Samarkand province of Turkestan Governor-Generalship in 1868-1917 in Acta Slavica Iaponica no 40. 2020, p.193-216
1758:
expanding the territories of
Turkestan Oblast (part of Orenburg Governorate-General). Chernyayev had exceeded his orders (he only had 3,000 men under his command at the time) but
534:
5147:
5142:
5117:
2735:
Hisao
Komatsu, The Andijan Uprising Reconsidered a: Symbiosis and Conflict in Muslim Societies: Historical and Comparative Perspectives, ed. by Tsugitaka Sato, Londres, 2004.
5157:
1266:
867:
2992:
1690:
122:
2212:
1159:
3588:
2216:
3622:
935:
557:
5137:
5127:
4610:
4126:
2966:
2783:
1994:
government in Kokand early in 1918, which left 14,000 dead. Resistance to the
Bolsheviks by the local population (dismissed as 'Basmachi' or 'Banditry' by
1661:
1552:
2676:
69:
4324:
3200:
1624:
1922:
led another reform commission to
Turkestan, which produced in 1909–1910 a monumental report documenting administrative corruption and inefficiency. The
5162:
2280:
1063:
4190:
4728:
4841:
4337:
3210:
2268:
121:
4079:
3956:
3601:
3102:
4256:
3796:
2581:
2554:
2527:
2481:
2437:
2427:
2383:
2356:
1259:
860:
335:
4964:
4910:
3756:
3546:
3256:
2796:
2167:
1683:
1609:
1522:
4703:
3920:
3393:
1750:
in 1717, the beginning of the
Russian conquest of Turkestan is normally dated to 1865. That year the Russian forces took the city of
4698:
3842:
3771:
3699:
3581:
2656:
2606:(A Master’s Thesis). Department of International Relations İ hsan Doğramacı Bilkent University Ankara. p. 56-57. Archived from
2410:
2232:
1656:
1634:
1619:
1614:
1223:
1164:
5132:
4923:
4794:
4391:
4036:
3939:
3832:
3736:
3261:
2971:
2264:
2037:
1816:
1729:
1562:
1503:
1252:
885:
853:
514:
680:
4814:
4718:
4646:
4603:
4373:
4302:
4251:
4185:
4119:
4041:
3983:
3859:
3776:
3183:
3156:
2776:
2248:
2240:
369:
344:
330:
316:
302:
4991:
4942:
4688:
4415:
4221:
3791:
3786:
3761:
3746:
3279:
3042:
2061:
1919:
1676:
1629:
1284:
2009:
4986:
4856:
4831:
4479:
4319:
3766:
3195:
2598:
1962:
settlers flowing into Turkestan than had hitherto been the case, and their settlement was overseen by a specially created
1820:
1743:
272:
1304:
5026:
4851:
4733:
4708:
4693:
4497:
4266:
4226:
4001:
3951:
3847:
3827:
3574:
3315:
3171:
3110:
4895:
4636:
4462:
4447:
4342:
4246:
3907:
3852:
3246:
3241:
2295:
462:
5167:
4954:
4819:
4804:
4596:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4307:
4292:
4112:
3456:
3408:
3178:
3146:
3006:
2769:
2208:
1926:
educational reform movement which originated among Tatars spread among Muslims of Central Asia under Russian rule.
4236:
4890:
4824:
4312:
3968:
3925:
3874:
3837:
3751:
3724:
3251:
3236:
3188:
2920:
4522:
4031:
3869:
3864:
3810:
3511:
3383:
3205:
3161:
1711:
2745:
Aftandil S.Erkinov. The Andijan Uprising of 1898 and its leader Dukchi-ishan described by contemporary Poets'
4971:
4928:
4846:
4809:
4723:
4713:
4672:
4469:
4442:
4401:
4386:
4347:
4297:
4231:
4209:
4072:
3993:
3895:
3781:
3609:
3451:
3420:
3388:
3378:
3310:
3274:
3166:
3151:
3115:
3015:
2400:
2373:
2310:
1604:
1154:
1144:
1116:
1043:
1008:
975:
920:
894:
797:
786:
761:
752:
627:
544:
523:
439:
4241:
2454:
2453:
Alexandre Bennigsen; Chantal Lemercier-Quelquejay; Central Asian Research Centre (London, England) (1967).
5056:
4836:
4789:
4777:
4532:
4280:
4046:
4006:
3973:
3496:
3368:
3345:
3134:
1572:
1395:
960:
834:
5080:
5061:
5018:
4900:
4878:
4864:
4651:
4628:
4563:
4556:
4489:
4396:
4361:
4261:
4147:
4139:
4088:
4026:
4021:
4016:
3539:
3516:
3466:
3293:
3224:
3120:
2976:
2804:
2320:
2315:
2305:
2300:
1903:
1599:
1376:
1314:
1293:
202:
176:
2740:
Praying For and Against the Tsar: Prayers and Sermons in Russian-Dominated Khiva and Tsarist Turkestan.
5031:
5001:
4976:
4905:
4661:
4502:
4457:
4200:
4051:
3501:
3471:
3425:
3325:
2946:
2686:
349:
1703:
5089:
5051:
5046:
4799:
4572:
4537:
4527:
4093:
3912:
3822:
3714:
3678:
3555:
3506:
3491:
3435:
3373:
3363:
3358:
3037:
2900:
2290:
2220:
2183:
1979:
1874:
1435:
1242:
1218:
1149:
829:
700:
2519:
Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: A Political History of Republican Sinkiang 1911–1949
2429:
Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: A Political History of Republican Sinkiang 1911–1949
5152:
5006:
4915:
4474:
4452:
4175:
4160:
3708:
3704:
3476:
3340:
2375:
Historiography of Imperial Russia: The Profession and Writing of History in a Multinational State
2153:
2112:
2091:
2046:
2018:
1783:
1755:
1106:
1058:
1013:
990:
474:
362:
100:
2698:
1982:
took place in 1917. This would usher in a still bloodier chapter in Turkestan's history, as the
5094:
4641:
4577:
3694:
3266:
2880:
2625:
2577:
2550:
2523:
2477:
2433:
2406:
2379:
2352:
2325:
2285:
2159:
2052:
2022:
1995:
1895:
1828:
1747:
1425:
1023:
1018:
950:
690:
321:
2571:
2544:
2517:
2471:
2346:
5041:
4517:
4165:
3978:
3657:
3305:
2910:
2890:
2855:
2173:
2145:
2097:
2076:
2014:
1975:
1967:
1882:
1878:
1862:
1836:
1824:
1812:
1716:
1385:
1208:
1101:
1068:
1033:
980:
482:
478:
430:
246:
43:
2600:
THE BUKHARAN EMIRATE AND TURKESTAN UNDER RUSSIAN RULE IN THE REVOLUTIONARY ERA: 1917 - 1924
1856:
4754:
4378:
4011:
3662:
3430:
3353:
3320:
3062:
3032:
2895:
1987:
1971:
1779:
1028:
965:
955:
494:
490:
93:
4981:
4507:
4170:
3330:
3027:
2961:
2941:
2860:
2650:
2139:
2131:
1870:
1866:
1802:
1759:
1532:
1485:
1083:
1038:
660:
498:
486:
454:
54:
5111:
5036:
4512:
3667:
3461:
3398:
3072:
3067:
3052:
2925:
2905:
2870:
1934:
1902:
and drew up proposals for reform, which were implemented after 1886. In 1888 the new
1475:
1455:
1415:
1121:
1053:
970:
945:
720:
470:
1950:, and finally in 1906 a direct rail link with European Russia was opened across the
1762:
recognized the annexation in any case. This was swiftly followed by the conquest of
4996:
4749:
3741:
3597:
2915:
2865:
2850:
2717:
2630:
2236:
2228:
2199:
1465:
1203:
1169:
1111:
1078:
730:
650:
579:
458:
410:
307:
120:
4329:
3617:
3486:
3334:
3057:
3047:
1907:
1771:
1445:
710:
83:
2607:
4619:
4135:
3632:
3087:
2792:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2244:
2224:
1983:
1963:
1126:
1048:
940:
930:
405:
400:
395:
390:
159:
17:
4759:
3689:
3082:
3077:
2885:
2499:"Commemorating the 1916 Massacres in Kyrgyzstan? Russia Sees a Western Plot"
2149:
1840:
1808:
1791:"Urus leshkerining Türkistanda tarikh 1262–1269 senelarda qilghan futuhlari"
1775:
1735:
1073:
985:
466:
450:
1914:' courts and a 'native' administration that devolved much power to local '
3961:
3647:
3642:
3637:
2187:
2177:
1959:
1955:
1947:
1751:
1739:
1213:
1198:
1188:
575:
147:
3566:
3880:
3652:
3481:
2875:
2135:
1915:
1767:
1763:
1405:
1323:
670:
566:
154:
4588:
4104:
2761:
4959:
4155:
3092:
2824:
2163:
2124:
1951:
1350:
1193:
925:
640:
597:
2951:
1918:' (Elders or Headmen). It was quite unlike European Russia. In 1908
2712:
Russia's Protectorates in Central Asia, Bukhara and Khiva 1865–1924
2402:
Central Asia, 130 Years of Russian Dominance: A Historical Overview
2255:) was formed out of part of the Uzbek SSR in 1929, and in 1936 the
3627:
2829:
1991:
1923:
1832:
1710:
1702:
1341:
2748:' TIAS Central Eurasian Research Series No.3. Tokyo, 2009, 118 p.
2834:
2819:
2722:
The Politics of Muslim Cultural Reform: Jadidism in Central Asia
2152:) (until 1886 Zeravshan Okrug, the occupied east territories of
1911:
1899:
1359:
1332:
606:
588:
4592:
4108:
3570:
2765:
2647:
Russian Central Asia, 1867–1917 : a study in colonial rule
1819:. Its capital was Tashkent and it consisted initially of three
1789:
An account of the Russian conquest of Tashkent was written in
1734:
Although Russia had been pushing south into the steppes from
4660:
2030:
1865–1867 Mikhail Grigoryevich Chernyaev (Military Governor)
1877:(which had been conquered in 1881–1885 by military generals
1873:
that was dissolved after an uprising in 1875. In 1894, the
2573:
Turkmenistan: Strategies of Power, Dilemmas of Development
2546:
Turkmenistan: Strategies of Power, Dilemmas of Development
1786:
in 1868 forming the Zeravsh Special Okrug of Turkestan.
2470:
Kirill Nourzhanov; Christian Bleuer (October 8, 2013).
1958:
to Tashkent. This led to much larger numbers of ethnic
2623:
Didar Kassymova, Zhanat Kundakbayeva and Ustina Markus
2742:
Berlin: Klaus Schwarz Verlag, 2004 (=ANOR 16), 112 p.
2661:(Baltimore) 1954, 183 pp., complete text online.
444:
2033:
1866–1867 Dmitri Ilyich Romanovskiy (Civil Governor)
1974:, sparked by a decree conscripting the natives into
469:. It comprised the oasis region to the south of the
5017:
4941:
4877:
4776:
4742:
4671:
4627:
4488:
4414:
4360:
4279:
4208:
4146:
3992:
3938:
3894:
3809:
3723:
3608:
3444:
3407:
3292:
3223:
3133:
3101:
3014:
2985:
2934:
2843:
2812:
2803:
2190:) (until 1898 part of Caucasus Governorate-General)
2102:
1911–1914 Alexander Vasilyevich Samsonov (restored)
2013:The borders of the Russian imperial territories of
383:
268:
243:
233:
221:
199:
187:
173:
165:
153:
143:
92:
32:
27:
1867–1917 governorate-general of the Russian Empire
1998:) continued well into the beginning of the 1930s.
2213:Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
5123:States and territories disestablished in 1917
4604:
4120:
3582:
2777:
2271:, these republics gained their independence.
1854:
1684:
1260:
861:
107:
101:
35:
8:
2666:Turkestan and the Fate of the Russian Empire
2348:Turkestan and the Fate of the Russian Empire
2281:National delimitation in Soviet Central Asia
2217:Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic
1707:The Defence of the Samarkand Citadel in 1868
1117:Turkmenistan in the 16th and 17th centuries
183:1,707,003 km (659,078 sq mi)
5148:Governorates-General of the Russian Empire
5143:1860s establishments in the Russian Empire
5118:States and territories established in 1867
4947:
4883:
4782:
4681:
4677:
4611:
4597:
4589:
4420:
4366:
4285:
4214:
4127:
4113:
4105:
3944:
3900:
3815:
3729:
3589:
3575:
3567:
3413:
3298:
3229:
3139:
3020:
2809:
2784:
2770:
2762:
2658:The Revolt of 1916 in Russian Central Asia
2473:Tajikistan: A Political and Social History
1691:
1677:
1278:
1267:
1253:
879:
868:
854:
822:
757:
632:
549:
508:
82:
29:
5158:1867 establishments in the Russian Empire
2673:The modern history of Soviet Central Asia
1906:, begun at Uzun-Ada on the shores of the
1885:) was added to the Governor-Generalship.
2570:Sebastien Peyrouse (February 12, 2015).
2405:. Duke University Press. pp. 400–.
2198:
2069:1904–1905 Nikolay Nikolayevich Tevyashev
2042:1881–1882 Gerasim Alexeevich Kolpakovsky
2008:
1869:, formed from the remaining rump of the
2516:Andrew D. W. Forbes (October 9, 1986).
2426:Andrew D. W. Forbes (October 9, 1986).
2337:
1920:Count Konstantin Konstantinovich Pahlen
1292:
1281:
893:
882:
785:
760:
522:
511:
461:territories, and was administered as a
186:
172:
164:
152:
142:
2072:1905–1906 Vsevolod Victorovich Zaharov
2066:1901–1904 Nikolay Alexandrovich Ivanov
2057:1889–1898 Alexander Borisovich Vrevsky
88:Provinces of Russian Turkestan in 1900
2497:Sydykova, Zamira (January 20, 2016).
2105:1914–1916 Fedor Vladimirovich Martson
1990:launched an attack on the autonomous
263:
259:
242:
232:
228:
216:
198:
194:
98:
7:
2372:Thomas Sanders (February 12, 2015).
2084:1906–1908 Nikolai Ivanovich Grodekov
2006:Turkestan had 21 Governor-generals.
1815:, under its first Governor-General,
2626:Historical Dictionary of Kazakhstan
2543:Sébastien Peyrouse (January 2012).
2345:Daniel Brower (November 12, 2012).
2168:Governor-Generalship of the Steppes
2087:1908–1909 Pavel Ivanovich Mischenko
1839:). To these were added in 1873 the
1774:, culminating in the annexation of
1523:Governor-Generalship of the Steppes
1145:Russian conquest and the Great Game
473:, but not the protectorates of the
5138:Central Asia in the Russian Empire
5128:Subdivisions of the Russian Empire
1778:and the surrounding region on the
481:. It was populated by speakers of
25:
2503:The Central Asia-Caucasus Analyst
2233:Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic
2108:1916 Mikhail Romanovich Yerofeyev
2081:1906 Yevgeny Osipovich Matsievsky
1657:Outline of Kazak military history
5163:1918 disestablishments in Russia
4199:
3005:
2265:Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic
2123:Turkestan was divided into five
2038:Konstantin Petrovich von Kaufman
2025:in the time period of 1902–1903.
1817:Konstantin Petrovich von Kaufman
1754:under the leadership of General
1730:Russian conquest of Central Asia
1303:
1236:
1155:October Revolution and Civil War
904:
533:
367:
342:
328:
314:
300:
118:
68:
4186:Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic
2714:(Cambridge, Massachusetts) 1968
2249:Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic
2241:Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic
2227:). After the foundation of the
2092:Alexander Vasilyevich Samsonov
2062:Sergei Mikhailovich Dukhovskoi
1:
2549:. M.E. Sharpe. pp. 29–.
2522:. CUP Archive. pp. 17–.
2476:. ANU E Press. pp. 22–.
2432:. CUP Archive. pp. 16–.
1793:by Mullah Khalibay Mambetov.
1662:Bibliography of Kazak history
2378:. Routledge. pp. 451–.
2269:collapse of the Soviet Union
2215:(Turkestan ASSR) within the
1946:In 1897 the railway reached
2576:. Routledge. pp. 29–.
2296:Turkestan Military District
1855:
445:
102:
5184:
2597:ÖZTÜRK, SELİM (May 2012).
2209:Russian Revolution of 1917
2098:Vasiliy Ivanovich Pokotilo
1800:
1727:
1182:Related historical regions
449:) was the western part of
5074:
4950:
4886:
4785:
4684:
4680:
4658:
4550:
4423:
4369:
4288:
4217:
4197:
4066:
3947:
3903:
3818:
3732:
3533:
3416:
3301:
3232:
3142:
3023:
3003:
2456:Islam in the Soviet Union
2351:. Routledge. p. 26.
2203:Contemporary Central Asia
2166:) (1882–1899 part of the
1933:The Russians implemented
1850:
434:
279:
264:
260:
256:
229:
217:
213:
195:
108:
99:
81:
65:
60:
52:
36:
2399:Edward Allworth (1994).
1744:failed Khivan expedition
5133:Former Russian colonies
4348:President of Uzbekistan
3033:Altay (Altai) Mountains
2311:History of Turkmenistan
2136:New Margelan (Skobelev)
2119:Administrative division
2077:Dean Ivanovich Subotich
1896:Nikolay Karlovich Giers
1243:Turkmenistan portal
798:History of Central Asia
53:Governorate−General of
4911:Science and technology
4665:
3257:Science and technology
2977:Republic of Kazakhstan
2695:Russia in Central Asia
2685:(London) 1876 2 Vols.
2459:. Praeger. p. 15.
2231:it was split into the
2223:(excluding modern-day
2204:
2026:
2002:Governors of Turkestan
1720:
1708:
1573:Republic of Kazakhstan
961:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
269:Political subdivisions
4664:
2677:online free to borrow
2651:online free to borrow
2321:History of Tajikistan
2316:History of Kazakhstan
2306:History of Kyrgyzstan
2301:History of Uzbekistan
2263:) was separated from
2202:
2012:
1930:from penetrating in.
1904:Trans-Caspian railway
1714:
1706:
103:Bozhe, Tsarya khrani!
3797:World Heritage Sites
3757:Environmental issues
2947:List of Kazakh khans
2705:Mission to Turkestan
2613:on October 22, 2016.
1861:), annexed from the
1813:Governor-Generalship
1811:was made a separate
1096:Early modern history
467:Governor-Generalship
350:Orenburg Governorate
336:Caucasus Viceroyalty
114:"God Save the Tsar!"
4800:Central Asian Union
4760:Tian Shan mountains
3823:Central Asian Union
3715:Neutrality Monument
3058:Khan Tangiri Shyngy
3038:Aral Karakum Desert
2901:Kara-Khanid Khanate
2886:Xueyantuo Khaganate
2730:The Life of Alimqul
2671:Wheeler, Geoffrey.
2645:Pierce, Richard A.
2291:Semirechye Cossacks
2221:Soviet Central Asia
2184:Transcaspian Oblast
1980:February Revolution
1875:Transcaspian Region
1504:Post-nomadic period
1150:Transcaspian Oblast
762:Colonization period
701:Kara-Khanid Khanate
235:• Established
4924:Telecommunications
4795:Capital punishment
4729:Towns and villages
4666:
4392:Telecommunications
4176:Emirate of Bukhara
4161:Khwarazmian Empire
3921:Telecommunications
3705:Saparmurat Niyazov
3262:Telecommunications
2738:Aftandil Erkinov.
2703:Count K.K. Pahlen
2655:E. D. Sokol,
2205:
2154:Khanate of Bukhara
2113:Aleksey Kuropatkin
2047:Mikhail Chernyayev
2027:
1865:, and in 1876 the
1831:and the Zeravshan
1784:Emirate of Bukhara
1756:Mikhail Chernyayev
1721:
1709:
1170:After Independence
1107:Emirate of Bukhara
1014:Rashidun Caliphate
991:Hephthalite Empire
475:Emirate of Bukhara
363:Turkestan Autonomy
5168:Russian Turkestan
5103:
5102:
5070:
5069:
4937:
4936:
4873:
4872:
4857:Supreme Assembly
4842:Political parties
4815:Foreign relations
4772:
4771:
4768:
4767:
4642:Basmachi movement
4586:
4585:
4546:
4545:
4410:
4409:
4356:
4355:
4338:Political parties
4333:
4303:Foreign relations
4275:
4274:
4181:Russian Turkestan
4102:
4101:
4062:
4061:
3934:
3933:
3890:
3889:
3843:Foreign relations
3805:
3804:
3564:
3563:
3529:
3528:
3525:
3524:
3288:
3287:
3219:
3218:
3211:Political parties
3184:Freedom of speech
3157:Foreign relations
3129:
3128:
3001:
3000:
2957:Russian Turkestan
2881:Oghuz Yabgu State
2583:978-1-317-45326-0
2556:978-0-7656-3205-0
2529:978-0-521-25514-1
2483:978-1-925021-16-5
2439:978-0-521-25514-1
2385:978-1-317-46862-2
2358:978-1-135-14501-9
2326:Chinese Turkestan
2286:Orenburg Cossacks
2160:Semirechye Oblast
2053:Nikolai Rozenbakh
1996:Soviet historians
1976:labour battalions
1829:Semirechye Oblast
1701:
1700:
1625:Eastern Orthodoxy
1584:
1583:
1513:Russian Turkestan
1494:
1493:
1396:Turkic (Göktürks)
1367:
1366:
1277:
1276:
951:Achaemenid Empire
936:Oxus civilization
878:
877:
843:
842:
810:
809:
806:
805:
787:Great game period
781:
780:
773:Russian Turkestan
743:
742:
739:
738:
691:Oghuz Yabgu State
618:
617:
614:
613:
558:Oxus Civilization
446:Russkiy Turkestan
443:
435:Русский Туркестан
422:Russian Turkestan
419:
418:
379:
378:
375:
374:
355:
354:
322:Khanate of Kokand
247:Republic declared
136:
109:Боже, Царя храни!
37:Русский Туркестан
33:Russian Turkestan
16:(Redirected from
5175:
5083:
4948:
4919:
4884:
4860:
4783:
4682:
4678:
4613:
4606:
4599:
4590:
4566:
4559:
4421:
4382:
4367:
4331:
4286:
4215:
4203:
4166:Chagatai Khanate
4129:
4122:
4115:
4106:
4082:
4075:
3945:
3916:
3901:
3833:Democratic Party
3816:
3730:
3685:
3684:
3674:
3673:
3658:Greater Khorasan
3623:Bactria–Margiana
3591:
3584:
3577:
3568:
3549:
3542:
3414:
3389:Wedding ceremony
3349:
3299:
3280:Waste management
3270:
3230:
3140:
3111:Cities and towns
3083:Tien (Tian) Shan
3021:
3009:
2911:Chagatai Khanate
2896:Kyrgyz Khaganate
2891:Uyghur Khaganate
2856:Rouran Khaganate
2810:
2786:
2779:
2772:
2763:
2728:T.K. Beisembiev
2681:Eugene Schuyler
2633:
2621:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2605:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2567:
2561:
2560:
2540:
2534:
2533:
2513:
2507:
2506:
2494:
2488:
2487:
2467:
2461:
2460:
2450:
2444:
2443:
2423:
2417:
2416:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2369:
2363:
2362:
2342:
2174:Syr-Darya Oblast
2146:Samarkand Oblast
1968:Saint Petersburg
1883:Mikhail Annenkov
1879:Mikhail Skobelev
1863:Khanate of Khiva
1860:
1852:
1848:
1837:Samarkand Oblast
1760:Saint Petersburg
1717:Syr-Darya Oblast
1693:
1686:
1679:
1580:
1509:
1508:
1382:
1381:
1320:
1319:
1307:
1297:
1279:
1269:
1262:
1255:
1241:
1240:
1239:
1209:Greater Khorasan
1165:Turkmenistan SSR
1102:Khanate of Khiva
1069:Chagatai Khanate
1054:Seljuk Turkomans
1049:Ghaznavid Empire
986:Kidarite Kingdom
981:Sassanian Empire
966:Parthian dynasty
908:
898:
880:
870:
863:
856:
823:
794:
793:
769:
768:
758:
637:
636:
633:
554:
553:
550:
537:
527:
509:
479:Khanate of Khiva
448:
438:
436:
429:
371:
370:
359:
358:
346:
345:
332:
331:
318:
317:
304:
303:
297:
296:
281:
280:
275:: 5 (since 1899)
138:
137:
115:
111:
110:
105:
86:
72:
47:
39:
38:
30:
21:
5183:
5182:
5178:
5177:
5176:
5174:
5173:
5172:
5108:
5107:
5104:
5099:
5086:
5079:
5066:
5013:
4987:Public holidays
4933:
4917:
4869:
4858:
4832:Law enforcement
4764:
4755:Pamir mountains
4738:
4667:
4656:
4623:
4617:
4587:
4582:
4569:
4562:
4555:
4542:
4484:
4480:Public holidays
4406:
4380:
4352:
4320:Law enforcement
4271:
4257:Protected areas
4204:
4195:
4142:
4133:
4103:
4098:
4085:
4078:
4071:
4058:
3988:
3984:Public holidays
3930:
3914:
3886:
3860:Law enforcement
3801:
3777:Protected areas
3719:
3682:
3680:
3671:
3669:
3663:Parthian Empire
3604:
3595:
3565:
3560:
3552:
3545:
3538:
3521:
3440:
3403:
3347:
3284:
3268:
3215:
3196:Law enforcement
3125:
3097:
3063:Kyzylkum Desert
3010:
2997:
2981:
2930:
2839:
2799:
2790:
2760:
2725:(Berkeley) 1997
2710:Seymour Becker
2642:
2640:Further reading
2637:
2636:
2622:
2618:
2610:
2603:
2596:
2595:
2591:
2584:
2569:
2568:
2564:
2557:
2542:
2541:
2537:
2530:
2515:
2514:
2510:
2496:
2495:
2491:
2484:
2469:
2468:
2464:
2452:
2451:
2447:
2440:
2425:
2424:
2420:
2413:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2386:
2371:
2370:
2366:
2359:
2344:
2343:
2339:
2334:
2277:
2247:) in 1924. The
2219:was created in
2197:
2121:
2004:
1988:Tashkent Soviet
1972:Basmachi Revolt
1944:
1891:
1844:
1805:
1799:
1780:Zeravshan River
1748:Peter the Great
1732:
1726:
1697:
1668:
1667:
1666:
1651:
1643:
1642:
1641:
1594:
1586:
1585:
1578:
1506:
1496:
1495:
1379:
1369:
1368:
1317:
1295:
1288:
1273:
1237:
1235:
1230:
1229:
1228:
1183:
1175:
1174:
1140:
1132:
1131:
1097:
1089:
1088:
1064:Mongol conquest
1044:Oghuz Turkomans
1004:
996:
995:
956:Seleucid Empire
921:Ancient history
916:
896:
889:
874:
845:
844:
839:
820:
812:
811:
755:
745:
744:
630:
620:
619:
547:
525:
518:
507:
425:
415:
368:
343:
329:
315:
301:
249:
236:
206:
180:
139:
119:
113:
112:
106:
87:
77:
76:
73:
48:
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5181:
5179:
5171:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5110:
5109:
5101:
5100:
5098:
5097:
5092:
5085:
5084:
5076:
5075:
5072:
5071:
5068:
5067:
5065:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5023:
5021:
5015:
5014:
5012:
5011:
5010:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4968:
4967:
4962:
4951:
4945:
4939:
4938:
4935:
4934:
4932:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4887:
4881:
4875:
4874:
4871:
4870:
4868:
4867:
4862:
4854:
4852:Prime Minister
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4828:
4827:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4786:
4780:
4774:
4773:
4770:
4769:
4766:
4765:
4763:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4746:
4744:
4740:
4739:
4737:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4709:Extreme points
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4685:
4675:
4669:
4668:
4659:
4657:
4655:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4633:
4631:
4625:
4624:
4622: articles
4618:
4616:
4615:
4608:
4601:
4593:
4584:
4583:
4581:
4580:
4575:
4568:
4567:
4560:
4552:
4551:
4548:
4547:
4544:
4543:
4541:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4494:
4492:
4486:
4485:
4483:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4466:
4465:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4424:
4418:
4412:
4411:
4408:
4407:
4405:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4376:
4370:
4364:
4358:
4357:
4354:
4353:
4351:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4316:
4315:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4289:
4283:
4277:
4276:
4273:
4272:
4270:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4237:Extreme points
4234:
4229:
4224:
4218:
4212:
4206:
4205:
4198:
4196:
4194:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4171:Timurid Empire
4168:
4163:
4158:
4152:
4150:
4144:
4143:
4134:
4132:
4131:
4124:
4117:
4109:
4100:
4099:
4097:
4096:
4091:
4084:
4083:
4076:
4068:
4067:
4064:
4063:
4060:
4059:
4057:
4056:
4055:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3998:
3996:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3965:
3964:
3962:Turkmen people
3959:
3948:
3942:
3936:
3935:
3932:
3931:
3929:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3910:
3904:
3898:
3892:
3891:
3888:
3887:
3885:
3884:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3856:
3855:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3819:
3813:
3807:
3806:
3803:
3802:
3800:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3762:Extreme points
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3733:
3727:
3721:
3720:
3718:
3717:
3712:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3676:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3614:
3612:
3606:
3605:
3596:
3594:
3593:
3586:
3579:
3571:
3562:
3561:
3559:
3558:
3551:
3550:
3543:
3535:
3534:
3531:
3530:
3527:
3526:
3523:
3522:
3520:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3448:
3446:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3417:
3411:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3343:
3338:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3302:
3296:
3290:
3289:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3252:Stock Exchange
3249:
3244:
3239:
3233:
3227:
3221:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3192:
3191:
3186:
3176:
3175:
3174:
3172:Prime Minister
3169:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3143:
3137:
3131:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3107:
3105:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3028:Aktogay Canyon
3024:
3018:
3012:
3011:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2995:
2989:
2987:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2962:Alash Autonomy
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2942:Kazakh Khanate
2938:
2936:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2847:
2845:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2816:
2814:
2807:
2801:
2800:
2791:
2789:
2788:
2781:
2774:
2766:
2759:
2758:External links
2756:
2753:
2752:
2749:
2743:
2736:
2733:
2726:
2715:
2708:
2701:
2697:(London) 1889
2689:
2679:
2669:
2664:Daniel Brower
2662:
2653:
2641:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2616:
2589:
2582:
2562:
2555:
2535:
2528:
2508:
2489:
2482:
2462:
2445:
2438:
2418:
2411:
2391:
2384:
2364:
2357:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2276:
2273:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2191:
2181:
2171:
2157:
2143:
2140:Kokand Khanate
2132:Fergana Oblast
2120:
2117:
2116:
2115:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2094:
2088:
2085:
2082:
2079:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2058:
2055:
2049:
2043:
2040:
2034:
2031:
2003:
2000:
1966:Department in
1943:
1940:
1890:
1887:
1871:Kokand Khanate
1867:Fergana Oblast
1803:The Great Game
1798:
1795:
1728:Main article:
1725:
1722:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1695:
1688:
1681:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1664:
1659:
1653:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1640:
1639:
1638:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1582:
1581:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1565:
1559:
1558:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1545:
1539:
1538:
1535:
1533:Alash Autonomy
1529:
1528:
1525:
1519:
1518:
1515:
1507:
1502:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1492:
1491:
1488:
1486:Kazakh Khanate
1482:
1481:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1388:
1380:
1375:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1365:
1364:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1351:Kangju Kingdom
1347:
1346:
1344:
1338:
1337:
1335:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1318:
1313:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1300:
1299:
1290:
1289:
1282:
1275:
1274:
1272:
1271:
1264:
1257:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1185:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1141:
1139:Modern history
1138:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1009:Islamic period
1005:
1002:
1001:
998:
997:
994:
993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
928:
926:Jeitun culture
923:
917:
914:
913:
910:
909:
901:
900:
891:
890:
883:
876:
875:
873:
872:
865:
858:
850:
847:
846:
841:
840:
838:
837:
832:
826:
821:
818:
817:
814:
813:
808:
807:
804:
803:
800:
790:
789:
783:
782:
779:
778:
775:
765:
764:
756:
751:
750:
747:
746:
741:
740:
737:
736:
733:
727:
726:
723:
717:
716:
713:
707:
706:
703:
697:
696:
693:
687:
686:
683:
677:
676:
673:
667:
666:
663:
657:
656:
653:
647:
646:
643:
631:
626:
625:
622:
621:
616:
615:
612:
611:
609:
603:
602:
600:
594:
593:
591:
585:
584:
582:
572:
571:
569:
563:
562:
560:
548:
543:
542:
539:
538:
530:
529:
520:
519:
512:
506:
503:
455:Russian Empire
417:
416:
414:
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
387:
385:
381:
380:
377:
376:
373:
372:
365:
356:
353:
352:
347:
339:
338:
333:
325:
324:
319:
311:
310:
305:
293:
292:
287:
277:
276:
270:
266:
265:
262:
261:
258:
257:
254:
253:
250:
244:
241:
240:
237:
234:
231:
230:
227:
226:
223:
219:
218:
215:
214:
211:
210:
207:
200:
197:
196:
193:
192:
189:
185:
184:
181:
174:
171:
170:
167:
163:
162:
157:
151:
150:
145:
141:
140:
117:
97:
96:
90:
89:
79:
78:
74:
67:
66:
63:
62:
58:
57:
55:Russian Empire
50:
49:
34:
26:
24:
18:Turkestan Krai
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5180:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5115:
5113:
5106:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5087:
5082:
5078:
5077:
5073:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5024:
5022:
5020:
5016:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4994:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4966:
4965:ethnic groups
4963:
4961:
4958:
4957:
4956:
4953:
4952:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4940:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4888:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4876:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4826:
4823:
4822:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4787:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4775:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4747:
4745:
4741:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4686:
4683:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4670:
4663:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4637:Early history
4635:
4634:
4632:
4630:
4626:
4621:
4614:
4609:
4607:
4602:
4600:
4595:
4594:
4591:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4570:
4565:
4561:
4558:
4554:
4553:
4549:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4495:
4493:
4491:
4487:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4464:
4463:Mental health
4461:
4460:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4448:Ethnic groups
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4425:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4413:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4371:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4359:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4343:Supreme Court
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4314:
4311:
4310:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4290:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4278:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4219:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4207:
4202:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4153:
4151:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4130:
4125:
4123:
4118:
4116:
4111:
4110:
4107:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4086:
4081:
4077:
4074:
4070:
4069:
4065:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4039:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3999:
3997:
3995:
3991:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3957:Ethnic groups
3955:
3954:
3953:
3950:
3949:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3937:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3905:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3893:
3883:
3882:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3854:
3851:
3850:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3820:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3808:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3734:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3722:
3716:
3713:
3710:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3677:
3675:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3592:
3587:
3585:
3580:
3578:
3573:
3572:
3569:
3557:
3554:
3553:
3548:
3544:
3541:
3537:
3536:
3532:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3449:
3447:
3443:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3418:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3406:
3400:
3399:Kazakh tribes
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3336:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3291:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3247:National Bank
3245:
3243:
3242:Energy policy
3240:
3238:
3235:
3234:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3222:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3180:
3177:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3164:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3132:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3104:
3100:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3073:Sharyn Canyon
3071:
3069:
3068:Lake Balkhash
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3053:Kazakh Steppe
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3013:
3008:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2984:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2937:
2933:
2927:
2926:Uzbek Khanate
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2906:Mongol Empire
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2871:Kimek Khanate
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2844:Early history
2842:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2787:
2782:
2780:
2775:
2773:
2768:
2767:
2764:
2757:
2755:
2750:
2747:
2744:
2741:
2737:
2734:
2732:(London) 2003
2731:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2719:
2716:
2713:
2709:
2707:(Oxford) 1964
2706:
2702:
2700:
2696:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2668:(London) 2003
2667:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2654:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2643:
2639:
2632:
2629:, p. 228, at
2628:
2627:
2620:
2617:
2609:
2602:
2601:
2593:
2590:
2585:
2579:
2575:
2574:
2566:
2563:
2558:
2552:
2548:
2547:
2539:
2536:
2531:
2525:
2521:
2520:
2512:
2509:
2504:
2500:
2493:
2490:
2485:
2479:
2475:
2474:
2466:
2463:
2458:
2457:
2449:
2446:
2441:
2435:
2431:
2430:
2422:
2419:
2414:
2412:0-8223-1521-1
2408:
2404:
2403:
2395:
2392:
2387:
2381:
2377:
2376:
2368:
2365:
2360:
2354:
2350:
2349:
2341:
2338:
2331:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2201:
2194:
2189:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2144:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2095:
2093:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2011:
2007:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1935:Turkification
1931:
1927:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1898:) toured the
1897:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1859:
1858:
1847:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1823:(provinces):
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1804:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1787:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1731:
1724:Establishment
1723:
1718:
1713:
1705:
1694:
1689:
1687:
1682:
1680:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1671:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1647:
1646:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1590:
1589:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1499:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1477:
1476:Uzbek Khanate
1474:
1473:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1459:
1457:
1456:Mongol Empire
1454:
1453:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1372:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1301:
1298:
1291:
1286:
1280:
1270:
1265:
1263:
1258:
1256:
1251:
1250:
1248:
1247:
1244:
1234:
1233:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1179:
1178:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1136:
1135:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1122:Afsharid Iran
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1093:
1092:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1000:
999:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
971:Kushan Empire
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
946:Median Empire
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
918:
912:
911:
907:
903:
902:
899:
892:
887:
881:
871:
866:
864:
859:
857:
852:
851:
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5027:Architecture
5002:coat of arms
4955:Demographics
4896:Central bank
4859:(parliament)
4820:Human rights
4805:Constitution
4750:Central Asia
4498:Architecture
4438:Demographics
4433:Coat of arms
4332:(Parliament)
4330:Oliy Majlis
4308:Human rights
4293:Constitution
4180:
4002:Architecture
3952:Demographics
3879:
3848:Human rights
3828:Constitution
3742:Central Asia
3679:Khwarazmian
3598:Turkmenistan
3457:Azerbaijanis
3409:Demographics
3326:Coat of arms
3316:Architecture
3179:Human rights
3147:Constitution
3103:Subdivisions
2956:
2916:Golden Horde
2866:Kangar union
2754:
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2729:
2720:
2718:Adeeb Khalid
2711:
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2608:the original
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2267:. After the
2237:Turkmenistan
2229:Soviet Union
2206:
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2005:
1945:
1932:
1928:
1892:
1889:Colonization
1806:
1790:
1788:
1733:
1543:Kirghiz ASSR
1512:
1466:Golden Horde
1204:Greater Iran
1112:Safavid Iran
1059:Khwarazmians
897:Turkmenistan
772:
731:Golden Horde
651:Hephthalites
526:Central Asia
421:
420:
411:Turkmenistan
308:Qing dynasty
290:Succeeded by
289:
284:
239:23 July 1867
75:Coat of arms
4891:Agriculture
4704:Environment
4699:Earthquakes
3908:Agriculture
3709:Türkmenbaşy
3683:(1077–1231)
3672:(1037–1194)
3618:Yaz culture
3237:Agriculture
3048:Caspian Sea
2967:Kazakh ASSR
2921:White Horde
2699:online free
2692:G.N. Curzon
2687:online free
2195:Soviet rule
2142:until 1876)
2138:) (part of
1908:Caspian Sea
1715:Map of the
1553:Kazakh ASSR
1446:Qara Khitai
1436:Kara-Khanid
1294:History of
1219:Transcaspia
1160:Soviet rule
1003:Middle Ages
976:Proto-Turks
895:History of
711:Qara Khitai
628:Middle Ages
524:History of
453:within the
285:Preceded by
5112:Categories
5042:Literature
4918:(currency)
4647:Soviet era
4620:Tajikistan
4518:Literature
4458:Healthcare
4381:(currency)
4191:Since 1991
4136:Uzbekistan
3915:(currency)
3870:Parliament
3700:Soviet era
3695:Magtymguly
3633:Massagetae
3512:Ukrainians
3384:Television
3348:(Internet)
3269:(currency)
3206:Parliament
3162:Government
3088:Ural River
2972:Kazakh SSR
2935:Since 1465
2813:Prehistory
2793:Kazakhstan
2332:References
2261:Kyrgyzstan
2257:Kyrgyz SSR
2253:Tajikistan
2245:Uzbekistan
2225:Kazakhstan
2207:After the
2096:1910–1911
2090:1909–1910
2060:1898–1901
2036:1867–1881
1984:Bolsheviks
1843:Division (
1801:See also:
1742:since the
1610:Healthcare
1563:Kazakh SSR
1470:1240s–1446
1296:Kazakhstan
1127:Qajar Iran
941:Massagetae
931:Gonur Depe
735:1240s–1446
645:200s–1000s
406:Uzbekistan
401:Tajikistan
396:Kyrgyzstan
391:Kazakhstan
188:Population
160:Turkestani
5153:Turkestan
4972:Education
4929:Transport
4847:President
4810:Elections
4719:Mountains
4673:Geography
4652:Civil War
4470:Languages
4443:Education
4402:Transport
4374:Companies
4298:Elections
4252:Mountains
4232:Districts
4210:Geography
3969:Education
3926:Transport
3875:President
3838:Elections
3772:Mountains
3752:Districts
3725:Geography
3690:Silk Road
3452:Armenians
3421:Education
3379:Squatting
3275:Transport
3167:President
3152:Elections
3116:Districts
3078:Syr Darya
3016:Geography
2683:Turkistan
2150:Samarkand
1964:Migration
1849:Russian:
1846:‹See Tfd›
1841:Amu Darya
1825:Syr Darya
1809:Turkestan
1797:Expansion
1782:from the
1776:Samarkand
1772:Ura-Tyube
1764:Khodzhent
1736:Astrakhan
1605:Geography
1567:1936–1991
1557:1925–1936
1547:1920–1925
1537:1918–1920
1527:1882–1918
1517:1867–1918
1490:1465–1847
1480:1428-1465
1460:1206–1368
1450:1124–1218
1224:Turkmenia
1074:Ilkhanate
1034:Saffarids
915:Antiquity
802:XIX a.d.–
777:1867–1918
725:1206–1368
715:1124–1218
451:Turkestan
440:romanized
427:‹See Tfd›
209:5,280,983
61:1867–1917
5090:Category
5057:Religion
4982:Language
4837:Military
4778:Politics
4734:Wildlife
4573:Category
4533:Religion
4508:Clothing
4387:Taxation
4325:Military
4281:Politics
4140:articles
4089:Category
4032:Religion
3979:Language
3865:Military
3811:Politics
3792:Wildlife
3681:dynasty
3648:Hyrcania
3643:Khwarezm
3638:Margiana
3602:articles
3556:Category
3497:Russians
3431:Language
3369:Religion
3321:Clothing
3306:Alphabet
3201:Military
3135:Politics
2986:By topic
2861:Göktürks
2797:articles
2675:(1964).
2275:See also
2188:Askhabat
2178:Tashkent
2111:1916–17
1956:Orenburg
1948:Tashkent
1942:Basmachi
1916:Aksakals
1807:In 1867
1752:Tashkent
1740:Orenburg
1620:Buddhism
1615:Religion
1440:840–1212
1430:750–1055
1420:743–1220
1377:Khanates
1285:a series
1283:Part of
1214:Khwarazm
1199:Margiana
1189:Hyrcania
1084:Timurids
1039:Samanids
1029:Tahirids
1024:Abbasids
1019:Umayyads
886:a series
884:Part of
705:840–1212
695:750–1055
685:743–1220
661:Göktürks
655:440s–710
641:Sogdians
576:Dingling
515:a series
513:Part of
477:and the
201:• (
175:• (
148:Tashkent
5081:Outline
5037:Cuisine
5019:Culture
4992:Symbols
4943:Society
4916:Somoni
4879:Economy
4865:Regions
4790:Cabinet
4689:Borders
4629:History
4557:Outline
4513:Cuisine
4490:Culture
4416:Society
4397:Tourism
4362:Economy
4262:Regions
4242:Forests
4222:Borders
4148:History
4073:Outline
4037:Symbols
4012:Cuisine
3994:Culture
3940:Society
3896:Economy
3881:Ruhnama
3782:Regions
3737:Borders
3670:Empire
3668:Seljuk
3653:Parthia
3610:History
3540:Outline
3517:Uyghurs
3487:Koreans
3482:Kazakhs
3467:Germans
3445:Peoples
3354:Kazakhs
3346:Kaznet
3331:Cuisine
3294:Culture
3225:Economy
3121:Regions
3093:Zhetysu
3043:Borders
2876:Karluks
2805:History
2649:(1960)
2125:oblasts
2051:1884‒9
2045:1882‒4
2019:Bukhara
1986:of the
1960:Russian
1835:(later
1821:oblasts
1768:Dzhizak
1719:in 1872
1635:Judaism
1600:Culture
1579:present
1410:665–744
1400:552–745
1390:330–555
1324:Scythia
1315:Ancient
675:665–744
671:Karluks
665:552–745
567:Scythia
545:Ancient
505:History
483:Russian
442::
431:Russian
273:Oblasts
245:•
222:History
155:Demonym
144:Capital
44:Russian
5095:Portal
5062:Sports
5032:Cinema
4997:anthem
4977:Health
4960:people
4906:Mining
4901:Energy
4724:Rivers
4694:Cities
4578:Portal
4503:Cinema
4475:People
4428:Anthem
4267:Rivers
4227:Cities
4156:Sogdia
4138:
4094:Portal
4047:emblem
4042:anthem
4027:Sports
4007:Cinema
3974:Health
3913:Manat
3787:Rivers
3747:Cities
3600:
3502:Tatars
3472:Greeks
3462:Dungan
3426:Health
3311:Anthem
3267:Tenge
2993:Postal
2825:Kangju
2795:
2580:
2553:
2526:
2480:
2436:
2409:
2382:
2355:
2239:) and
2023:Kokand
1952:steppe
1593:Topics
1406:Karluk
1386:Rouran
1287:on the
1194:Sogdia
888:on the
835:Sports
819:Topics
753:Modern
598:Kangju
517:on the
497:, and
495:Kyrgyz
491:Kazakh
225:
191:
169:
94:Anthem
40:
5052:Music
5047:Media
4743:Areas
4714:Lakes
4564:Index
4538:Sport
4528:Music
4523:Media
4247:Lakes
4080:Index
4022:Music
4017:Media
3767:Lakes
3628:Dahae
3547:Index
3507:Turks
3492:Poles
3436:Women
3394:Y-DNA
3374:Sport
3364:Music
3359:Media
2830:Wusun
2611:(PDF)
2604:(PDF)
2164:Verny
2075:1906
1992:Jadid
1954:from
1924:Jadid
1912:Qadis
1857:otdel
1851:отдел
1833:Okrug
1650:Other
1630:Islam
1577:1991–
1426:Oghuz
1416:Kimek
1342:Wusun
1079:Karts
580:Tiele
499:Tajik
487:Uzbek
5007:flag
4825:LGBT
4453:Flag
4379:Sum
4313:LGBT
4052:flag
3853:LGBT
3477:Jews
3341:Flag
3335:wine
3189:LGBT
2851:Tele
2835:Huns
2820:Saka
2578:ISBN
2551:ISBN
2524:ISBN
2478:ISBN
2434:ISBN
2407:ISBN
2380:ISBN
2353:ISBN
2211:, a
2021:and
2015:Kiva
1900:Krai
1881:and
1770:and
1738:and
1360:Huns
1333:Saka
607:Huns
589:Saka
463:Krai
252:1917
203:1897
177:1897
166:Area
2952:Jüz
1746:of
830:Art
465:or
457:’s
5114::
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2127:.
2017:,
1853:,
1827:,
1766:,
501:.
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42:(
20:)
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