648:", and were also called the "Khan of Chīn". The Qara Khitai used the "image of China" to legitimize their rule to the Central Asians. The Chinese emperor, together with the rulers of the Turks, Arabs, India and the Byzantine Romans, were known to Islamic writers as the world's "five great kings". Qara Khitai kept the trappings of a Chinese state, such as Chinese coins, Chinese imperial titles, the Chinese writing system, tablets, seals, and used Chinese products like porcelain, mirrors, jade and other Chinese customs. The adherence to Liao Chinese traditions has been suggested as a reason why the Qara Khitai did not convert to
1936:
1620:
42:
311:
476:
422:
701:, which is the medieval Latin appellation for China. Names derived from Khitai are still current in modern usage, such as the Russian, Bulgarian, Uzbek and Mongolian names for China. However, the use of the name Khitai to mean "China" or "Chinese" by
1005:
in 1864, the
Russians took it, and many writers affirm that mistaking its name for that of the entire region, they adopted the appellation of "Turkestan" for their new territory. Up to that time, they assure us
458:
sale contract of a female slave from the period of the
Gaochang kingdom under the rule of Qu clan and mentioned the Sogdian word "twrkstn", which may have referred to the lands to the east and north of
678:
has the effect of reinforcing the view among some Muslim writers that
Central Asia was linked to China even though the Tang dynasty had lost control of the region a few hundred years ago.
396:) was called Turkestan (Turk land), although they were both inhabited by linguistically Turkic ethnic groups. Beginning in the nineteenth century, the term Turkestan was also applied to
1263:
2942:
These are traditional areas of settlement; the Turkic group has been living in the listed country/region for centuries and should not be confused with modern diasporas.
2526:
528:, and, through nomadic settlement, started their long journey westwards. Much earlier than the Gokturks or their Orkhon Inscriptions, other groups such as the
1134:
2911:
2971:
1570:
1075:
551:
dynasty subsequently conquered it and the area experienced economic success. The entire territory was held at various times by Turkic forces, such as the
1893:
2944:
1608:
652:. Despite the Chinese trappings, there were comparatively few Han Chinese among the population of the Qara Khitai. These Han Chinese had lived in
1278:
1117:
103:). The region is located in the northwest of modern day China and to the northwest of its borders, and extends directly to the east of the
921:
The name
Turkestan is of Persian origin and was apparently first used by Persian geographers to describe "the country of the Turks". The
697:
The association of Khitai with China meant that the most enduring trace of the Khitan's power is names that are derived from it, such as
2981:
2634:
1417:
1360:
1341:
1304:
644:
ethnic origins gained prestige by portraying themselves as the legitimate dynasty of China. Qara Khitai monarchs used the title of "
124:
718:
369:
2235:
2687:
831:
2521:
1530:
The Heart of Asia: A History of
Russian Turkestan and the Central Asian Khanates from the Earliest Times by Edward Den Ross.
2906:
1935:
484:
134:
Throughout history, the area has been conquered and reconquered by several different groups and countries, including the
2569:
1149:
606:
2991:
1601:
1586:
417:
686:
was a former part of China, while Fakhr al-Dīn Mubārak Shāh defined China as part of "Turkestan", and the cities of
2455:
1545:
1333:
679:
24:
1377:
2986:
1109:
630:
2283:
2311:
2255:
2002:
1998:
1838:
1656:
1651:
492:
66:
2548:
1906:
1883:
1698:
1594:
1521:
Mission to
Turkestan: Being the memoirs of Count K.K. Pahlen, 1908–1909 by Konstantin Konstanovich Pahlen.
994:
782:
754:
592:
502:
464:
2778:
2732:
2340:
621:
658:
231:
are some of the Turkic inhabitants of the region who, as history progressed, have spread further into
2931:
1994:
1713:
1668:
1579:
328:
2672:
2291:
1916:
1738:
1539:
1453:
1449:. "Sowjetrußische Orientpolitik am Beispiel Turkestan. "Köln-Berlin: Kiepenhauer & Witsch, 1956
521:
497:
The history of the
Central Asian region that was later called Turkestan dates back to at least the
377:
78:
919:. London, England, St. Antony's College (University of Oxford): Central Asian Research Centre: 3.
2966:
2667:
2489:
1723:
1504:
Baymirza Hayit. "Some thoughts on the problem of
Turkestan" Institute of Turkestan Research, 1984
1366:
975:
506:
480:
505:
were produced in that period, with much trade being conducted. The region was a focal point for
2976:
2808:
2727:
2480:
2227:
1901:
1813:
1788:
1778:
1773:
1743:
1683:
1356:
1337:
1300:
1274:
1113:
967:
951:
827:
821:
498:
444:
365:
314:
295:
271:
116:
88:
1294:
1103:
671:, Jurchen, and Mongol tribes, as well as other Khitans in addition to the Xiao consort clan.
2773:
2753:
2531:
2307:
2295:
2287:
2275:
2251:
2243:
2231:
2212:
2165:
2067:
2030:
1921:
1858:
1853:
1818:
1768:
1693:
1673:
1663:
1633:
1434:
1398:
765:
737:
702:
645:
568:
455:
436:
428:
343:
267:
112:
57:
20:
653:
435:) in 1864. Mistaking its name for the entire region, they adopted the name of "Turkestan" (
2609:
2586:
2559:
2299:
2271:
2267:
2239:
2208:
2145:
2102:
2085:
1911:
1873:
1808:
1793:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1733:
1728:
1718:
1708:
1688:
1678:
1646:
1555:
1534:
1064:
893:
773:
745:
615:
525:
413:
1560:
1069:
256:
1326:
540:
rulers took over
Eastern Central Asia, which was centuries later also called Turkestan.
178:
when approached from the south, emphasizing
Turkestan's long-standing relationship with
2921:
2818:
2798:
2692:
2677:
2642:
2543:
2516:
2390:
2315:
2303:
2279:
2259:
2220:
2185:
2169:
2130:
2035:
2025:
1944:
1878:
1863:
1843:
1828:
1823:
1798:
1783:
1703:
1641:
1624:
1514:
Baymirza Hayit. "Basmatschi: Nationaler Kampf Turkestans in den Jahren 1917 bis 1934."
1446:
1425:
925:
revived the word as a convenient name for the governorate-general established in 1867 (
922:
793:
576:
552:
545:
401:
361:
357:
299:
260:
183:
139:
120:
108:
96:
84:
1328:
The Empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian History: between China and the Islamic World
2960:
2854:
2844:
2647:
2536:
2435:
2263:
2181:
2151:
2095:
2080:
2045:
1952:
1868:
1848:
1833:
1565:
1484:
1477:
1407:
David Christian "A History Of Russia, Central Asia, and Mongolia" (Oxford) 1998 Vol.I
1392:
1035:
664:
564:
333:
287:
1370:
575:
took over the western portion of Turkestan in 1369, and the area became part of the
2833:
2619:
2247:
2189:
2173:
2135:
1987:
1957:
936:
675:
637:
626:
610:
556:
409:
35:
174:
by western travelers. The latter two names refer to its position beyond the River
2927:
Organization of the Eurasian Law Enforcement Agencies with Military Status (TAKM)
2823:
2475:
2420:
2125:
2055:
1410:
683:
641:
596:
580:
454:
document from 639 CE was found in the Astana district of Turpan, which recorded
385:
381:
291:
283:
200:
171:
147:
111:, as well as Russian and Tajik-Persian minorities. Turkestan is subdivided into
104:
92:
372:, Turkestan historically referred only to the western portion of Central Asia:
41:
2803:
2768:
2624:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2465:
2430:
1803:
932:
432:
275:
1574:. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 419–426.
1483:
Baymirza Hayit. "Documents: Soviet Russia's Anti-Islam-Policy in Turkestan. "
971:
859:
2849:
2828:
2793:
2788:
2763:
2737:
2697:
2682:
2652:
2555:
2177:
2090:
2050:
1971:
1967:
1498:
1491:
709:, is considered pejorative by the Chinese authorities, who tried to ban it.
687:
533:
524:, in the 8th century AD, state that Turkic peoples originated in the nearby
517:
510:
460:
389:
310:
240:
194:
2838:
2415:
1538:
956:"The Formation of Modern Turkic 'Ethnic' Groups in Central and Inner Asia"
475:
2880:
2813:
2758:
2707:
2662:
2511:
2485:
2460:
2410:
2385:
2202:
2015:
1979:
1963:
1508:
397:
393:
279:
204:
163:
128:
100:
1458:
The Arts and Crafts of Turkestan (Arts & Crafts) by Johannes Kalter.
979:
955:
2890:
2870:
2783:
2400:
2395:
2375:
2328:
2197:
2115:
2060:
2040:
2020:
2010:
1975:
1515:
1011:
1007:
1002:
706:
691:
560:
548:
536:
in the early 2nd century BC. With the dissolution of the Huns' Empire,
529:
252:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
208:
191:
187:
143:
360:. Persian geographers first used the word to describe the place where
2916:
2875:
2657:
2614:
2564:
2425:
2380:
2370:
2354:
2348:
2333:
2323:
2159:
2120:
2110:
2075:
1019:
698:
668:
663:
during the Liao dynasty, and in 1124 migrated with the Khitans under
451:
324:
248:
244:
236:
212:
167:
31:
892:
Never a single nation, the name Turkestan means simply the place of
131:, where Turkic peoples constitute more than half of the population.
1395:"Turkestan Down to the Mongol Invasion" (London) 1968 (3rd Edition)
823:
The Monumental Inscriptions from Early Islamic Iran and Transoxiana
2885:
2470:
2405:
2140:
1015:
649:
572:
537:
474:
347:
309:
159:
40:
2926:
2702:
1559:
1461:
The Desert Road to Turkestan (Kodansha Globe) by Owen Lattimore.
1068:
541:
179:
175:
135:
1590:
1467:
Turkestan and the Fate of the Russian Empire by Daniel Brower.
376:
The Eastern part of Central Asia (inhabited by nomads of the
1293:
James A. Millward; Peter C. Perdue (2004). S.F.Starr (ed.).
19:"Turkistan" redirects here. For the city in Kazakhstan, see
1527:
Tribal Rugs from Afghanistan and Turkestan by Jack Frances.
1351:
Rezakhani, Khodadad (2017). "East Iran in Late Antiquity".
1507:
Baymirza Hayit. "Islam and Turkestan Under Russian Rule."
826:. Leiden/New York/Copenhagen/Cologne: Brill. p. 115.
583:
and continued to be ruled by descendants of Genghis Khan.
388:(“Mongol land”). The Western part (inhabited by nomads of
1497:
Baymirza Hayit. "Turkestan Zwischen Russland Und China. "
1473:
Turkestan Reunion (Kodansha Globe) by Eleanor Lattimore.
487:, showing the 11th century distribution of Turkic tribes
166:, western Turkestan has also been known historically as
2912:
International Organization of Turkic Culture (TÜRKSOY)
1464:
Turkestan down to the Mongol Invasion. by W. BARTHOLD.
1353:
ReOrienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity
1578:
Turkestan avant-garde. Exhibition catalog. Design by
1422:(Baltimore) 1954, 183 pp., complete text online.
996:
In Russian Turkestan: a garden of Asia and its people
613:. The history of the Qara Khitai was included in the
71:
860:"Turkistan | Map, History, & Facts | Britannica"
787:
759:
563:
in 1220. Genghis Khan gave the territory to his son
2899:
2863:
2746:
2720:
2633:
2585:
2578:
2499:
2448:
2363:
1943:
1892:
1632:
1549:. Vol. XXIII (9th ed.). pp. 631–640.
1476:Turkestan Solo: A Journey Through Central Asia, by
1058:
1056:
1054:
579:. The eastern portion of Turkestan was also called
170:, "Ma wara'u'n-nahr" (by its Arab conquerors), and
1325:
1135:"Like a Might Wall: The armies of the Qara Khitai"
1079:. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). pp. 419–426.
1454:Basmachi: Turkestan National Liberation Movement
150:also included the majority of Turkestan's land.
91:in Central Asia corresponding to the regions of
1490:Baymirza Hayit. "Turkestan im XX Jahrhundert. "
374:
127:in China). Today, "Turkestan" mainly refers to
1355:. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 1–256.
667:along with other people of Kedun, such as the
408:On their way southward during the conquest of
356:) had historically never referred to a single
318:
274:(the latter of which extended in the south to
45:The Turkestan region is noted on this 1914 map
1602:
926:
600:
351:
8:
2945:State with limited international recognition
674:Qara Khitai's rule over the Muslim-majority
625:), which was compiled officially during the
599:is most commonly called the "Western Liao" (
1264:"Chapter 11 – The Kitan and the Kara Kitay"
544:forces captured it in the 8th century. The
520:" legend, and written sources, such as the
2582:
2360:
1889:
1609:
1595:
1587:
1419:The Revolt of 1916 in Russian Central Asia
1413:"A History of Inner Asia" (Cambridge) 2000
1269:, in Asimov, M.S.; Bosworth, C.E. (eds.),
1105:Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang
1582:. M.: State Museum of Oriental Art, 2009.
1273:, vol. 4 part I, UNESCO Publishing,
881:
879:
846:
319:
1271:History of Civilisations of Central Asia
532:conquered the area after they conquered
1524:Turkestan: The Heart of Asia by Curtis.
886:Clewell, Gladys D.; Thompson, Holland.
812:
730:
605:) and is considered to be a legitimate
323:), from the November 1931 issue of the
1470:Tiger of Turkestan by Nonny Hogrogian.
939:, etc., came into use only after 1924.
906:
904:
107:. Turkestan is primarily inhabited by
1249:
1237:
1225:
1213:
1201:
1189:
1177:
1165:
1142:Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam
1089:
888:Lands and Peoples: The world in color
7:
1296:Xinjiang: China's Muslim Boarderland
1034:豊, 吉田; 孝夫, 森安; 新疆ウィグル自治区博物館 (1988).
928:Туркестанское генерал-губернаторство
263:form sizable non-Turkic minorities.
777:
705:speakers within China, such as the
352:
317:-language map depicting Turkestan (
61:
2972:Subdivisions of the Russian Empire
1487:: Gerhard von Mende, 2 vols, 1958.
14:
364:lived. According to ethnographer
142:, various Turkic forces, and the
125:Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region
16:Historical region in Central Asia
1934:
1618:
1429:Работы по Исторической Географии
1022:were known by these names alone.
719:Russian conquest of Central Asia
418:Nikolai Aleksandrovich Veryovkin
138:, the Chinese, Arab forces, the
2917:Parliamentary Assembly (TURKPA)
960:The Hungarian Historical Review
694:were considered part of China.
239:, and subnational regions like
235:forming such Turkic nations as
993:Meakin, Annette M. B. (1903).
911:"Soviet Affairs Study Group".
1:
2907:Organization of Turkic States
286:Seas and in the northeast to
1535:Kropotkin, Peter Alexeivitch
1439:Work on Historical Geography
1001:On their way southward from
890:. Vol. 3. p. 163.
1437:translation: V.V. Barthold
1299:. M.E. Sharpe. p. 43.
1102:Millward, James A. (2007).
788:
760:
640:, various dynasties of non-
516:Turkic sagas, such as the "
380:and settled peoples of the
72:
3008:
1334:Cambridge University Press
490:
29:
25:Turkestan (disambiguation)
18:
2982:Geography of Central Asia
2940:
1932:
1110:Columbia University Press
927:
749:
741:
609:, as is the case for the
601:
440:
412:in the 19th century, the
350:), the term "Turkestan" (
306:Etymology and terminology
2522:Timeline of the Göktürks
1044:
1036:
567:and the area became the
555:, until the conquest by
30:Not to be confused with
1571:Encyclopædia Britannica
1546:Encyclopædia Britannica
1518:: Dreisam-Verlag, 1993.
1192:, p. 102, 196–201.
1076:Encyclopædia Britannica
493:History of Central Asia
392:and settled peoples of
2236:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1324:Biran, Michal (2005).
1133:Biran, Michal (2001).
820:Blair, Sheila (1992).
797:
769:
636:After the fall of the
593:Chinese historiography
488:
465:First Turkic Khaganate
406:
339:
266:It is subdivided into
46:
23:. For other uses, see
2733:Proto-Turkic language
2364:Extinct Turkic groups
1554:Bealby, John Thomas;
1378:registration required
1063:Bealby, John Thomas;
622:Twenty-Four Histories
491:Further information:
478:
313:
278:, in the west to the
44:
2932:World Turks Qurultai
1452:Hasan Bülent Paksoy
1402:L'empire des steppes
1371:10.3366/j.ctt1g04zr8
1148:: 46. Archived from
913:Central Asian Review
501:millennium BC. Many
485:Dīwān Lughat al-Turk
463:in the realm of the
2673:Karachay-Cherkessia
1501:: Philo Press, 1971
522:Orkhon Inscriptions
445:their new territory
378:Tien Shan Mountains
294:) in the west, and
2992:Historical regions
2864:Traditional sports
2668:Kabardino-Balkaria
2288:Meskhetia (Ahiska)
1511::Can Matbaa, 1987.
1416:E. D. Sokol,
1262:Sinor, D. (1998),
1037:麹氏高昌国時代ソグド文女奴隷売買文書
952:Kara, Dávid Somfai
864:www.britannica.com
507:cultural diffusion
489:
481:Mahmud al-Kashgari
340:
47:
2952:
2951:
2728:Old Turkic script
2716:
2715:
2527:Timeline 500–1300
2444:
2443:
1930:
1929:
1789:Kipchak languages
1744:Karamanli Turkish
1561:"Turkestan"
1540:"Turkestan"
1280:978-92-3-103467-1
1252:, p. 99–101.
1119:978-0-231-13924-3
1070:"Turkestan"
786:
758:
587:Chinese influence
429:city of Turkistan
366:Dávid Somfai Kara
296:Chinese Turkestan
272:Russian Turkestan
117:Russian Turkestan
89:historical region
83:'land of the
82:
70:
2999:
2987:Cultural regions
2774:Tibetan Buddhism
2754:Turkic mythology
2635:Autonomous areas
2587:Sovereign states
2583:
2361:
2343:
2318:
2215:
2192:
2154:
2105:
2070:
2031:Crimean Karaites
2005:
1982:
1938:
1890:
1769:Khorasani Turkic
1623:
1622:
1621:
1611:
1604:
1597:
1588:
1575:
1563:
1556:Kropotkin, Peter
1550:
1542:
1381:
1374:
1347:
1331:
1311:
1310:
1290:
1284:
1283:
1268:
1259:
1253:
1247:
1241:
1240:, p. 98–99.
1235:
1229:
1223:
1217:
1211:
1205:
1199:
1193:
1187:
1181:
1175:
1169:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1154:
1139:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1112:. pp. 42–.
1099:
1093:
1087:
1081:
1080:
1072:
1065:Kropotkin, Peter
1060:
1049:
1048:
1031:
1025:
1024:
990:
984:
983:
948:
942:
941:
930:
929:
908:
899:
898:
883:
874:
873:
871:
870:
856:
850:
844:
838:
837:
817:
800:
791:
781:
779:
763:
753:
751:
743:
735:
662:
604:
603:
569:Chagatai Khanate
442:
431:(in present-day
426:
404:by the Russians.
370:Russian conquest
355:
354:
337:
322:
321:
268:Afghan Turkestan
113:Afghan Turkestan
77:
75:
65:
63:
21:Turkistan (city)
3007:
3006:
3002:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2997:
2996:
2957:
2956:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2936:
2895:
2859:
2742:
2712:
2629:
2610:Northern Cyprus
2574:
2560:Altai Mountains
2495:
2440:
2359:
2339:
2284:North Macedonia
2226:
2207:
2164:
2150:
2146:Siberian Tatars
2101:
2086:Khorasani Turks
2066:
1993:
1962:
1939:
1926:
1888:
1809:Ottoman Turkish
1729:Karachay-Balkar
1628:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1585:
1553:
1533:
1388:
1386:Further reading
1375:
1363:
1350:
1344:
1323:
1320:
1315:
1314:
1307:
1292:
1291:
1287:
1281:
1266:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1248:
1244:
1236:
1232:
1224:
1220:
1212:
1208:
1200:
1196:
1188:
1184:
1176:
1172:
1164:
1160:
1152:
1137:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1120:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1088:
1084:
1062:
1061:
1052:
1046:
1038:
1033:
1032:
1028:
992:
991:
987:
950:
949:
945:
910:
909:
902:
894:Turkish peoples
885:
884:
877:
868:
866:
858:
857:
853:
845:
841:
834:
819:
818:
814:
809:
804:
803:
792:
772:
764:
744:
736:
732:
727:
715:
656:
646:Chinese emperor
616:History of Liao
607:Chinese dynasty
589:
526:Altai Mountains
495:
473:
420:
368:, prior to the
331:
308:
270:and historical
203:(also known as
184:Persian Empires
156:
52:, also spelled
39:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3005:
3003:
2995:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2959:
2958:
2950:
2949:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2922:Turkic Academy
2919:
2914:
2909:
2903:
2901:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2867:
2865:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2819:Khalwati order
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2799:Bektashi Order
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2750:
2748:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2724:
2722:
2718:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2678:Karakalpakstan
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2643:Altai Republic
2639:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2591:
2589:
2580:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2553:
2552:
2551:
2544:Nomadic empire
2541:
2540:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2503:
2501:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2493:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2452:
2450:
2446:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2367:
2365:
2358:
2357:
2352:
2346:
2345:
2344:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2320:
2319:
2312:Western Thrace
2218:
2217:
2216:
2200:
2195:
2194:
2193:
2157:
2156:
2155:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2107:
2106:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2072:
2071:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2036:Crimean Tatars
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2007:
2006:
1985:
1984:
1983:
1955:
1949:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1898:
1896:
1887:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1839:Siberian Tatar
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1660:
1659:
1654:
1644:
1638:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1616:
1614:
1613:
1606:
1599:
1591:
1584:
1583:
1576:
1566:Chisholm, Hugh
1551:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1512:
1505:
1502:
1495:
1488:
1481:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1450:
1447:Baymirza Hayit
1444:
1443:
1442:
1431:(Moscow) 2002
1426:Vasily Bartold
1423:
1414:
1408:
1405:
1396:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1382:
1361:
1348:
1342:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1305:
1285:
1279:
1254:
1242:
1230:
1228:, p. 146.
1218:
1216:, p. 27–.
1206:
1204:, p. 96–.
1194:
1182:
1170:
1158:
1155:on 2015-12-10.
1125:
1118:
1094:
1082:
1050:
1026:
999:. p. 44.
985:
943:
923:Russian Empire
900:
875:
851:
849:, p. 178.
847:Rezakhani 2017
839:
832:
811:
810:
808:
805:
802:
801:
729:
728:
726:
723:
722:
721:
714:
711:
588:
585:
577:Timurid Empire
513:traversed it.
472:
469:
402:Mawara-an-nahr
362:Turkic peoples
329:Yash Turkistan
307:
304:
300:East Turkestan
155:
152:
140:Persian Empire
121:East Turkistan
109:Turkic peoples
97:East Turkestan
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3004:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2955:
2946:
2939:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2900:Organizations
2898:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2862:
2856:
2855:Vattisen Yaly
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2745:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2719:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2648:Bashkortostan
2646:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2632:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2584:
2581:
2577:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2557:
2554:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2545:
2542:
2538:
2537:Turkification
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2498:
2491:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2447:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2362:
2356:
2353:
2350:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2336:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2224:
2223:
2222:
2219:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2205:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2162:
2161:
2158:
2153:
2152:Baraba Tatars
2149:
2148:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2098:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2063:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1991:
1990:
1989:
1986:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1937:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1907:Common Turkic
1905:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1891:
1885:
1884:Western Yugur
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1699:Crimean Tatar
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1626:
1612:
1607:
1605:
1600:
1598:
1593:
1592:
1589:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1548:
1547:
1541:
1536:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1513:
1510:
1506:
1503:
1500:
1496:
1494:: Leske, 1956
1493:
1489:
1486:
1482:
1479:
1478:Ella Maillart
1475:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1441:(Moscow) 2002
1440:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1399:René Grousset
1397:
1394:
1393:V.V. Barthold
1391:
1390:
1385:
1379:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1362:9781474400305
1358:
1354:
1349:
1345:
1343:9780521842266
1339:
1335:
1332:. Cambridge:
1330:
1329:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1308:
1306:9781317451372
1302:
1298:
1297:
1289:
1286:
1282:
1276:
1272:
1265:
1258:
1255:
1251:
1246:
1243:
1239:
1234:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1183:
1180:, p. 97.
1179:
1174:
1171:
1168:, p. 34.
1167:
1162:
1159:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1136:
1129:
1126:
1121:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1106:
1098:
1095:
1092:, p. 93.
1091:
1086:
1083:
1078:
1077:
1071:
1066:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1045:神戸市外国語大学外国学研究
1043:
1042:神戸市外国語大学外国学研究
1039:
1030:
1027:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1004:
998:
997:
989:
986:
981:
977:
973:
969:
966:(1): 98–110.
965:
961:
957:
953:
947:
944:
940:
938:
934:
931:); the terms
924:
918:
914:
907:
905:
901:
897:
895:
889:
882:
880:
876:
865:
861:
855:
852:
848:
843:
840:
835:
829:
825:
824:
816:
813:
806:
799:
795:
790:
784:
775:
771:
767:
762:
756:
747:
739:
734:
731:
724:
720:
717:
716:
712:
710:
708:
704:
700:
695:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
672:
670:
666:
660:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
634:
632:
628:
624:
623:
618:
617:
612:
608:
598:
594:
586:
584:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
514:
512:
508:
504:
500:
494:
486:
482:
477:
470:
468:
466:
462:
457:
453:
448:
446:
438:
434:
430:
424:
419:
415:
411:
405:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
384:) was called
383:
379:
373:
371:
367:
363:
359:
349:
345:
335:
330:
326:
316:
312:
305:
303:
302:in the east.
301:
297:
293:
289:
288:Lake Balkhash
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
264:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
196:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
153:
151:
149:
145:
141:
137:
132:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
87:'), is a
86:
80:
74:
68:
59:
55:
51:
43:
37:
33:
26:
22:
2954:
2834:Qalandariyya
2809:Christianity
2620:Turkmenistan
2558: /
2549:Turco-Mongol
2506:
1988:Azerbaijanis
1569:
1544:
1438:
1428:
1418:
1404:(Paris) 1965
1401:
1352:
1327:
1295:
1288:
1270:
1257:
1245:
1233:
1221:
1209:
1197:
1185:
1173:
1161:
1150:the original
1145:
1141:
1128:
1104:
1097:
1085:
1074:
1041:
1029:
1000:
995:
988:
963:
959:
946:
937:Turkmenistan
920:
916:
912:
891:
887:
867:. Retrieved
863:
854:
842:
822:
815:
733:
696:
676:Central Asia
673:
638:Tang dynasty
635:
627:Yuan dynasty
620:
619:(one of the
614:
611:Liao dynasty
590:
557:Genghis Khan
515:
496:
449:
410:Central Asia
407:
375:
358:nation state
346:origin (see
341:
265:
199:
157:
133:
53:
49:
48:
36:Turkmenistan
2824:Malamatiyya
2476:Pan-Turkism
2456:Grey Wolves
2421:Oghuz Turks
2341:Afghanistan
2126:Qarai Turks
2056:Karakalpaks
1824:Sakha/Yakut
1714:Fuyü Gïrgïs
1669:Azerbaijani
1580:Petr Maslov
1411:Svat Soucek
684:Transoxiana
682:wrote that
657: [
597:Qara Khitai
581:Moghulistan
450:In 1969, a
421: [
386:Moghulistan
382:Tarim Basin
332: [
292:Lake Zaysan
201:Oghuz Turks
172:Transoxiana
148:Qara Khitai
105:Caspian Sea
93:Transoxiana
2961:Categories
2804:Burkhanism
2769:Aiyy Faith
2688:Nakhchivan
2625:Uzbekistan
2605:Kyrgyzstan
2600:Kazakhstan
2595:Azerbaijan
2466:Burkhanism
2292:Montenegro
2256:Dodecanese
1917:Old Uyghur
1902:Old Turkic
1804:Old Turkic
1739:Karakalpak
1485:Düsseldorf
1250:Biran 2005
1238:Biran 2005
1226:Biran 2005
1214:Biran 2005
1202:Biran 2005
1190:Biran 2005
1178:Biran 2005
1166:Biran 2005
1090:Biran 2005
933:Uzbekistan
869:2024-03-17
833:9004093672
807:References
688:Balāsāghūn
665:Yelü Dashi
433:Kazakhstan
195:Caliphates
186:, and the
2967:Turkestan
2850:Zahediyeh
2845:Safaviyya
2794:Bayramiye
2789:Batiniyya
2764:Shamanism
2747:Religions
2738:Turkology
2698:Tatarstan
2683:Khakassia
2653:Chuvashia
2579:Locations
2556:Tian Shan
2532:Migration
2507:Turkestan
2490:Hungarian
2481:Turkesism
2178:Kryashens
2166:Astrakhan
2091:Krymchaks
2051:Karachays
1972:Telengits
1968:Kumandins
1894:Alphabets
1724:Ili Turki
1634:Languages
1499:Amsterdam
1492:Darmstadt
972:2063-8647
798:Turkiston
789:Türkistan
783:romanized
778:تۈركىستان
770:Türküstan
761:Türkıstan
755:romanized
750:Түркістан
534:Kashgaria
518:Ergenekon
511:Silk Road
509:, as the
503:artifacts
479:Map from
461:Syr Darya
452:Turfanian
441:Туркестан
427:took the
390:Syr-darya
315:Chaghatay
241:Tatarstan
158:Known as
73:Torkestân
67:romanized
54:Turkistan
50:Turkestan
2977:Xinjiang
2814:Hurufism
2759:Tengrism
2708:Xinjiang
2663:Gagauzia
2512:Mongolia
2486:Turanism
2461:Kemalism
2449:Politics
2411:Kipchaks
2391:Göktürks
2386:Dughlats
2240:Bulgaria
2228:Abkhazia
2203:Turkmens
2186:Nağaybäk
2016:Bashkirs
1980:Tubalars
1964:Chelkans
1958:Altaians
1912:Cyrillic
1814:Pecheneg
1779:Krymchak
1684:Chagatai
1657:Southern
1652:Northern
1558:(1911).
1537:(1888).
1509:Istanbul
1067:(1911).
1008:Khanates
980:26571579
954:(2018).
713:See also
692:Kashghar
565:Chagatai
559:and the
553:Göktürks
414:Russians
398:Ferghana
394:Khwarazm
338:magazine
320:تورکستان
261:Russians
205:Turkmens
164:Persians
154:Overview
129:Xinjiang
101:Xinjiang
2891:Chovgan
2871:Kyz kuu
2784:Alevism
2721:Studies
2517:History
2500:Origins
2431:Türgesh
2401:Khazars
2396:Karluks
2376:Bulgars
2351:(Sakha)
2329:Uyghurs
2308:Tunisia
2296:Romania
2276:Lebanon
2244:Croatia
2232:Algeria
2221:Turkish
2213:Iranian
2198:Tofalar
2170:Chinese
2131:Qashqai
2116:Naimans
2061:Kazakhs
2041:Dolgans
2026:Chuvash
2021:Chulyms
2011:Balkars
2003:Georgia
1999:Armenia
1976:Teleuts
1953:Afshars
1945:Peoples
1922:Persian
1859:Turkmen
1854:Turkish
1819:Qashqai
1774:Kipchak
1694:Chuvash
1674:Bashkir
1568:(ed.).
1516:Cologne
1435:English
1318:Sources
1047:: 1–50.
1012:Bokhara
1003:Siberia
785::
766:Turkmen
757::
738:Chinese
707:Uyghurs
680:Marwazī
633:et al.
631:Toqto'a
561:Mongols
549:Samanid
546:Persian
538:Chinese
471:History
456:Sogdian
437:Russian
353:ترکستان
344:Persian
327:-based
284:Caspian
253:Ukraine
233:Eurasia
229:Hazaras
225:Uyghurs
221:Khazars
217:Kazakhs
209:Kyrgyzs
192:Abbasid
188:Umayyad
162:to the
144:Mongols
81:
69::
62:ترکستان
58:Persian
2881:Kokpar
2876:Jereed
2839:Rifaʽi
2829:Qadiri
2658:Crimea
2615:Turkey
2565:Otuken
2426:Shatuo
2416:K'o-sa
2381:Cumans
2371:Bulaqs
2355:Yugurs
2349:Yakuts
2334:Uzbeks
2324:Tuvans
2300:Serbia
2272:Kosovo
2268:Israel
2252:Cyprus
2209:Afghan
2182:Mishar
2160:Tatars
2121:Nogais
2111:Kumyks
2096:Kyrgyz
2081:Khalaj
2076:Khakas
2046:Gagauz
1874:Uyghur
1794:Kyrgyz
1764:Khazar
1759:Khalaj
1754:Khakas
1749:Kazakh
1734:Karaim
1719:Gagauz
1709:Dolgan
1689:Chulym
1679:Bulgar
1642:Afshar
1627:topics
1625:Turkic
1369:
1359:
1340:
1303:
1277:
1116:
1020:Kokand
978:
970:
830:
774:Uyghur
746:Kazakh
740::
703:Turkic
699:Cathay
595:, the
443:) for
416:under
325:Berlin
276:Persia
257:Tajiks
249:Crimea
245:Russia
237:Turkey
227:, and
213:Uzbeks
182:, the
168:Sogdia
146:. The
119:, and
56:(from
32:Turkey
2886:Jigit
2779:Islam
2693:Sakha
2471:Jadid
2406:Kimek
2316:Yemen
2304:Syria
2280:Libya
2260:Egypt
2248:Crete
2190:Volga
2174:Lipka
2141:Shors
2136:Salar
2103:China
2068:China
1879:Uzbek
1864:Tuvan
1844:Tatar
1829:Salar
1799:Nogai
1784:Kumyk
1704:Cuman
1647:Altai
1564:. In
1367:JSTOR
1267:(PDF)
1153:(PDF)
1138:(PDF)
1016:Khiva
976:JSTOR
794:Uzbek
725:Notes
669:Bohai
661:]
654:Kedun
650:Islam
573:Timur
499:third
425:]
348:-stan
336:]
160:Turan
123:(the
85:Turks
2703:Tuva
2570:Oğuz
2436:Uzes
2264:Iraq
1995:Iran
1869:Urum
1849:Tofa
1834:Shor
1664:Äynu
1357:ISBN
1338:ISBN
1301:ISBN
1275:ISBN
1114:ISBN
1018:and
968:ISSN
828:ISBN
742:突厥斯坦
690:and
542:Arab
530:Huns
400:and
290:and
282:and
280:Aral
259:and
247:and
190:and
180:Iran
176:Oxus
136:Huns
95:and
79:lit.
2338:in
2225:in
2100:in
2065:in
1992:in
1010:of
642:Han
629:by
591:In
483:'s
342:Of
298:or
251:in
243:in
207:),
34:or
2963::
2314:,
2310:,
2306:,
2302:,
2298:,
2294:,
2290:,
2286:,
2282:,
2278:,
2274:,
2270:,
2266:,
2262:,
2258:,
2254:,
2250:,
2246:,
2242:,
2238:,
2234:,
2230:,
2211:,
2188:,
2184:,
2180:,
2176:,
2172:,
2168:,
2001:,
1997:,
1978:,
1974:,
1970:,
1966:,
1543:.
1365:.
1336:.
1146:25
1144:.
1140:.
1108:.
1073:.
1053:^
1040:.
1014:,
974:.
962:.
958:.
935:,
917:16
915:.
903:^
878:^
862:.
796::
780:,
776::
768::
752:,
748::
659:zh
602:西遼
571:.
467:.
447:.
439::
423:ru
334:uz
255:.
223:,
219:,
215:,
211:,
197:.
115:,
76:,
64:,
60::
2947:.
2841:*
2492:)
2488:(
1610:e
1603:t
1596:v
1480:.
1380:)
1376:(
1373:.
1346:.
1309:.
1122:.
982:.
964:7
896:.
872:.
836:.
99:(
38:.
27:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
