88:
2566:
58:
1208:
by the
Constitution, the rule of law, democracy, the principles and reforms of Atatürk, and the principles of the secular republic, not to deviate from the ideal according to which everyone is entitled to enjoy human rights and fundamental freedoms under conditions of national peace and prosperity and in a spirit of national solidarity and justice, and do my utmost to preserve and exalt the glory and honour of the Republic of Turkey and perform without bias the functions that I have assumed.
72:
1371:
3762:
3786:
3750:
297:
3798:
2640:
2469:
1725:
856:
973:
3774:
1611:
1172:
the second round, this ballot shall be then conducted as a referendum. A presidential candidate receives the majority of the valid votes shall be elected as president. If that candidate fails to receive the majority of the valid votes in the election, the presidential election will be scheduled to be renewed.
1086:
From 1961 until 2017, Turkish presidents were required to sever all relations, if any, with their political party. This convention existed to ensure the president's impartiality in presiding over the
Turkish constitutional system. However, the presidency's reorientation in 2017 into a chief executive
1249:
In the event that the office of the
President becomes vacant for any reason and there is one year or less before the general election of the Turkish Grand National Assembly, the election of the president is held together with the general election of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey on the first
1207:
In my capacity as
President of the Republic, I swear upon my honour and integrity before the Great Turkish Nation and before history to safeguard the existence and independence of the state, the indivisible integrity of the country and the nation, and the absolute sovereignty of the nation, to abide
1171:
If one of the presidential candidates who gains the right to run for the second round is unable to participate in the election for any reason, the second round shall be conducted by substituting the vacant candidacy in conformity with the ranking in the first round. If only one candidate remains for
1233:
The president is elected for a term of office of five years and is eligible for one re-election. An exception exists when a president's term ends with a parliamentary decision (i.e., impeachment and removal from office). In this case, the president may be re-elected for an additional term, with the
1099:
due to the country's strategic importance, geopolitical influence, economic and military strength, cultural heritage, and historical ties. Their active engagement in regional diplomacy, mediation efforts, humanitarian assistance, and economic cooperation underscores Turkey's role as a key player in
1253:
In the event that the office of the
President becomes vacant for any reason and there is more than one year remaining for the general election of the Turkish Grand National Assembly, the presidential election is held on the last Sunday within forty-five days following the day the office is vacant.
1636:
shall act as and exercise the powers of the president until the next president is elected. If one year or less remains for the general election, the parliamentary election will be conducted at the same time. If more than a year remains, the newly elected president will continue to serve until the
1349:
concerned, in accordance with the provisions of the constitution and other laws. Thus, the prime minister and the concerned ministers were accountable for these decrees, not the president. The decisions and orders signed by the president on his own initiatives may not be appealed to any judicial
1302:
within two months. If the investigation is not completed within this period, the commission's time renewed for another month. Within ten days of its submission to the speaker, the report would be distributed to all members of the
Assembly, and ten days after its distribution, the report would be
1297:
upon the proposal of simple majority of its total members, and within a period less than a month, the approval of three-fifths of the total members. The investigation would be carried out by a commission of fifteen members of the
Assembly, each nominated by the political parties in proportion to
1563:
The president may sign executive orders, which may not regulate fundamental rights included in
Constitution and matters which the Constitution stipulates to be regulated exclusively by statute, or matters explicitly regulated by statute, (The statute prevails in the case of it conflicts with an
1260:
In the event that the
Turkish Grand National Assembly decides that it is not possible to hold new elections due to the war, the presidential election is postponed for one year. If the reason for the postponement has not disappeared, this process can be repeated according to the procedure in the
1045:
With the 1961 Constitution made after the 1960 coup, it was decided that presidents should cut off any relation with political parties. Evren, who was governing the country as the head of state and the head of the
National Security Council after the 1980 coup, was appointed to the Presidency on
1631:
serves as Acting President, and exercises the powers of the president until the president comes back. If the office of the presidency becomes vacant for any reason, the presidential election shall be held within forty-five days and in the meantime, the
1167:
is held on the second Sunday following this vote. The two candidates who received the most votes in the first ballot participate in this voting and the candidate who receives the majority of the valid votes is elected president.
5116:
4786:
1082:
Leaders of political parties are generally expected to run as a presidential candidate for their party. However, they can also decide not to run as a candidate and contribute to the process of nominating other individuals.
2157:
1653:
served as Acting President in cases where the presidency is temporarily or permanently vacant and exercises presidential powers until the president returns to duty or the new president is elected within 45 days.
1254:
The president elected in this way continues his duty until the election date of the Turkish Grand National Assembly. For the president who has completed the remaining term, this period is not counted as a term.
4532:
3836:
4931:
1303:
discussed on the floor. Upon the approval of two-thirds of the total number of the Assembly by secret vote, the person or persons, about whom the investigation was conducted, may be tried before the
1163:
In the election to be held by universal suffrage, the candidate who receives the absolute majority of the valid votes is elected president. If this majority is not achieved in the first round, a
1200:
1113:
1049:
With the 2007 constitutional amendment referendum, it was decided that the president would be elected by the people, and in the first elections held on 10 August 2014 after this change,
782:
3642:
4525:
2168:
769:
2375:
3829:
4503:
Partially or entirely in Asia, depending on the definition of the Europe–Asia border. Partially or entirely in Asia, depending on the definition of the Africa–Asia border.
1539:
The president may call new elections to the Grand National Assembly (by ordering its dissolution) and the presidency, thereby relinquishing the term currently being served,
1479:
for the annulment of laws or certain provisions thereof, and the Rules of Procedure of the parliament on the grounds that they are unconstitutional in form or in content,
4518:
1070:, the president represents the Turkish government to its own people, and represents the nation to the rest of the world. Insulting the head of state is prohibited by
2768:
3822:
2457:
721:
1053:
was elected president by the people. The president, who is the head of state, is also the head of government after the 2017 constitutional amendment referendum.
4020:
3305:
1712:
376:
5026:
4991:
3468:
2847:
893:
2128:
3441:
2842:
1980:
795:
87:
1795:
3239:
2010:
2565:
805:
2628:
1710:
1699:
1039:
1046:
November 7, 1982, when the constitution was adopted by popular vote, in accordance with the first provisional article of the 1982 Constitution.
5250:
5240:
4901:
4409:
3731:
2873:
2820:
1924:
1650:
1646:
1624:
1330:
1299:
1274:
1238:
1176:
962:
950:
755:
676:
671:
666:
582:
514:
363:
1160:
The principles regarding the election of the President are regulated in Article 101 of the Constitution and in the Presidential Election Law.
5036:
4100:
2196:
1516:
1512:
1415:
737:
732:
5146:
4951:
4601:
2751:
1748:
1034:
served as presidents affiliated with a political party. Atatürk and İnönü continued to serve as both the chairman and the president of the
1015:
The office of the President was established with the proclamation of the republic on October 29, 1923. In the voting held on the same day,
713:
708:
1237:
The term of the incumbent president continues until the president-elect takes office. Before the constitutional amendment approved in the
800:
2435:
4492:
4035:
3198:
2913:
2739:
1673:
688:
592:
587:
391:
1871:
4146:
3689:
3229:
3219:
2450:
1701:
1663:
1550:
1505:
943:
620:
615:
610:
462:
172:
2329:
1709:
1702:
5255:
5172:
5066:
5061:
4445:
4204:
3234:
3181:
3119:
2807:
2790:
2367:
2212:
1591:
1565:
1557:
1543:
1469:
1462:
1455:
1441:
1359:
1286:
1217:
1213:
1180:
1143:
834:
574:
566:
356:
176:
2289:
1321:
The provision of this article shall also apply to the offenses for which the president allegedly worked during his term of office.
4455:
3667:
3352:
3151:
3075:
2863:
1536:
The president may commute or pardon criminal sentences imposed on persons, on grounds of chronic illness, disability, or old age,
1425:
1071:
886:
318:
2590:
5177:
4621:
4450:
3347:
2795:
1705:
1307:. The trial would be finalized within three months, and if not, a one-time additional period of three months shall be granted.
76:
3790:
5193:
4816:
4364:
3489:
3186:
3141:
3055:
3033:
2946:
2405:
1579:
1476:
1351:
1315:
1304:
1155:
602:
488:
198:
2235:
2606:
5245:
5235:
5131:
4801:
4477:
4179:
3870:
3578:
3295:
3016:
2443:
2315:
1627:, in the event of a temporary absence of the president on account of illness, travel abroad or similar circumstances, the
1382:
1374:
966:
777:
188:
1707:
1700:
5056:
5016:
4916:
4842:
4736:
4414:
4389:
4349:
4289:
4279:
4229:
4199:
4189:
4136:
4040:
3662:
3357:
2988:
2968:
2484:
2261:
1738:
1685:
1298:
their representation therein. The commission would submit its report indicating the outcome of the investigation to the
1035:
866:
648:
643:
638:
415:
31:
1341:. All presidential decrees, except those which the president is empowered to enact on his own, had to be signed by the
1087:
office abolished this convention, given a president's assumption of office as winners of a partisan electoral contest.
957:. Traditionally, the presidency was mostly a ceremonial position, with real executive authority being exercised by the
5031:
4731:
4374:
4369:
4344:
3617:
3244:
3224:
3146:
3070:
2815:
2621:
1708:
1703:
1587:
879:
701:
501:
62:
1706:
5162:
5111:
5106:
5081:
5051:
4936:
4847:
4440:
4394:
4339:
4314:
4304:
4214:
4141:
3340:
3315:
3193:
3043:
2880:
2868:
2734:
1773:
1753:
1523:
1410:
556:
444:
1610:
5141:
5086:
5046:
5001:
4996:
4976:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4941:
4926:
4921:
4906:
4896:
4863:
4696:
4419:
4404:
4319:
4299:
4239:
4194:
4184:
4095:
3900:
3518:
3156:
3136:
2783:
1704:
1583:
1572:
965:
abolished the office of prime minister, and vested the presidency with full executive powers, effective upon the
561:
527:
480:
5167:
5126:
5101:
5091:
5076:
5071:
5021:
4986:
4971:
4379:
4359:
4284:
4274:
4264:
4209:
4070:
3716:
3382:
3080:
3009:
2778:
1633:
1628:
1483:
1342:
1290:
958:
428:
246:
2500:
1016:
976:
954:
228:
1420:
serves as the president's official guest house and as a secondary residence for the president if needed. The
1257:
If the elections are not completed, the current president's office continues until the new one takes office.
5121:
5041:
5011:
4726:
4686:
4586:
4424:
4384:
4354:
4324:
4269:
4244:
4234:
4105:
4080:
3980:
3970:
3965:
3920:
3890:
3880:
3065:
3038:
2983:
2978:
2830:
2825:
2555:
1845:
1398:
1121:
1050:
1004:
745:
421:
113:
95:
3568:
2505:
1116:
of the Constitution sets three qualifications for holding the presidency. To serve as president, one must:
1027:
4706:
4701:
4487:
4334:
4329:
4294:
4259:
4249:
4065:
4060:
4025:
3945:
3940:
3573:
3513:
3501:
3394:
3251:
2744:
2667:
2614:
2595:
1694:
depicts the progression of the presidents and their political affiliation at the time of assuming office.
1599:
1530:
1447:
328:
310:
218:
2074:
4981:
4911:
4832:
4781:
4776:
4751:
4606:
4571:
4309:
4131:
4030:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3721:
3506:
3496:
3463:
3203:
3026:
1402:
760:
658:
333:
121:
1598:
The president performs also the duties of selection and appointment, and other duties conferred by the
1042:
chairmanship when he started his presidency, but continued to be a party member during his presidency.
57:
1497:, on behalf of the Grand National Assembly, and defend Turkey's sovereignty and territorial integrity,
4811:
4756:
4716:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4651:
4646:
4636:
4631:
4611:
4591:
4581:
4576:
4566:
4110:
4085:
4055:
4010:
3990:
3930:
3905:
3875:
3657:
3652:
3637:
3583:
3528:
3412:
3271:
3256:
3104:
3021:
2835:
1501:
1494:
1125:
939:
935:
841:
457:
450:
323:
106:
4946:
4837:
4771:
4761:
4746:
4691:
4656:
4641:
4626:
4616:
4596:
4224:
4050:
3955:
3915:
3533:
3484:
3417:
3367:
3266:
3176:
2937:
2918:
2704:
2580:
2540:
2164:
1799:
1311:
630:
549:
71:
3749:
2330:"What happens now following the 'yes' vote in the Turkish referendum? | DW | 18.04.2017"
1820:
383:
4877:
4796:
4741:
4721:
4711:
4681:
4160:
4115:
4075:
4015:
3935:
3925:
3910:
3778:
3704:
3647:
3627:
3540:
3429:
3372:
3168:
3090:
2756:
2677:
2672:
2545:
1743:
1508:, and regulate the procedure and principles governing the appointment thereof by executive order,
1429:
1394:
1390:
1358:
for high treason on the proposal of at least one-third of the total number of the members of the
1019:
was unanimously elected as the first president. From this date until 2014, all presidents except
927:
520:
404:
349:
287:
183:
158:
154:
1406:
533:
494:
367:
4791:
4254:
3985:
3950:
3802:
3711:
3674:
3560:
3545:
3362:
3300:
3287:
3261:
3129:
3060:
3004:
2923:
2716:
2691:
2652:
2585:
2525:
2192:
2056:
2018:
1487:
1346:
1294:
1100:
shaping regional dynamics and promoting stability and prosperity in the broader neighborhood.
829:
467:
440:
168:
4482:
4219:
3960:
3632:
3600:
3422:
3377:
3320:
2973:
2896:
2711:
2153:
1988:
1981:"The Curious Case of Article 299 of the Turkish Penal Code: Insulting the Turkish President"
1164:
1135:
915:
750:
433:
2158:"Constitutional Changes of Turkey in 2001 under the Framework of the EU Adaptation Process"
1007:
is the 12th and current president of Turkey, who has held the office since 28 August 2014.
5096:
4766:
4510:
3885:
3766:
3699:
3679:
3610:
3605:
3550:
3523:
3434:
3407:
3085:
3050:
2103:
1370:
1216:. The oath is broadcast live on TBMM-TV regardless of it is a regular business day of the
2550:
2515:
3814:
1203:. This is the only component in the inauguration ceremony mandated by the Constitution:
4469:
3975:
3895:
3622:
3402:
3325:
2958:
2726:
2687:
2535:
2510:
2334:
1196:
1096:
1031:
205:
128:
5229:
4547:
4045:
3851:
3754:
3694:
3595:
3335:
3330:
2963:
2908:
2699:
1730:
1421:
1067:
969:. The president is directly elected by eligible Turkish voters for a five-year term.
923:
860:
507:
150:
3726:
3684:
3310:
2761:
2520:
2397:
2266:
1560:(in a state of emergency, the presidential decree requires parliamentary approval),
1338:
1282:
256:
1556:
The president may proclaim the state of emergency, subject to the approval of the
1362:
and by the decision of at least three-fourths of the total number of the members.
2349:
2186:
17:
3590:
2901:
2530:
1898:
1355:
1334:
1278:
1020:
717:
1992:
1310:
A president about whom an investigation has been initiated may not call for an
296:
1720:
1192:
135:
2060:
2022:
1285:. According to the constitutional amendments approved in the referendum, the
5006:
2398:"Erdoğan seçim kararını imzaladı: Türkiye 14 Mayıs'ta sandık başına gidecek"
1691:
1586:, the Chief Public Prosecutor and the Deputy Chief Public Prosecutor of the
2011:"Erdoğan rejoins Turkey's ruling party in wake of referendum on new powers"
1333:, the president was not accountable for its actions and orders, except for
2188:
Turkey Country Study Guide Volume 1 Strategic Information and Developments
972:
3456:
3446:
2773:
1846:"Erdogan loyalist Yildirim: happy to become Turkey's last prime minister"
1571:
The president appoints the members and the chairman of, and instruct the
2045:"A Transformed Turkey: What is the Role for Ankara as a Regional Power?"
2044:
5210:
1. Partially or entirely in Asia, depending on geographical definition.
2262:"Turkish referendum: all you need to know | Recep Tayyip Erdoğan"
1191:
Before executing the powers of the office, a president is required to
3451:
2644:
2639:
2468:
1669:
1564:
executive order and the executive order becomes null and void if the
1386:
931:
1250:
Sunday following the sixtieth day after the vacancy of the office.
971:
1949:
Kemal Çiçek; Ercüment Kuran; Nejat Göyünç; İlber Ortaylı (2000).
1578:
The president shall appoint twelve of the fifteen members of the
1432:
have been used as presidential workplace or as summer residence.
1241:, the president used to be elected for a single seven-year term.
4661:
1529:
The president may submit legislation regarding amendment of the
4514:
3818:
2610:
2439:
1925:"Turkey's new constitution to allow citizens to introduce laws"
1872:"Turkey's Ex-PM Made Parliament Speaker After Office Abolished"
953:
on 29 October 1923, with the first president and founder being
949:
The office of the president of Turkey was established with the
1698:
2213:"Turkish lawmakers take oath for parliament under new system"
1522:
The president may negotiate, conclude, ratify and promulgate
1446:
The president's duties are stated in the Articles 104 of the
2075:"Turkey's Constitution of 1982 with Amendments through 2017"
2430:
1623:
According to the constitutional amendments approved in the
1146:, they must resign their seat due to separation of powers.
268:
1575:, to carry out inquiries, investigations, and inspections,
1234:
incomplete term not counting against the two-term limit.
2368:"Son Dakika... Erdoğan seçim kararını açıkladı: 14 Mayıs"
1500:
The president shall appoint high-ranking officers of the
1468:
The president may promulgate laws or return laws to the
2236:"Bir kimse en fazla iki defa cumhurbaşkanı seçilebilir"
1614:
The official Seal of the Presidency, used on documents.
1454:
The president shall deliver the opening address of the
2316:"Turkey's new presidential system and a changing west"
2290:"New Presidential palace to be opened on Republic day"
1645:
Before the constitutional amendments approved in the
1542:
The president shall deliver a budget proposal to the
1393:
of the president. It was formally inaugurated as the
1175:
Before the constitutional amendments approved in the
1023:
were elected by the Turkish Grand National Assembly.
961:. However, constitutional amendments approved in the
5213:
2. Recognised by at least one United Nations member.
1289:
may initiate an investigation of the president, the
1026:
Among the former presidents, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk,
934:. The president directs the executive branch of the
5186:
5155:
4887:
4876:
4856:
4825:
4557:
4546:
4468:
4433:
4170:
4159:
4124:
3861:
3850:
3559:
3477:
3393:
3286:
3212:
3167:
3112:
3103:
2997:
2945:
2936:
2889:
2856:
2806:
2725:
2686:
2660:
2651:
2573:
2493:
1899:"Refworld | Constitution of the Republic of Turkey"
989:("Republic leader"), and previously archaically as
263:
252:
242:
234:
224:
214:
204:
194:
182:
164:
146:
112:
41:
1493:The president serves as Commander-in-Chief of the
1774:"Erdoğan'ın 2022 yılında alacağı maaş belli oldu"
1676:, to elect a president for a term of five years.
1183:would elect one of its members as the President.
1095:The presidents of Turkey are widely perceived as
5216:3. Not recognised by any United Nations members.
1897:Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for.
1354:. The only accountability the president had was
1409:served as the residence of the presidents. The
1277:extended the president's accountability beyond
1205:
1142:If a presidential candidate is a member of the
1001:, also meaning "head of the republic/people".
1549:The president shall call and preside over the
4526:
3830:
2622:
2451:
996:
990:
984:
887:
8:
1482:The president shall appoint and dismiss the
4884:
4554:
4533:
4519:
4511:
4167:
3858:
3837:
3823:
3815:
3556:
3109:
2942:
2657:
2629:
2615:
2607:
2458:
2444:
2436:
1405:, 29 October 2014. From 1923 to 2014, the
1201:Article 103, Section 1 of the Constitution
983:The president of Turkey is referred to as
894:
880:
282:
107:Executive branch of the Turkish government
86:
1641:Before the 2017 constitutional referendum
1458:on the first day of the legislative year,
2049:The SAIS Review of International Affairs
1619:After the 2017 constitutional referendum
1609:
1369:
1325:Before the 2017 constitutional amendment
4541:Heads of state and government of Europe
1765:
1513:ambassadors of Turkey to foreign states
1270:After the 2017 constitutional amendment
951:proclamation of the Republic of Türkiye
285:
1951:The Great Ottoman-Turkish Civilisation
1796:"Atatürk ilkeleri ve inkılap tarihi 2"
1651:speaker of the Grand National Assembly
1314:. A president who is convicted by the
1038:, while Celâl Bayar resigned from the
38:
27:Head of state and government of Turkey
3845:Heads of state and government of Asia
2004:
2002:
1966:Exploring Ottoman and Turkish History
1265:Accountability and non-accountability
1072:Article 299 of the Turkish Penal Code
938:and is the commander-in-chief of the
7:
3785:
3773:
1668:Presidential elections were held in
912:president of the Republic of Türkiye
2350:"Why did Turkey hold a referendum?"
1582:, one-fourth of the members of the
2408:from the original on 30 March 2023
2378:from the original on 11 March 2023
1664:2023 Turkish presidential election
1590:and four out of 13 members of the
1506:Chief of the Turkish General Staff
1475:The president shall appeal to the
25:
5117:Sovereign Military Order of Malta
4787:Sovereign Military Order of Malta
1776:(in Turkish). T24. 5 January 2022
1592:Council of Judges and Prosecutors
1568:enacts a law on the same matter.)
1442:Powers of the president of Turkey
920:Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Cumhurbaşkanı
3796:
3784:
3772:
3761:
3760:
3748:
3152:Court of Jurisdictional Disputes
2638:
2564:
2467:
1723:
1212:The inauguration happens in the
854:
295:
70:
56:
3797:
2185:Williams, Fred (19 July 2015).
1472:to be reconsidered (i.e. veto),
1465:to meet, when deemed necessary,
1144:Turkish Grand National Assembly
942:. The president also heads the
2009:Shaheen, Kareem (2 May 2017).
1923:SABAH, DAILY (2 August 2021).
1331:2017 constitutional referendum
1318:would be removed from office.
1275:2017 constitutional referendum
1156:Turkish presidential elections
963:2017 constitutional referendum
1:
5251:Heads of government of Turkey
5241:1923 establishments in Turkey
2404:(in Turkish). 10 March 2023.
2374:(in Turkish). 10 March 2023.
1979:Tecimer, Cem (20 July 2018).
1461:The president may summon the
1426:Florya Atatürk Marine Mansion
1411:Presidential State Guesthouse
778:Turkey and the United Nations
738:Diplomatic missions in Turkey
733:Diplomatic missions of Turkey
377:Leader of the Main Opposition
3643:Intangible cultural heritage
2989:Southeastern Anatolia Region
2821:Proclamation of the republic
1953:. Yeni Türkiye. p. 226.
1739:President of Northern Cyprus
1686:List of presidents of Turkey
1511:The president shall appoint
259:1,428,000/US$ 75,435 (2023)
32:List of presidents of Turkey
2914:Ancient peoples of Anatolia
2215:. Trtworld.com. 7 July 2018
1826:(in Turkish). 11 March 2009
1821:"Cumhuriyet'in Kuruluşu..."
1749:Presidential Guard Regiment
1436:Duties and responsibilities
770:Membership of international
709:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
5272:
2745:Conquest of Constantinople
1993:10.17176/20180720-091632-0
1754:List of cabinets of Turkey
1683:
1661:
1439:
1153:
210:Five years, renewable once
29:
5206:
4501:
4434:limited recognized states
4125:limited recognized states
3744:
3252:The constitutional system
2784:Second Constitutional Era
2769:Decline and modernization
2562:
2480:
1573:State Supervisory Council
1551:National Security Council
1350:authority, including the
1245:Vacancies and successions
1131:be at least 40 years old;
1036:Republican People's Party
944:National Security Council
463:National Security Council
173:National Security Council
105:
100:since 28 August 2014
83:
69:
55:
48:
5256:Heads of state of Turkey
3235:Ministry of the Interior
3220:Administrative divisions
2779:First Constitutional Era
1964:Jacob M. Landau (2004).
1629:vice president of Turkey
1484:Vice President of Turkey
1124:who is eligible to be a
979:was the first president.
959:prime minister of Turkey
783:Permanent Representative
567:Supreme Election Council
177:Supreme Military Council
4992:Holy See (Vatican City)
4662:Holy See (Vatican City)
3182:Parliamentary elections
2984:Eastern Anatolia Region
2979:Central Anatolia Region
2661:Ancient and Middle Ages
2591:İhsan Sabri Çağlayangil
2270:. London. 10 April 2017
2104:"General Election 2023"
1674:parliamentary elections
1672:in May 2023, alongside
1637:next general election.
1558:Grand National Assembly
1544:Grand National Assembly
1470:Grand National Assembly
1463:Grand National Assembly
1456:Grand National Assembly
1287:Grand National Assembly
1261:postponement decision.
1218:Grand National Assembly
1214:Grand National Assembly
1181:Grand National Assembly
835:History of the Republic
357:Grand National Assembly
215:Constituting instrument
4932:Bosnia and Herzegovina
4602:Bosnia and Herzegovina
3353:Science and technology
3187:Presidential elections
2668:Prehistory of Anatolia
1680:Timeline of presidents
1615:
1531:Constitution of Turkey
1524:international treaties
1378:
1210:
1114:Article 101, Section 1
997:
991:
985:
980:
919:
451:Current cabinet (67th)
219:Constitution of Turkey
3348:Free trade agreements
3230:Intelligence Services
3027:North Anatolian Fault
2501:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
2043:Ulgen, Sinan (2012).
1824:www.cumhuriyet.com.tr
1613:
1373:
1293:or any member of the
1017:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
977:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
975:
967:2018 general election
955:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
229:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
77:Presidential Standard
5246:Government of Turkey
5236:Presidents of Turkey
5156:Partially recognised
4826:Partially recognised
4410:United Arab Emirates
4101:United Arab Emirates
3732:World heritage sites
3257:Turkish Armed Forces
3142:Constitutional Court
3056:Flora and vegetation
3034:Environmental issues
3022:East Anatolian Fault
2969:Mediterranean Region
2556:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
2474:Presidents of Turkey
2234:KABOĞLU, İBRAHİM Ö.
1580:Constitutional Court
1519:appointed to Turkey,
1502:Turkish Armed Forces
1495:Turkish Armed Forces
1477:Constitutional Court
1397:of the president by
1383:Presidential Complex
1377:is located in Ankara
1352:Constitutional Court
1305:Constitutional Court
1051:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
1005:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
489:Constitutional Court
422:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
189:Presidential Complex
139:(formal, diplomatic)
96:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
5187:Unrecognised states
4857:Unrecognised states
3301:Banking and Finance
2919:History of Anatolia
2816:War of Independence
2808:Republic of Türkiye
2705:Battle of Manzikert
2596:Hüsamettin Cindoruk
2431:President's website
2318:. 30 November 2001.
2165:Istanbul University
2129:"Electoral Systems"
1800:Istanbul University
1517:foreign ambassadors
1375:Presidential Palace
936:national government
908:president of Turkey
199:Direct popular vote
49:Türkiye Cumhuriyeti
44:Republic of Türkiye
5092:Russian Federation
4762:Russian Federation
3358:Telecommunications
3147:Court of Cassation
2848:Multi-party period
2757:Ottoman Old Regime
2678:Byzantine Anatolia
2673:Classical Anatolia
2546:Ahmet Necdet Sezer
2191:. Lulu publisher.
2082:Constitute Project
1744:Official state car
1616:
1588:Court of Cassation
1430:Vahdettin Pavilion
1395:official residence
1391:official residence
1379:
981:
928:head of government
502:Court of Cassation
288:Politics of Turkey
159:Commander-in-chief
155:Head of government
5223:
5222:
5202:
5201:
4888:UN members
4872:
4871:
4558:UN members
4508:
4507:
4464:
4463:
4171:UN members
4155:
4154:
3862:UN members
3812:
3811:
3740:
3739:
3282:
3281:
3225:Foreign relations
3199:Political parties
3099:
3098:
2932:
2931:
2924:History of Thrace
2826:Atatürk's reforms
2717:Anatolian beyliks
2604:
2603:
2574:Acting presidents
2296:. 16 October 2014
2198:978-1-329-16404-8
1515:, and to receive
1401:on the country's
1195:the presidential
1104:Selection process
910:, officially the
904:
903:
861:Turkey portal
756:Visa requirements
702:Foreign relations
689:Political parties
571:Recent elections
515:Court of Accounts
392:Political parties
281:
280:
63:Presidential Seal
18:Turkish president
16:(Redirected from
5263:
4885:
4555:
4535:
4528:
4521:
4512:
4168:
3859:
3839:
3832:
3825:
3816:
3800:
3799:
3788:
3787:
3776:
3775:
3764:
3763:
3752:
3557:
3442:Cities and towns
3423:Turkish language
3378:Turkish Airlines
3194:Electoral system
3157:Council of State
3110:
3044:Waste management
2974:Black Sea Region
2952:
2943:
2897:Turkic migration
2843:One-party period
2712:Sultanate of Rum
2658:
2643:
2642:
2631:
2624:
2617:
2608:
2581:Abdülhalik Renda
2568:
2541:Süleyman Demirel
2472:
2471:
2460:
2453:
2446:
2437:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2356:. 16 April 2017.
2346:
2340:
2339:
2326:
2320:
2319:
2312:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2286:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2209:
2203:
2202:
2182:
2176:
2175:
2174:on 13 July 2022.
2173:
2167:. Archived from
2162:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2108:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2079:
2071:
2065:
2064:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2006:
1997:
1996:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1946:
1940:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1770:
1733:
1728:
1727:
1726:
1606:Acting President
1584:Council of State
1533:to a referendum,
1504:, including the
1488:public ministers
1419:
1136:higher education
1057:Leadership roles
1000:
994:
988:
940:Turkish military
896:
889:
882:
859:
858:
857:
557:Electoral system
528:Council of State
299:
283:
277:
274:
272:
270:
225:Inaugural holder
90:
74:
60:
42:President of the
39:
30:For a list, see
21:
5271:
5270:
5266:
5265:
5264:
5262:
5261:
5260:
5226:
5225:
5224:
5219:
5198:
5182:
5173:Northern Cyprus
5151:
5067:North Macedonia
4889:
4879:
4868:
4852:
4843:Northern Cyprus
4821:
4737:North Macedonia
4559:
4549:
4542:
4539:
4509:
4504:
4497:
4470:Supreme leaders
4460:
4446:Northern Cyprus
4429:
4172:
4162:
4151:
4137:Northern Cyprus
4120:
3863:
3853:
3846:
3843:
3813:
3808:
3736:
3555:
3551:Women in Turkey
3519:Law enforcement
3473:
3469:Life expectancy
3435:Islam in Turkey
3389:
3278:
3240:National Police
3208:
3163:
3095:
3086:Turkish Riviera
2993:
2950:
2949:
2928:
2885:
2852:
2831:Language reform
2802:
2721:
2682:
2647:
2637:
2635:
2605:
2600:
2569:
2560:
2489:
2476:
2466:
2464:
2427:
2422:
2421:
2411:
2409:
2402:BBC News Türkçe
2396:
2395:
2391:
2381:
2379:
2366:
2365:
2361:
2348:
2347:
2343:
2328:
2327:
2323:
2314:
2313:
2309:
2299:
2297:
2288:
2287:
2283:
2273:
2271:
2260:
2259:
2255:
2245:
2243:
2233:
2232:
2228:
2218:
2216:
2211:
2210:
2206:
2199:
2184:
2183:
2179:
2171:
2160:
2152:
2151:
2147:
2137:
2135:
2127:
2126:
2122:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2101:
2097:
2087:
2085:
2077:
2073:
2072:
2068:
2042:
2041:
2037:
2027:
2025:
2008:
2007:
2000:
1985:Verfassungsblog
1978:
1977:
1973:
1963:
1962:
1958:
1948:
1947:
1943:
1933:
1931:
1922:
1921:
1917:
1907:
1905:
1896:
1895:
1891:
1881:
1879:
1870:
1869:
1865:
1855:
1853:
1844:
1843:
1839:
1829:
1827:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1804:
1802:
1794:
1793:
1789:
1779:
1777:
1772:
1771:
1767:
1762:
1729:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1688:
1682:
1666:
1660:
1658:Latest election
1647:2017 referendum
1643:
1625:2017 referendum
1621:
1608:
1444:
1438:
1413:
1407:Çankaya Mansion
1368:
1327:
1272:
1267:
1247:
1239:2007 referendum
1231:
1226:
1189:
1177:2007 referendum
1158:
1152:
1134:have completed
1122:Turkish citizen
1111:
1106:
1093:
1091:Regional leader
1080:
1064:
1059:
1013:
900:
871:
867:Other countries
855:
853:
848:
847:
846:
824:
816:
815:
810:
789:European Union
774:
771:
765:
746:Nationality law
742:
729:
704:
694:
693:
681:
653:
625:
597:
562:Electoral cycle
552:
542:
541:
540:
483:
473:
472:
407:
397:
396:
386:
379:
370:
368:Numan Kurtulmuş
352:
342:
341:
340:
313:
290:
267:
238:29 October 1923
175:
171:
157:
153:
142:
138:
131:
124:
101:
99:
98:
94:
91:
79:
65:
50:
43:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5269:
5267:
5259:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5228:
5227:
5221:
5220:
5218:
5217:
5214:
5211:
5207:
5204:
5203:
5200:
5199:
5197:
5196:
5190:
5188:
5184:
5183:
5181:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5159:
5157:
5153:
5152:
5150:
5149:
5147:United Kingdom
5144:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4952:Czech Republic
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4893:
4891:
4882:
4874:
4873:
4870:
4869:
4867:
4866:
4860:
4858:
4854:
4853:
4851:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4829:
4827:
4823:
4822:
4820:
4819:
4817:United Kingdom
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4622:Czech Republic
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4563:
4561:
4552:
4544:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4537:
4530:
4523:
4515:
4506:
4505:
4502:
4499:
4498:
4496:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4474:
4472:
4466:
4465:
4462:
4461:
4459:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4437:
4435:
4431:
4430:
4428:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4176:
4174:
4165:
4157:
4156:
4153:
4152:
4150:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4128:
4126:
4122:
4121:
4119:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3867:
3865:
3856:
3848:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3841:
3834:
3827:
3819:
3810:
3809:
3807:
3806:
3794:
3782:
3770:
3758:
3745:
3742:
3741:
3738:
3737:
3735:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3708:
3707:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3671:
3670:
3668:Radio stations
3665:
3660:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3614:
3613:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3587:
3586:
3581:
3571:
3565:
3563:
3554:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3537:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3516:
3511:
3510:
3509:
3499:
3494:
3493:
3492:
3481:
3479:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3460:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3439:
3438:
3437:
3427:
3426:
3425:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3403:Turkish people
3399:
3397:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3387:
3386:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3368:Transportation
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3344:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3292:
3290:
3284:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3276:
3275:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3254:
3249:
3248:
3247:
3242:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3216:
3214:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3190:
3189:
3184:
3173:
3171:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3161:
3160:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3134:
3133:
3132:
3122:
3116:
3114:
3107:
3101:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3076:National parks
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3047:
3046:
3041:
3031:
3030:
3029:
3024:
3014:
3013:
3012:
3010:Climate change
3001:
2999:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2959:Marmara Region
2955:
2953:
2951:(west to east)
2940:
2934:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2905:
2904:
2893:
2891:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2883:
2878:
2877:
2876:
2866:
2864:Constitutional
2860:
2858:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2839:
2838:
2833:
2823:
2818:
2812:
2810:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2800:
2799:
2798:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2766:
2765:
2764:
2754:
2752:Transformation
2749:
2748:
2747:
2737:
2731:
2729:
2727:Ottoman Empire
2723:
2722:
2720:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2708:
2707:
2696:
2694:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2664:
2662:
2655:
2649:
2648:
2636:
2634:
2633:
2626:
2619:
2611:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2586:Tekin Arıburun
2583:
2577:
2575:
2571:
2570:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2526:Fahri Korutürk
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2497:
2495:
2491:
2490:
2488:
2487:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2465:
2463:
2462:
2455:
2448:
2440:
2434:
2433:
2426:
2425:External links
2423:
2420:
2419:
2389:
2359:
2341:
2335:Deutsche Welle
2321:
2307:
2281:
2253:
2226:
2204:
2197:
2177:
2156:(March 2014).
2154:Yüksel, Saadet
2145:
2133:aceproject.org
2120:
2095:
2066:
2035:
1998:
1971:
1968:. p. 117.
1956:
1941:
1915:
1889:
1878:. 12 July 2018
1863:
1852:. 19 June 2018
1837:
1812:
1787:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1718:
1715:
1697:
1696:
1690:The following
1681:
1678:
1662:Main article:
1659:
1656:
1642:
1639:
1634:vice president
1620:
1617:
1607:
1604:
1602:and statutes.
1596:
1595:
1576:
1569:
1561:
1554:
1547:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1527:
1520:
1509:
1498:
1491:
1480:
1473:
1466:
1459:
1440:Main article:
1437:
1434:
1367:
1364:
1343:prime minister
1326:
1323:
1291:vice president
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1246:
1243:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1197:Oath of Office
1188:
1185:
1154:Main article:
1151:
1148:
1140:
1139:
1132:
1129:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1097:regional power
1092:
1089:
1079:
1076:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1040:Democrat Party
1012:
1009:
902:
901:
899:
898:
891:
884:
876:
873:
872:
870:
869:
863:
850:
849:
845:
844:
839:
838:
837:
826:
825:
822:
821:
818:
817:
814:
813:
812:
811:
809:
808:
803:
798:
792:
787:
786:
785:
775:
768:
764:
763:
758:
753:
748:
741:
740:
735:
728:
727:
726:
725:
705:
700:
699:
696:
695:
692:
691:
686:
685:
684:
683:
682:
680:
679:
674:
669:
663:
656:
655:
654:
652:
651:
646:
641:
635:
628:
627:
626:
624:
623:
618:
613:
607:
600:
599:
598:
596:
595:
590:
585:
579:
569:
564:
559:
553:
548:
547:
544:
543:
539:
538:
537:
536:
525:
524:
523:
512:
511:
510:
499:
498:
497:
485:
484:
479:
478:
475:
474:
471:
470:
465:
460:
455:
454:
453:
438:
437:
436:
429:Vice President
426:
425:
424:
408:
403:
402:
399:
398:
395:
394:
389:
388:
387:
382:
375:
373:
372:
371:
362:
353:
348:
347:
344:
343:
339:
338:
337:
336:
326:
321:
315:
314:
309:
308:
305:
304:
301:
300:
292:
291:
286:
279:
278:
265:
261:
260:
254:
250:
249:
247:Vice President
244:
240:
239:
236:
232:
231:
226:
222:
221:
216:
212:
211:
208:
202:
201:
196:
192:
191:
186:
180:
179:
166:
162:
161:
148:
144:
143:
141:
140:
136:His Excellency
133:
126:
118:
116:
110:
109:
103:
102:
92:
85:
84:
81:
80:
75:
67:
66:
61:
53:
52:
46:
45:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5268:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5233:
5231:
5215:
5212:
5209:
5208:
5205:
5195:
5192:
5191:
5189:
5185:
5179:
5178:South Ossetia
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5160:
5158:
5154:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5027:Liechtenstein
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4894:
4892:
4890:and observers
4886:
4883:
4881:
4875:
4865:
4862:
4861:
4859:
4855:
4849:
4848:South Ossetia
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4830:
4828:
4824:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4697:Liechtenstein
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4564:
4562:
4560:and observers
4556:
4553:
4551:
4545:
4536:
4531:
4529:
4524:
4522:
4517:
4516:
4513:
4500:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4475:
4473:
4471:
4467:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4451:South Ossetia
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4438:
4436:
4432:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4177:
4175:
4173:and observers
4169:
4166:
4164:
4158:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4142:South Ossetia
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4129:
4127:
4123:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3868:
3866:
3864:and observers
3860:
3857:
3855:
3849:
3840:
3835:
3833:
3828:
3826:
3821:
3820:
3817:
3805:
3804:
3795:
3793:
3792:
3783:
3781:
3780:
3771:
3769:
3768:
3759:
3757:
3756:
3751:
3747:
3746:
3743:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3706:
3703:
3702:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3655:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3612:
3609:
3608:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3576:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3562:
3558:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3521:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3508:
3505:
3504:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3491:
3488:
3487:
3486:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3476:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3444:
3443:
3440:
3436:
3433:
3432:
3431:
3428:
3424:
3421:
3420:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3396:
3392:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3370:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3289:
3285:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3211:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3170:
3166:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3139:
3138:
3135:
3131:
3128:
3127:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3102:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3039:Air pollution
3037:
3036:
3035:
3032:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3018:
3015:
3011:
3008:
3007:
3006:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2996:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2964:Aegean Region
2962:
2960:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2948:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2935:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2909:Turkification
2907:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2888:
2882:
2879:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2855:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2805:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2792:
2789:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2770:
2767:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2741:
2740:Classical Age
2738:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2724:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2701:
2700:Seljuk Empire
2698:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2663:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2641:
2632:
2627:
2625:
2620:
2618:
2613:
2612:
2609:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2572:
2567:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2492:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2479:
2475:
2470:
2461:
2456:
2454:
2449:
2447:
2442:
2441:
2438:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2424:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2393:
2390:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2363:
2360:
2355:
2351:
2345:
2342:
2337:
2336:
2331:
2325:
2322:
2317:
2311:
2308:
2295:
2291:
2285:
2282:
2269:
2268:
2263:
2257:
2254:
2241:
2237:
2230:
2227:
2214:
2208:
2205:
2200:
2194:
2190:
2189:
2181:
2178:
2170:
2166:
2159:
2155:
2149:
2146:
2134:
2130:
2124:
2121:
2105:
2099:
2096:
2083:
2076:
2070:
2067:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2039:
2036:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1994:
1990:
1987:(in German).
1986:
1982:
1975:
1972:
1967:
1960:
1957:
1952:
1945:
1942:
1930:
1926:
1919:
1916:
1904:
1900:
1893:
1890:
1877:
1873:
1867:
1864:
1851:
1847:
1841:
1838:
1825:
1822:
1816:
1813:
1801:
1797:
1791:
1788:
1775:
1769:
1766:
1759:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1732:
1731:Turkey portal
1721:
1716:
1695:
1693:
1687:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1671:
1665:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1648:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1630:
1626:
1618:
1612:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1574:
1570:
1567:
1562:
1559:
1555:
1552:
1548:
1546:for approval,
1545:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1528:
1525:
1521:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1496:
1492:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1478:
1474:
1471:
1467:
1464:
1460:
1457:
1453:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1443:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1422:Huber Mansion
1417:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1376:
1372:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1269:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1255:
1251:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1235:
1228:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1209:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1169:
1166:
1161:
1157:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1137:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1118:
1117:
1115:
1108:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1078:Head of party
1077:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1068:head of state
1062:Head of state
1061:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1047:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1002:
999:
998:Reis-i Cumhur
993:
987:
986:Cumhurbaşkanı
978:
974:
970:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
947:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
924:head of state
921:
917:
913:
909:
897:
892:
890:
885:
883:
878:
877:
875:
874:
868:
865:
864:
862:
852:
851:
843:
840:
836:
833:
832:
831:
828:
827:
820:
819:
807:
806:Customs Union
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
793:
791:
790:
788:
784:
781:
780:
779:
776:
773:
772:organizations
767:
766:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
743:
739:
736:
734:
731:
730:
723:
719:
715:
712:
711:
710:
707:
706:
703:
698:
697:
690:
687:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
664:
662:
661:
660:
657:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
636:
634:
633:
632:
629:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
608:
606:
605:
604:
601:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
580:
578:
577:
576:
575:Parliamentary
573:
572:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
554:
551:
546:
545:
535:
531:
530:
529:
526:
522:
518:
517:
516:
513:
509:
508:Mehmet Akarca
505:
504:
503:
500:
496:
492:
491:
490:
487:
486:
482:
477:
476:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
452:
449:
448:
446:
442:
439:
435:
434:Cevdet Yılmaz
432:
431:
430:
427:
423:
420:
419:
417:
413:
410:
409:
406:
401:
400:
393:
390:
385:
381:
380:
378:
374:
369:
365:
361:
360:
359:(Parliament)
358:
355:
354:
351:
346:
345:
335:
332:
331:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
316:
312:
307:
306:
303:
302:
298:
294:
293:
289:
284:
276:
266:
262:
258:
255:
251:
248:
245:
241:
237:
233:
230:
227:
223:
220:
217:
213:
209:
207:
203:
200:
197:
193:
190:
187:
185:
181:
178:
174:
170:
167:
163:
160:
156:
152:
151:Head of state
149:
145:
137:
134:
130:
129:The Honorable
127:
123:
122:Mr. President
120:
119:
117:
115:
111:
108:
104:
97:
89:
82:
78:
73:
68:
64:
59:
54:
51:Cumhurbaşkanı
47:
40:
37:
33:
19:
5194:Transnistria
5136:
4864:Transnistria
4806:
4405:Turkmenistan
4399:
4365:Saudi Arabia
4096:Turkmenistan
4090:
4056:Saudi Arabia
3801:
3789:
3777:
3765:
3753:
3638:Illumination
3574:Architecture
3502:Human rights
3490:Universities
3408:Ethnic Kurds
3395:Demographics
3306:Construction
3124:
2551:Abdullah Gül
2521:Cevdet Sunay
2516:Cemal Gürsel
2473:
2410:. Retrieved
2401:
2392:
2380:. Retrieved
2371:
2362:
2353:
2344:
2333:
2324:
2310:
2298:. Retrieved
2293:
2284:
2272:. Retrieved
2267:The Guardian
2265:
2256:
2244:. Retrieved
2242:(in Turkish)
2239:
2229:
2217:. Retrieved
2207:
2187:
2180:
2169:the original
2148:
2136:. Retrieved
2132:
2123:
2111:. Retrieved
2098:
2086:. Retrieved
2084:. p. 43
2081:
2069:
2055:(2): 41–50.
2052:
2048:
2038:
2026:. Retrieved
2015:The Guardian
2014:
1984:
1974:
1965:
1959:
1950:
1944:
1932:. Retrieved
1928:
1918:
1906:. Retrieved
1902:
1892:
1880:. Retrieved
1875:
1866:
1854:. Retrieved
1849:
1840:
1828:. Retrieved
1823:
1815:
1803:. Retrieved
1790:
1778:. Retrieved
1768:
1689:
1667:
1644:
1622:
1600:Constitution
1597:
1448:Constitution
1445:
1403:Republic Day
1380:
1339:high treason
1328:
1320:
1309:
1283:high treason
1273:
1259:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1236:
1232:
1211:
1206:
1190:
1187:Inauguration
1174:
1170:
1162:
1159:
1141:
1112:
1094:
1085:
1081:
1065:
1048:
1044:
1025:
1014:
1003:
982:
948:
911:
907:
905:
842:Armed Forces
603:Presidential
495:Zühtü Arslan
411:
329:Human rights
311:Constitution
36:
5132:Switzerland
5062:Netherlands
4802:Switzerland
4732:Netherlands
4493:North Korea
4478:Afghanistan
4380:South Korea
4350:Philippines
4330:North Korea
4180:Afghanistan
4071:South Korea
4041:Philippines
4021:North Korea
3871:Afghanistan
3791:WikiProject
3722:Video games
3514:Individuals
3507:LGBT rights
3497:Health care
3464:Immigration
3245:Gendarmerie
3204:Referendums
3120:Legislative
3017:Earthquakes
2902:Oghuz Turks
2791:Dissolution
2536:Turgut Özal
2531:Kenan Evren
2511:Celâl Bayar
2506:İsmet İnönü
2294:Daily Sabah
1929:Daily Sabah
1414: [
1356:impeachment
1335:impeachment
1329:Before the
1279:impeachment
1199:, found in
1109:Eligibility
1032:Celâl Bayar
1028:İsmet İnönü
1021:Kenan Evren
992:Cumhurreisi
761:Visa policy
718:Hakan Fidan
532:President:
521:Metin Yener
519:President:
506:President:
493:President:
350:Legislature
334:LGBT rights
206:Term length
5230:Categories
5097:San Marino
5057:Montenegro
5037:Luxembourg
5017:Kazakhstan
4917:Azerbaijan
4880:government
4767:San Marino
4727:Montenegro
4707:Luxembourg
4687:Kazakhstan
4587:Azerbaijan
4415:Uzbekistan
4390:Tajikistan
4290:Kyrgyzstan
4280:Kazakhstan
4230:East Timor
4200:Bangladesh
4190:Azerbaijan
4163:government
4106:Uzbekistan
4081:Tajikistan
3981:Kyrgyzstan
3971:Kazakhstan
3921:East Timor
3891:Bangladesh
3881:Azerbaijan
3663:Newspapers
3648:Literature
3628:Folk dance
3529:Corruption
3413:Minorities
3341:Renewables
3296:Automotive
3105:Government
2836:Secularism
2494:Presidents
2372:Cumhuriyet
2300:17 October
2246:3 November
2240:birgun.net
2088:23 January
1934:21 October
1908:21 October
1882:21 October
1856:21 October
1830:21 October
1805:21 October
1760:References
1684:See also:
1566:parliament
1553:of Turkey,
1360:parliament
1229:Term limit
1224:Incumbency
922:), is the
659:Referendum
534:Zeki Yiğit
458:Ministries
384:Özgür Özel
324:Secularism
125:(informal)
5032:Lithuania
4702:Lithuania
4375:Sri Lanka
4370:Singapore
4345:Palestine
4250:Indonesia
4066:Sri Lanka
4061:Singapore
4036:Palestine
3941:Indonesia
3717:TV series
3675:Miniature
3618:Festivals
3534:Terrorism
3485:Education
3418:Languages
3262:Air Force
3177:Elections
3125:Executive
3071:Mountains
2938:Geography
2857:Overviews
2796:Partition
2762:Tulip era
2061:1945-4716
2023:0261-3077
1366:Residence
801:relations
796:Accession
550:Elections
481:Judiciary
468:Governors
412:President
405:Executive
235:Formation
195:Appointer
184:Residence
165:Member of
93:Incumbent
5163:Abkhazia
5112:Slovenia
5107:Slovakia
5082:Portugal
4937:Bulgaria
4878:Heads of
4833:Abkhazia
4782:Slovenia
4777:Slovakia
4752:Portugal
4607:Bulgaria
4550:of state
4441:Abkhazia
4395:Thailand
4340:Pakistan
4315:Mongolia
4310:Maldives
4305:Malaysia
4215:Cambodia
4161:Heads of
4132:Abkhazia
4086:Thailand
4031:Pakistan
4006:Mongolia
4001:Maldives
3996:Malaysia
3906:Cambodia
3854:of state
3767:Category
3705:Football
3690:Painting
3633:Folklore
3541:Marriage
3447:Istanbul
3430:Religion
3383:Railways
3373:Aviation
3311:Currency
3169:Politics
3137:Judicial
3113:Branches
3091:Wildlife
2881:Military
2869:Economic
2774:Tanzimat
2412:10 March
2406:Archived
2382:10 March
2376:Archived
2354:BBC News
2274:16 March
2219:16 March
2138:18 March
1903:Refworld
1717:See also
1692:timeline
1428:and the
1347:minister
1345:and the
1312:election
1150:Election
823:See also
751:Passport
714:Minister
132:(formal)
5142:Ukraine
5087:Romania
5047:Moldova
5007:Ireland
5002:Iceland
4997:Hungary
4982:Germany
4977:Georgia
4967:Finland
4962:Estonia
4957:Denmark
4942:Croatia
4927:Belgium
4922:Belarus
4912:Austria
4907:Armenia
4902:Andorra
4897:Albania
4812:Ukraine
4757:Romania
4717:Moldova
4677:Ireland
4672:Iceland
4667:Hungary
4652:Germany
4647:Georgia
4637:Finland
4632:Estonia
4627:Denmark
4612:Croatia
4597:Belgium
4592:Belarus
4582:Austria
4577:Armenia
4572:Andorra
4567:Albania
4420:Vietnam
4320:Myanmar
4300:Lebanon
4240:Georgia
4195:Bahrain
4185:Armenia
4111:Vietnam
4011:Myanmar
3991:Lebanon
3931:Georgia
3886:Bahrain
3876:Armenia
3803:Outline
3779:Commons
3712:Theater
3695:Pottery
3611:Ottoman
3606:Cuisine
3584:Ottoman
3561:Culture
3546:Poverty
3478:Society
3363:Tourism
3316:Defense
3288:Economy
3130:Cabinet
3061:Geology
3005:Climate
2947:Regions
2874:Ottoman
2692:Beyliks
2688:Seljuks
2653:History
1850:Reuters
1780:2 March
1399:Erdoğan
1389:is the
1337:due to
1300:speaker
1295:Cabinet
1281:due to
1011:History
916:Turkish
830:History
441:Cabinet
364:Speaker
319:History
264:Website
169:Cabinet
5168:Kosovo
5137:Turkey
5127:Sweden
5102:Serbia
5077:Poland
5072:Norway
5052:Monaco
5022:Latvia
4987:Greece
4972:France
4947:Cyprus
4838:Kosovo
4807:Turkey
4797:Sweden
4772:Serbia
4747:Poland
4742:Norway
4722:Monaco
4692:Latvia
4657:Greece
4642:France
4617:Cyprus
4456:Taiwan
4400:Turkey
4360:Russia
4285:Kuwait
4275:Jordan
4265:Israel
4225:Cyprus
4210:Brunei
4205:Bhutan
4147:Taiwan
4091:Turkey
4051:Russia
3976:Kuwait
3966:Jordan
3956:Israel
3916:Cyprus
3901:Brunei
3896:Bhutan
3755:Portal
3700:Sports
3601:Cinema
3596:Carpet
3579:Seljuk
3569:Anthem
3452:Ankara
3321:Energy
3213:Topics
3081:Rivers
2998:Topics
2890:Topics
2645:Turkey
2195:
2113:20 May
2109:. OSCE
2059:
2021:
1670:Turkey
1649:, the
1424:, the
1387:Ankara
1193:recite
1179:, the
1165:runoff
1126:deputy
932:Turkey
253:Salary
243:Deputy
147:Status
5122:Spain
5042:Malta
5012:Italy
4792:Spain
4712:Malta
4682:Italy
4548:Heads
4483:China
4425:Yemen
4385:Syria
4355:Qatar
4325:Nepal
4270:Japan
4245:India
4235:Egypt
4220:China
4116:Yemen
4076:Syria
4046:Qatar
4016:Nepal
3961:Japan
3936:India
3926:Egypt
3911:China
3852:Heads
3685:Names
3680:Music
3653:Media
3524:Crime
3457:İzmir
3066:Lakes
3051:Fauna
2172:(PDF)
2161:(PDF)
2107:(PDF)
2078:(PDF)
2028:3 May
1418:]
1316:Court
1120:be a
631:Local
271:.tccb
114:Style
4488:Iran
4335:Oman
4295:Laos
4260:Iraq
4255:Iran
4026:Oman
3986:Laos
3951:Iraq
3946:Iran
3727:Wine
3623:Flag
3326:Coal
3272:Navy
3267:Land
2735:Rise
2690:and
2485:List
2414:2023
2384:2023
2302:2014
2276:2022
2248:2019
2221:2022
2193:ISBN
2140:2023
2115:2023
2090:2020
2057:ISSN
2030:2017
2019:ISSN
1936:2021
1910:2021
1884:2021
1858:2021
1832:2021
1807:2021
1782:2022
1486:and
1381:The
1030:and
926:and
906:The
722:list
677:2017
672:2010
667:2007
649:2024
644:2019
639:2014
621:2023
616:2018
611:2014
593:2023
588:2018
583:2015
445:list
416:list
273:.gov
3591:Art
3336:Oil
3331:Gas
1989:doi
1876:VOA
1385:in
1074:.
1066:As
995:or
930:of
275:.tr
269:www
5232::
3658:TV
2400:.
2370:.
2352:.
2332:.
2292:.
2264:.
2238:.
2163:.
2131:.
2080:.
2053:32
2051:.
2047:.
2017:.
2013:.
2001:^
1983:.
1927:.
1901:.
1874:.
1848:.
1798:.
1450:.
1416:tr
1220:.
946:.
918::
716::
447:)
418:)
366::
4534:e
4527:t
4520:v
3838:e
3831:t
3824:v
2630:e
2623:t
2616:v
2459:e
2452:t
2445:v
2416:.
2386:.
2338:.
2304:.
2278:.
2250:.
2223:.
2201:.
2142:.
2117:.
2092:.
2063:.
2032:.
1995:.
1991::
1938:.
1912:.
1886:.
1860:.
1834:.
1809:.
1784:.
1594:.
1526:,
1490:,
1138:.
1128:;
914:(
895:e
888:t
881:v
724:)
720:(
443:(
414:(
257:₺
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
