117:
257:
313:
203:
85:
20:
150:. With engines aft the design was seen as ideal for the bulk oil trade meeting the latest Suez Canal regulations in which coal bunkers would be separated from oil cargo by a double bulkhead filled with water. The ship had an unusually high righting angle which was obtained whether full or lightly loaded. In particular the design was seen as a solution to the problem of strength and economical cost. On
154:
ships the lack of a continuous line of the deck, one the turret ship design solved with a continuous line and solid structure up to the top of the turret, resulted in weakness with classification societies taking notice by requiring increased strengthening in construction. The long, wide hatches were
108:
instead of the upswept conoid "snout" of the whaleback. Instead of a rounded hull, the hull of a turret ship was stepped inward above the waterline, but the horizontal and vertical surfaces of the hull met in curves rather than by right angles as in conventional ships. Finally, the design joined the
100:, England, built one whaleback under license from the type's designer, but had already built its first turret deck ship to a design by Arthur Havers, the concern's chief draughtsman. Havers toned down the more radical features of the whaleback. His design retained conventional
303:
In 1911, the toll measure changed at Suez to account for all cargo spaces, and contemporaneous refinements in the design of ships of more conventional hull form eliminated the structural advantages of turret deck ships. Construction of the type therefore ceased.
116:
155:
seen as making the design especially suitable for carrying heavy or bulky machinery. That feature later resulted in cargoes such as 75 feet (22.9 m) long, 8 feet (2.4 m) wide girders and a 110-ton gun being easily loaded.
299:
to determine tolls was based on a measure of net tonnage which excluded some of the cargo spaces of these unconventional hulls. Turret and trunk deck ships therefore paid less in tolls than conventional ships of the same capacity.
283:
investigation, and cautions from
Doxford on proper loading. The design was also inconvenient, as the narrowness of the turret made for smaller cargo hatches and restricted habitation spaces in the superstructure atop the turret.
76:
had a hull in the form of a flattened cigar, with a continuous curve above the waterline to where the sides met amidships. The superstructure atop the hull was in round or oval "turrets", so named because of their resemblance to
238:. Further inboard, this "deck" arced to the vertical again by a reverse curve. That vertical plane then joined the weather deck atop the turret at a right angle. Structurally these elements were part of the hull, not of the
339:
While used for general freight, these ships were particularly suited to the carriage of bulk cargos such as grains, coal, and ores. Several were sold to
Canadian interests for use in the latter trades on the
249:, were said to maximize strength, allowing larger ships and reduced the amount of steel needed for construction. In reality, it is more likely that the geometry inhibited the development of cracks in the
312:
256:
279:
and reduced the violence of rolls. But loading heavy cargo too high, and failing to properly ballast the bottom tanks, raised the centre of gravity and led to instability. This led to accidents, a
253:
but ships to this design were not any lighter than conventional ships due to their unique geometry. In operation their hull form promoted self-trimming of homogenous cargo and inhibited shifting.
727:
Several sources state that Suez tolls were based on the area of the uppermost deck; as a turret's deck was narrow, this measurement effectively excluded from consideration those portions of the
295:
capacity (weight of cargo), allowing them to operate at a lower fee structure than a conventional hull. Net tonnage is a computation of volume, and the method of measurement used at the
138:, was notable for her abnormally long and wide hatches in the turret, and self-trimming due to the rounded shape in the upper hold and lower turret. She was thus ideal for grain.
1320:
1130:
714:
743:. Another source states that the type "had special advantages over the Suez Canal tonnage measurements, as the hull above the harbour deck was regarded as an 'erection.'"
202:
336:, which traded globally in cargos such as foodstuffs, timber, metals, manufactured goods, case oil, jute, tea, nitrates, and general cargo, used 32 of the type.
109:
rounded turrets of whalebacks into one long and narrow rectangular structure (also called a "turret") of about half the beam, and used that space as part of the
751:. This may suggest that the turret was treated as superstructure rather than hold space. In either case, part of the cargo hold was excluded from measurement.
271:
The design also called for a cellular double bottom, which was the probable reason for claims of the type's exceptional hull strength, but it also raised the
50:
measurement rules then in effect. The type ceased to be built after those rules changed. The last turret deck ship in existence was scrapped in 1960.
264:
633:
Trunk deck ships differed from turret ships in that the formers' sides and decks joined at right angles, rather than arcs as in turret ships.
1336:
916:
42:, designed and built in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The hulls of turret deck vessels were rounded and stepped inward above their
1236:
1294:
1273:
1104:
748:
324:
Over 180 ships of the type had been built before the design was abandoned, 176 of them by
William Doxford and Sons. They were used in both
84:
935:
1204:
943:
689:
578:
234:; the vertical side of a turret ship curves inward above the load line to a horizontal plane. This flat area was known as the
1332:
1325:
That source also reproduces pages 70–71 of Hardy (1924), with figure 28 showing a midships cross-section of a turret vessel.
1288: (GRT), was built by Doxford in 1907, owned by Sutherland Steamship Company, and torpedoed by a German U-boat near the
1138:
1266:
980:
887:
732:
464:
1360:
1355:
230:. In cross-section the differences between turret deck ships and more conventional ships are apparent. There was no
988:
954:
771:
740:
673:
450:
97:
93:
1244:
1227:
1017:
1014:
Merchant Ship Types: A survey of the various units engaged in the water transport of people and merchandise
1285:
147:
1370:
373:
63:
823:
815:
341:
325:
288:
1365:
1169:
360:
until 1959 by owner Johs. Fritzen & Sohn of Emden. Finally sold for demolition in April 1959,
276:
211:
143:
526:
524:
522:
509:
507:
505:
503:
490:
488:
1314:
1260:
1220:
1200:
1173:
1124:
1055:
974:
939:
912:
708:
272:
39:
1080:
1026:
565:, p. 180 (illustration of exemplars of trunk and turret deck ships, taken from Paasch,
1289:
1192:
381:
246:
122:
961:. Marine Museum of the Great Lakes at Kingston. Archived from the original on 6 July 2011
1163:
832:
242:, and the cargo holds of the ship extended up to the true weather deck atop the turret.
214:, Queensland about 1901. This view, almost bow-on, shows her hull's distinctive profile.
46:. This gave some advantages in strength and allowed them to pay lower canal tolls under
280:
239:
332:
service until retired, wrecked, or lost in the First or Second World War. The
British
1349:
928:
891:
827:
819:
329:
35:
364:
arrived for breaking at
Eckhardt & Co. in Hamburg in the first quarter of 1960.
19:
1234:
was built by
Doxford in 1906 for Bowles Brothers and lost to air attack in 1944.
861:
728:
345:
110:
542:
530:
513:
494:
934:. The Ship. Vol. 5. London: National Maritime Museum / WS Cowell Ltd for
352:, operated until mid-century and was not scrapped until 1959. Only the former
296:
223:
219:
158:
By March 1895 the design had considerable acceptance. Nine ships were in use:
146:
at a load line draft of 20 feet 3 inches (6.2 m) at 2,850
101:
78:
996:
333:
227:
151:
69:
59:
43:
1301:. SouthWestMafia.com. 2007. Archived from the original on 1 October 2011
1226:, a highly detailed full-hull builder's model in the collections of the
1111:. SouthWestMafia.com. 2007. Archived from the original on 1 October 2011
292:
231:
218:
In side profile, turret deck ships resembled other merchant ships with
127:
47:
26:
running light; stepped hull form and raised midline "turret" are shown.
1168:. London, Philadelphia: Charles Griffin & Co./Lippincott. p.
615:
613:
611:
250:
1199:. London: Lyons Press (Globe Pequot Press) / Conway Maritime Press.
833:"Crew Lists of Vessels Arriving at Manitowoc, Wisconsin, 1925-1956"
356:
was in operation a little longer. The ship was kept in business as
731:
under the harbour decks, which were outboard of the turret. E.g.,
255:
201:
115:
105:
83:
1177:
1280:
showing narrow harbour decks a short distance above the water.
579:
An
Australian's Experience, Walter Rignold Marshall (1901–1988)
291:(an approximate measure of cargo space) in comparison to their
559:
Different types of vessels classified in Lloyd's
Register Book
1342:
shows a heavily laden vessel with harbour decks nearly awash.
1149:(7). Toronto: Toronto Marine Historical Society. April 1971
763:
761:
759:
757:
275:
of the cargo. A higher centre of gravity increased the
58:
Turret deck ships were inspired by the visit of the US
649:
647:
589:
at bottom of page, with profile and accompanying text.
415:, p. 179. Woodman identifies this vessel as the
907:Clarkson, John; Fenton, Roy; Munro, Archie (2007).
795:
601:, inside back cover – illustration reproduced from
543:
Marine
Engineer and Naval Architect (March 1, 1895)
531:
Marine
Engineer and Naval Architect (March 1, 1895)
514:
Marine Engineer and Naval Architect (April 1, 1892)
495:
Marine Engineer and Naval Architect (April 1, 1892)
927:
603:Transactions of the Institute of Naval Architects
475:
473:
1319:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1247:. Archived from the original on January 27, 2006
1129:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
713:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1237:"Description, Turret deck cargo ship 'Nonsuch'"
1165:Steel Ships: Their Construction and Maintenance
245:This design, and that of its near relative the
134:The design was patented. Doxford's first ship,
619:
8:
1054:Marine Engineer and Naval Architect (1895).
1025:Marine Engineer and Naval Architect (1892).
1016:. London: D Van Nostrand Company. pp.
911:. Preston: Ships in Focus. pp. 35–38.
1335:has some photographs of turret ships. The
822:in September of that year and arriving in
814:, was still in service in 1950, departing
696:. Archived from the original on 2009-03-29
1329:Historical Collections of the Great Lakes
840:Publication No. M-2045 (from INS records)
460:
458:
1085:arrives in Everett on December 21, 1891"
890:. Merchant Navy Officers. Archived from
311:
88:Cross-section of a turret ship amidships
18:
930:Steam Tramps and Cargo Liners 1850–1950
767:
736:
683:
681:
669:
665:
634:
562:
479:
446:
412:
401:
142:was designed for tonnage of 4,700
1312:
1258:
1122:
972:
706:
435:
424:
783:
744:
653:
638:
598:
554:
408:
7:
1139:"Turret Steamers On Our Inland Seas"
348:of North America. The last of them,
909:Clan Line Illustrated Fleet History
1221:Colour photographs of model of SS
993:Doxford Engine Friends Association
320:in Anchorage, Alaska in about 1917
194:; and five more were being built.
72:in 1891. Like others of the type,
14:
796:Clarkson, Fenton & Munro 2007
774:(definition of Turret Deck Ship).
747:, pp. 70–71, reproduced in
16:Type of merchant ship hull shape
1241:Collections Online, ship models
1066:(1 March 1895). London: 511–512
936:Her Majesty's Stationery Office
674:definition 62, Turret Deck Ship
1333:Bowling Green State University
1079:Oakley, Janet (27 July 2005).
741:definition of Turret Deck Ship
1:
1276:, showing a stern view of SS
1041:(1 April 1892). London: 10–12
94:William Doxford and Sons Ltd.
287:Turret deck ships had a low
953:Duerkop, John (July 2007).
1387:
81:on contemporary warships.
1265:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1056:"The "Turret" Steamships"
979:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
955:"Some Marine Terminology"
637:, p. 180 (diagram);
1274:SS Claverly Wreck Report
1245:National Maritime Museum
1228:National Maritime Museum
749:SS Claverly Wreck Report
451:definition 65, Whaleback
265:St. John's, Newfoundland
1197:The History of the Ship
1162:Walton, Thomas (1908).
772:Some Marine Terminology
569:, a marine dictionary).
567:From Keel to Mast-Truck
557:, inside front cover –
694:Merchant Navy Officers
321:
268:
215:
198:Description and design
131:
89:
27:
1081:"Whaleback freighter
926:Craig, Robin (1980).
690:"Clan Line. Part Two"
419:; named elsewhere as
315:
259:
206:The turret deck ship
205:
120:Assembling frames of
119:
87:
22:
824:Manitowoc, Wisconsin
816:Port Arthur, Ontario
641:, inside front cover
342:Saint Lawrence River
1286:gross register tons
1060:The Marine Engineer
1035:The Marine Engineer
999:on 20 December 2007
467:(archived 2/2/2007)
1361:Naval architecture
1356:British inventions
1083:Charles W. Wetmore
1027:"Doxford's Patent
1012:Hardy, AC (1924).
959:Research Resources
862:"Wear Built Ships"
810:, by then renamed
421:Charles W. Wetmore
417:Charles H. Wetmore
322:
269:
216:
132:
90:
65:Charles W. Wetmore
28:
1091:. HistoryLink.org
918:978-1-901703-47-4
786:, pp. 35–37.
585:section entitled
273:centre of gravity
1378:
1324:
1318:
1310:
1308:
1306:
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1256:
1254:
1252:
1210:
1193:Woodman, Richard
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1100:
1098:
1096:
1075:
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1021:
1008:
1006:
1004:
995:. Archived from
984:
978:
970:
968:
966:
949:
933:
922:
903:
901:
899:
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561:(illustration);
552:
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453:
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406:
38:with an unusual
32:turret deck ship
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1346:
1345:
1311:
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987:
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802:
794:
790:
782:
778:
766:
755:
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722:
705:
699:
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687:
686:
679:
668:, p. 179;
664:
660:
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628:
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577:
573:
553:
549:
541:
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486:
478:
471:
465:Doxford Engines
463:
456:
445:
441:
434:
430:
407:
403:
398:
393:
370:
362:Hermann Fritzen
358:Hermann Fritzen
310:
263:in dry dock at
247:trunk deck ship
200:
96:("Doxford") of
56:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1384:
1382:
1374:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1348:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1337:photograph of
1331:maintained by
1326:
1271:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1211:
1205:
1189:
1159:
1135:
1101:
1076:
1051:
1031:Cargo Steamer"
1022:
1009:
985:
950:
944:
923:
917:
904:
881:
878:
875:
874:
853:
812:Walter Inkster
800:
788:
776:
753:
720:
677:
658:
643:
626:
607:
591:
571:
547:
545:, p. 512.
535:
533:, p. 511.
518:
516:, p. 12).
499:
497:, p. 11).
484:
469:
454:
439:
428:
411:, p. 35;
400:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
388:
387:
379:
369:
366:
309:
308:History of use
306:
281:Board of Trade
240:superstructure
222:or with small
199:
196:
55:
52:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1383:
1372:
1369:
1367:
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1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1351:
1341:
1340:
1334:
1330:
1327:
1322:
1316:
1300:
1299:Wreck Reports
1296:
1295:"SS Claverly"
1291:
1287:
1284:, 3,829
1283:
1279:
1275:
1272:
1268:
1262:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1224:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1208:
1206:1-58574-621-5
1202:
1198:
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1190:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1166:
1160:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1126:
1110:
1109:Wreck Reports
1106:
1105:"SS Claverly"
1102:
1090:
1086:
1084:
1077:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1052:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1030:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1010:
998:
994:
990:
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976:
960:
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951:
947:
945:0-11-290315-0
941:
937:
932:
931:
924:
920:
914:
910:
905:
894:on 2009-03-29
893:
889:
884:
883:
879:
863:
857:
854:
841:
834:
829:
828:Lake Michigan
825:
821:
820:Lake Superior
817:
813:
809:
804:
801:
798:, p. 38.
797:
792:
789:
785:
780:
777:
773:
769:
764:
762:
760:
758:
754:
750:
746:
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724:
721:
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710:
695:
691:
684:
682:
678:
675:
671:
667:
662:
659:
656:, p. 35.
655:
650:
648:
644:
640:
636:
630:
627:
624:
622:
616:
614:
612:
608:
605:, XLIX (1907)
604:
600:
595:
592:
588:
584:
580:
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572:
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556:
551:
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527:
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482:, p. 179
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208:Orange Branch
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53:
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49:
45:
41:
37:
36:merchant ship
34:is a type of
33:
25:
21:
1371:Shipbuilding
1339:Turret Chief
1338:
1328:
1303:. Retrieved
1298:
1281:
1277:
1249:. Retrieved
1240:
1231:
1222:
1196:
1181:. Retrieved
1164:
1151:. Retrieved
1146:
1142:
1113:. Retrieved
1108:
1093:. Retrieved
1088:
1082:
1068:. Retrieved
1063:
1059:
1043:. Retrieved
1038:
1034:
1028:
1013:
1001:. Retrieved
997:the original
992:
963:. Retrieved
958:
929:
908:
896:. Retrieved
892:the original
865:. Retrieved
856:
844:. Retrieved
839:
811:
807:
803:
791:
779:
768:Duerkop 2007
737:Duerkop 2007
723:
698:. Retrieved
693:
670:Duerkop 2007
666:Woodman 2002
661:
635:Woodman 2002
629:
620:
602:
594:
586:
582:
574:
566:
563:Woodman 2002
558:
550:
538:
480:Woodman 2002
447:Duerkop 2007
442:
431:
420:
416:
413:Woodman 2002
404:
383:
375:
361:
357:
353:
349:
338:
323:
318:Turret Crown
317:
302:
286:
270:
260:
251:sheer strake
244:
236:harbour deck
235:
217:
207:
192:Forest Abbey
191:
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159:
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139:
135:
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121:
91:
73:
64:
57:
31:
29:
24:Turret Chief
23:
1305:12 November
1215:Photographs
1153:10 November
1143:The Scanner
1115:10 November
1095:12 November
1003:11 November
898:13 November
888:"Clan Line"
886:Bax, John.
846:15 November
808:Turret Cape
688:Bax, John.
621:The Scanner
436:Oakley 2005
425:Oakley 2005
384:Beukelsdijk
376:Clan Ranald
350:Turret Cape
346:Great Lakes
326:line voyage
289:net tonnage
277:roll period
224:forecastles
220:flush decks
180:Progressist
176:Turret Bell
123:Grängesberg
54:Development
1366:Ship types
1350:Categories
867:27 January
784:Craig 1980
745:Hardy 1924
700:2021-11-23
654:Craig 1980
639:Craig 1980
599:Craig 1980
555:Craig 1980
409:Craig 1980
391:References
316:Unloading
297:Suez Canal
293:deadweight
261:Turret Age
228:poop decks
212:Townsville
168:Turret Bay
164:Turret Age
98:Sunderland
44:waterlines
1292:in 1917.
1290:Eddystone
1282:Claverley
1278:Claverley
1195:(2002) .
989:"Engines"
733:Clan Line
382:USS
334:Clan Line
152:well deck
79:gunhouses
70:Liverpool
60:whaleback
1315:cite web
1261:cite web
1178:20003198
1125:cite web
975:cite web
709:cite web
374:SS
368:See also
188:Hopedale
184:Royalist
172:Bencliff
92:In 1893
1232:Nonsuch
1223:Nonsuch
880:Sources
587:Mokatam
354:Nonsuch
267:in 1899
232:gunwale
130:in 1903
128:Pallion
74:Wetmore
62:vessel
48:tonnage
1251:6 June
1203:
1183:5 June
1176:
1089:Essays
1070:6 June
1045:6 June
1029:Turret
965:6 June
942:
915:
842:. 1996
623:, 1971
160:Turret
140:Turret
136:Turret
106:sterns
1172:–60.
1018:69-71
836:(PDF)
396:Notes
330:tramp
1321:link
1307:2007
1267:link
1253:2014
1201:ISBN
1185:2015
1174:LCCN
1155:2007
1131:link
1117:2007
1097:2007
1072:2015
1047:2015
1005:2007
981:link
967:2014
940:ISBN
913:ISBN
900:2007
869:2020
848:2007
729:hold
715:link
344:and
328:and
226:and
190:and
111:hold
104:and
102:bows
40:hull
1170:154
826:on
818:on
583:See
210:in
148:GRT
144:DWT
126:in
68:to
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1317:}}
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186:,
182:,
178:,
174:,
170:,
166:,
162:,
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