371:, is believed to be the causative agent of the disease. The reason for this belief is because nearly all tissue samples tested from turtles with lesions carry genetic material of this herpesvirus, varying between 95 and 100% depending on different studies and locations. The DNA loads of the herpesvirus in tumour tissue are 2.5β4.5 logarithms higher than in uninfected tissue. The FPTHV herpesvirus has been found in turtles free from FP and this suggest that the FP progression is multifactorial and might even involve some sort of tumour-promoting phase. The global prevalence of the disease also suggests a multifactorial cause, rather than single factors or agents. Possible factors include some parasites, bacteria, environmental pollutants, UV-light, changing water temperatures and biotoxins. Even physiological factors such as stress and immunologic status appear to be associated with FP.
242:
403:) compared to healthy individuals, which seems to be an effect of FP, as it is mostly evident in individuals with severe tumours. This further supports the hypothesis of the herpesvirus as a causative agent. Immunosuppression is strongly correlated with FP, but does seem to be a consequence of the development and growth of FP rather than a prerequisite, which is similar to other virus-induced tumour diseases in other species, such as Marek's disease in poultry.
53:
31:
439:
turtles do live in very complex ecosystems, with both near-shore habitats and several years in the open ocean, which makes study of ecosystem associations difficult. Even so, observations support the hypothesis that near-shore habitats have a strong correlation with the disease, as newly recruited individuals from the pelagic life phase have never been found with tumours, and when migrating to more shallow ocean zones, such as the
2548:
1219:
399:. Again, causality has not been concluded, but an association seems to exist between the distribution of especially the dinoflagellates and the occurrence of FP, and as they are found on weeds, they can be ingested by foraging green sea turtles. Turtles with FP are found to have a compromised immune system. They have higher phagocytic leucocyte counts (especially
384:
that exclusively feed on turtle blood, and some leeches have been found carrying more than 10 million copies of the herpesvirus DNA. The green sea turtle is an herbivore and feeds primarily on seagrass and macroalgae. Two toxins which are suspected to be associated with FP are found epiphytically on
300:
in sizes less than 1 cm up to more than 30 cm in diameter. FP is most often found externally around the armpits, genitals, neck, eyes, and tails of turtles, but also occur in and around the mouth, and rarely in internal organs or on the carapace. This, in turn, impedes vision, feeding, and
304:
FP incidence is highest among immature and juvenile green turtles, while it is rare in adults. The suggestions for this pattern include the tumours can regress and be cured, which has been documented in some individuals, even when tumours were severe. However, the responses that cause these tumour
446:
Turtles are known to be robust to physical damage, but are surprisingly very susceptible to biological and chemical contaminants caused by anthropogenic activity. As the turtles forage on invasive macroalgae in nutrient-rich waters, they can ingest environmental nitrogen in the form of arginine,
317:
The tumours appear to be benign and can be present for many years, but if large, can mechanically hamper sight, swallowing, and swimming, which may ultimately be fatal. While external tumours hamper movement and sight, internal tumours interfere with system functioning, another potentially fatal
438:
Epidemiological links are seen between FP rates, nitrogen footprints, and invasive macroalgae. The strongest association with FP is with habitat type, especially increased anthropogenic activity causing high-nitrogen footprints in a surrounding environment where green sea turtles are found. Sea
350:
The first documented case of the disease was in 1938 in Key West, Florida. Long-term studies found no signs of the disease on
Florida's Atlantic coast in the 1970s, but during the 1980s FP was recorded in incidences varying from 28 to 67%. Today, incidences as high as 92% have been reported in
443:, individuals still remain free from FP, but when entering lagoon systems, turtles may become infected. The high prevalence of FP is also associated with habitatsβ poor quality, while FP is absent in some habitats of good quality.
351:
Kaneohe Bay, Oahu, Hawaii. Generally, FP is most prominent in warmer climates. Recent research has found that FP is caused by stress and tumours have been observed in turtles that are part of turtle tourism tours.
1100:
Page-Karjian, A; Norton, TM; Krimer, P; Groner, M; Nelson SE, Jr; Gottdenker, NL (September 2014). "Factors influencing survivorship of rehabilitating green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas) with fibropapillomatosis".
296:) and gives rise to excess fibrous connective tissue in both epidermal and dermal skin layers β or more specifically, proliferation of dermal fibroblasts and epidermal keratinocytes. This causes
805:
Tan, M. T.; Yildirim, Y.; Sozmen, M.; Bilge-Dagalp, S.; Yilmaz, V.; et al. (2012). "A Histopathological, Immunohistochemical and
Molecular Study of Cutaneous Bovine Papillomatosis".
697:"The Ozobranchus leech is a candidate mechanical vector for the fibropapilloma-associated turtle herpesvirus found latently infecting skin tumors on Hawaiian green turtles (
832:
591:
229:, transmitting the disease to other individuals. The disease is thought to have a multifactorial cause, including a tumour-promoting phase that is possibly caused by
188:
tumours on the surface of biological tissues. FP exists all over the world, but it is most prominent in warmer climates, affecting up to 50β70% of some populations.
2542:
542:"Genomic evolution, recombination, and inter-strain diversity of chelonid alphaherpesvirus 5 from Florida and Hawaii green sea turtles with fibropapillomatosis"
1279:
915:"Fibropapillomatosis in Stranded Green Turtles (Chelonia mydas) from the Eastern United States (1980β98): Trends and Associations with Environmental factors"
435:. It is especially found in warmer climates, such as the Caribbean, Hawaii, Japan, and Australia, where up to 70% of individuals in a population have FP.
1370:
380:
is thought to be the mechanical vector of the herpesvirus, transmitting the virus from one turtle to another. These leeches are common turtle
2261:
2426:
1895:
1790:
2376:
2256:
2005:
1272:
2551:
2336:
540:
Morrison CL, Iwanowicz L, Work TM, Fahsbender E, Breitbart M, Adams C, Iwanowicz D, Sanders L, Ackermann M, Cornman RS (2018).
2604:
2321:
2316:
1223:
956:"Quantitative Analysis of Herpesvirus Sequences from Normal Tissue and Fibropapillomas of Marine Turtles with Real-Time PCR"
505:
Aguirre, A. A.; Lutz, P.L. (2004). "Marine turtles as
Sentinels of Ecosystem Health: Is fibropapillomatosis an indicator?".
301:
movement. Around 25β30% of turtles with external tumours also have internal tumours, primarily in heart, lungs and kidneys.
2519:
2130:
2025:
1950:
1850:
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1265:
275:
52:
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2170:
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2020:
2015:
1890:
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2286:
2210:
2040:
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1955:
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1900:
1875:
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1835:
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1725:
1720:
1710:
1685:
1573:
759:
Arthur, K.; Limpus, C.; Balazs, G. H.; Capper, A.; Udy, J.; et al. (2008). "The
Exposure of Green Turtles (
2514:
2509:
2484:
2411:
2406:
2401:
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2271:
2204:
2160:
2155:
2125:
2030:
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1995:
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2010:
1960:
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1538:
1056:
360:
268:
241:
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2180:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1356:
1232:
338:
Fibropapillomas are present in other animal groups, but are caused by different viruses, for example the
2547:
1641:
826:
585:
339:
261:
226:
1057:
Studies of the association between immunosuppression and fibropapillomatosis within three habitats of
633:
Ackermann, M.; Koriabine, M.; Hartmann-Fritsch, F.; de jong, P. J.; Lewis, T. D.; et al. (2012).
2641:
1168:
776:
646:
412:
47:
605:
447:
which is known to regulate immune activity, promote herpesviruses, and contribute to tumorigenesis.
1518:
1513:
1508:
1425:
416:
2195:
1654:
1126:
1016:
892:
522:
364:
289:
205:
137:
695:
Greenblatt, R. J.; Work, T. M.; Balazs, G. H.; Sutton, C. A.; Casey, R. N.; et al. (2004).
997:"Green Turtle Fibropapillomatosis: Challenges to Assessing the Role of Environmental Cofactors"
954:
Quackenbush, S. L.; Casey, R. N.; Murcek, R. J.; Paul, T. A.; Work, T. M.; et al. (2001).
2613:
2247:
1975:
1484:
1196:
1118:
1034:
977:
936:
884:
722:
674:
573:
306:
1186:
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1110:
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1008:
967:
926:
874:
814:
784:
712:
664:
654:
563:
553:
514:
253:
30:
2056:
1986:
1172:
780:
650:
252:
Fibropapillomatosis is a benign tumour disease of marine turtles, predominantly in the
2538:
1861:
1411:
1399:
1191:
1156:
1029:
996:
669:
634:
568:
541:
245:
A green sea turtle with significant fibropapilloma tumours basking on a beach north of
89:
913:
Foley, A. M.; Schroeder, B. A.; Redlow, A. E.; Fick-Child, K. J.; Teas, W. G. (2005).
367:
initially called fibropapilloma-associated turtle herpesvirus (FPTHV), and now called
318:
factor. As the tumours progress, individuals with large numbers of tumours may become
2635:
2086:
1632:
1564:
1499:
1405:
1393:
1381:
1337:
1317:
1302:
297:
217:
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125:
113:
101:
77:
896:
526:
2455:
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2146:
1771:
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1529:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1312:
1130:
440:
395:
390:
386:
282:
222:
2618:
863:"Immune status of free ranging green turtles with fibropapillomatosis from Hawaii"
2589:
1181:
659:
322:, have a lack of proteins and iron, and in more advanced stages even suffer from
2598:
2437:
1458:
1348:
717:
696:
376:
293:
246:
1218:
879:
862:
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2229:
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1701:
931:
914:
788:
518:
400:
381:
327:
199:
185:
181:
149:
411:
Surgical removal of tumors caused by FP is the most common treatment method.
2307:
2116:
1676:
1440:
432:
1200:
1122:
1076:
981:
972:
955:
940:
888:
861:
Work, T. M.; Rameyer, R. A.; Balazs, G. H.; Cray, C.; Chang, S. P. (2001).
818:
726:
678:
577:
1114:
1038:
2583:
1297:
323:
1247:
431:
FP affects green sea turtle populations all over the world, making it a
1810:
1020:
558:
319:
184:. The condition is characterized by benign but ultimately debilitating
1257:
1157:"Land Use, Macroalgae and a Tumour-Forming Disease in Marine Turtles"
39:
2560:
1012:
767:
and their
Potential Role in the Aetiology of Fibropapillomatosis".
305:
regressions is unknown. Secondly, the juvenile individuals with FP
240:
230:
64:
393:β a documented tumour-promoting toxin - from the dinoflagellate
389:
from the cyanobacterium
Lyngbya majuscule, and second the toxin
2564:
1352:
1261:
763:) to Tumour Promoting Compounds Produced by the Cyanobacterium
635:"The Genome of Chelonid Herpesvirus 5 Harbours Atypical Genes"
1155:
Van Houtan, K. S.; Hargrove, S. K.; Balazs, G. H. (2010).
326:
caused by imbalanced calcium/phosphorus ratios and severe
38:
Hawaiian green turtle with severe fibropapilloma tumors.
610:
International
Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)
191:
The causative agent of the disease is believed to be
1237:
2573:
2453:
2435:
2390:
2365:
2305:
2245:
2227:
2193:
2144:
2114:
2084:
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1984:
1973:
1859:
1769:
1744:
1699:
1674:
1652:
1630:
1592:
1562:
1527:
1497:
1482:
1456:
1438:
1423:
1241:
754:
752:
750:
748:
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744:
742:
740:
738:
736:
1050:
1048:
1055:Lutz, P. L.; Cray, C.; Sposato, P. L. (2001).
856:
854:
852:
850:
848:
846:
844:
842:
2541:species listed below parent taxon ββ Source:
1364:
1273:
1150:
1148:
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1144:
1142:
1140:
1065:(Report). Southwest Fisheries Science Center.
690:
688:
8:
831:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2024 (
590:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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1981:
1671:
1649:
1494:
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1435:
1431:
1371:
1357:
1349:
1280:
1266:
1258:
1238:
908:
906:
197:(ChHV-5), a species of virus in the genus
29:
18:
1190:
1180:
1028:
971:
930:
878:
716:
668:
658:
567:
557:
292:causes proliferation of papillary cells (
800:
798:
385:these plants. First, the toxic compound
628:
626:
456:
260:, but it has also been reported in the
824:
583:
359:The FP is an infectious disease with
7:
1103:Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine
1077:"fibropapillomatosis of sea turtles"
995:Herbst, L. H.; Klein, P. A. (1995).
606:"ICTV Master Species List 2018b.v2"
307:might die before reaching adulthood
14:
1001:Environmental Health Perspectives
2546:
1217:
51:
42:avoid feeding on the tumours.
1:
1182:10.1371/journal.pone.0012900
919:Journal of Wildlife Diseases
867:Journal of Wildlife Diseases
660:10.1371/journal.pone.0046623
2605:Chelonid alphaherpesvirus 5
2575:Chelonid alphaherpesvirus 5
1225:Chelonid alphaherpesvirus 5
718:10.1016/j.virol.2003.12.026
369:Chelonid alphaherpesvirus 5
194:Chelonid alphaherpesvirus 5
164:Chelonid alphaherpesvirus 5
23:Chelonid alphaherpesvirus 5
2663:
880:10.7589/0090-3558-37.3.574
174:Turtle fibropapillomatosis
2536:
1493:
1434:
1389:
1293:
932:10.7589/0090-3558-41.1.29
789:10.1016/j.hal.2007.06.001
519:10.1007/s10393-004-0097-3
225:are suspected mechanical
46:
37:
28:
21:
807:Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg
419:are also used, as is CO
361:horizontal transmission
973:10.1006/viro.2001.1023
821:(inactive 2024-07-03).
819:10.9775/kvfd.2012.5341
249:
1115:10.1638/2013-0132R1.1
340:bovine papillomavirus
272:Lepidochelys olivacea
262:loggerhead sea turtle
244:
413:Photodynamic therapy
286:Dermochelys coriacea
48:Virus classification
1426:Malacoherpesviridae
1308:Fibropapillomatosis
1173:2010PLoSO...512900V
781:2008HAlga...7..114A
651:2012PLoSO...746623A
417:electrochemotherapy
279:Lepidochelys kempii
2647:Turtle terminology
1288:Turtle terminology
559:10.7717/peerj.4386
290:neoplastic disease
250:
206:Alphaherpesvirinae
180:) is a disease of
139:Orthoherpesviridae
2629:
2628:
2567:Taxon identifiers
2558:
2557:
2532:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2248:Lymphocryptovirus
2221:
2220:
2189:
2188:
1969:
1968:
1668:
1667:
1646:
1645:
1626:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1485:Alloherpesviridae
1478:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1391:Higher taxonomy:
1346:
1345:
1255:
1254:
765:Lyngbya majuscula
233:or contaminants.
171:
170:
2654:
2622:
2621:
2609:
2608:
2607:
2594:
2593:
2592:
2562:
2550:
2225:
2219:
2213:
2207:
2202:
2201:
1982:
1672:
1666:
1661:
1660:
1650:
1644:
1639:
1638:
1495:
1491:
1436:
1432:
1379:Taxonomy of the
1373:
1366:
1359:
1350:
1282:
1275:
1268:
1259:
1239:
1231:Observations on
1222:Data related to
1221:
1205:
1204:
1194:
1184:
1152:
1135:
1134:
1097:
1091:
1090:
1088:
1087:
1073:
1067:
1066:
1064:
1052:
1043:
1042:
1032:
992:
986:
985:
975:
951:
945:
944:
934:
910:
901:
900:
882:
858:
837:
836:
830:
822:
802:
793:
792:
756:
731:
730:
720:
692:
683:
682:
672:
662:
630:
621:
620:
618:
616:
602:
596:
595:
589:
581:
571:
561:
537:
531:
530:
502:
374:The leech genus
365:alphaherpesvirus
254:green sea turtle
56:
55:
33:
19:
16:Species of virus
2662:
2661:
2657:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2652:
2651:
2632:
2631:
2630:
2625:
2617:
2612:
2603:
2602:
2597:
2588:
2587:
2582:
2569:
2559:
2554:
2524:
2449:
2431:
2386:
2361:
2301:
2241:
2215:
2214:
2209:
2208:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2185:
2140:
2110:
2080:
2057:Muromegalovirus
2050:
1987:Cytomegalovirus
1965:
1855:
1765:
1740:
1695:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1618:
1588:
1558:
1523:
1470:
1452:
1419:
1385:
1377:
1347:
1342:
1289:
1286:
1256:
1251:
1250:
1214:
1209:
1208:
1154:
1153:
1138:
1099:
1098:
1094:
1085:
1083:
1075:
1074:
1070:
1062:
1054:
1053:
1046:
1013:10.2307/3432408
994:
993:
989:
953:
952:
948:
912:
911:
904:
860:
859:
840:
823:
804:
803:
796:
758:
757:
734:
694:
693:
686:
632:
631:
624:
614:
612:
604:
603:
599:
582:
539:
538:
534:
504:
503:
458:
453:
429:
423:laser surgery.
422:
409:
357:
348:
336:
315:
265:Caretta caretta
239:
167:
50:
40:Cleaner wrasses
17:
12:
11:
5:
2660:
2658:
2650:
2649:
2644:
2634:
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2610:
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2240:
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2222:
2191:
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2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2152:
2150:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2122:
2120:
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2111:
2109:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2092:
2090:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2062:
2060:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1992:
1990:
1979:
1971:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1867:
1865:
1862:Varicellovirus
1857:
1856:
1854:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
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1557:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1535:
1533:
1525:
1524:
1522:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1505:
1503:
1488:
1480:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1468:
1464:
1462:
1454:
1453:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1444:
1429:
1421:
1420:
1412:Herviviricetes
1400:Heunggongvirae
1390:
1387:
1386:
1378:
1376:
1375:
1368:
1361:
1353:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1284:
1277:
1270:
1262:
1253:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1243:
1242:Classification
1236:
1235:
1229:
1228:at Wikispecies
1213:
1212:External links
1210:
1207:
1206:
1136:
1092:
1068:
1059:Chelonia mydas
1044:
987:
966:(1): 105β111.
946:
902:
873:(3): 574β581.
838:
813:(5): 739β744.
794:
775:(1): 114β125.
761:Chelonia mydas
732:
711:(1): 101β110.
699:Chelonia mydas
684:
645:(10): e46623.
622:
597:
532:
513:(3): 275β283.
455:
454:
452:
449:
428:
425:
420:
408:
405:
356:
353:
347:
344:
335:
332:
314:
311:
258:Chelonia mydas
238:
235:
223:Turtle leeches
169:
168:
161:
159:
155:
154:
147:
143:
142:
135:
131:
130:
123:
119:
118:
115:Herviviricetes
111:
107:
106:
99:
95:
94:
91:Heunggongvirae
87:
83:
82:
75:
68:
67:
62:
58:
57:
44:
43:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2659:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2620:
2615:
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2606:
2600:
2596:
2591:
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2483:
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2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2457:
2452:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2439:
2434:
2428:
2425:
2423:
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2418:
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2383:
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2309:
2304:
2298:
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2293:
2290:
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2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2249:
2244:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2231:
2226:
2223:
2218:
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2206:
2198:
2197:
2192:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
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2148:
2143:
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2132:
2129:
2127:
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2123:
2121:
2119:
2118:
2113:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2088:
2087:Proboscivirus
2083:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2058:
2053:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1988:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1977:
1972:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1863:
1858:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1773:
1768:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1748:
1743:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1703:
1698:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1678:
1673:
1670:
1665:
1657:
1656:
1651:
1648:
1643:
1635:
1634:
1633:Herpesviridae
1629:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1596:
1591:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1566:
1565:Ictalurivirus
1561:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1531:
1526:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1501:
1500:Batrachovirus
1496:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1486:
1481:
1466:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1460:
1455:
1448:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1442:
1437:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1427:
1422:
1418:
1417:Herpesvirales
1414:
1413:
1408:
1407:
1406:Peploviricota
1402:
1401:
1396:
1395:
1394:Duplodnaviria
1388:
1384:
1383:
1382:Herpesvirales
1374:
1369:
1367:
1362:
1360:
1355:
1354:
1351:
1339:
1338:Tortoiseshell
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1318:Jackson ratio
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1303:Chelonitoxism
1301:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1292:
1283:
1278:
1276:
1271:
1269:
1264:
1263:
1260:
1249:
1244:
1240:
1234:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1220:
1216:
1215:
1211:
1202:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1167:(9): e12900.
1166:
1162:
1158:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1109:(3): 507β19.
1108:
1104:
1096:
1093:
1082:
1078:
1072:
1069:
1061:
1060:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
991:
988:
983:
979:
974:
969:
965:
961:
957:
950:
947:
942:
938:
933:
928:
924:
920:
916:
909:
907:
903:
898:
894:
890:
886:
881:
876:
872:
868:
864:
857:
855:
853:
851:
849:
847:
845:
843:
839:
834:
828:
820:
816:
812:
808:
801:
799:
795:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
769:Harmful Algae
766:
762:
755:
753:
751:
749:
747:
745:
743:
741:
739:
737:
733:
728:
724:
719:
714:
710:
706:
702:
700:
691:
689:
685:
680:
676:
671:
666:
661:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
629:
627:
623:
611:
607:
601:
598:
593:
587:
579:
575:
570:
565:
560:
555:
551:
547:
543:
536:
533:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
501:
499:
497:
495:
493:
491:
489:
487:
485:
483:
481:
479:
477:
475:
473:
471:
469:
467:
465:
463:
461:
457:
450:
448:
444:
442:
436:
434:
426:
424:
418:
414:
406:
404:
402:
398:
397:
392:
388:
383:
382:ectoparasites
379:
378:
372:
370:
366:
362:
354:
352:
345:
343:
341:
334:Other species
333:
331:
329:
325:
321:
312:
310:
308:
302:
299:
298:tumorigenesis
295:
291:
287:
284:
280:
277:
276:Kemp's ridley
273:
270:
266:
263:
259:
255:
248:
243:
236:
234:
232:
228:
224:
220:
219:
218:Herpesvirales
214:
213:
212:Herpesviridae
208:
207:
202:
201:
196:
195:
189:
187:
183:
179:
175:
166:
165:
160:
157:
156:
153:
152:
148:
145:
144:
141:
140:
136:
133:
132:
129:
128:
127:Herpesvirales
124:
121:
120:
117:
116:
112:
109:
108:
105:
104:
103:Peploviricota
100:
97:
96:
93:
92:
88:
85:
84:
81:
80:
79:Duplodnaviria
76:
73:
70:
69:
66:
63:
60:
59:
54:
49:
45:
41:
36:
32:
27:
24:
20:
2574:
2456:Rhadinovirus
2454:
2436:
2391:
2368:Manticavirus
2366:
2306:
2246:
2228:
2194:
2147:Roseolovirus
2145:
2115:
2085:
2055:
1985:
1974:
1860:
1772:Simplexvirus
1770:
1745:
1700:
1675:
1653:
1631:
1595:Salmonivirus
1593:
1563:
1530:Cyprinivirus
1528:
1498:
1483:
1457:
1439:
1424:
1416:
1410:
1404:
1398:
1392:
1380:
1307:
1224:
1164:
1160:
1106:
1102:
1095:
1084:. Retrieved
1081:www.cabi.org
1080:
1071:
1058:
1007:(4): 27β30.
1004:
1000:
990:
963:
959:
949:
925:(1): 29β41.
922:
918:
870:
866:
827:cite journal
810:
806:
772:
768:
764:
760:
708:
704:
698:
642:
638:
613:. Retrieved
609:
600:
586:cite journal
549:
545:
535:
510:
506:
445:
441:neritic zone
437:
430:
427:Epidemiology
410:
396:Prorocentrum
394:
391:okadaic acid
387:lyngbyatoxin
375:
373:
368:
358:
349:
337:
316:
303:
285:
283:leatherbacks
278:
271:
269:olive ridley
264:
257:
251:
216:
215:, and order
210:
204:
203:, subfamily
198:
193:
192:
190:
177:
173:
172:
163:
162:
150:
138:
126:
114:
102:
90:
78:
71:
61:(unranked):
22:
2642:Sea turtles
2599:Wikispecies
2552:Wikispecies
2438:Patagivirus
1459:Ostreavirus
1313:Gular scute
1233:iNaturalist
401:heterophils
377:Ozobranchus
294:hyperplasia
247:Haleiwa, HI
237:Description
182:sea turtles
2636:Categories
2539:Unassigned
2393:Percavirus
2230:Bossavirus
1747:Scutavirus
1702:Mardivirus
1328:Pyramiding
1086:2018-08-13
451:References
328:emaciation
200:Scutavirus
186:epithelial
151:Scutavirus
2590:Q24808659
2308:Macavirus
2117:Quwivirus
1677:Iltovirus
1441:Aurivirus
552:: e4386.
507:Ecohealth
433:panzootic
407:Treatment
313:Prognosis
231:biotoxins
209:, family
158:Species:
86:Kingdom:
2584:Wikidata
2131:MschBHV1
1323:Plastron
1298:Carapace
1201:20927370
1161:PLOS ONE
1123:25314817
982:11504546
960:Virology
941:15827208
897:14386579
889:11504232
727:15033569
705:Virology
679:23056373
639:PLOS ONE
578:29479497
527:42838117
324:acidosis
134:Family:
98:Phylum:
2417:MusHV-1
2377:PhaHV-1
2262:CeHV-14
2257:CalHV-3
1736:SpAHV-1
1604:SalHV-1
1574:AciHV-2
1539:AngHV-1
1192:2947502
1169:Bibcode
1131:8090102
1039:7556020
1030:1519284
1021:3432408
777:Bibcode
670:3462797
647:Bibcode
615:19 June
569:5824677
346:History
320:anaemic
288:. This
227:vectors
146:Genus:
122:Order:
110:Class:
2520:SaHV-2
2510:MuHV-4
2490:McHV-5
2480:CrHV-2
2475:BoHV-4
2465:AtHV-2
2446:VeHV-3
2427:VeHV-1
2422:PhHV-3
2412:FeHV-1
2382:VoHV-1
2347:SuHV-3
2342:OvHV-2
2337:HiHV-1
2332:CpHV-2
2327:BoHV-6
2317:AlHV-1
2297:PoHV-2
2292:PaHV-1
2287:PnHV-1
2277:McHV-4
2267:GoHV-1
2238:DeHV-1
2217:SgHV-1
2211:PhHV-2
2181:SuHV-2
2176:MuHV-3
2171:McHV-9
2156:HHV-6A
2136:TuHV-1
2126:CaHV-2
2096:ElHV-1
2066:MuHV-1
2046:SaHV-4
2036:PaHV-3
2031:PnHV-2
2026:MnHV-1
2016:McHV-3
2006:CeHV-5
2001:CbHV-1
1996:AoHV-1
1961:SuHV-1
1956:PhHV-1
1951:MoHV-1
1941:FeHV-1
1901:CvHV-1
1896:CeHV-9
1891:CpHV-1
1886:CaHV-1
1881:BuHV-1
1871:BoHV-1
1851:SaHV-1
1846:PtHV-1
1841:PaHV-2
1836:PnHV-3
1826:MaHV-1
1811:McHV-1
1806:LeHV-4
1791:CeHV-2
1786:BoHV-2
1781:AtHV-1
1761:TeHV-3
1756:ChHV-5
1731:MeHV-1
1721:GaHV-2
1716:CoHV-1
1711:AnHV-1
1691:PsHV-1
1686:GaHV-1
1664:ChHV-6
1642:IgHV-2
1579:IcHV-1
1544:CyHV-1
1509:RaHV-1
1467:OsHV-1
1449:AbHV-1
1199:
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281:, and
2485:HHV-8
2402:EHV-2
2272:HHV-4
2205:EHV-7
2011:HHV-5
1946:HHV-3
1916:EHV-1
1796:HHV-1
1415:>
1409:>
1403:>
1397:>
1333:Shell
1127:S2CID
1063:(PDF)
1017:JSTOR
893:S2CID
546:PeerJ
523:S2CID
363:. An
355:Cause
72:Realm
65:Virus
2619:TVH7
2543:ICTV
1197:PMID
1119:PMID
1035:PMID
978:PMID
937:PMID
885:PMID
833:link
723:PMID
675:PMID
617:2019
592:link
574:PMID
415:and
2614:CoL
2545:ββ
1187:PMC
1177:doi
1111:doi
1025:PMC
1009:doi
1005:103
968:doi
964:287
927:doi
875:doi
815:doi
785:doi
713:doi
709:321
665:PMC
655:doi
564:PMC
554:doi
515:doi
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1976:Ξ²
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