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75:(1781-1750 BCE). The Turukkaeans were allied to the Land of Ahazum, and they gathered at the town of Ikkallum to face the army of Ishme-Dagan, as Shamshi-Adad wrote in a letter to his other son Yasmah-Adad. Ishme-Dagan destroyed the army reporting "Not one man escaped". Turukkum seems to have been made up of a collection of kingdoms with mixed populations, possibly mostly
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The
Turukka people evidently belonged to those late-gentile groups in which the primitive social conditions had already decayed and tribal leaders exercised a permanent function due to close contact, partly established through economic pressure, with the state-organized population practicing rain-fed
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A map of
Mesopotamia and south-western Iran during the 2nd Millennium BCE. The Tukri are generally believed to have been located immediately north of Lullubi (top centre of the map) during this period.
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478:
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Sasson, Jack M., "Warfare", From the Mari
Archives: An Anthology of Old Babylonian Letters, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, pp. 181-214, 2015
90:, apparently under Hurrian rule, around the year 1769/68 BCE. Babylon's defeat of Turukku was celebrated in the 37th year of Hammurabi's reign (c. 1773 BCE).
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are being used for the same region. In a broader sense, names such as
Turukkaean been used in a generic sense to mean "mountain people" or "highlanders".
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was said to have spanned the north-east edge of
Mesopotamia and an adjoining part of the Zagros Mountains. In particular, they were associated with the
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In terms of cultural and linguistic characteristics, little is known about the Tukri. They are described by their contemporaries as a semi-
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This article is about a people of ancient South West Asia. For an
African ethnic group sometimes known as the Tukri, see
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Turukkum was regarded by the
Kingdom of Upper Mesopotamia as a constant threat, during the reign of Amorite
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401:, Pastoral nomadism in the Mari Kingdom (ca. 1830-1760 B.C.). American Schools of Oriental Research, 1978.
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The
Turukkeans were closely associated with the Lullubi, and attacked the Hurrian city Madraman.
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170:(9th to 7th centuries BCE) text refers to the whole area and its peoples as "Lullubi-Turukki"
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basin and the valleys of the north-east Zagros. They were therefore located north of ancient
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186:, mountain tribe, who wore animal skins. Some scholars believe they may have been
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A significant early reference to them is an inscription by the
Babylonian king
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281:"Keilschrifttafeln von Bassetki lüften Geheimnis um Königsstadt Mardaman"
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The
Routledge Handbook of The Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia
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Keilschrifttafeln von Bassetki lüften Geheimnis um Königsstadt Mardaman
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97:, (r. circa 1792 – c. 1752 BCE) that mentions a kingdom named
365:. Copenhagen, Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters, 2001.
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Department of Tehran Archaeological releases from Iran, Volume 19
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People of Ancient Assyria: Their Inscriptions and Correspondence
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States and territories disestablished in the 1st millennium BC
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States and territories established in the 2nd millennium BC
394:. Vol. 1. Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab.
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By the early part of the 1st millennium BCE, names such as
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417:(webpage; German language), University of Tubingen, 2018.
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The Turukkaeans were reported to have sacked the city of
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agriculture in the Rania Plain and the Zagros foothills.
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Jörgen Laessøe, "The Quest for the Country of *Utûm",
190:-speaking or subject to a Hurrian elite. According to
422:Nomadism in Iran: From Antiquity to the Modern Era
112:and another name that is usually reconstructed as
16:Bronze and Iron Age people of the Zagros Mountains
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390:Eidem, Jesper; Læssøe, Jørgen, eds. (2001).
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386:, 1968, vol. 88 , no. 1, pp. 120–122.
71:(1813-1782 BCE) and his son and successor
424:. Oxford; Oxford University Press, 2014.
384:Journal of the American Oriental Society
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392:The Shemshara Archives: The letters
451:. You can help Knowledge (XXG) by
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363:The Shemshara archives, Volume 23
354:. Winona Lake; Eisenbrauns, 1998.
340:German Archaeological Institute.
503:Ancient peoples of the Near East
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352:Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography
298:Læssøe, Jørgen (2014-10-24).
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102:(UET I l. 46, iii–iv, 1–4)
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287:. University of Tubingen.
265:. Routledge. p. 721.
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279:Pfälzner, Peter (2018).
508:Ancient history of Iran
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325:Eidem & Læssøe 2001
219:Gutian dynasty of Sumer
528:History of Mesopotamia
447:–related article is a
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523:Ancient Mesopotamia
379:. Copenhagen, 1959.
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73:Ishme-Dagan
28:Turukkaeans
492:Categories
407:0897571037
371:8778762456
259:"Turukkum"
172:(VAT 8006)
160:Lake Urmia
138:ti-ru-ki-i
38:people of
235:Footnotes
95:Hammurabi
213:See also
178:Hurrians
156:Turukkum
130:Turukkum
124:Iron Age
88:Mardaman
42:. Their
36:Iron Age
188:Hurrian
184:nomadic
164:Lullubi
134:Turukku
110:Subartu
81:Semitic
77:Hurrian
58:History
44:endonym
30:were a
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106:Gutium
99:Tukriš
32:Bronze
443:This
199:]
152:Tukru
118:Tukru
52:Tukri
449:stub
403:ISBN
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306:ISBN
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