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86:(1781-1750 BCE). The Turukkaeans were allied to the Land of Ahazum, and they gathered at the town of Ikkallum to face the army of Ishme-Dagan, as Shamshi-Adad wrote in a letter to his other son Yasmah-Adad. Ishme-Dagan destroyed the army reporting "Not one man escaped". Turukkum seems to have been made up of a collection of kingdoms with mixed populations, possibly mostly
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The
Turukka people evidently belonged to those late-gentile groups in which the primitive social conditions had already decayed and tribal leaders exercised a permanent function due to close contact, partly established through economic pressure, with the state-organized population practicing rain-fed
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A map of
Mesopotamia and south-western Iran during the 2nd Millennium BCE. The Tukri are generally believed to have been located immediately north of Lullubi (top centre of the map) during this period.
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Sasson, Jack M., "Warfare", From the Mari
Archives: An Anthology of Old Babylonian Letters, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, pp. 181-214, 2015
101:, apparently under Hurrian rule, around the year 1769/68 BCE. Babylon's defeat of Turukku was celebrated in the 37th year of Hammurabi's reign (c. 1773 BCE).
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are being used for the same region. In a broader sense, names such as
Turukkaean been used in a generic sense to mean "mountain people" or "highlanders".
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was said to have spanned the north-east edge of
Mesopotamia and an adjoining part of the Zagros Mountains. In particular, they were associated with the
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In terms of cultural and linguistic characteristics, little is known about the Tukri. They are described by their contemporaries as a semi-
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This article is about a people of ancient South West Asia. For an
African ethnic group sometimes known as the Tukri, see
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Turukkum was regarded by the
Kingdom of Upper Mesopotamia as a constant threat, during the reign of Amorite
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412:, Pastoral nomadism in the Mari Kingdom (ca. 1830-1760 B.C.). American Schools of Oriental Research, 1978.
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The
Turukkeans were closely associated with the Lullubi, and attacked the Hurrian city Madraman.
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181:(9th to 7th centuries BCE) text refers to the whole area and its peoples as "Lullubi-Turukki"
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basin and the valleys of the north-east Zagros. They were therefore located north of ancient
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197:, mountain tribe, who wore animal skins. Some scholars believe they may have been
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A significant early reference to them is an inscription by the
Babylonian king
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292:"Keilschrifttafeln von Bassetki lüften Geheimnis um Königsstadt Mardaman"
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The
Routledge Handbook of The Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia
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Keilschrifttafeln von Bassetki lüften Geheimnis um Königsstadt Mardaman
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108:, (r. circa 1792 – c. 1752 BCE) that mentions a kingdom named
376:. Copenhagen, Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters, 2001.
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Department of Tehran Archaeological releases from Iran, Volume 19
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People of Ancient Assyria: Their Inscriptions and Correspondence
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States and territories disestablished in the 1st millennium BC
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States and territories established in the 2nd millennium BC
405:. Vol. 1. Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab.
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By the early part of the 1st millennium BCE, names such as
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428:(webpage; German language), University of Tubingen, 2018.
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The Turukkaeans were reported to have sacked the city of
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agriculture in the Rania Plain and the Zagros foothills.
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Jörgen Laessøe, "The Quest for the Country of *Utûm",
201:-speaking or subject to a Hurrian elite. According to
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123:and another name that is usually reconstructed as
27:Bronze and Iron Age people of the Zagros Mountains
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401:Eidem, Jesper; Læssøe, Jørgen, eds. (2001).
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82:(1813-1782 BCE) and his son and successor
435:. Oxford; Oxford University Press, 2014.
395:Journal of the American Oriental Society
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403:The Shemshara Archives: The letters
462:. You can help Knowledge (XXG) by
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374:The Shemshara archives, Volume 23
365:. Winona Lake; Eisenbrauns, 1998.
351:German Archaeological Institute.
514:Ancient peoples of the Near East
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363:Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography
309:Læssøe, Jørgen (2014-10-24).
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113:(UET I l. 46, iii–iv, 1–4)
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298:. University of Tubingen.
276:. Routledge. p. 721.
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290:Pfälzner, Peter (2018).
519:Ancient history of Iran
509:Ancient Near East stubs
336:Eidem & Læssøe 2001
230:Gutian dynasty of Sumer
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458:–related article is a
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390:. Copenhagen, 1959.
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84:Ishme-Dagan
39:Turukkaeans
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270:"Turukkum"
183:(VAT 8006)
171:Lake Urmia
149:ti-ru-ki-i
49:people of
246:Footnotes
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224:See also
189:Hurrians
167:Turukkum
141:Turukkum
135:Iron Age
99:Mardaman
53:. Their
47:Iron Age
199:Hurrian
195:nomadic
175:Lullubi
145:Turukku
121:Subartu
92:Semitic
88:Hurrian
69:History
55:endonym
41:were a
18:Turukku
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117:Gutium
110:Tukriš
43:Bronze
454:This
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163:Tukru
129:Tukru
63:Tukri
460:stub
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