239:(Μελισσηνός) family is represented in the charter of 1182 by Andreas Melissenos, in sixth place. Members of the family are attested in uprisings against Venice as early as 1217 and 1222. 'Melissenos' was a common surname in the late medieval Greek world, thus the membership to the Cretan branch of the family of people bearing that name and active outside Crete is often uncertain.
143:
lands, i.e., estates in exchange for military service. At the very least, both documents attest that in the late 12th century there were large land-holding families in Crete, a hereditary landed aristocracy that had emerged as imperial authority declined, much like elsewhere in the
Byzantine world of
213:
In the charter of 1182, Leo
Mousouros appears in fourth place in two of the documents and sixth in the other. Although they claimed thus to be one of the most ancient families on the island, the Mousouros (Μούσουρος or Μουσοῦρος) are ill attested in later historical or epigraphical sources. Their
126:
family, one of the twelve mentioned in the first document, by the governor of Crete, Constantine Doukas. The various sons of the
Skordyles clan are mentioned, each with his own sobriquet, apparently in an effort, according to the French Byzantinist Charles Brand, "to provide each of the existent
200:
The
Skordyles or Skordylis (Σκορδύλης) were one of the most prominent families of the native Cretan nobility, subdivided in numerous branches. In the charter of 1182, they are represented by Marinos Skordyles, located in third place in two of the documents and fifth in the other. In historical
127:
sub-clans or affiliated families of the
Skordyloi with an eponymous ancestor". It is purportedly dated to 1183 (although Gerland dated it to 1191), and its authenticity is debated among modern scholars, with some considering that it derives from a genuine document. This, and the term '
285:
The
Argyropoulos (Ἀργυρόπουλος) family is not well attested but one of its branches, the Agiostephanites (Ἀγιοστεφανίτης), who organized the first revolt against Venice in 1212. In the charter of 1182, Nikephoros Argyropoulos is already surnamed Hagiostephanites.
276:
The
Chortatses (Χορτάτσης) or Chortatzes (Χορτάτζης) family led several revolts against Venice in the 13th century, and is attested into the 16th century. In the charter of 1182, Eustathios (or Eustrateios) Chortatzes (or Chortatses) is mentioned, in ninth place.
167:
The Phokas (Φωκᾶς) family is represented in the supposed charter of 1182 by John Phokas, who is at the head of all three extant versions of the document. The surname still appears in the 15th century, but the most famous branch of the family is the extensive
247:
The family name is variously given as
Arkoleos (Ἀρκολέος) or Archoleos (Ἀρχόλεος, Ἀρχολέος) in the charter of 1182, where Thomas Arkoleos is placed seventh (fourth in one version). The family is attested in a charter of 1234, granted by the Venetian
79:" sent his son Isaac to rule over Crete after a rebellion in the island, as well as twelve noble families as his aides and lieutenants. Isaac and the heads of the twelve families sign the document. The facts however do not fit the date: Emperor
153:
became so established that it was used by the
Venetians to refer to the native Greek nobility. Travellers in later centuries report that the local Greek aristocracy insisted on their descent "from the nobles of the Empire of Constantinople".
264:(Βλαστός) family is represented by Demetrios Vlastos in eighth place in the charter of 1182. It is first attested participating in the Revolt of Alexios Kallergis, and well into the 16th century; most notable is the failed
133:' ('sons of the lords', or 'sons of the commanders'), which is used throughout in the legend, may point to a historical basis: Emperor Alexios I created a special military unit out of orphaned sons of officers, called
226:
In the charter of 1182, Philip
Gavalas appears in fifth place in two of the documents and third in the other. The Gavalas (Γαβαλᾶς) are attested since the late 13th century and well into the 15th century.
89:, but was murdered in 1183 at only fifteen years of age, and did not have any offspring. Nor is a Cretan revolt known during his rule. As a result, Gerlach suggested that the events refer to the revolt of
900:
302:
Matthew Kaphates (Καφάτης), Kalaphates (Καλαφάτης), or Kaphatos (Καφάτος) is mentioned in twelfth, eleventh, and tenth place in the various versions of the 1182 charter.
787:
63:
survives in six different documents in several versions, both in Greek and in Italian, which were collected in the 1900s by the German Byzantinist
111:
early in the 13th century, with the aim of protecting the social position and privileges of the local magnate families named in the document.
294:
Loukas Litinos (Λίτινος) or Lithinos (Λίθινος, Λιθινός) is mentioned in penultimate (last in one version) place in the charter of 1182.
886:
875:
856:
723:
104:
188:
Constantine Varouchas (Βαρούχας) is mentioned in second place in the charter of 1182. The family is otherwise attested during the
172:
clan, the leading family of the native Greek Orthodox nobility. The Kallergis eventually claimed descent from the Byzantine
930:
71:). One of the documents purports to be a charter, dated to the year 1182, claiming that the Emperor "Alexios Komnenos the
265:
189:
202:
940:
925:
830:
811:
173:
935:
107:
was only born in 1093. The document is thus clearly a forgery, created after the conquest of Crete by the
177:
80:
64:
781:
108:
94:
123:
904:
871:
852:
769:
748:
740:
719:
46:
137:, and it may be that the later noble families trace their descent to soldiers invested with
74:
806:
845:
Maltezou, Chryssa (1991). "The Historical and Social Context". In Holton, David (ed.).
249:
215:
134:
42:
30:
919:
825:
846:
713:
114:
A second document concerns the restoration or confirmation of previously donated
712:
Bancroft-Marcus, Rosemary (1991). "The Pastoral Mode". In Holton, David (ed.).
236:
908:
773:
752:
169:
37:) is a legend ascribing the origin of the most prominent families of the
734:
261:
117:
90:
38:
744:
537:
535:
41:
nobility to a settlement of twelve scions of noble families of
868:
Byzantine Crete: From the 5th Century to the Venetian Conquest
330:
328:
326:
718:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 79–102.
851:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 17–48.
901:
Centre for Byzantine Studies, University of Thessaloniki
596:
594:
592:
590:
588:
586:
438:
436:
434:
432:
430:
405:
403:
870:. Athens: Historical Publications St. D. Basilopoulos.
214:
most famous member was likely the Renaissance humanist
739:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
201:
sources they are attested already in 1212–1213, when
138:
128:
115:
98:
84:
72:
58:
23:
252:, and survived at least until the 16th century.
826:"Histoire de la noblesse crétoise au Moyen Âge"
807:"Histoire de la noblesse crétoise au Moyen Âge"
490:
478:
797:Histoire de la noblesse crétoise au Moyen Âge
192:in the 1280s and in inscriptions afterwards.
148:
69:Histoire de la noblesse crétoise au Moyen Âge
8:
205:launched a rebellion against Venetian rule.
176:family, and its most famous representative,
848:Literature and Society in Renaissance Crete
715:Literature and Society in Renaissance Crete
421:
394:
370:
358:
334:
317:
786:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
696:
541:
409:
899:(in Greek). Vol. A. Thessaloniki:
736:Byzantium Confronts the West, 1180–1204
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442:
310:
779:
346:
382:
7:
799:(in French). Paris: Ernest Leroux.
83:, who ruled in 1182, was indeed a
14:
801:, comprises the following works:
760:Detorakis, Theocharis E. (1986).
819:. Paris: Ernest Leroux: 172–247.
320:, pp. 81–82, esp. note 237.
53:Documentary basis of the legend
866:Tsougarakis, Dimitris (1988).
838:. Paris: Ernest Leroux: 7–144.
203:Constantine Sebastos Skordyles
18:twelve noble families of Crete
1:
893:The Genealogy of the Komnenoi
885:Varzos, Konstantinos (1984).
266:Conspiracy of Sifis Vlastos
190:Revolt of Alexios Kallergis
139:
129:
116:
99:
97:, but the latter was not a
85:
73:
59:
24:
957:
768:] (in Greek). Athens.
733:Brand, Charles M. (1968).
888:Η Γενεαλογία των Κομνηνών
57:The legend of the Twelve
34:
237:Melissenos or Melissinos
831:Revue de l'Orient Latin
824:Gerland, Ernst (1908).
812:Revue de l'Orient Latin
805:Gerland, Ernst (1905).
795:Gerland, Ernst (1907).
149:
675:, pp. 46–47, 50.
469:, pp. 50–56, 63.
931:Greek noble families
491:Bancroft-Marcus 1991
479:Bancroft-Marcus 1991
178:Nikephoros II Phokas
699:, pp. 172–173.
544:, pp. 174–175.
385:, pp. 106–109.
81:Alexios II Komnenos
45:on the island by a
35:Δώδεκα Αρχοντόπουλα
762:Ιστορία της Κρήτης
529:, pp. 64, 66.
109:Republic of Venice
95:Alexios I Komnenos
941:People from Crete
926:Kingdom of Candia
663:, pp. 48–49.
651:, pp. 67–68.
627:, pp. 84–85.
615:, pp. 59–60.
580:, pp. 49–50.
556:, pp. 61–62.
517:, pp. 65–67.
481:, pp. 80–81.
424:, pp. 87–88.
397:, pp. 83–84.
373:, pp. 84–87.
361:, pp. 82–83.
47:Byzantine emperor
948:
912:
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881:
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839:
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766:History of Crete
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446:
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425:
422:Tsougarakis 1988
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413:
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395:Tsougarakis 1988
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386:
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371:Tsougarakis 1988
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359:Tsougarakis 1988
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344:
338:
335:Tsougarakis 1988
332:
321:
318:Tsougarakis 1988
315:
152:
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132:
121:
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100:porphyrogennetos
88:
86:porphyrogennetos
78:
75:porphyrogennetos
62:
36:
27:
956:
955:
951:
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949:
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936:Byzantine Crete
916:
915:
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93:in 1092, under
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938:
933:
928:
918:
917:
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876:
863:
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842:
841:
840:
821:
792:
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730:
724:
707:
704:
702:
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697:Detorakis 1986
689:
677:
665:
653:
641:
629:
617:
605:
582:
570:
558:
546:
542:Detorakis 1986
531:
519:
507:
495:
483:
471:
459:
447:
426:
414:
399:
387:
375:
363:
351:
349:, p. 238.
339:
322:
309:
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291:
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282:
279:
273:
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257:
254:
250:Duke of Candia
244:
241:
232:
229:
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220:
216:Marcus Musurus
210:
207:
197:
194:
185:
182:
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161:
159:
156:
135:Archontopouloi
103:, and his son
54:
51:
43:Constantinople
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
953:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
923:
921:
910:
906:
902:
894:
890:
889:
883:
879:
877:960-7100-04-2
873:
869:
864:
860:
858:0-521-32579-X
854:
850:
849:
843:
837:
834:(in French).
833:
832:
827:
822:
818:
815:(in French).
814:
813:
808:
803:
802:
798:
793:
789:
783:
775:
771:
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763:
758:
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750:
746:
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738:
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731:
727:
725:0-521-32579-X
721:
717:
716:
710:
709:
705:
698:
693:
690:
687:, p. 50.
686:
681:
678:
674:
669:
666:
662:
657:
654:
650:
645:
642:
639:, p. 47.
638:
633:
630:
626:
621:
618:
614:
609:
606:
603:, p. 85.
602:
597:
595:
593:
591:
589:
587:
583:
579:
574:
571:
568:, p. 62.
567:
562:
559:
555:
550:
547:
543:
538:
536:
532:
528:
523:
520:
516:
511:
508:
505:, p. 67.
504:
499:
496:
493:, p. 80.
492:
487:
484:
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475:
472:
468:
463:
460:
457:, p. 63.
456:
451:
448:
445:, p. 84.
444:
439:
437:
435:
433:
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427:
423:
418:
415:
412:, p. 21.
411:
410:Maltezou 1991
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337:, p. 82.
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150:archondopoulo
145:
141:
136:
131:
130:Archontopoula
125:
122:lands to the
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119:
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96:
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87:
82:
77:
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65:Ernst Gerland
61:
60:Archontopoula
52:
50:
48:
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40:
32:
28:
26:
25:Archontopoula
19:
892:
887:
867:
847:
835:
829:
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796:
765:
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735:
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692:
685:Gerland 1907
680:
673:Gerland 1907
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661:Gerland 1907
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649:Gerland 1907
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601:Gerland 1907
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566:Gerland 1907
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554:Gerland 1907
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527:Gerland 1907
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225:
212:
199:
187:
166:
146:
113:
68:
56:
21:
17:
15:
347:Varzos 1984
920:Categories
383:Brand 1968
306:References
272:Chortatzes
231:Melissenos
909:834784634
782:cite book
774:715204595
753:795121713
268:in 1454.
209:Mousouros
196:Skordyles
184:Varouchas
170:Kallergis
147:The term
124:Skordyles
745:67-20872
290:Lithinos
243:Arkoleos
158:Families
706:Sources
262:Vlastos
256:Vlastos
222:Gavalas
140:pronoia
118:pronoia
91:Karykes
22:Twelve
907:
895:]
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855:
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174:Phokas
163:Phokas
144:time.
39:Cretan
897:(PDF)
891:[
764:[
105:Isaac
31:Greek
905:OCLC
872:ISBN
853:ISBN
788:link
770:OCLC
749:OCLC
741:LCCN
720:ISBN
260:The
235:The
16:The
20:or
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29:(
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