984:
550:
1359:: "The Maleinos lineage was among the members of the old byzantine aristocracy, emerging during the 9th century. It was a family of greek origin with close bonds to the region of Asia Minor. It has been presumed that the surname Maleinos is related to the name place Malagina of Bithynia, a location in the theme of Boukellarion during the 9th century. If one accepts that presumption, one should look for the old estates of the family in the fertile valley of the Sangarios river. It is safe, however, to consider the region of Charsianon as the homeland of the family, according to evidence dating back to the end of the 9th century, or the whole of Cappadocia in a wider sense. It is known that the members of the wealthy Maleinos family had estates in the area of jurisdiction of the theme of Charsianon, the wider region of Caesarea of Cappadocia and Ankyra of Galatia."
1154:...a monstrosity of a man, a pygmy, fat-headed and like a mole as to the smallness of his eyes; disgusting with his short, broad, thick, and half hoary beard; disgraced by a neck an inch long; very bristly through the length and thickness of his hair; in color an Ethiopian; one whom it would not be pleasant to meet in the middle of the night; with extensive belly, lean of loin, very long of hip considering his short stature, small of shank, proportionate as to his heels and feet; clad in a garment costly but too old, and foul-smelling and faded through age; shod with Sicyonian shoes; bold of tongue, a fox by nature, in perjury, and lying a Ulysses.
411:
983:
1059:), which concerned guerrilla-like tactics for defense against a superior enemy invasion force along the eastern frontier; though it purports that the tactics were no longer needed since the danger of the Muslim states to the east had subsided. It is likely that this latter work, at least, was not composed by the Emperor but rather for him; translator and editor George T. Dennis suggests that it was perhaps written by his brother Leo Phokas, then Domestic of the West. Nikephoros was a very devout man, and he helped his friend, the
1011:
804:
1092:, Nikephoros had a loveless relationship with Theophano. He was leading an ascetic life, whereas she was secretly having an affair with Tzimiskes. Theophano and Tzimiskes plotted to overthrow the emperor. On the night of the deed, she left Nikephoros' bedchamber door unlocked, and he was assassinated in his apartment by Tzimiskes and his entourage on 11 December 969. He died praying to the mother of God. Following his death, the Phokas family broke into insurrection under Nikephoros' nephew
291:
859:
613:
570:
maintained a strong connection to the aristocracy. Bringas was afraid that
Nikephoros would attempt to claim the throne with the support of both the army and the aristocracy. This is exactly what he did. On July 2 in Caesarea, his armies, along with his highest-ranking officers, proclaimed Nikephoros emperor. From his position in Caesarea, and in advance of the news of his proclamation as emperor, Nikephoros sent a fleet to secure the
1105:
963:
1928:
38:
517:. Al-Dawla's force caught up with the Byzantines, but he too was routed, and Nikephoros and Tzimiskes entered Aleppo on 24 December. The loss of the city would prove to be both a strategic and moral disaster for the Hamdanids. It was probably on these campaigns that Nikephoros earned the sobriquet "The Pale Death of the Saracens".
569:
palace official who had become
Romanos' chief councilor, maintained his position. According to contemporary sources he intended to keep authority in his own hands. He also tried to reduce the power of Nikephoros Phokas. The victorious general had been accepted as the actual commander of the army and
525:
On 15 March 963, Emperor
Romanos II died unexpectedly at the age of twenty-six of uncertain cause. Both contemporary sources and later historians seem to either believe that the young Emperor had exhausted his health with the excesses of his sexual life and his heavy drinking, or suspect that the
1083:
from his position following his disobedience in the siege of
Antioch. Bourtzes was disgraced, and he would soon find an ally with whom to plot against Nikephoros. Towards the end of 965, Nikephoros had John Tzimiskes exiled to eastern Asia Minor for suspected disloyalty, but was recalled on the
574:
against his enemies. Around the same time, he appointed
Tzimiskes as Domestic of the East, now taking on the formal roles of emperor. He then sent a letter to Constantinople requesting to be accepted as co-emperor. In response, Bringas locked down the city, forcing Nikephoros' father
994:
Nikephoros' popularity was largely based on his conquests. Due to the resources he allocated to his army, Nikephoros was compelled to exercise a rigid economic policy in other departments. He retrenched court largess and curtailed the immunities of the clergy, and while he had an
530:(c. 941–after 976), his wife, poisoned him. Theophano had already gained a reputation as an intelligent and ambitious woman. Unfavorable accounts of her by later historians would characterize her as a woman known for ruthlessness in achieving her goals. Romanos had already
450:, where his forces suffered through the winter due to supply issues. Following a failed assault and many raids into the countryside, Nikephoros entered Chandax on 6 March 961 and soon wrested control of the entire island from the Muslims. Upon returning to
1165:
John Julius
Norwich says, about his murder and burial, "It was a honourable place; but Nikephoros Phocas, the White Death of the Saracens, hero of Syria and Crete, saintly and hideous, magnificent and insufferable, had deserved a better end".
2225:
Ioannes A. Melisseides & Poulcheria
Zavolea Melisseidou, "Nikefhoros Phokas (El) Nikfur", ek ton Leontos tou Diakonou, Kedrenou, Aboul Mahasen, Zonara, Ibn El Athir, Glyka, Aboulfeda k.a. Historike Melete, Vol. 1–2, Vergina, Athens 2001,
203:
from 963 to 969. His career, not uniformly successful in matters of statecraft or of war, nonetheless greatly contributed to the resurgence of the
Byzantine Empire during the 10th century. In the east, Nikephoros completed the conquest of
800:. Within a fortnight, on August 16, Tarsus surrendered. Nikephoros allowed the inhabitants to depart unharmed before the city was plundered by his army. With the fall of these two strongholds, Cilicia was in the hands of the Byzantines.
1022:
Nikephoros also disagreed with the church on theological grounds. He wished the church to elevate those soldiers who died in battle against the
Saracens to the positions of martyrs in the church – similar to the status of
942:
from its allies: the city was unsuccessfully blockaded two times in 966 and 968, and so the emperor decided to take it by hunger (so as not to damage to city) and left a detachment (a taxiarchy) of 1500 men in the fort of
1139:
Emperor of Rome and even more insultingly referring to
Nikephoros merely as Emperor of the Greeks. Liutprand failed in his goal of procuring an Imperial princess as a wife for Otto's young son, the future emperor
549:
886:. In October 968, Nikephoros conducted another expedition which started by besieging Antioch for thirteen days, then he went south raiding and sacking most of the fortresses and cities along his path including
1178:, rebelled against the rule of Basil II. His death, possibly by cardiac arrest, put an end to the rebellion, and ultimately to the political prominence of the Phokades, although Bardas the Younger's own son,
788:, which at the time was a shared condominium between the Byzantines and the Arabs. In the summer of 965, the conquest of Cilicia began in earnest. Nikephorus and Tzimiskes seized Mopsuestia July 13, while
599:. The people of Constantinople soon turned against his cause, killing Argyros in a riot and soon forcing Bringas to flee. On August 16, Nikephoros was proclaimed emperor and married the empress Theophano.
1131:. His description of Nikephoros was clouded by the ill-treatment he received while on a diplomatic mission to Constantinople. Nikephoros, a man of war, was not apt at diplomacy. To add insult to injury,
635:
raids. This breach in relations triggered a decades-long decline in Byzantine-Bulgarian diplomacy and was a prelude to the wars fought between the Bulgarians and later Byzantine emperors, particularly
959:
with a surprise attack, supported by the troops of the stratopedarch Petros, eunuch of the Phokas family. Bourtzes was disgraced for his insubordination, and later joined the plot that killed Phokas.
3923:
684:
In 967, the Byzantines and the Fatimids hastily concluded a peace treaty to cease hostilities in Sicily. Both empires had grander issues to attend to: the Fatimids were preparing to invade
3918:
502:. Upon the beginning of the new campaigning season al-Dawla entered the Byzantine Empire to conduct raids, a strategy which left Aleppo dangerously undefended. Nikephoros soon took
392:
The Byzantines continued to push their advantage against the Arabs until the collapse of the Hamdanids, except for the period from 960 to 961, when the army turned its focus to the
796:
and Nikephoros and Tzimiskes arrived soon after. Nikephoros won a pitched battle against the Tarsiots, routing their forces with his "ironclad horsemen", referencing the Byzantine
692:. The constant tension between the Germans and the Byzantines was largely due to mutual cultural biases, but also to the fact that both empires claimed to be the successors of the
1038:
and its violent suppression within the stadium itself. The crowd within the Hippodrome panicked and began a stampede to retreat from the stadium, resulting in numerous deaths.
3883:
1007:, along with the enforcement and implementation of taxes across the centralized regions of the empire, he forfeited his popularity with the people and gave rise to riots.
732:. The two empires would continue to skirmish with each other until after the reign of Nikephoros, but neither side was able to make permanent or significant gains.
1121:
The tension between East and West resulting from the policies pursued by Nikephoros may be glimpsed in the unflattering description of him and his court by Bishop
1030:
In 967, he sparked a controversy in the capital by making a display of his military maneuvers in the Hippodrome similar in style to those displayed by the emperor
1794:
1174:
During the last decades of the tenth century, the Phokades repeatedly tried to get their hands again on the throne, and almost succeeded when Nikephoros' nephew,
446:, and he led his fleet to the island and defeated a minor Arab force upon disembarking near Almyros. He soon began a nine-month siege of the fortress town of
3963:
3958:
1948:
1355:
1027:" which the Emperor's Muslim foes bestowed on their own fallen soldiers. In the Christian context, this was a highly controversial and unpopular demand.
662:, appealed to the newly crowned emperor Nikephoros for aid against the approaching Muslim armies. Nikephoros renounced his payments of tribute to the
2197:
McMahon, Lucas (2021). "Logistical modelling of a sea-borne expedition in the Mediterranean: the case of the Byzantine invasion of Crete in AD 960".
3948:
3928:
3888:
2504:
3898:
3893:
3029:
2293:
Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit Online. Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Nach Vorarbeiten F. Winkelmanns erstellt
3903:
3823:
3691:
2345:
2277:
2258:
2239:
2231:
2158:
2144:
2120:
2071:
1970:
1886:
1861:
1770:
1558:
1479:
1943:
3036:
270:. Early in his life Nikephoros had married Stephano. She had died before he rose to fame, and after her death he took an oath of chastity.
3659:
531:
498:, in open battle; al-Zayyat later committed suicide on account of the loss. Thereafter, Nikephoros returned to the regional capital of
2153:
Kolias, Taxiarchis, "Nicephorus II Focas 963–969, The Military Leader Emperor and his reforms", Vasilopoulos Stefanos D. Athens 1993,
2049:
832:
495:
3953:
3938:
2319:
2101:
1908:
The Rise of the Fatimids: The World of the Mediterranean and the Middle East in the Fourth Century of the Hijra, Tenth Century CE
591:, but he himself was not a skilled orator and was unable to obtain the support of other popular officials such as the Patriarch
542:. At the time that Romanos died, however, Basil was five years old and Constantine only three years old, so Theophano was named
3625:
3608:
3435:
3423:
1179:
724:
to take charge of the siege. Pandulf was defeated and taken prisoner by the Byzantine general Eugenios, who went on to besiege
587:
escaped the city in disguise. Bringas was able to garner some support within the city from a few high-ranking officers, namely
1127:
956:
3596:
3388:
3350:
3310:
3277:
2092:
1916:
3856:
Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper
410:
388:
entered a period of unbroken decline until their destruction in 1002. In June 957 Nikephoros managed to capture and destroy
696:. Conflicts in southern Italy were preceded by religious contests between the two empires and by the malicious writings of
3811:
3637:
3464:
3430:
3394:
3283:
741:
3452:
2497:
793:
554:
463:
3913:
3908:
3533:
3212:
2678:
2037:
1279:
651:
253:
129:
438:
were assembled to man a fleet of 308 ships carrying 50,000 troops. At the recommendation of the influential minister
384:. The new position essentially placed Nikephoros in charge of the eastern Byzantine army. From 955, the Hamdanids in
3843:
3799:
3777:
3728:
3615:
3406:
3175:
2517:
2424:
1222:
689:
28:
3750:
3718:
3543:
2723:
2311:
1296:
1175:
1093:
527:
474:
Following the conquest of Crete, Nikephoros returned to the east and marched a large and well-equipped army into
241:
193:
152:
140:
2374:
3933:
3760:
3713:
3260:
2907:
1233:
875:
1010:
891:
3568:
3548:
3322:
3202:
2490:
2463:
2456:
1301:
1215:
1060:
1052:
576:
373:
369:
315:
245:
162:
2375:
Written works by Nikephoros II Phokas; Greek Opera Omnia by Migne Patrologia Graeca with analytical indexes
3943:
3838:
3817:
3723:
2513:
803:
789:
624:
584:
427:
258:
249:
848:
3772:
3767:
3743:
3738:
3654:
3491:
3479:
3250:
2875:
678:
299:
670:
1322:"Inventing and re-inventing Byzantium: Nikephoros Phokas, Byzantine Studies in Greece, and 'New Rome'"
3873:
3755:
3703:
3563:
3538:
3418:
3332:
3182:
3013:
2482:
2287:
1809:
Liudprand of Cremona’s Account of his Legation to Constantinople (968) and Ottonian Imperial Strategy
1147:
1122:
855:, before laying siege to Antioch, but it was abandoned after eight days due to the lack of supplies.
752:
From 964 to 965, Nikephoros led an army of 40,000 men which conquered Cilicia and conducted raids in
697:
510:
290:
3878:
3686:
3671:
3649:
3584:
3573:
3528:
3474:
2964:
2902:
2865:
2246:
1992:
Garrood, William (2008). "The Byzantine Conquest of Cilicia and the Hamdanids of Aleppo, 959–965".
1198:
1064:
1043:
816:
781:
761:
713:
674:
43:
858:
811:
In June 966, there was an exchange of prisoners between Sayf al-Dawla and the Byzantines, held at
3733:
3676:
3620:
3602:
3591:
3553:
3523:
3401:
3119:
3023:
2773:
2742:
2735:
2388:
2214:
2136:
The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the 6th to the 11th Century
2025:
2017:
1788:
1183:
1004:
820:
322:
2064:
Streams of Gold, Rivers of Blood: The Rise and Fall of Byzantium, 955 A.D. to the First Crusade
688:, and tensions were flaring up on mainland Italy between the Byzantines and the German emperor
623:
Nikephoros II was not very successful in his western wars. Under his reign, relations with the
3698:
3644:
3485:
3383:
3358:
3207:
3069:
2805:
2790:
2668:
2636:
2351:
2341:
2315:
2273:
2254:
2235:
2227:
2154:
2140:
2116:
2097:
2086:
2081:
2067:
2059:
2045:
2009:
1966:
1912:
1882:
1857:
1776:
1766:
1554:
1550:
1475:
1469:
1262:
1252:
753:
612:
435:
431:
381:
217:
200:
55:
1546:
494:. Nikephoros continued to ravage the Cilician countryside, defeating the governor of Tarsus,
3828:
3805:
3708:
3681:
3666:
3632:
3558:
3518:
3508:
3233:
3160:
3130:
2993:
2948:
2943:
2815:
2474:
2441:
2301:
2206:
2001:
1109:
1080:
967:
952:
915:
867:
721:
588:
571:
539:
507:
443:
415:
405:
393:
377:
85:
430:
were placed in charge of the eastern and western field armies respectively. In 960, 27,000
3469:
3459:
3368:
3155:
3063:
3051:
3045:
2897:
2718:
2688:
2631:
2611:
2369:
2130:
1763:
A history of the Athonite Commonwealth: the spiritual and cultural diaspora of Mount Athos
1237:
1085:
677:, to the island. The Byzantine forces, however, were swiftly routed in Rometta and at the
647:
596:
365:
360:
Nikephoros joined the army at an early age. He was appointed the military governor of the
332:
1982:"The Policies of Nikephoros II Phokas in the context of the Byzantine economic recovery"
1981:
1104:
1047:, which contains valuable information on the art of war in his time, and the less-known
3363:
3327:
3272:
3165:
3088:
2986:
2980:
2912:
2892:
2646:
2606:
2334:
1962:
1856:. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection. 1995. p. 178.
1542:
1534:
1159:
1132:
1089:
1015:
962:
887:
628:
562:
514:
483:
451:
439:
361:
174:
118:
3867:
3833:
3793:
3337:
3145:
2953:
2218:
2029:
1939:
1934:
1211:
1041:
Nikephoros was the author of extant treatises on military tactics, most famously the
911:
747:
632:
491:
455:
3578:
3373:
3305:
3300:
3290:
3113:
2975:
2616:
2329:
948:
883:
840:
693:
681:, and Rometta soon fell to the Muslims, completing the Islamic conquest of Sicily.
580:
342:
2210:
240:
Nikephoros Phokas was born around 912. From his paternal side, he belonged to the
2305:
2134:
1906:
1826:
669:, and sent a huge fleet, purportedly boasting a crew of around 40,000 men, under
3442:
3317:
3267:
3192:
2766:
2713:
2656:
1068:
836:
347:
244:
which had produced several distinguished generals, including Nikephoros' father
37:
3498:
3413:
3378:
3343:
3255:
3170:
2930:
2923:
2870:
2850:
2795:
2760:
2753:
2698:
2663:
2526:
2417:
2355:
2115:. Gebhardt Handbuch der deutschen Geschichte Band 3 (in German). Klett-Cotta.
2005:
1780:
1035:
797:
777:
768:. In the spring of 964, Nikephorus headed east. During the summer he captured
616:
592:
423:
267:
106:
75:
2013:
1952:. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 647–648.
3245:
3197:
3107:
3094:
2881:
2810:
2783:
2778:
2747:
2693:
2641:
2576:
2571:
2242:(Vol. 2), (Worldcat, Greek National Bibliography 2001/2007/2009, Biblionet).
1881:. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. p. 363.
1031:
1000:
919:
863:
844:
769:
479:
447:
225:
1135:
sent a letter to Nikephoros while Liutprand was in Constantinople calling
1108:
Nikephoros II on a modern stamp celebrating the 1000th anniversary of the
1096:, but their revolt was promptly subdued as Tzimiskes ascended the throne.
831:, where he took a relic with the image of Jesus to be later placed in the
776:
before withdrawing. Later that year, Nikephoros attempted to quickly take
216:, opening the path for subsequent Byzantine incursions reaching as far as
3513:
3295:
3187:
3140:
3100:
3082:
3002:
2937:
2917:
2887:
2860:
2855:
2840:
2830:
2800:
2708:
2703:
2651:
2626:
2621:
2586:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2433:
2291:
988:
927:
895:
812:
709:
655:
636:
535:
263:
2021:
1158:
Whereas Bishop Liutprand describes the emperor's hair as being bristly,
708:. Early the next year, he once again moved against Byzantine Apulia and
3447:
3150:
3057:
2970:
2825:
2601:
1854:
Sowing the dragon's teeth : Byzantine warfare in the tenth century
1141:
996:
971:
944:
939:
935:
899:
824:
729:
663:
659:
499:
475:
459:
229:
205:
147:
442:, Nikephoros was entrusted to lead this expedition against the Muslim
3219:
3076:
2958:
2730:
2596:
1136:
1024:
931:
923:
828:
785:
765:
717:
701:
666:
643:
566:
543:
503:
487:
389:
385:
221:
213:
47:
2166:
1321:
2820:
2591:
2581:
2561:
1933:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
1009:
982:
961:
879:
857:
852:
802:
780:, but failed, returning to Caesarea. It was around this time that
773:
757:
725:
685:
611:
548:
409:
277:
209:
720:, failed to make any progress. In May he returned north, leaving
2566:
2556:
907:
903:
705:
295:
2486:
2181:
1828:
Relatio de legatione Constantinopolitana ad Nicephorum Phocam
1240:) is named after him, as are many streets throughout Greece.
553:
Nikephoros' entry into Constantinople as Emperor through the
631:
to raid the Bulgarians in retaliation for them not blocking
1911:. The Medieval Mediterranean. Vol. 30. Leiden: Brill.
1162:
says it was black with "tight curls" and "unusually long".
1079:
The plot to assassinate Nikephoros began when he dismissed
2290:; Ludwig, Claudia; Pratsch, Thomas; Zielke, Beate (2013).
2161:, (Worldcat, Greek National Bibliography 1993, Biblionet).
1439:
1437:
1695:
1693:
1656:
1654:
266:, a powerful Anatolian Greek family which had settled in
2182:"De Velitatione Bellica and Byzantine Guerrilla Warfare"
2139:(2nd ed.). Abingdon, Oxon and New York: Routledge.
2113:
Die Zeit der späten Karolinger und der Ottonen: 888–1024
874:
In 967 or 968, Nikephoros annexed the Armenian state of
839:
which returned with 300 prisoners, then he went to raid
815:. In October 966, Nikephoros led an expedition to raid
1320:
Burke, John (2014). I. Nilsson; P. Stephenson (eds.).
1182:, launched another abortive revolt in 1022 along with
1084:
pleading of Nikephoros' wife, Theophano. According to
256:, who had all served as commanders of the field army (
2175:(in Greek). Athens: Foundation of the Hellenic World.
506:. In December, an army split between Nikephoros and
3786:
3232:
3129:
3012:
2839:
2677:
2525:
987:Histamenon of Nikephoros II (left) and his stepson
561:Theophano, however, was not allowed to rule alone.
341:
331:
321:
311:
306:
275:
158:
146:
136:
124:
112:
95:
91:
81:
71:
61:
54:
42:Nikephoros II Phokas on a 15th-century manuscript,
21:
2333:
2085:
1751:, (Washington D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks, 2008), p. 139.
1003:. By his heavy imposts and the debasement of the
835:in Constantinople. He later sent a detachment to
658:. The last major Byzantine stronghold in Sicily,
3924:Byzantine people of the Byzantine–Bulgarian Wars
2096:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
1326:Wanted: Byzantium. The Desire for a Lost Emperor
1302:10th century in Lebanon § Revolt of Tripoli
1196:Phokas was the author of a military manual, the
807:Tarsus surrenders to Nikephoros Phokas (seated).
2173:Encyclopaedia of the Hellenic World, Asia Minor
999:disposition, he forbade the foundation of new
619:of Nikephoros II (right) alongside Mother Mary
376:, who had suffered a series of defeats by the
2498:
1609:
748:Sayf al-Dawla § Wars with the Byzantines
654:, captured and reduced the Byzantine city of
262:). From his maternal side he belonged to the
8:
2307:A History of the Byzantine State and Society
642:Nikephoros' first military failures came in
3919:Byzantine people of the Arab–Byzantine wars
2296:(in German). Berlin and Boston: De Gruyter.
1257:Theophano: The crusade of the tenth century
951:. The commander of the fort, the patrikios
513:, quickly routing an opposing force led by
426:in 959, Nikephoros and his younger brother
368:. In 954 or 955 Nikephoros was promoted to
3884:Burials at the Church of the Holy Apostles
3009:
2505:
2491:
2483:
2379:
1879:The grand strategy of the Byzantine Empire
1793:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1350:
627:worsened. It is likely that he bribed the
272:
18:
1723:
1684:
1645:
1621:
1573:
1506:
1494:
1455:
1443:
1416:
1380:
1248:Nikephoros II appears as a character in:
947:, which lies on the road from Antioch to
486:ceased to recognize the Hamdanid Emir of
2000:. British Institute at Ankara: 127–140.
1128:Relatio de legatione Constantinopolitana
1103:
1840:
1735:
1711:
1699:
1672:
1660:
1633:
1588:, al-Ḥasan b. ‘Ammār al-Kalbī (#22562).
1518:
1428:
1404:
1392:
1368:
1338:
1312:
2336:Making of Orthodox Byzantium, 600–1025
1786:
2111:Keller, Hagen; Althoff, Gerd (2008).
1597:
1529:
1527:
955:, disobeyed the emperor's orders and
454:, he was denied the usual honor of a
7:
2044:. Abingdon and New York: Routledge.
914:valley until he reached the city of
646:. In 962 the son of the governor of
2042:Introduction to Byzantium, 602–1453
1987:. Middle East Technical University.
862:The army of Nikephoros employing a
3964:People associated with Great Lavra
3959:People associated with Mount Athos
2272:. Pen and Sword Books. p. 6.
2093:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
1959:Three Byzantine Military Treatises
1749:Three Byzantine Military Treatises
833:Church of the Virgin of the Pharos
29:Emperor and Autocrat of the Romans
14:
2186:Annual of Medieval Studies at CEU
1267:Nicephorus: A tragedy of New Rome
307:Emperor of the Romans, Kallinikos
224:; these campaigns earned him the
16:Byzantine emperor from 963 to 969
1926:
1585:
1034:centuries earlier preceding the
289:
36:
3949:Governors of the Anatolic Theme
3929:Assassinated Byzantine emperors
3889:10th-century Byzantine emperors
2370:Coinage of Nikephoros II Phokas
2199:Mediterranean Historical Review
1180:Nikephoros Phokas Barytrachelos
934:and received the submission of
700:. Otto first invaded Byzantine
3899:10th-century Byzantine writers
3894:10th-century murdered monarchs
2340:. Palgrave Macmillan Limited.
1980:Fattori, Niccolò (June 2013).
478:. In February 962 he captured
422:From the ascension of Emperor
1:
2253:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
2211:10.1080/09518967.2021.1900171
878:by diplomacy, in addition to
742:Byzantine conquest of Cilicia
186:
99:
3904:960s in the Byzantine Empire
1825:Liutprand of Cremona (968),
1468:Gregory, Timothy E. (2010).
1018:mutinies against Nikephoros.
2165:Krsmanović, Bojana (2003).
2066:. Oxford University Press.
1474:. Malden: Wiley-Blackwell.
652:Ahmad ibn al-Hasan al-Kalbi
254:Nikephoros Phokas the Elder
130:Church of the Holy Apostles
3982:
3778:Constantine XI Palaiologos
3729:Andronikos III Palaiologos
3616:Nikephoros III Botaneiates
1957:Dennis, George T. (2008).
1236:in Crete, a municipality (
1056:
827:, then he marched towards
745:
739:
704:in 968 and failed to take
482:, while the major city of
403:
348:Great Lavra of Mount Athos
208:and retook the islands of
3854:
3751:Andronikos IV Palaiologos
3719:Andronikos II Palaiologos
3544:Constantine IX Monomachos
2471:
2461:
2453:
2448:
2438:
2422:
2414:
2409:
2382:
2312:Stanford University Press
2006:10.1017/s006615460000870x
1813:English Historical Review
1610:Keller & Althoff 2008
1297:Phokas (Byzantine family)
1210:On 19 November 2004, the
1176:Bardas Phokas the Younger
1150:described Nikephoros as:
1117:Contemporary descriptions
1063:, found the monastery of
938:. His aim was to cut off
712:, but, unable to capture
579:to seek sanctuary in the
288:
178:
116:11 December 969 (aged 57)
35:
26:
22:Nikephoros II Phokas
3954:People of medieval Crete
3939:Domestics of the Schools
3714:Michael VIII Palaiologos
2310:. Stanford, California:
2167:
1877:Luttwak, Edward (2009).
418:by Phokas, winter 960–61
372:, replacing his father,
3569:Eudokia Makrembolitissa
3203:Tiberius II Constantine
2464:Domestic of the Schools
2457:Bardas Phokas the Elder
2268:Romane, Julian (2015).
2180:McMahon, Lucas (2016).
1949:Encyclopædia Britannica
1905:Brett, Michael (2001).
1761:Speake, Graham (2018).
1057:Περὶ Παραδρομῆς Πολέμου
918:, then he went to take
521:Ascension to the throne
470:Later Eastern campaigns
458:, but was permitted an
370:Domestic of the Schools
356:Early Eastern campaigns
316:Eastern Orthodox Church
3724:Michael IX Palaiologos
2087:"Nikephoros II Phocas"
1471:A History of Byzantium
1286:(2023). 979-8668071487
1269:(1906). 978-1290581578
1259:(1904). 978-1017148909
1234:Rethymno regional unit
1113:
1019:
991:
975:
871:
808:
760:, while the patrician
620:
558:
532:crowned as co-emperors
511:marched towards Aleppo
419:
259:domestikos tōn scholōn
3818:Thessalonian emperors
3812:Trapezuntine emperors
3773:John VIII Palaiologos
3768:Manuel II Palaiologos
3739:John VI Kantakouzenos
3655:Andronikos I Komnenos
3492:Constantine Lekapenos
2520:and empresses regnant
2384:Nikephoros II Phokas
2288:Lilie, Ralph-Johannes
2251:Byzantium: The Apogee
1232:F-824). Also, in the
1107:
1013:
986:
965:
861:
806:
784:instigated a coup in
746:Further information:
679:Battle of the Straits
615:
552:
413:
364:in 945 under Emperor
300:Theophanes the Cretan
298:of St. Nikephoros by
236:Early life and career
3756:John VII Palaiologos
3704:Theodore II Laskaris
3564:Constantine X Doukas
3504:Nikephoros II Phokas
2270:Byzantium Triumphant
2247:Norwich, John Julius
1123:Liutprand of Cremona
979:Civil administration
698:Liutprand of Cremona
583:, while his brother
283:Nikephoros II Phokas
197:Nicephorus II Phocas
192:– 11 December 969),
171:Nikephoros II Phokas
3687:Theodore I Laskaris
3672:Alexios III Angelos
3650:Alexios II Komnenos
3574:Romanos IV Diogenes
3529:Romanos III Argyros
3475:Romanos I Lekapenos
1815:(2001), pp. 539–56.
1714:, pp. 120–121.
1675:, pp. 117–118.
1648:, pp. 500–501.
1636:, pp. 278–279.
1612:, pp. 221–224.
1521:, pp. 348–349.
1509:, pp. 498–499.
1419:, pp. 493–495.
1395:, pp. 175–178.
1199:Praecepta Militaria
1191:Praecepta Militaria
1110:reconquest of Crete
1044:Praecepta Militaria
782:Niketas Chalkoutzes
762:Niketas Chalkoutzes
394:reconquest of Crete
228:"pale death of the
44:Biblioteca Marciana
3914:Byzantine generals
3909:Macedonian dynasty
3806:Britannic emperors
3800:Palmyrene emperors
3734:John V Palaiologos
3677:Alexios IV Angelos
3626:Constantine Doukas
3621:Alexios I Komnenos
3609:Constantine Doukas
3592:Michael VII Doukas
3554:Michael VI Bringas
3120:Romulus Augustulus
2743:Trebonianus Gallus
2736:Herennius Etruscus
2518:Byzantine emperors
2389:Macedonian dynasty
2082:Kazhdan, Alexander
2060:Kaldellis, Anthony
1961:. Washington, DC:
1747:George T. Dennis,
1276:(Stage play 2000).
1244:In popular culture
1230:Bloys Van Treslong
1184:Nikephoros Xiphias
1114:
1020:
1005:Byzantine currency
992:
976:
872:
809:
621:
559:
420:
252:, and grandfather
3861:
3860:
3699:John III Vatatzes
3645:Manuel I Komnenos
3384:Michael I Rangabe
3228:
3227:
3070:Petronius Maximus
2669:Severus Alexander
2637:Septimius Severus
2481:
2480:
2472:Succeeded by
2449:Military offices
2439:Succeeded by
2425:Byzantine emperor
2347:978-0-333-49600-8
2302:Treadgold, Warren
2279:978-1-4738-4570-1
2260:978-0-394-53779-5
2240:978-960-7171-89-4
2232:978-960-7171-88-7
2159:978-960-7100-65-8
2146:978-0-367-36690-2
2122:978-3-608-60003-2
2073:978-0-19-025322-6
1994:Anatolian Studies
1972:978-0-88402-339-5
1888:978-0-674-03519-5
1863:978-0-88402-224-4
1807:H. Mayr-Harting,
1772:978-1-108-34922-2
1738:, pp. 22–33.
1560:978-0-88402-324-1
1481:978-1-4443-5997-8
1263:Frederic Harrison
1253:Frederic Harrison
1221:in his honour as
754:Upper Mesopotamia
671:Patrikios Niketas
504:Syrian Hierapolis
414:Depiction of the
400:Conquest of Crete
353:
352:
312:Venerated in
218:Upper Mesopotamia
201:Byzantine emperor
183:Nikēphóros Phōkãs
168:
167:
56:Byzantine emperor
3971:
3709:John IV Laskaris
3682:Alexios V Doukas
3667:Isaac II Angelos
3633:John II Komnenos
3559:Isaac I Komnenos
3519:Constantine VIII
3509:John I Tzimiskes
3236:Byzantine Empire
3010:
2507:
2500:
2493:
2484:
2475:John I Tzimiskes
2454:Preceded by
2442:John I Tzimiskes
2415:Preceded by
2405:
2398:
2380:
2359:
2339:
2325:
2297:
2283:
2264:
2222:
2193:
2176:
2150:
2126:
2107:
2089:
2077:
2055:
2038:Harris, Jonathan
2033:
1988:
1986:
1976:
1953:
1932:
1930:
1929:
1922:
1893:
1892:
1874:
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1867:
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1396:
1390:
1384:
1378:
1372:
1366:
1360:
1358:
1348:
1342:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1317:
1272:Anastasia Revi,
1228:(formerly HNLMS
1214:named its tenth
1148:Bishop Liutprand
1081:Michael Bourtzes
1058:
970:laying siege to
968:Michael Bourtzes
953:Michael Bourtzes
722:Pandulf Ironhead
595:and the general
589:Marianos Argyros
572:Bosphorus Strait
540:Constantine VIII
508:John I Tzimiskes
444:Emirate of Crete
416:Siege of Chandax
406:Siege of Chandax
293:
273:
191:
188:
180:
104:
101:
40:
19:
3981:
3980:
3974:
3973:
3972:
3970:
3969:
3968:
3934:Byzantine Crete
3864:
3863:
3862:
3857:
3850:
3794:Gallic emperors
3782:
3470:Constantine VII
3251:Constantine III
3238:
3235:
3224:
3133:
3125:
3064:Valentinian III
3052:Constantius III
3046:Priscus Attalus
3030:Constantine III
3016:
3008:
2898:Valerius Valens
2843:
2835:
2681:
2673:
2632:Didius Julianus
2612:Marcus Aurelius
2529:
2521:
2511:
2477:
2468:
2459:
2444:
2430:
2429:963–969
2428:
2420:
2404:11 December 969
2399:
2393:
2392:
2385:
2366:
2348:
2328:
2322:
2300:
2286:
2280:
2267:
2261:
2245:
2196:
2179:
2169:
2164:
2147:
2129:
2123:
2110:
2104:
2080:
2074:
2058:
2052:
2036:
1991:
1984:
1979:
1973:
1956:
1942:, ed. (1911). "
1938:
1927:
1925:
1919:
1904:
1901:
1896:
1889:
1876:
1875:
1871:
1864:
1852:
1851:
1847:
1839:
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1525:
1517:
1513:
1505:
1501:
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1489:
1482:
1467:
1466:
1462:
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1450:
1442:
1435:
1427:
1423:
1415:
1411:
1403:
1399:
1391:
1387:
1379:
1375:
1371:, p. 1276.
1367:
1363:
1354:
1351:Krsmanović 2003
1349:
1345:
1337:
1333:
1319:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1293:
1280:Jonathan Harris
1246:
1238:Nikiforos Fokas
1224:Nikiforos Fokas
1208:
1194:
1172:
1119:
1102:
1086:Joannes Zonaras
1077:
1061:monk Athanasios
981:
966:The army under
750:
744:
738:
610:
605:
597:Basil Lekapenos
523:
472:
408:
402:
366:Constantine VII
358:
337:Imperial attire
302:
284:
281:
280:
238:
189:
179:Νικηφόρος Φωκᾶς
132:
117:
105:
102:
67:11 December 969
66:
65:16 August 963 –
50:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3979:
3978:
3975:
3967:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3866:
3865:
3859:
3858:
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3831:
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3821:
3815:
3809:
3803:
3797:
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3788:
3784:
3783:
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3765:
3753:
3748:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3630:
3618:
3613:
3589:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3549:Theodora (III)
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3472:
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3462:
3457:
3445:
3440:
3428:
3416:
3411:
3399:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3364:Constantine VI
3361:
3356:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3328:Theodosius III
3325:
3320:
3315:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3273:Constantine IV
3270:
3265:
3253:
3248:
3242:
3240:
3230:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3222:
3217:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3137:
3135:
3131:Eastern Empire
3127:
3126:
3124:
3123:
3116:
3111:
3104:
3097:
3092:
3085:
3080:
3073:
3066:
3061:
3054:
3049:
3042:
3026:
3020:
3018:
3014:Western Empire
3007:
3006:
2999:
2987:Magnus Maximus
2983:
2981:Valentinian II
2978:
2973:
2968:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2934:
2927:
2920:
2915:
2913:Constantius II
2910:
2908:Constantine II
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2847:
2845:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2776:
2771:
2763:
2758:
2740:
2728:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2685:
2683:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2607:Antoninus Pius
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2533:
2531:
2530:27 BC – AD 235
2523:
2522:
2512:
2510:
2509:
2502:
2495:
2487:
2479:
2478:
2473:
2470:
2460:
2455:
2451:
2450:
2446:
2445:
2440:
2437:
2421:
2416:
2412:
2411:
2410:Regnal titles
2407:
2406:
2386:
2383:
2378:
2377:
2372:
2365:
2364:External links
2362:
2361:
2360:
2346:
2326:
2320:
2298:
2284:
2278:
2265:
2259:
2243:
2223:
2194:
2177:
2162:
2151:
2145:
2127:
2121:
2108:
2102:
2084:, ed. (1991).
2078:
2072:
2056:
2051:978-1138556430
2050:
2034:
1989:
1977:
1971:
1963:Dumbarton Oaks
1954:
1940:Chisholm, Hugh
1923:
1917:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1894:
1887:
1869:
1862:
1845:
1843:, p. 210.
1833:
1817:
1800:
1771:
1753:
1740:
1728:
1724:Kaldellis 2017
1716:
1704:
1702:, p. 119.
1689:
1685:Kaldellis 2017
1677:
1665:
1663:, p. 117.
1650:
1646:Treadgold 1997
1638:
1626:
1624:, p. 948.
1622:Treadgold 1997
1614:
1602:
1600:, p. 242.
1590:
1578:
1574:Kaldellis 2017
1566:
1559:
1543:Dumbarton Oaks
1535:Leo the Deacon
1523:
1511:
1507:Treadgold 1997
1499:
1495:Kaldellis 2017
1487:
1480:
1460:
1456:Kaldellis 2017
1448:
1444:Kaldellis 2017
1433:
1431:, p. 961.
1421:
1417:Treadgold 1997
1409:
1397:
1385:
1383:, p. 495.
1381:Treadgold 1997
1373:
1361:
1343:
1331:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1304:
1299:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1287:
1277:
1274:Byzantium 00AD
1270:
1260:
1245:
1242:
1219:-class frigate
1207:
1206:Modern honours
1204:
1193:
1188:
1171:
1168:
1160:Leo the Deacon
1156:
1155:
1133:Pope John XIII
1118:
1115:
1101:
1098:
1090:John Skylitzes
1076:
1073:
1053:Medieval Greek
1049:On Skirmishing
1016:Byzantine army
980:
977:
888:Maarrat Misrin
740:Main article:
737:
734:
648:Fatimid Sicily
609:
606:
604:
601:
563:Joseph Bringas
522:
519:
515:Naja al-Kasaki
471:
468:
452:Constantinople
440:Joseph Bringas
404:Main article:
401:
398:
362:Anatolic Theme
357:
354:
351:
350:
345:
339:
338:
335:
329:
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119:Constantinople
114:
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97:
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89:
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83:
79:
78:
73:
69:
68:
63:
59:
58:
52:
51:
41:
33:
32:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3977:
3976:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3944:Phokas family
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
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3446:
3444:
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3438:
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3432:
3431:Theodora (II)
3429:
3426:
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3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3409:
3408:
3403:
3400:
3397:
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3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3352:
3346:
3345:
3341:
3339:
3338:Constantine V
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3323:Anastasius II
3321:
3319:
3316:
3313:
3312:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
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3172:
3169:
3167:
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3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
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3149:
3147:
3146:Theodosius II
3144:
3142:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3122:
3121:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3109:
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3098:
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3019:
3015:
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3005:
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3000:
2997:
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2995:
2989:
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2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2966:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2954:Valentinian I
2952:
2950:
2947:
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2935:
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2928:
2926:
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2876:Constantine I
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2866:Constantius I
2864:
2862:
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2368:
2367:
2363:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2343:
2338:
2337:
2331:
2330:Whittow, Mark
2327:
2323:
2321:0-8047-2630-2
2317:
2313:
2309:
2308:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2294:
2289:
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2275:
2271:
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2256:
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2248:
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2237:
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2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2163:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2142:
2138:
2137:
2132:
2131:Kennedy, Hugh
2128:
2124:
2118:
2114:
2109:
2105:
2103:0-19-504652-8
2099:
2095:
2094:
2088:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1990:
1983:
1978:
1974:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1955:
1951:
1950:
1945:
1941:
1936:
1935:public domain
1924:
1920:
1914:
1910:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1898:
1890:
1884:
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1873:
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1837:
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1796:
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1778:
1774:
1768:
1764:
1757:
1754:
1750:
1744:
1741:
1737:
1732:
1729:
1726:, p. 52.
1725:
1720:
1717:
1713:
1708:
1705:
1701:
1696:
1694:
1690:
1687:, p. 50.
1686:
1681:
1678:
1674:
1669:
1666:
1662:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1642:
1639:
1635:
1630:
1627:
1623:
1618:
1615:
1611:
1606:
1603:
1599:
1594:
1591:
1587:
1582:
1579:
1576:, p. 56.
1575:
1570:
1567:
1562:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1530:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1515:
1512:
1508:
1503:
1500:
1497:, p. 41.
1496:
1491:
1488:
1483:
1477:
1473:
1472:
1464:
1461:
1458:, p. 49.
1457:
1452:
1449:
1446:, p. 39.
1445:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1425:
1422:
1418:
1413:
1410:
1407:, p. 65.
1406:
1401:
1398:
1394:
1389:
1386:
1382:
1377:
1374:
1370:
1365:
1362:
1357:
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1307:
1303:
1300:
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1254:
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1249:
1243:
1241:
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1235:
1231:
1227:
1225:
1220:
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1213:
1212:Hellenic Navy
1205:
1203:
1201:
1200:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1169:
1167:
1163:
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1143:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1129:
1124:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1094:Bardas Phokas
1091:
1087:
1082:
1075:Assassination
1074:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1045:
1039:
1037:
1033:
1028:
1026:
1017:
1012:
1008:
1006:
1002:
998:
990:
985:
978:
973:
969:
964:
960:
958:
954:
950:
946:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
869:
866:to besiege a
865:
860:
856:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
805:
801:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
749:
743:
735:
733:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
682:
680:
676:
675:Manuel Phokas
672:
668:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
640:
638:
634:
630:
626:
618:
614:
607:
602:
600:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
577:Bardas Phokas
573:
568:
564:
557:in summer 963
556:
551:
547:
545:
541:
537:
534:his two sons
533:
529:
520:
518:
516:
512:
509:
505:
501:
497:
496:ibn al-Zayyat
493:
492:Sayf al-Dawla
489:
485:
481:
477:
469:
467:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
417:
412:
407:
399:
397:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
374:Bardas Phokas
371:
367:
363:
355:
349:
346:
344:
340:
336:
334:
330:
326:
324:
320:
317:
314:
310:
305:
301:
297:
292:
287:
279:
274:
271:
269:
265:
261:
260:
255:
251:
247:
246:Bardas Phokas
243:
242:Phokas family
235:
233:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
202:
198:
195:
184:
176:
172:
164:
163:Bardas Phokas
161:
157:
154:
151:
149:
145:
142:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
120:
115:
111:
108:
98:
94:
90:
87:
84:
80:
77:
74:
70:
64:
60:
57:
53:
49:
45:
39:
34:
31:
30:
25:
20:
3761:Andronikos V
3759:
3742:
3690:
3658:
3636:
3624:
3607:
3601:
3595:
3583:
3577:
3503:
3490:
3484:
3478:
3451:
3434:
3422:
3405:
3393:
3387:
3374:Nikephoros I
3349:
3348:
3342:
3309:
3306:Justinian II
3301:Tiberius III
3291:Justinian II
3282:
3276:
3259:
3211:
3183:Anastasius I
3174:
3118:
3114:Julius Nepos
3106:
3099:
3087:
3075:
3068:
3056:
3044:
3035:
3034:
3028:
3001:
2992:
2991:
2985:
2976:Theodosius I
2963:
2936:
2929:
2922:
2893:Maximinus II
2880:
2782:
2765:
2752:
2746:
2734:
2722:
2655:
2617:Lucius Verus
2466:of the East
2462:
2432:
2423:
2401:
2394:
2387:
2335:
2306:
2292:
2269:
2250:
2202:
2198:
2189:
2185:
2172:
2135:
2112:
2091:
2063:
2041:
1997:
1993:
1958:
1947:
1907:
1878:
1872:
1853:
1848:
1841:Norwich 1991
1836:
1827:
1820:
1812:
1808:
1803:
1765:. New York.
1762:
1756:
1748:
1743:
1736:McMahon 2016
1731:
1719:
1712:Fattori 2013
1707:
1700:Fattori 2013
1680:
1673:Fattori 2013
1668:
1661:Fattori 2013
1641:
1634:Kennedy 2004
1629:
1617:
1605:
1593:
1581:
1569:
1538:
1519:Whittow 1996
1514:
1502:
1490:
1470:
1463:
1451:
1429:Norwich 1991
1424:
1412:
1405:McMahon 2021
1400:
1393:Norwich 1991
1388:
1376:
1369:Kazhdan 1991
1364:
1346:
1341:, p. 9.
1339:Whittow 1996
1334:
1325:
1315:
1283:
1273:
1266:
1256:
1247:
1229:
1223:
1216:
1209:
1197:
1195:
1190:
1173:
1164:
1157:
1146:
1126:
1120:
1078:
1048:
1042:
1040:
1029:
1021:
993:
957:took Antioch
949:Alexandretta
884:Martyropolis
873:
810:
751:
736:Eastern Wars
694:Roman Empire
683:
641:
622:
608:Western Wars
581:Hagia Sophia
560:
524:
473:
421:
359:
257:
239:
196:
182:
170:
169:
27:
3874:910s births
3820:(1224–1242)
3814:(1204–1461)
3603:Konstantios
3480:Christopher
3453:Constantine
3443:Michael III
3424:Constantine
3407:Constantine
3389:Theophylact
3318:Philippicus
3268:Constans II
3193:Justinian I
3089:Severus III
3037:Constans II
2791:Claudius II
2767:Silbannacus
2714:Gordian III
2689:Maximinus I
2657:Diadumenian
1545:. pp.
1537:(c. 1000).
1170:Descendants
1069:Mount Athos
1065:Great Lavra
1001:monasteries
841:Wadi Butnan
837:Barbalissos
798:cataphracts
629:Kievan Rus'
555:Golden Gate
380:and by the
327:December 11
72:Predecessor
3879:969 deaths
3868:Categories
3597:Andronikos
3585:Nikephoros
3534:Michael IV
3499:Romanos II
3419:Theophilos
3414:Michael II
3395:Staurakios
3379:Staurakios
3351:Nikephoros
3344:Artabasdos
3256:Heraclonas
3213:Theodosius
3171:Basiliscus
2931:Nepotianus
2924:Magnentius
2918:Constans I
2871:Severus II
2851:Diocletian
2796:Quintillus
2761:Aemilianus
2754:Volusianus
2699:Gordian II
2664:Elagabalus
2527:Principate
2418:Romanos II
2356:1050969602
1944:Nicephorus
1918:9004117415
1781:1041501028
1598:Brett 2001
1308:References
1036:Nika riots
829:Hierapolis
790:Leo Phokas
778:Mopsuestia
764:recovered
728:and enter
625:Bulgarians
617:Histamenon
593:Polyeuctus
585:Leo Phokas
464:Hippodrome
428:Leo Phokas
424:Romanos II
333:Attributes
268:Cappadocia
250:Leo Phokas
248:, brother
190: 912
107:Cappadocia
103: 912
76:Romanos II
3839:Classical
3824:Empresses
3808:(286–296)
3802:(267–273)
3796:(260–274)
3539:Michael V
3465:Alexander
3278:Heraclius
3246:Heraclius
3198:Justin II
3108:Glycerius
3095:Anthemius
2965:Procopius
2903:Martinian
2882:Maxentius
2811:Florianus
2784:Saloninus
2779:Gallienus
2748:Hostilian
2724:Philip II
2694:Gordian I
2642:Caracalla
2577:Vespasian
2572:Vitellius
2469:954– 963
2234:(Vol. 1)
2219:235676141
2205:(1): 65.
2030:162596738
2014:0066-1546
1789:cite book
1356:Chapter 2
1217:Kortenaer
1032:Justinian
924:Antarados
904:Epiphania
870:fortress.
864:trebuchet
792:invested
770:Anazarbos
528:Theophano
480:Anazarbos
378:Hamdanids
343:Patronage
226:sobriquet
194:Latinized
141:Theophano
82:Successor
3834:Usurpers
3829:Augustae
3787:See also
3692:Nicholas
3514:Basil II
3311:Tiberius
3296:Leontius
3284:Tiberius
3261:Tiberius
3239:610–1453
3234:Eastern/
3188:Justin I
3141:Arcadius
3101:Olybrius
3083:Majorian
3024:Honorius
3003:Eugenius
2938:Vetranio
2888:Licinius
2861:Galerius
2856:Maximian
2841:Dominate
2831:Numerian
2801:Aurelian
2774:Valerian
2719:Philip I
2709:Balbinus
2704:Pupienus
2652:Macrinus
2627:Pertinax
2622:Commodus
2587:Domitian
2552:Claudius
2547:Caligula
2542:Tiberius
2537:Augustus
2434:Basil II
2332:(1996).
2304:(1997).
2249:(1991).
2192:: 22–33.
2133:(2023).
2062:(2017).
2040:(2020).
2022:20455416
1291:See also
989:Basil II
936:Laodicea
928:Maraclea
896:Capharda
868:Hamdanid
813:Samosata
710:Calabria
656:Taormina
637:Basil II
536:Basil II
526:Empress
500:Caesarea
382:Abbasids
264:Maleinoi
230:Saracens
220:and the
3844:Eastern
3744:Matthew
3638:Alexios
3486:Stephen
3448:Basil I
3333:Leo III
3208:Maurice
3151:Marcian
3134:395–610
3058:Joannes
3017:395–480
2971:Gratian
2844:284–610
2826:Carinus
2806:Tacitus
2682:235–285
2602:Hadrian
2168:Φωκάδες
1937::
1899:Sources
1539:History
1328:: 5–10.
1284:Theosis
1142:Otto II
1125:in his
997:ascetic
972:Antioch
940:Antioch
916:Tripoli
912:Orontes
910:in the
900:Larissa
845:Chalcis
825:Nisibis
730:Salerno
714:Cassano
667:caliphs
664:Fatimid
660:Rometta
476:Cilicia
462:in the
460:ovation
456:triumph
448:Chandax
436:marines
432:oarsmen
206:Cilicia
148:Dynasty
3606:&
3582:&
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3460:Leo VI
3436:Thekla
3392:&
3359:Leo IV
3281:&
3220:Phocas
3176:Marcus
3161:Leo II
3077:Avitus
2994:Victor
2959:Valens
2949:Jovian
2944:Julian
2816:Probus
2751:&
2731:Decius
2679:Crisis
2597:Trajan
2431:With:
2400:
2397:c. 912
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2020:
2012:
1969:
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1860:
1779:
1769:
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1478:
1137:Otto I
1100:Legacy
1025:Shahid
945:Pagrae
932:Gabala
794:Tarsus
786:Cyprus
766:Cyprus
718:Bovino
702:Apulia
690:Otto I
644:Sicily
633:Magyar
567:eunuch
565:, the
544:regent
488:Aleppo
484:Tarsus
390:Adata.
386:Aleppo
222:Levant
214:Cyprus
199:, was
159:Father
153:Phokas
137:Spouse
125:Burial
86:John I
48:Venice
3402:Leo V
3369:Irene
3156:Leo I
2821:Carus
2592:Nerva
2582:Titus
2562:Galba
2514:Roman
2402:Died:
2395:Born:
2215:S2CID
2026:S2CID
2018:JSTOR
1985:(PDF)
1226:F-466
908:Emesa
880:Arzen
876:Taron
853:Artah
849:Tizin
817:Amida
774:Adana
758:Syria
726:Capua
686:Egypt
603:Reign
323:Feast
278:Saint
210:Crete
175:Greek
62:Reign
3758:(w.
3741:(w.
3689:(w.
3660:John
3657:(w.
3635:(w.
3623:(w.
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2557:Nero
2516:and
2352:OCLC
2342:ISBN
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2255:ISBN
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2228:ISBN
2155:ISBN
2141:ISBN
2117:ISBN
2098:ISBN
2068:ISBN
2046:ISBN
2010:ISSN
1967:ISBN
1913:ISBN
1883:ISBN
1858:ISBN
1795:link
1777:OCLC
1767:ISBN
1586:PmbZ
1555:ISBN
1476:ISBN
1088:and
1014:The
920:Arca
906:and
892:Arra
882:and
851:and
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772:and
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706:Bari
673:and
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