78:
470:, Twitter bots were estimated to create approximately 24% of tweets on Twitter. According to the company, there were 20 million, fewer than 5%, of accounts on Twitter that were fraudulent in 2013. In 2013, two Italian researchers calculated 10 percent of total accounts on Twitter were "bots" although other estimates have placed the figure even higher. One significant academic study in 2017 estimated that up to 15% of Twitter users were automated bot accounts. A 2020 estimate puts the figure at 15% of all accounts or around 48 million accounts.
294:
483:
the
ScienceDirect Journal. Looking at the Computers as Social Actors (CASA) paradigm, the journal notes, "people exhibit remarkable social reactions to computers and other media, treating them as if they were real people or real places." The study concluded that Twitter bots were viewed as credible and competent in communication and interaction making them suitable for transmitting information in the social media sphere. Whether posts are perceived to be generated by humans or bots depends on partisanship, a 2023 study found.
495:
124:
216:
have come under scrutiny for possibly engaging in the buying and selling of
Twitter followers, which is estimated to be between a $ 40 million and $ 360 million business annually. Account sellers may charge a premium for more realistic accounts that have Twitter profile pictures and bios and retweet
482:
The prevalence of
Twitter bots coupled with the ability of some bots to give seemingly human responses has enabled these non-human accounts to garner widespread influence. The social implications these Twitter bots potentially have on human perception are sizeable according to a study published by
473:
A 2023 MIT study found that third-party tools used to detect bots may not be as accurate as they are trained on data being collected in simplistic ways, and each tweet in these training sets then manually labeled by people as a bot or a human. Already in 2019 German researchers scrutinized studies
195:
The majority of
Twitter accounts following public figures and brands are often fake or inactive, making the number of Twitter followers a celebrity has a difficult metric for gauging popularity. While this cannot always be helped, some public figures who have gained or lost huge quantities of
429:@MetaphorMagnet is an AI bot that generates metaphorical insights using its knowledge-base of stereotypical properties and norms. A companion bot @MetaphorMirror pairs these metaphors to news tweets. Another companion bot, @BestOfBotWorlds, uses metaphor to generate faux-religious insights.
373:@DroptheIBot tweets the message, "People aren't illegal. Try saying 'undocumented immigrant' or 'unauthorized immigrant' instead" to Twitter users who have sent a tweet containing the phrase "illegal immigrant". It was created by American Fusion.net journalists Jorge Rivas and Patrick Hogan.
43:
software may autonomously perform actions such as tweeting, retweeting, liking, following, unfollowing, or direct messaging other accounts. The automation of
Twitter accounts is governed by a set of automation rules that outline proper and improper uses of automation. Proper usage includes
264:
used artificial intelligence to identify
Twitter bots. He found that humans reply to other tweets four or five times more than bots and that bots continue to post longer tweets over time. Bots also post at more regular time gaps, for example, tweeting at 30-minute or 60-minute intervals.
217:
the accounts they follow. In addition to an ego boost, public figures may gain more lucrative endorsement contracts from inflated
Twitter metrics. For brands, however, the translation of online buzz and social media followers into sales has recently come under question after
63:
Twitter's policies do allow non-abusive bots, such as those created as a benign hobby or for artistic purposes, or posting helpful information, although price changes introduced to the previously free API service in June 2023 resulted in many such accounts closing.
93:
Many non-malicious bots are popular for their entertainment value. However, as technology and the creativity of bot-makers improves, so does the potential for
Twitter bots that fill social needs. @tinycarebot is a Twitter bot that encourages followers to practice
167:
were found to be created automatically using bots originating from Turkey. It is reported that 108,000 bot accounts were bulk tweeting to push 19,000 keywords to top trends in Turkey, to promote slogans such as political campaigns related to the
44:
broadcasting helpful information, automatically generating interesting or creative content, and automatically replying to users via direct message. Improper usage includes circumventing API rate limits, violating user privacy, spamming, and
454:@tinycarebot promotes simple self care actions to its followers, such as remembering to look up from your screens, taking a break to go outside, and drink more water. It will also send a self care suggestion if you tweet directly at it.
1194:
154:
automated account and out-tweeted pro-Clinton bots 7:1 on relevant hashtags during the final debate. Deceiving
Twitter bots fooled candidates and campaign staffers into retweeting misappropriated quotes and accounts affiliated with
1544:
278:
argued that classifying a
Twitter account as bot or not may not be always possible because hackers take over human accounts and use them as bots temporarily or permanently and in parallel to the owner of the account in some cases.
2962:
Spence, P.R.; Shelton, Ashleigh; Edwards, Chad; Edwards, Autumn (2013). "Is that a bot running the social media feed? Testing the differences in perceptions of communication quality for a human agent and a bot agent on Twitter".
765:
1052:
457:@DisinfoNews Disinformation News Aggregator automatically retweets tweets that shares news articles or scientific work related to disinformation, bots or trolls from experts relevant to those topics.
1606:
1445:
1204:
2451:
2079:
1536:
2848:
actually, this source does not seem to support neither the claim of "prevalence" nor the "widespread" influence; Jay Hathaway merely portrays one amusing example of a troll-baiting tool:
1237:
2330:
118:
1478:
305:@Betelgeuse_3 sends at-replies in response to tweets that include the phrase, "Beetlejuice, beetlejuice, beetlejuice". The tweets are sent in the voice of the lead character from the
1508:
86:
2113:
1580:
1727:
388:@factbot1 was created by Eric Drass to illustrate what he believed to be a prevalent problem: that of people on the internet believing unsupported facts which accompany pictures.
2751:
2304:
474:
that were using Botswatch and Botometer, dismissing them as fundamentally flawed and concluded that (unlike spam accounts) there is no evidence that "social bots" even exist.
2146:
2474:
2687:
2656:
2532:
1259:
363:
798:
391:@fuckeveryword was tweeting every word in the English language preceded by "fuck", but Twitter suspended it midway through operation because the account tweeted "fuck
2948:
2247:
828:
1632:
761:
2208:
1313:
1044:
966:
1975:
735:
1696:
3028:
1291:
2277:
109:
In June 2023, Twitter began charging $ 100 per month for basic access to its API, resulting in many entertainment bots being suspended or taken down.
2459:
1848:
1602:
1435:
1409:
Elmas, Tuğrulcan; Overdorf, Rebekah; Özkalay, Ahmed Furkan; Aberer, Karl (2021). "Ephemeral Astroturfing Attacks: The Case of Fake Twitter Trends".
143:
1343:
2083:
854:
2802:
271:
has developed a free service called Botometer (formerly BotOrNot), which scores Twitter handles based on their likelihood of being a Twitterbot.
239:
In a 2012 paper, Chu et al. propose the following criteria that indicate that an account may be a bot (they were designing an automated system):
3006:
2891:
2860:
1227:
2326:
1792:
992:
351:
1468:
401:
was a bot that gained a following among people who found its tweets poetic. It has inspired various _ebooks-suffixed Twitter bots which use
2718:
1500:
2824:
2105:
1896:
Davis, Clayton A.; Onur Varol; Emilio Ferrara; Alessandro Flammini; Filippo Menczer (2016). "BotOrNot: A System to Evaluate Social Bots".
1572:
2922:
1929:
Chu, Zi; Gianvecchio, Steven; Wang, Haining; Jajodia, Sushil (December 6, 2010). "Who is tweeting on Twitter: Human, bot, or cyborg?".
1719:
1105:
2566:
2300:
1022:
367:
196:
followers in short periods of time have been accused of discreetly paying for Twitter followers. For example, the Twitter accounts of
2741:
1946:
409:) to create new tweets by mashing up the tweets of their owner. It went inactive following a brief promotion for Bear Stearns Bravo.
261:
2136:
2497:
2425:
1750:
940:
77:
2536:
2482:
2056:
322:
2773:
Rodrıguez-Ruiz, Jorge; Mata-Sanchez, Javier Israel; Monroy, Raul; Loyola-Gonzalez, Octavio; Ĺopez-Cuevas, Armando (April 2020).
2648:
2177:
2679:
180:
1266:
268:
1997:
Elmas, Tuğrulcan; Overdorf, Rebekah; Aberer, Karl (2022). "Characterizing Retweet Bots: The Case of Black Market Accounts".
2625:
2505:. ICCC-2015: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Computational Creativity. Park City, Utah. Archived from
788:
907:
376:@everyword has tweeted every word of the English language. It started in 2007 and tweeted every thirty minutes until 2014.
2231:
820:
548:
2883:
2200:
882:
704:
169:
128:
1628:
1309:
962:
406:
233:. Following a test period, Twitter rolled out labels to identify bot accounts and automated tweets in February 2022.
2990:
1127:
Shao, Chengcheng; Giovanni Luca Ciampaglia; Onur Varol; Kaicheng Yang; Alessandro Flammini; Filippo Menczer (2018).
395:". @fckeveryword was created by someone else after the suspension to resurrect the task, which it completed in 2020.
437:
423:
301:
There are many different types of Twitter bots and their purposes vary from one to another. Some examples include:
1971:
727:
2837:
1658:
347:
2360:
221:
disclosed that a corporate study revealed that social media buzz does not create a spike in short term sales.
2592:
2269:
142:. A subset of Twitter bots programmed to complete social tasks played an important role in the United States
293:
135:
1874:
3033:
1812:
1473:
318:
325:
IP addresses, respectively. @CongressEdits was suspended in 2018 while @parliamentedits is still running.
1335:
218:
45:
2394:
1195:"As Twitter moves to purge fake accounts, conservatives say they are being targeted - The Boston Globe"
850:
2774:
494:
2918:
1824:
1150:
508:
102:. One anti-bullying organization has created @TheNiceBot, which attempts to combat the prevalence of
2850:
876:
339:@DearAssistant sends auto-reply tweets responding to complex queries in simple English by utilizing
655:
613:
2794:
2024:
2006:
1952:
1901:
1840:
1688:
1670:
1414:
1388:
1140:
1097:
988:
793:
671:
667:
629:
625:
579:
441:
412:@infinite_scream tweets and auto-replies a 2–39 character scream. At least partially inspired by
381:
2710:
333:
134:
Concerns about political Twitter bots include the promulgation of malicious content, increased
2942:
2239:
1942:
1788:
1285:
1176:
571:
433:
1657:
Ferrara, Emilio; Varol, Onur; Davis, Clayton; Menczer, Filippo; Flammini, Alessandro (2015).
1501:"Justin Bieber, Katy Perry, Rihanna, Taylor Swift and Lady Gaga: Who's faking it on Twitter?"
253:
The ratio of tweets from mobile versus desktop, as compared to an average human Twitter user.
2972:
2786:
2709:
Varol, Onur; Emilio Ferrara; Clayton A. Davis; Filippo Menczer; Alessandro Flammini (2017).
2016:
1934:
1911:
1832:
1780:
1680:
1378:
1199:
1166:
1158:
1087:
1075:
663:
621:
563:
283:
2558:
1014:
175:
In November 2022, Chinese bots coordinately flooded Twitter with garbage information (e.g.
1440:
500:
448:
385:
uses a word for the first time. It was created by artist and engineer Max Bittker in 2017.
176:
151:
1828:
1154:
762:"Dear Assistant: A Twitter bot that uses Wolfram Alpha to answer your burning questions"
123:
2914:
2506:
2417:
1779:. Communications in Computer and Information Science. Vol. 625. pp. 450–460.
1367:"Perceived Popularity and Online Political Dissent: Evidence from Twitter in Venezuela"
1336:"Um, Did Kellyanne Conway Just Tweet a Hidden Neo-Nazi Message To a White Nationalist?"
1171:
1128:
932:
257:
247:
164:
82:
57:
2452:"This Twitter Account Reacts To The Bad News In Your Timeline With an Infinite Scream"
1836:
89:
anonymously from IP addresses within the ranges assigned to the United States Congress
3022:
3011:
2855:
2798:
2169:
2046:
2028:
1844:
1392:
675:
633:
398:
340:
329:
314:
209:
1101:
317:
and @parliamentedits posts whenever someone makes edits to Knowledge (XXG) from the
2825:"Study finds bot detection software isn't as accurate as it seems | MIT Sloan"
1956:
1692:
1232:
413:
402:
355:
230:
147:
28:
2387:"How I Found the Human Being Behind Horse_ebooks, The Internet's Favorite Spambot"
583:
328:@DBZNappa replied with "WHAT!? NINE THOUSAND?" to anyone on Twitter that used the
1784:
451:
in response to Twitter posts mentioning "socialist", "communist", or "communism".
229:
It is sometimes desirable to identify when a Twitter account is controlled by an
2382:
307:
201:
103:
2790:
2615:
1162:
2976:
2327:"The bot that tweeted "fuck" in front of every word was doomed from the start"
2020:
587:
490:
418:
197:
40:
2243:
1383:
1366:
1045:"Anti-bullying bot built to say nice things to 300 million people on Twitter"
696:
575:
2838:
https://background.tagesspiegel.de/digitalisierung/the-social-bot-fairy-tale
2711:"Online Human-Bot Interactions: Detection, Estimation, and Characterization"
1938:
1915:
549:"Detecting Automation of Twitter Accounts: Are You a Human, Bot, or Cyborg?"
160:
139:
95:
1180:
1092:
1076:"Social bots distort the 2016 U.S. Presidential election online discussion"
1775:
Dewangan, Madhuri (2016). "SocialBot: Behavioral Analysis and Detection".
1469:"Chinese Bots Inundate Twitter With Pornographic Spam Amid COVID Protests"
2620:
2051:
567:
53:
2499:
Game of Tropes: Exploring the Placebo Effect in Computational Creativity
1999:
Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media
1931:
Proceedings of the 26th Annual Computer Security Applications Conference
1720:"Twitter testing new labels to identify 'Good Bots' accounts and tweets"
2934:
2137:"Drumpf Twitterbot learns to imitate Trump via deep-learning algorithm"
2080:"Congressional IP Address Blocked from Making Edits to Knowledge (XXG)"
525:
467:
392:
213:
205:
184:
159:
Twitter bots have also been documented to influence online politics in
99:
32:
2533:"Weird Internets: The Amazing Found-on-Twitter Sonnets of Pentametron"
963:"12 Weird, Excellent Twitter Bots Chosen by Twitter's Best Bot-Makers"
2851:"This Twitter bot tricks angry trolls into arguing with it for hours"
2746:
2390:
1537:"Researchers Call Out Twitter Celebrities With Suspicious Followings"
547:
Chu, Zi; Gianvecchio, Steven; Wang, Haining; Jajodia, Sushil (2012).
519:
513:
359:
236:
Detecting non-human Twitter users has been of interest to academics.
156:
49:
2170:"The Twitter bot that 'corrects' people who say 'illegal immigrant'"
1684:
2352:
2011:
1906:
1419:
1145:
358:'s speech patterns. It received its namesake from the term 'Donald
336:." The account began in 2011, and was eventually suspended in 2015.
2775:"A one-class classification approach for bot detection on Twitter"
2588:
1675:
292:
122:
76:
2475:"15 Totally Legit Ways To Deal When All You Want To Do Is Scream"
1436:"Chinese bots flood Twitter in attempt to obscure Covid protests"
2301:"Twitter Bot Pranks Gullible People with Hilariously Fake Facts"
2141:
1751:"Twitter officially launches labels to identify the 'good bots'"
908:"Twitter API changes crush @PossumEveryHour and other good bots"
275:
2715:
Proc. International AAAI Conf. on Web and Social Media (ICWSM)
98:, and brands are increasingly using automated Twitter bots to
36:
2386:
1603:"Buzzkill: Coca-Cola Finds No Sales Lift from Online Chatter"
1310:"How We Fooled Donald Trump Into Retweeting Benito Mussolini"
127:
Twitter bots posting similar pro-Clinton messages during the
1573:"Fake Twitter Followers Become Multimillion-Dollar Business"
2232:"When The Times First Says It, This Twitter Bot Tracks It"
179:
ads) so as to distract the users' attention away from the
284:
Author profiling § Author profiling and the Internet
1870:
119:
Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections
1629:"Coca-Cola Says Social Media Buzz Does Not Boost Sales"
1074:
Bessi, Alessandro; Ferrara, Emilio (November 3, 2016).
1129:"The spread of low-credibility content by social bots"
444:, and retweets them as couplets into followers' feeds.
422:, it attracted attention from those distressed by the
2559:"This Self-Care Bot Makes Twitter a Healthier Place"
1467:
BRZESKI, PATRICK; RAHMAN, ABID (November 28, 2022).
1015:"This Self-Care Bot Makes Twitter a Healthier Place"
556:
IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing
2680:"Why fake Twitter accounts are a political problem"
1652:
1650:
1411:
6th IEEE European Symposium on Security and Privacy
1228:"Have Twitter Bots Infiltrated the 2016 Election?"
989:"50 Innovative Ways Brands Use Chatbots - TOPBOTS"
432:@Pentametron finds tweets incidentally written in
1434:Davidson, Helen; Milmo, Dan (November 28, 2022).
85:Twitter bot posted when Knowledge (XXG) articles
2616:"Twitter Zombies: 24% of Tweets Created by Bots"
1404:
1402:
789:"10 Twitter Bot Services to Simplify Your Life"
2106:"The 8 best Twitter bots you aren't following"
16:Type of software bot that uses the Twitter API
2047:"Don't Block These 10 Hilarious Twitter Bots"
728:"12 weird and wonderful Twitter Retweet Bots"
183:. These bots, disguised as attractive girls,
8:
2168:Judah, Sam; Ajala, Hannah (August 3, 2015).
668:10.1287/ee25ecbf-2e8b-4a02-b9c6-c7fb0396fe69
626:10.1287/ee25ecbf-2e8b-4a02-b9c6-c7fb0396fe69
2947:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2649:"Twitter Admits 5% Of Its 'Users' Are Fake"
2445:
2443:
2040:
2038:
1371:The International Journal of Press/Politics
1303:
1301:
2010:
1905:
1674:
1418:
1382:
1170:
1144:
1091:
246:Whether the tweet content contains known
150:bots generated four tweets for every pro-
106:by automatically tweeting kind messages.
100:engage with customers in interactive ways
1777:Security in Computing and Communications
243:"Periodic and regular timing" of tweets;
2333:from the original on September 17, 2021
1806:
1804:
1730:from the original on September 27, 2022
969:from the original on September 22, 2018
851:"Platform manipulation and spam policy"
536:
297:The "Hourly Cosmos" Twitter bot in 2020
48:. Twitter bots may be part of a larger
2940:
2754:from the original on February 12, 2019
2690:from the original on February 25, 2021
2628:from the original on September 6, 2018
2180:from the original on February 13, 2019
2059:from the original on November 18, 2018
1978:from the original on February 19, 2020
1718:Espósito, Filipe (September 9, 2021).
1583:from the original on December 21, 2018
1481:from the original on November 28, 2022
1448:from the original on November 28, 2022
1290:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1283:
1240:from the original on February 20, 2019
901:
899:
801:from the original on November 13, 2017
522: – Social media marketing website
447:@RedScareBot tweets in the persona of
2884:"A Twitter Bot Is Beating Trump Fans"
2863:from the original on October 19, 2018
2595:from the original on December 6, 2022
1972:"How to Spot a Social Bot on Twitter"
1970:arXiv, Emerging Technology from the.
1699:from the original on October 18, 2017
1566:
1564:
1562:
1547:from the original on November 9, 2018
1530:
1528:
1526:
943:from the original on January 14, 2019
885:from the original on December 5, 2017
707:from the original on December 5, 2017
542:
540:
7:
2721:from the original on August 28, 2018
2647:D'onfro, Jillian (October 4, 2013).
2569:from the original on October 5, 2018
2428:from the original on October 3, 2017
2230:Symonds, Alexandria (July 7, 2019).
2045:Christine Erickson (July 22, 2012).
1108:from the original on October 5, 2018
1025:from the original on October 5, 2018
755:
753:
738:from the original on August 10, 2018
2991:"Is There a Bot Behind That Tweet?"
2894:from the original on August 2, 2020
2458:. New York Observer. Archived from
2450:Adkins, Ariel (February 26, 2017).
2397:from the original on April 17, 2013
2363:from the original on March 15, 2022
2280:from the original on March 10, 2023
2250:from the original on March 10, 2023
2149:from the original on March 16, 2019
2005:. Atlanta, Georgia: AAAI: 171–182.
1635:from the original on April 21, 2019
1609:from the original on April 22, 2019
1535:Perlroth, Nicole (April 25, 2013).
1511:from the original on April 21, 2019
1308:Pareene, Alex (February 28, 2016).
995:from the original on April 25, 2019
768:from the original on April 20, 2019
760:Protalinski, Emil (March 8, 2013).
516: – Former social media company
440:, pairs them into couplets using a
2902:– via www.thedailybeast.com.
2805:from the original on June 17, 2022
2742:"The Invasion of the Twitter Bots"
2659:from the original on March 1, 2021
1749:Perez, Sarah (February 17, 2022).
1571:Perlroth, Nicole (April 5, 2013).
1316:from the original on June 27, 2016
1055:from the original on June 26, 2018
831:from the original on July 31, 2018
379:@nyt_first_said tweets every time
368:Last Week Tonight with John Oliver
14:
3029:Twitter services and applications
2925:from the original on May 25, 2021
2614:Cashmore, Pete (August 6, 2009).
2307:from the original on May 17, 2018
2211:from the original on July 1, 2014
2199:Dubbin, Rob (November 14, 2013).
2116:from the original on May 10, 2016
1898:Proc. WWW Developers Day Workshop
1877:from the original on May 26, 2020
1851:from the original on May 14, 2022
1813:"AI can root out bots on Twitter"
1346:from the original on May 17, 2017
857:from the original on May 31, 2022
726:Martin Bryant (August 11, 2009).
354:, that releases tweets imitating
262:University of Southern California
2078:Mosendz, Polly (July 24, 2014).
821:"Twitter spam is out of control"
493:
52:. They can be used to influence
2135:Bonnie Burton (March 4, 2016).
1226:McGill, Andrew (June 2, 2016).
933:"The best Twitter bots of 2015"
654:Uttam, Ankur (August 2, 2019).
612:Uttam, Ankur (August 2, 2019).
362:', popularized in the segment '
146:Researchers estimated that pro-
2882:Collins, Ben (June 15, 2016).
2473:Grant, Megan (February 2017).
2270:"Do You Speak New York Times?"
906:Binder, Matt (June 24, 2023).
787:David Daw (October 23, 2011).
1:
2915:"@andrewmcgill 👽 perhaps 😏"
1837:10.1016/S0262-4079(20)30851-4
466:In 2009, based on a study by
163:. In 2019, 20% of the global
1785:10.1007/978-981-10-2738-3_39
1116:– via firstmonday.org.
170:2019 Turkish local elections
129:2016 United States elections
2965:Computers in Human Behavior
2531:Max Read (April 30, 2012).
187:the major cities in China.
144:2016 Presidential Election.
3050:
2913:K.A. 42Σ (May 31, 2016).
2791:10.1016/j.cose.2020.101715
2201:"The Rise of Twitter Bots"
1163:10.1038/s41467-018-06930-7
438:CMU Pronouncing Dictionary
424:Presidency of Donald Trump
281:
116:
2977:10.1016/j.chb.2013.08.013
2418:"Cheap Bots, Done Quick!"
2021:10.1609/icwsm.v16i1.19282
1811:Lu, Donna (May 2, 2020).
1663:Communications of the ACM
1659:"The Rise of Social Bots"
1365:Morales, Juan S. (2020).
323:United Kingdom Parliament
2779:Computers & Security
2535:. Gawker. Archived from
2481:. Bustle. Archived from
1505:Music Business Worldwide
1384:10.1177/1940161219872942
348:recurrent neural network
35:account via the Twitter
27:) is a type of software
1959:– via dl.acm.org.
1939:10.1145/1920261.1920265
1933:. ACM. pp. 21–30.
1916:10.1145/2872518.2889302
138:, and the spreading of
2422:cheapbotsdonequick.com
1474:The Hollywood Reporter
1093:10.5210/fm.v21i11.7090
403:Markov text generators
319:United States Congress
298:
131:
90:
2462:on February 27, 2017.
2385:(February 23, 2012).
2353:"Fuck Every Word 2.0"
1342:. February 14, 2017.
1133:Nature Communications
764:. The Next Web, Inc.
296:
274:Recent research from
219:The Coca-Cola Company
126:
117:Further information:
80:
2827:. November 30, 2023.
2496:Veale, Tony (2015).
1507:. January 31, 2015.
991:. October 20, 2016.
965:. November 9, 2015.
881:, November 3, 2017,
568:10.1109/TDSC.2012.75
509:Anti-spam techniques
2859:. October 7, 2016.
2145:. CBS Interactive.
1829:2020NewSc.246...17L
1272:on November 9, 2016
1155:2018NatCo...9.4787S
827:. August 30, 2016.
701:Twitter Help Center
2678:Woollacott, Emma.
2512:on August 13, 2015
2485:on March 30, 2017.
2236:The New York Times
2112:. August 2, 2013.
697:"Automation rules"
442:rhyming dictionary
407:similar techniques
382:The New York Times
299:
269:Indiana University
157:incendiary ideals.
132:
91:
73:Positive influence
2539:on March 21, 2014
2276:. March 7, 2023.
2086:on March 28, 2016
1794:978-981-10-2737-6
1413:. Virtual: IEEE.
593:on March 28, 2018
434:iambic pentameter
346:@DeepDrumpf is a
3041:
2995:
2994:
2987:
2981:
2980:
2959:
2953:
2952:
2946:
2938:
2932:
2930:
2910:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2879:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2846:
2840:
2835:
2829:
2828:
2821:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2770:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2737:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2706:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2695:
2675:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2653:Business Insider
2644:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2611:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2585:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2528:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2511:
2504:
2493:
2487:
2486:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2447:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2379:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2349:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2296:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2132:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2082:. Archived from
2075:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2042:
2033:
2032:
2014:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1909:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1808:
1799:
1798:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1746:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1715:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1678:
1654:
1645:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1568:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1532:
1521:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1464:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1406:
1397:
1396:
1386:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1340:The Daily Banter
1332:
1326:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1305:
1296:
1295:
1289:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1271:
1265:. Archived from
1264:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1223:
1217:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1203:. Archived from
1200:The Boston Globe
1191:
1185:
1184:
1174:
1148:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1095:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1041:
1035:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1011:
1005:
1004:
1002:
1000:
985:
979:
978:
976:
974:
959:
953:
952:
950:
948:
929:
923:
922:
920:
918:
903:
894:
893:
892:
890:
878:Automation rules
873:
867:
866:
864:
862:
847:
841:
840:
838:
836:
817:
811:
810:
808:
806:
784:
778:
777:
775:
773:
757:
748:
747:
745:
743:
723:
717:
716:
714:
712:
693:
687:
686:
684:
682:
651:
645:
644:
642:
640:
609:
603:
602:
600:
598:
592:
586:. Archived from
553:
544:
503:
498:
497:
366:' from the show
31:that controls a
3049:
3048:
3044:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3039:
3038:
3019:
3018:
3003:
2998:
2989:
2988:
2984:
2961:
2960:
2956:
2939:
2928:
2926:
2912:
2911:
2907:
2897:
2895:
2888:The Daily Beast
2881:
2880:
2876:
2866:
2864:
2849:
2847:
2843:
2836:
2832:
2823:
2822:
2818:
2808:
2806:
2772:
2771:
2767:
2757:
2755:
2740:Hill, Kashmir.
2739:
2738:
2734:
2724:
2722:
2708:
2707:
2703:
2693:
2691:
2677:
2676:
2672:
2662:
2660:
2646:
2645:
2641:
2631:
2629:
2613:
2612:
2608:
2598:
2596:
2587:
2586:
2582:
2572:
2570:
2557:
2556:
2552:
2542:
2540:
2530:
2529:
2525:
2515:
2513:
2509:
2502:
2495:
2494:
2490:
2472:
2471:
2467:
2449:
2448:
2441:
2431:
2429:
2415:
2414:
2410:
2400:
2398:
2381:
2380:
2376:
2366:
2364:
2351:
2350:
2346:
2336:
2334:
2325:
2324:
2320:
2310:
2308:
2299:Farrier, John.
2298:
2297:
2293:
2283:
2281:
2268:
2267:
2263:
2253:
2251:
2229:
2228:
2224:
2214:
2212:
2198:
2197:
2193:
2183:
2181:
2167:
2166:
2162:
2152:
2150:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2119:
2117:
2104:
2103:
2099:
2089:
2087:
2077:
2076:
2072:
2062:
2060:
2044:
2043:
2036:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1981:
1979:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1949:
1928:
1927:
1923:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1880:
1878:
1869:
1868:
1864:
1854:
1852:
1810:
1809:
1802:
1795:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1759:
1757:
1748:
1747:
1743:
1733:
1731:
1717:
1716:
1712:
1702:
1700:
1685:10.1145/2818717
1656:
1655:
1648:
1638:
1636:
1627:
1626:
1622:
1612:
1610:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1586:
1584:
1570:
1569:
1560:
1550:
1548:
1534:
1533:
1524:
1514:
1512:
1499:
1498:
1494:
1484:
1482:
1466:
1465:
1461:
1451:
1449:
1441:TheGuardian.com
1433:
1432:
1428:
1408:
1407:
1400:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1349:
1347:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1319:
1317:
1307:
1306:
1299:
1282:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1262:
1260:"Archived copy"
1258:
1257:
1253:
1243:
1241:
1225:
1224:
1220:
1210:
1208:
1207:on July 9, 2018
1193:
1192:
1188:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1111:
1109:
1073:
1072:
1068:
1058:
1056:
1049:Telegraph.co.uk
1043:
1042:
1038:
1028:
1026:
1013:
1012:
1008:
998:
996:
987:
986:
982:
972:
970:
961:
960:
956:
946:
944:
931:
930:
926:
916:
914:
905:
904:
897:
888:
886:
875:
874:
870:
860:
858:
849:
848:
844:
834:
832:
819:
818:
814:
804:
802:
786:
785:
781:
771:
769:
759:
758:
751:
741:
739:
725:
724:
720:
710:
708:
695:
694:
690:
680:
678:
653:
652:
648:
638:
636:
611:
610:
606:
596:
594:
590:
551:
546:
545:
538:
534:
501:Internet portal
499:
492:
489:
480:
464:
449:Joseph McCarthy
291:
286:
227:
193:
177:online gambling
121:
115:
75:
70:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3047:
3045:
3037:
3036:
3031:
3021:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3002:
3001:External links
2999:
2997:
2996:
2982:
2954:
2905:
2874:
2841:
2830:
2816:
2765:
2732:
2701:
2670:
2639:
2606:
2580:
2550:
2523:
2488:
2465:
2439:
2408:
2374:
2344:
2318:
2291:
2274:The New Yorker
2261:
2222:
2205:The New Yorker
2191:
2160:
2127:
2110:Digital Trends
2097:
2070:
2034:
1989:
1962:
1947:
1921:
1888:
1862:
1800:
1793:
1767:
1741:
1710:
1646:
1620:
1594:
1558:
1522:
1492:
1459:
1426:
1398:
1357:
1327:
1297:
1251:
1218:
1186:
1119:
1066:
1036:
1006:
980:
954:
924:
895:
868:
853:. April 2022.
842:
812:
779:
749:
718:
688:
646:
604:
562:(6): 811–824.
535:
533:
530:
529:
528:
523:
517:
511:
505:
504:
488:
485:
479:
476:
463:
460:
459:
458:
455:
452:
445:
430:
427:
410:
396:
389:
386:
377:
374:
371:
344:
337:
326:
315:@CongressEdits
312:
290:
287:
258:Emilio Ferrara
255:
254:
251:
244:
226:
225:Identification
223:
192:
191:Fake followers
189:
165:Twitter trends
114:
111:
83:@congressedits
74:
71:
69:
66:
58:misinformation
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3046:
3035:
3034:Internet bots
3032:
3030:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3014:
3013:
3012:New Scientist
3008:
3005:
3004:
3000:
2992:
2986:
2983:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2958:
2955:
2950:
2944:
2936:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2909:
2906:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2878:
2875:
2862:
2858:
2857:
2856:The Daily Dot
2852:
2845:
2842:
2839:
2834:
2831:
2826:
2820:
2817:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2769:
2766:
2753:
2749:
2748:
2743:
2736:
2733:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2705:
2702:
2689:
2685:
2684:New Statesman
2681:
2674:
2671:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2643:
2640:
2627:
2623:
2622:
2617:
2610:
2607:
2594:
2590:
2589:"DisinfoNews"
2584:
2581:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2554:
2551:
2538:
2534:
2527:
2524:
2508:
2501:
2500:
2492:
2489:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2469:
2466:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2446:
2444:
2440:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2412:
2409:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2378:
2375:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2348:
2345:
2337:September 17,
2332:
2328:
2322:
2319:
2306:
2302:
2295:
2292:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2265:
2262:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2226:
2223:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2195:
2192:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2164:
2161:
2148:
2144:
2143:
2138:
2131:
2128:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2101:
2098:
2085:
2081:
2074:
2071:
2058:
2054:
2053:
2048:
2041:
2039:
2035:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1993:
1990:
1977:
1973:
1966:
1963:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1948:9781450301336
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1925:
1922:
1917:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1899:
1892:
1889:
1876:
1872:
1866:
1863:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1817:New Scientist
1814:
1807:
1805:
1801:
1796:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1771:
1768:
1756:
1752:
1745:
1742:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1714:
1711:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1669:(7): 96–104.
1668:
1664:
1660:
1653:
1651:
1647:
1634:
1630:
1624:
1621:
1608:
1604:
1598:
1595:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1523:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1496:
1493:
1480:
1476:
1475:
1470:
1463:
1460:
1447:
1443:
1442:
1437:
1430:
1427:
1421:
1416:
1412:
1405:
1403:
1399:
1394:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1361:
1358:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1331:
1328:
1315:
1311:
1304:
1302:
1298:
1293:
1287:
1268:
1261:
1255:
1252:
1239:
1235:
1234:
1229:
1222:
1219:
1206:
1202:
1201:
1196:
1190:
1187:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1123:
1120:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1070:
1067:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1040:
1037:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1010:
1007:
994:
990:
984:
981:
968:
964:
958:
955:
942:
938:
934:
928:
925:
913:
909:
902:
900:
896:
884:
880:
879:
872:
869:
856:
852:
846:
843:
830:
826:
822:
816:
813:
800:
796:
795:
790:
783:
780:
767:
763:
756:
754:
750:
737:
733:
729:
722:
719:
706:
702:
698:
692:
689:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
660:Authors group
657:
656:"Ankur Uttam"
650:
647:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
618:Authors group
615:
614:"Ankur Uttam"
608:
605:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
550:
543:
541:
537:
531:
527:
524:
521:
518:
515:
512:
510:
507:
506:
502:
496:
491:
486:
484:
477:
475:
471:
469:
461:
456:
453:
450:
446:
443:
439:
435:
431:
428:
426:and bad news.
425:
421:
420:
415:
411:
408:
404:
400:
399:@Horse ebooks
397:
394:
390:
387:
384:
383:
378:
375:
372:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
350:, created at
349:
345:
342:
341:Wolfram Alpha
338:
335:
331:
330:internet meme
327:
324:
320:
316:
313:
310:
309:
304:
303:
302:
295:
288:
285:
280:
277:
272:
270:
266:
263:
259:
252:
249:
245:
242:
241:
240:
237:
234:
232:
224:
222:
220:
215:
211:
210:Mercedes-Benz
207:
203:
199:
190:
188:
186:
182:
178:
173:
171:
166:
162:
158:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
130:
125:
120:
112:
110:
107:
105:
101:
97:
88:
84:
79:
72:
67:
65:
61:
59:
55:
51:
47:
46:sockpuppeting
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
3010:
2993:. June 2023.
2985:
2968:
2964:
2957:
2933:– via
2927:. Retrieved
2908:
2896:. Retrieved
2887:
2877:
2865:. Retrieved
2854:
2844:
2833:
2819:
2807:. Retrieved
2782:
2778:
2768:
2756:. Retrieved
2745:
2735:
2723:. Retrieved
2714:
2704:
2692:. Retrieved
2683:
2673:
2661:. Retrieved
2652:
2642:
2630:. Retrieved
2619:
2609:
2597:. Retrieved
2583:
2571:. Retrieved
2562:
2553:
2541:. Retrieved
2537:the original
2526:
2514:. Retrieved
2507:the original
2498:
2491:
2483:the original
2478:
2468:
2460:the original
2456:observer.com
2455:
2430:. Retrieved
2421:
2416:Reed, Nora.
2411:
2399:. Retrieved
2377:
2365:. Retrieved
2356:
2347:
2335:. Retrieved
2321:
2309:. Retrieved
2303:. NeatoCMS.
2294:
2282:. Retrieved
2273:
2264:
2252:. Retrieved
2235:
2225:
2213:. Retrieved
2204:
2194:
2182:. Retrieved
2173:
2163:
2151:. Retrieved
2140:
2130:
2118:. Retrieved
2109:
2100:
2088:. Retrieved
2084:the original
2073:
2063:December 28,
2061:. Retrieved
2050:
2002:
1998:
1992:
1980:. Retrieved
1965:
1930:
1924:
1897:
1891:
1879:. Retrieved
1865:
1853:. Retrieved
1823:(3280): 17.
1820:
1816:
1776:
1770:
1758:. Retrieved
1754:
1744:
1732:. Retrieved
1723:
1713:
1701:. Retrieved
1666:
1662:
1637:. Retrieved
1623:
1611:. Retrieved
1597:
1585:. Retrieved
1576:
1549:. Retrieved
1540:
1513:. Retrieved
1504:
1495:
1485:November 28,
1483:. Retrieved
1472:
1462:
1452:November 28,
1450:. Retrieved
1439:
1429:
1410:
1374:
1370:
1360:
1348:. Retrieved
1339:
1330:
1318:. Retrieved
1274:. Retrieved
1267:the original
1254:
1242:. Retrieved
1233:The Atlantic
1231:
1221:
1209:. Retrieved
1205:the original
1198:
1189:
1136:
1132:
1122:
1110:. Retrieved
1083:
1080:First Monday
1079:
1069:
1057:. Retrieved
1048:
1039:
1027:. Retrieved
1018:
1009:
997:. Retrieved
983:
973:February 21,
971:. Retrieved
957:
945:. Retrieved
936:
927:
915:. Retrieved
911:
887:, retrieved
877:
871:
859:. Retrieved
845:
833:. Retrieved
824:
815:
803:. Retrieved
792:
782:
770:. Retrieved
740:. Retrieved
731:
721:
709:. Retrieved
700:
691:
679:. Retrieved
659:
649:
637:. Retrieved
617:
607:
595:. Retrieved
588:the original
559:
555:
481:
472:
465:
417:
414:Edvard Munch
380:
364:Donald Trump
356:Donald Trump
306:
300:
273:
267:
256:
238:
235:
231:internet bot
228:
194:
174:
136:polarization
133:
108:
92:
62:
24:
20:
18:
3007:Brexit bots
2971:: 372–376.
2599:February 2,
2516:October 17,
2383:Adrian Chen
1871:"Botometer"
1139:(1): 4787.
308:Beetlejuice
202:Jared Polis
104:mean tweets
87:were edited
60:campaigns.
21:Twitter bot
3023:Categories
2785:: 101715.
2479:bustle.com
2012:2112.02366
1907:1602.00975
1755:TechCrunch
1420:1910.07783
1146:1707.07592
917:January 3,
532:References
462:Prevalence
436:using the
419:The Scream
282:See also:
204:(D-Colo),
198:Sean Combs
185:hashtagged
41:social bot
2867:April 18,
2799:212689495
2758:April 18,
2632:March 19,
2573:March 12,
2432:March 30,
2367:March 15,
2311:March 16,
2284:March 10,
2254:March 10,
2244:0362-4331
2184:August 3,
2090:August 1,
2029:244908788
1982:April 18,
1845:219071467
1676:1407.5225
1639:April 18,
1613:April 18,
1587:April 13,
1577:Bits Blog
1551:April 13,
1541:Bits Blog
1515:April 13,
1393:203053725
1350:April 18,
1320:April 18,
1276:April 18,
1244:April 18,
1112:April 18,
1059:April 13,
1029:March 12,
999:April 18,
835:April 22,
825:The Verge
772:August 1,
742:August 1,
711:April 22,
676:240598332
634:240598332
597:August 1,
576:1545-5971
334:over 9000
161:Venezuela
140:fake news
113:Political
96:self care
54:elections
2943:cite web
2929:April 8,
2923:Archived
2892:Archived
2861:Archived
2809:June 17,
2803:Archived
2752:Archived
2725:July 19,
2719:Archived
2694:June 16,
2688:Archived
2657:Archived
2626:Archived
2621:Mashable
2593:Archived
2567:Archived
2543:March 9,
2426:Archived
2395:Archived
2361:Archived
2331:Archived
2305:Archived
2278:Archived
2248:Archived
2215:March 9,
2209:Archived
2178:Archived
2174:BBC News
2153:March 4,
2147:Archived
2114:Archived
2057:Archived
2052:Mashable
1976:Archived
1881:July 19,
1875:Archived
1849:Archived
1728:Archived
1703:July 19,
1697:Archived
1633:Archived
1607:Archived
1581:Archived
1545:Archived
1509:Archived
1479:Archived
1446:Archived
1377:: 5–27.
1344:Archived
1314:Archived
1286:cite web
1238:Archived
1211:April 4,
1181:30459415
1106:Archived
1102:20990413
1053:Archived
1023:Archived
993:Archived
967:Archived
941:Archived
912:Mashable
883:archived
855:Archived
829:Archived
799:Archived
766:Archived
736:Archived
705:Archived
681:July 14,
639:July 14,
487:See also
332:phrase "
289:Examples
181:protests
2935:Twitter
2898:July 8,
2663:May 15,
2357:Twitter
2120:May 24,
1957:6494787
1855:May 14,
1825:Bibcode
1760:May 23,
1734:May 23,
1724:9to5Mac
1693:1914124
1172:6246561
1151:Bibcode
889:May 28,
861:May 28,
805:May 31,
794:PCWorld
526:Spambot
468:Sysomos
393:niggers
260:at the
214:50 Cent
206:PepsiCo
152:Clinton
56:and in
33:Twitter
2797:
2747:Forbes
2401:May 4,
2391:Gawker
2242:
2027:
1955:
1945:
1843:
1791:
1691:
1391:
1179:
1169:
1100:
1086:(11).
947:May 1,
937:Quartz
674:
632:
584:351844
582:
574:
520:Rantic
514:Devumi
478:Impact
360:Drumpf
212:, and
200:, Rep
50:botnet
39:. The
2919:Tweet
2795:S2CID
2510:(PDF)
2503:(PDF)
2025:S2CID
2007:arXiv
1953:S2CID
1902:arXiv
1841:S2CID
1689:S2CID
1671:arXiv
1415:arXiv
1389:S2CID
1270:(PDF)
1263:(PDF)
1141:arXiv
1098:S2CID
672:S2CID
630:S2CID
591:(PDF)
580:S2CID
552:(PDF)
311:film.
250:; and
148:Trump
68:Types
25:X bot
2949:link
2931:2022
2900:2018
2869:2017
2811:2022
2760:2017
2727:2018
2696:2014
2665:2014
2634:2014
2601:2023
2575:2017
2563:Time
2545:2016
2518:2015
2434:2017
2403:2012
2369:2022
2339:2021
2313:2014
2286:2023
2256:2023
2240:ISSN
2217:2014
2186:2015
2155:2016
2142:CNET
2122:2016
2092:2014
2065:2012
1984:2017
1943:ISBN
1883:2018
1857:2022
1789:ISBN
1762:2022
1736:2022
1705:2018
1641:2017
1615:2017
1589:2017
1553:2017
1517:2017
1487:2022
1454:2022
1352:2017
1322:2017
1292:link
1278:2017
1246:2017
1213:2018
1177:PMID
1114:2017
1061:2017
1031:2017
1019:Time
1001:2017
975:2020
949:2018
919:2024
891:2022
863:2022
837:2017
807:2012
774:2014
744:2014
713:2017
683:2023
641:2023
599:2014
572:ISSN
405:(or
321:and
276:EPFL
248:spam
81:The
23:(or
2973:doi
2921:).
2787:doi
2017:doi
1935:doi
1912:doi
1833:doi
1821:246
1781:doi
1681:doi
1379:doi
1167:PMC
1159:doi
1088:doi
732:TNW
664:doi
622:doi
564:doi
416:'s
352:MIT
37:API
29:bot
3025::
2969:33
2967:.
2945:}}
2941:{{
2890:.
2886:.
2853:.
2801:.
2793:.
2783:91
2781:.
2777:.
2750:.
2744:.
2717:.
2713:.
2686:.
2682:.
2655:.
2651:.
2624:.
2618:.
2591:.
2565:.
2561:.
2477:.
2454:.
2442:^
2424:.
2420:.
2393:.
2389:.
2359:.
2355:.
2329:.
2272:.
2246:.
2238:.
2234:.
2207:.
2203:.
2176:.
2172:.
2139:.
2108:.
2055:.
2049:.
2037:^
2023:.
2015:.
2003:16
2001:.
1974:.
1951:.
1941:.
1910:.
1900:.
1873:.
1847:.
1839:.
1831:.
1819:.
1815:.
1803:^
1787:.
1753:.
1726:.
1722:.
1695:.
1687:.
1679:.
1667:59
1665:.
1661:.
1649:^
1631:.
1605:.
1579:.
1575:.
1561:^
1543:.
1539:.
1525:^
1503:.
1477:.
1471:.
1444:.
1438:.
1401:^
1387:.
1375:25
1373:.
1369:.
1338:.
1312:.
1300:^
1288:}}
1284:{{
1236:.
1230:.
1197:.
1175:.
1165:.
1157:.
1149:.
1135:.
1131:.
1104:.
1096:.
1084:21
1082:.
1078:.
1051:.
1047:.
1021:.
1017:.
939:.
935:.
910:.
898:^
823:.
797:.
791:.
752:^
734:.
730:.
703:.
699:.
670:.
662:.
658:.
628:.
620:.
616:.
578:.
570:.
558:.
554:.
539:^
208:,
172:.
19:A
3015:)
3009:(
2979:.
2975::
2951:)
2937:.
2917:(
2871:.
2813:.
2789::
2762:.
2729:.
2698:.
2667:.
2636:.
2603:.
2577:.
2547:.
2520:.
2436:.
2405:.
2371:.
2341:.
2315:.
2288:.
2258:.
2219:.
2188:.
2157:.
2124:.
2094:.
2067:.
2031:.
2019::
2009::
1986:.
1937::
1918:.
1914::
1904::
1885:.
1859:.
1835::
1827::
1797:.
1783::
1764:.
1738:.
1707:.
1683::
1673::
1643:.
1617:.
1591:.
1555:.
1519:.
1489:.
1456:.
1423:.
1417::
1395:.
1381::
1354:.
1324:.
1294:)
1280:.
1248:.
1215:.
1183:.
1161::
1153::
1143::
1137:9
1090::
1063:.
1033:.
1003:.
977:.
951:.
921:.
865:.
839:.
809:.
776:.
746:.
715:.
685:.
666::
643:.
624::
601:.
566::
560:9
370:.
343:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
