547:'s parent company) planned to hire 10,000 to provide additional security to their platforms; this would include combatting the rising number of bots and malicious posts on the platforms. Due to increased security on the platform and the detection methods used by Instagram, some botting companies are reporting issues with their services because Instagram imposes interaction limit thresholds based on past and current app usage, and many payment and email platforms deny the companies access to their services, preventing potential clients from being able to purchase them.
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32:
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Twitter's bot problem is caused by the ease of creating and maintaining them. The ease of creating the account as and the many APIs that allow for complete automation of the accounts are leading to excessive amounts of organizations and individuals using these tools to push their own needs. CNBC
535:
reached a billion active monthly users in June 2018, but of those 1 billion active users, it was estimated that up to 10% were being run by automated social bots. While malicious propaganda posting bots are still popular, many individual users use engagement bots to propel themselves to a false
461:
Social bots are always becoming increasingly difficult to detect and understand. The bots' human-like behavior, ever-changing behavior of the bots, and the sheer volume of bots covering every platform may have been a factor in the challenges of removing them. Social media sites, like
318:
Bots have coexisted with computer technology since its creation. Social bots have therefore risen in popularity simultaneously with the rise of social media. Social bots, besides being able to (re-)produce or reuse messages autonomously, also share many traits with
323:
concerning their tendency to infiltrate large user groups. Artificial Social
Networking Intelligence (ASNI) refers to the application of artificial intelligence within social networking services and social media platforms. ASNI is expected to evolve rapidly.
514:
used
Twitter to amplify its Islamic content by numerous orchestrated accounts which further pushed an item to the Hot List news, thus further amplifying the selected news to a larger audience. This mode of synchronized bots accounts can be used as a tool of
482:
accounts that post nonsensical content, which may get reposted (retweeted) by the bots. However, bots evolve quickly, and detection methods have to be updated constantly, because otherwise they may get useless after a few years. One method is the use of
477:
that checks the activity of a
Twitter account and gives it a score based on how likely the account is to be a bot. The system leverages over a thousand features. An active method for detecting early spam bots was to set up
562:
claimed that about 15% of the 319 million
Twitter users in 2017 were bots; the exact number is 48 million. As of July 7, 2022, Twitter is claiming that they remove 1 million spam bots from their platform every day.
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allows for real accounts (individuals or organizations) to use certain levels of bot automation on their accounts and even encourages the use of them to improve user experiences and interactions.
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Some bots are used to automate scheduled tweets, download videos, set reminders and send warnings of natural disasters. Those are examples of bot accounts, but
Twitter's
354:
available. Social media platforms have also developed their own automated tools to filter out messages that come from bots, although they cannot detect all bot messages.
3251:
2814:
2366:
1137:
Mazza, Michele; Stefano Cresci; Marco
Avvenuti; Walter Quattrociocchi; Maurizio Tesconi (2019). "RTbust: Exploiting Temporal Patterns for Botnet Detection on Twitter".
2709:
1236:
Zago, Mattia; Nespoli, Pantaleone; Papamartzivanos, Dimitrios; Perez, Manuel Gil; Marmol, Felix Gomez; Kambourakis, Georgios; Perez, Gregorio
Martinez (August 2019).
3800:
380:. Some social bots have manipulated public opinions (especially in a political sense), stock market manipulation, advertisements, and the malicious extortion of
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for predicting the frequency distribution of significant leading digits to detect malicious bots online. This study was first introduced at the
3925:
2764:
2417:
1802:
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3244:
2698:
1777:
1528:
732:
154:
1328:
Davis, Clayton A.; Onur Varol; Emilio
Ferrara; Alessandro Flammini; Filippo Menczer (2016). "BotOrNot: A System to Evaluate Social Bots".
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virality, making them seem more popular on the app. These engagement bots can like, watch, follow, and comment on the users' posts.
190:
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in 2020. Another method is artificial-intelligence-driven detection. Some of the sub-categories of this type of detection would be
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and elsewhere have also been observed. Using social bots is against the terms of service of many platforms, such as
Twitter and
264:
To offer affordable customer service agents or automatic responses to frequently asked questions on social media platforms like
3027:
2356:
2324:
1385:
Social bots are sending a significant amount of information through the
Twittersphere. Now there's a tool to help identify them
350:. Even for social media platforms that restrict social bots, a certain degree of automation is intended by making social media
1731:
3930:
3037:
3010:
2947:
2466:
1397:
Grimme, Christian; Preuss, Mike; Adam, Lena; Trautmann, Heike (2017). "Social Bots: Human-Like by Means of Human Control?".
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3397:
3042:
2797:
2704:
2076:
1908:
362:
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229:) it distributes can be simple and operate in groups and various configurations with partial human control (hybrid) via
372:, it is unclear how legal regulation can be enforced. Social bots are expected to play a role in the future shaping of
150:
146:
3703:
3358:
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3154:
3149:
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2381:
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1991:
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1764:. Republic and Canton of Geneva, CHE: International World Wide Web Conferences Steering Committee. pp. 781–782.
91:
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1950:
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Due to the difficulty of recognizing social bots and separating them from "eligible" automation via social media
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3742:
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3169:
2983:
2851:
1980:
1089:
451:
404:. To unambiguously detect social bots as what they are, a variety of criteria must be applied together using
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3285:
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2017:
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83:
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capacities to post messages. Later developments have succeeded in imprinting more "human" activity and
1451:
924:
Ferrara, Emilio; Varol, Onur; Davis, Clayton; Menczer, Filippo; Flammini, Alessandro (June 24, 2016).
580:
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1970:
1783:
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677:
307:
1762:
Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on World Wide Web Companion - WWW '17 Companion
1362:
141:
may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience
1657:
1171:"How to Find and Remove Fake Followers from Twitter and Instagram : Social Media Examiner"
3715:
3675:
3628:
3447:
3429:
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1987:
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628:
405:
1088:
Ferrara, Emilio; Varol, Onur; Davis, Clayton; Menczer, Filippo; Flammini, Alessandro (2016).
392:
The first generation of bots could sometimes be distinguished from real users by their often
3737:
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3390:
3307:
2344:
2319:
2168:
2136:
2061:
1765:
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1575:
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1471:
1463:
1416:
1361:
Varol, Onur; Emilio Ferrara; Clayton A. Davis; Filippo Menczer; Alessandro Flammini (2017).
1343:
1249:
1197:
1152:
1111:
1070:
1027:
947:
747:
484:
331:
238:
1452:"Feature selection using Benford's law to support detection of malicious social media bots"
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2339:
2151:
910:
712:
614:
586:
274:
95:
51:
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2195:
1975:
1965:
1928:
1924:
1005:
782:
772:
737:
600:
419:
381:
373:
218:
983:"Supervised Machine Learning Bot Detection Techniques to Identify Social Twitter Bots"
608:
3899:
3785:
3732:
3660:
3501:
3312:
3174:
3132:
2522:
2126:
2066:
1642:
1493:
1269:
1219:
890:"The New War of Ideas: Counterterrorism Lessons for the Digital Disinformation Fight"
757:
692:
511:
470:
reporting up to 48 million of the 319 million users (roughly 15%) were bots in 2017.
291:
1893:
1787:
1595:
1538:
1436:
1047:
3879:
3867:
3568:
3343:
2774:
2668:
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1828:
1123:
967:
832:
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401:
222:
17:
1074:
3643:
3573:
3402:
3280:
3067:
2547:
2532:
2376:
2091:
2042:
2012:
1186:"Classification of social media users with generalized functional data analysis"
827:
802:
762:
556:
539:
Around the same time, the platform achieved the 1 billion monthly user plateau.
474:
400:
in the agent. With enough bots, it might be even possible to achieve artificial
257:, or boost social media engagement. Messages with similar content can influence
1553:
1508:
1237:
1202:
1185:
3847:
3605:
3385:
3370:
3363:
3264:
3194:
2680:
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2096:
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1610:
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792:
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576:
516:
393:
327:
1634:
1626:
1587:
1485:
1261:
1211:
1039:
959:
310:, a term that refers to the selling of an account on social media platforms.
3538:
3472:
3439:
3189:
3179:
2898:
2589:
2111:
2027:
2002:
1997:
1769:
1363:"Online Human-Bot Interactions: Detection, Estimation, and Characterization"
1347:
1156:
817:
722:
532:
438:
339:
230:
153:
any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against
1428:
889:
3229:
1757:
1609:
Sela, Alon; Milo, Orit; Kagan, Eugene; Ben-Gal, Irad (November 15, 2019).
1420:
510:
Some operations of bots work together in a synchronized way. For example,
3872:
3494:
3412:
3214:
3204:
3100:
2929:
1509:"Trending Topics on Twitter Improve the Prediction of Google Hot Queries"
1006:"Unpacking the Social Media Bot: A Typology to Guide Research and Policy"
544:
540:
335:
287:
284:
3832:
3638:
3467:
2759:
2630:
2049:
2022:
1960:
1238:"Screening Out Social Bots Interference: Are There Any Silver Bullets?"
1184:
Weishampel, Anthony; Staicu, Ana-Maria; Rand, William (March 1, 2023).
837:
672:
463:
412:
347:
320:
265:
226:
1476:
981:
Efthimion, Phillip; Payne, Scott; Proferes, Nicholas (July 20, 2018).
3199:
1139:
In Proceedings of the 10th ACM Conference on Web Science (WebSci '19)
1031:
697:
687:
343:
1115:
951:
1658:"Instagram hits 1 billion monthly users, up from 800M in September"
1570:
1411:
1338:
1147:
1022:
2993:
1756:
Gilani, Zafar; Farahbakhsh, Reza; Crowcroft, Jon (April 3, 2017).
1682:
1507:
Giummole, Federica; Orlando, Salvatore; Tolomei, Gabriele (2013).
1290:"As many as 48 million Twitter accounts aren't people, says study"
1106:
1067:
International Symposium on Security in Computing and Communication
942:
925:
356:
2894:
Media censorship and disinformation during the Gezi Park protests
2106:
1881:
467:
3233:
3121:
2487:
2308:
2242:
1939:
1897:
1803:"Twitter says it removes over 1 million spam accounts each day"
1367:
Proc. International AAAI Conf. on Web and Social Media (ICWSM)
566:
369:
351:
258:
125:
66:
25:
342:, although it is allowed to some degree by others, such as
253:
To persuade people, e.g. to advertise a product, support a
1888:
What is a Social Media Bot? | Social Media Bot Definition
1829:"10 Best Twitter Bots You Should Follow in 2022 - TechPP"
1683:"Instagram Promotion Service (Real Marketing) – UseViral"
1314:
1854:"Twitter's automation development rules | Twitter Help"
418:
sometimes also random real user pictures are captured (
1732:"Instagram Bots in 2021 — Everything You Need To Know"
2291:
After Truth: Disinformation and the Cost of Fake News
1450:
Mbona, Innocent; Eloff, Jan H. P. (January 1, 2022).
3160:
Countering Foreign Propaganda and Disinformation Act
1554:"The rise of Jihadist propaganda on social networks"
241:
to express messages in more natural human dialogue.
3778:
3684:
3599:
3438:
3326:
3088:
3076:
2961:
2907:
2881:
2869:
2783:
2730:
2718:
2687:
2675:
2663:
2651:
2639:
2608:
2582:
2570:
2510:
2498:
2400:
330:are already well-known examples, but corresponding
2263:Dezinformatsia: Active Measures in Soviet Strategy
1611:"Improving information spread by spreading groups"
2815:Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine
2367:Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine
1513:2013 International Conference on Social Computing
457:analysis of the time series of social media posts
361:Twitter bots posting similar messages during the
298:Another example is that the bots can be used for
2710:Historical distortion regarding Ferdinand Marcos
1004:Gorwa, Robert; Guilbeault, Douglas (June 2020).
23:Software agent that communicates on social media
1552:Badawy, Adam; Ferrara, Emilio (April 3, 2018).
1063:"SocialBot: Behavioral Analysis and Detection"
3245:
3023:Election denial movement in the United States
1909:
1882:The Computational Propaganda Research Project
8:
1190:Computational Statistics & Data Analysis
94:. There might be a discussion about this on
3748:Political polarization in the United States
1061:Dewangan, Madhuri; Rishabh Kaushal (2016).
60:Learn how and when to remove these messages
3252:
3238:
3230:
3118:
2727:
2695:COVID-19 misinformation in the Philippines
2495:
2484:
2397:
2305:
2239:
1936:
1916:
1902:
1894:
1801:Dang, Sheila; Paul, Katie (July 7, 2022).
743:On the Internet, nobody knows you're a dog
473:Botometer (formerly BotOrNot) is a public
3801:Facebook–Cambridge Analytica data scandal
1569:
1475:
1410:
1337:
1201:
1146:
1105:
1021:
941:
191:Learn how and when to remove this message
173:Learn how and when to remove this message
114:Learn how and when to remove this message
3048:Mohamed Atta's alleged Prague connection
519:as well as stock markets manipulations.
2847:Russian Institute for Strategic Studies
1558:Journal of Computational Social Science
1383:. technologyreview.com. July 28, 2014.
855:
2974:Attempts to overturn the 2020 election
2765:Soviet influence on the peace movement
2362:Misinformation in the Israel–Hamas war
1283:
1281:
1279:
1231:
1229:
906:
895:
249:Some of the uses for social bots are:
3843:Psychological effects of Internet use
2699:ChinaAngVirus disinformation campaign
1381:"How to Spot a Social Bot on Twitter"
892:. Center for a New American Security.
733:Marketing and artificial intelligence
7:
3936:Internet manipulation and propaganda
1827:Azhar, Huzaifa (December 10, 2021).
466:, are among the most affected, with
376:by autonomously acting as incessant
3818:Digital media use and mental health
2969:1995 CIA disinformation controversy
2179:State-sponsored Internet propaganda
1288:Newberg, Michael (March 10, 2017).
2440:Misinformation related to abortion
1758:"Do Bots impact Twitter activity?"
1730:Morales, Eduardo (March 8, 2022).
443:variability in (re)posted messages
273:Simulating real success by having
221:that communicates autonomously on
155:Knowledge (XXG)'s inclusion policy
14:
3823:Effects of violence in mass media
3522:Smartphones and pedestrian safety
2657:Voluntary Agency Network of Korea
2270:The KGB and Soviet Disinformation
1705:"Instagram's Growing Bot Problem"
1330:Proc. WWW Developers Day Workshop
768:Search engine manipulation effect
41:This article has multiple issues.
3796:2021 Facebook company files leak
3517:Mobile phones and driving safety
3210:United States Information Agency
2489:Operations and events by country
1656:Constine, Josh (June 20, 2018).
868:www.akademische-gesellschaft.com
621:
607:
593:
579:
130:
71:
30:
3768:2020 U.S. presidential election
3763:2016 U.S. presidential election
2810:Information war against Ukraine
2357:International Jewish conspiracy
2325:Congo Free State propaganda war
408:techniques, some of which are:
280:Spamming or advertising things.
49:or discuss these issues on the
3038:Information Operations Roadmap
2948:Psychological Warfare Division
2518:Chinese information operations
2467:Water fluoridation controversy
864:"The influence of social bots"
1:
3926:Social information processing
3334:Betteridge's law of headlines
3145:Active Measures Working Group
2803:during the Russo-Georgian War
2770:U.S. Army Field Manual 30-31B
668:Belief–desire–intention model
507:, and correlation discovery.
3853:Social aspects of television
3753:Social media use in politics
3398:Missing white woman syndrome
3028:The Freedom Fighter's Manual
2705:Fake news in the Philippines
2077:Fear, uncertainty, and doubt
1242:IEEE Communications Magazine
1075:10.1007/978-981-10-2738-3_39
363:2016 United States elections
3359:Least objectionable program
3155:Counter Misinformation Team
3150:Counter disinformation unit
2600:Myth of the clean Wehrmacht
2087:Forgery as covert operation
233:. Social bots can also use
3952:
3699:Algorithmic radicalization
3165:The Disinformation Project
2595:Propaganda in Nazi Germany
1951:Algorithmic radicalization
1203:10.1016/j.csda.2022.107647
643:Algorithmic radicalization
554:
434:followers-to-friends ratio
304:algorithmic radicalization
15:
3813:Cultural impact of TikTok
3271:
3128:
3117:
3082:Bolivarian Army of Trolls
3058:Tobacco industry playbook
2989:CIA Kennedy assassination
2494:
2483:
2315:
2304:
2249:
2238:
2122:Manipulation (psychology)
1946:
1935:
1615:Online Information Review
1580:10.1007/s42001-018-0015-z
1521:10.1109/socialcom.2013.12
1468:10.1016/j.ins.2021.09.038
1254:10.1109/MCOM.2019.1800520
1094:Communications of the ACM
1090:"The Rise of Social Bots"
930:Communications of the ACM
926:"The rise of social bots"
798:Social media intelligence
3885:Violence and video games
3863:Social impact of YouTube
3743:Knowledge gap hypothesis
3666:Social-desirability bias
3559:Information–action ratio
3170:East StratCom Task Force
2984:9/11 conspiracy theories
1981:List of cognitive biases
1627:10.1108/oir-08-2018-0245
1515:. IEEE. pp. 39–44.
888:Frederick, Kara (2019).
415:figures as user pictures
16:Not to be confused with
3838:Mass shooting contagion
3286:Evolutionary psychology
3096:Public opinion brigades
3053:Niger uranium forgeries
3043:Litter boxes in schools
2413:COVID-19 misinformation
2335:Free energy suppression
2244:Books and documentaries
2018:Euphemistic misspeaking
1770:10.1145/3041021.3054255
1348:10.1145/2872518.2889302
1157:10.1145/3292522.3326015
987:SMU Data Science Review
235:artificial intelligence
3828:Fascination with death
3691:Political polarization
3619:Availability heuristic
3584:Television consumption
2842:2016 Brexit referendum
2191:Scientific fabrication
2102:Historical negationism
905:Cite journal requires
778:Social data revolution
489:University of Pretoria
365:
209:, also described as a
3931:Mass media monitoring
3791:Criticism of Facebook
3671:Social influence bias
3554:Information pollution
3544:Information explosion
3527:Texting while driving
3483:Low information voter
3381:Pink-slime journalism
3138:Fact-checking website
2943:Operation Mass Appeal
2925:Clockwork Orange plot
2435:Mental illness denial
2330:Climate change denial
2147:Psychological warfare
2117:Internet manipulation
2082:Firehose of falsehood
2008:Disinformation attack
1421:10.1089/big.2017.0044
1010:Policy & Internet
808:Sockpuppet (Internet)
788:Social influence bias
501:unsupervised learning
360:
225:. The messages (e.g.
3808:Criticism of Netflix
3614:Availability cascade
3549:Information overload
3458:Attention management
3453:Attention inequality
3349:Human-interest story
3291:Behavioral modernity
3276:Cognitive psychology
2277:Who's Who in the CIA
1884:University of Oxford
1456:Information Sciences
683:Dead Internet theory
663:Attention inequality
638:Algorithmic curation
431:sentiment expression
300:algorithmic curation
84:confusing or unclear
3721:Post-truth politics
3651:Mean world syndrome
2979:Conspiracy theories
2920:Double-Cross System
2889:Conspiracy theories
2750:Operation INFEKTION
2538:Internet Water Army
2392:Strategy of tension
2257:by Ion Mihai Pacepa
2142:Post-truth politics
843:Whispering campaign
753:Post-truth politics
505:supervised learning
497:feature engineering
398:behavioral patterns
92:clarify the article
3534:Influence-for-hire
3512:Media multitasking
3507:Human multitasking
3425:Tabloid television
3376:Media manipulation
2875:HIV/AIDS denialism
2852:Trolls from Olgino
2626:Paid news in India
2616:Fake news in India
2430:HIV/AIDS denialism
2284:Merchants of Doubt
2157:Military deception
2132:Media manipulation
1971:Circular reporting
823:Technoself studies
718:Influence-for-hire
678:Crowd manipulation
366:
308:influence-for-hire
255:political campaign
3893:
3892:
3716:Fake news website
3676:Spiral of silence
3629:Confirmation bias
3448:Attention economy
3430:Yellow journalism
3318:Social psychology
3227:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3113:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3063:Operation Shocker
2865:
2864:
2745:K-1000 battleship
2576:Operation Neptune
2479:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2300:
2299:
2234:
2233:
2226:Yellow journalism
2174:counterpropaganda
2055:List of fallacies
1988:Conspiracy theory
1956:Alternative facts
1779:978-1-4503-4914-7
1685:. August 15, 2021
1530:978-0-7695-5137-1
793:Social media bias
708:Fake news website
658:Asymmetric follow
648:Ambient awareness
629:Psychology portal
446:engagement rate (
428:temporal patterns
406:pattern detection
332:autonomous agents
201:
200:
193:
183:
182:
175:
124:
123:
116:
64:
3943:
3921:Social influence
3916:Public relations
3738:Knowledge divide
3634:Crowd psychology
3624:Bandwagon effect
3391:Public relations
3308:Media psychology
3254:
3247:
3240:
3231:
3119:
2938:MMR autism fraud
2821:On US elections
2755:Operation Toucan
2728:
2496:
2485:
2450:anti-vaccination
2398:
2345:Holocaust denial
2320:Bermuda Triangle
2306:
2240:
2169:black propaganda
2137:Potemkin village
2062:False accusation
2038:list of websites
1937:
1918:
1911:
1904:
1895:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1858:help.twitter.com
1850:
1844:
1843:
1841:
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1824:
1818:
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1647:
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1606:
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1447:
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1300:
1285:
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1273:
1233:
1224:
1223:
1205:
1181:
1175:
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1167:
1161:
1160:
1150:
1134:
1128:
1127:
1109:
1085:
1079:
1078:
1058:
1052:
1051:
1032:10.1002/poi3.184
1025:
1001:
995:
994:
978:
972:
971:
945:
921:
915:
914:
908:
903:
901:
893:
885:
879:
878:
876:
874:
860:
748:Online algorithm
631:
626:
625:
624:
617:
612:
611:
603:
598:
597:
589:
584:
583:
239:machine learning
215:social algorithm
196:
189:
178:
171:
167:
164:
158:
134:
133:
126:
119:
112:
108:
105:
99:
75:
74:
67:
56:
34:
33:
26:
3951:
3950:
3946:
3945:
3944:
3942:
3941:
3940:
3896:
3895:
3894:
3889:
3774:
3689:
3680:
3656:Negativity bias
3604:
3595:
3564:One weird trick
3478:Cognitive miser
3434:
3327:Media practices
3322:
3267:
3258:
3228:
3219:
3124:
3105:
3084:
3072:
2957:
2953:Zinoviev letter
2903:
2877:
2861:
2785:Post-Soviet era
2779:
2740:Active Measures
2723:
2714:
2683:
2671:
2659:
2647:
2635:
2604:
2578:
2566:
2506:
2504:Jihadunspun.com
2490:
2471:
2396:
2372:New World Order
2340:Genocide denial
2311:
2296:
2245:
2230:
2152:Memetic warfare
1942:
1931:
1922:
1878:
1873:
1872:
1862:
1860:
1852:
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1729:
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1724:
1714:
1712:
1711:. July 18, 2018
1709:The Information
1703:
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1698:
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1680:
1676:
1666:
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1655:
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1650:
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1501:
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1396:
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1391:
1379:
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1374:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1327:
1326:
1322:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1298:
1296:
1287:
1286:
1277:
1235:
1234:
1227:
1183:
1182:
1178:
1169:
1168:
1164:
1136:
1135:
1131:
1116:10.1145/2818717
1087:
1086:
1082:
1060:
1059:
1055:
1003:
1002:
998:
980:
979:
975:
952:10.1145/2818717
923:
922:
918:
904:
894:
887:
886:
882:
872:
870:
862:
861:
857:
852:
847:
713:Ghost followers
627:
622:
620:
615:Politics portal
613:
606:
599:
592:
587:Internet portal
585:
578:
575:
559:
553:
543:(Instagram and
530:
525:
493:active learning
390:
316:
247:
197:
186:
185:
184:
179:
168:
162:
159:
145:Please help by
144:
135:
131:
120:
109:
103:
100:
89:
76:
72:
35:
31:
24:
21:
12:
11:
5:
3949:
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3898:
3897:
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3855:
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3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3804:
3803:
3798:
3788:
3782:
3780:
3779:Related topics
3776:
3775:
3773:
3772:
3771:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3729:
3728:
3723:
3713:
3708:
3707:
3706:
3695:
3693:
3686:Digital divide
3682:
3681:
3679:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3647:
3646:
3641:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3610:
3608:
3601:Cognitive bias
3597:
3596:
3594:
3593:
3591:Sticky content
3588:
3587:
3586:
3581:
3579:Binge-watching
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3530:
3529:
3524:
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3504:
3499:
3498:
3497:
3490:Digital zombie
3487:
3486:
3485:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3463:Attention span
3460:
3455:
3450:
3444:
3442:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3416:
3415:
3408:Sensationalism
3405:
3400:
3395:
3394:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3373:
3368:
3367:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3354:Junk food news
3351:
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3336:
3330:
3328:
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3310:
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3078:
3074:
3073:
3071:
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3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3033:Habbush letter
3030:
3025:
3020:
3019:
3018:
3008:
3003:
3002:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2976:
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2959:
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2915:Bell Pottinger
2911:
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2908:United Kingdom
2905:
2904:
2902:
2901:
2896:
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2883:
2879:
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2757:
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2691:
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2637:
2636:
2634:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2612:
2610:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2586:
2584:
2580:
2579:
2574:
2572:
2571:Czechoslovakia
2568:
2567:
2565:
2564:
2557:
2552:
2551:
2550:
2545:
2543:PLA Unit 61398
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2514:
2512:
2508:
2507:
2502:
2500:
2492:
2491:
2488:
2481:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2469:
2464:
2463:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2421:
2420:
2418:by governments
2410:
2404:
2402:
2395:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
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2316:
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2309:
2302:
2301:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2294:
2287:
2280:
2273:
2266:
2259:
2255:Disinformation
2250:
2247:
2246:
2243:
2236:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2182:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2161:
2160:
2159:
2154:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2058:
2057:
2047:
2046:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1985:
1984:
1983:
1976:Cognitive bias
1973:
1968:
1966:Cherry picking
1963:
1958:
1953:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1940:
1933:
1932:
1929:misinformation
1925:Disinformation
1923:
1921:
1920:
1913:
1906:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1885:
1877:
1876:External links
1874:
1871:
1870:
1845:
1819:
1793:
1778:
1748:
1722:
1696:
1674:
1648:
1601:
1564:(2): 453–470.
1544:
1529:
1499:
1442:
1405:(4): 279–293.
1389:
1372:
1353:
1320:
1306:
1275:
1225:
1176:
1162:
1129:
1080:
1053:
1016:(2): 225–248.
996:
973:
916:
907:|journal=
880:
854:
853:
851:
848:
846:
845:
840:
835:
830:
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820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
795:
790:
785:
783:Social hacking
780:
775:
773:Smear campaign
770:
765:
760:
755:
750:
745:
740:
738:Messaging spam
735:
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695:
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680:
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633:
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604:
601:Society portal
590:
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555:Main article:
552:
549:
529:
526:
524:
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459:
458:
455:
444:
441:
435:
432:
429:
426:
425:reposting rate
423:
420:identity fraud
416:
389:
386:
382:spear-phishing
374:public opinion
315:
312:
296:
295:
281:
278:
275:fake followers
270:
269:
262:
259:fads or trends
246:
243:
219:software agent
199:
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39:
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10:
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4:
3:
2:
3948:
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3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3906:Internet bots
3904:
3903:
3901:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
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3811:
3809:
3806:
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3799:
3797:
3794:
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3787:
3786:Computer rage
3784:
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3777:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3758:United States
3756:
3755:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3733:Filter bubble
3731:
3727:
3726:United States
3724:
3722:
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3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3705:
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3694:
3692:
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3672:
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3667:
3664:
3662:
3661:Peer pressure
3659:
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3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3509:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3502:Doomscrolling
3500:
3496:
3493:
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3491:
3488:
3484:
3481:
3480:
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3474:
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3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3325:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3313:Media studies
3311:
3309:
3306:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3273:
3270:
3266:
3265:human factors
3262:
3255:
3250:
3248:
3243:
3241:
3236:
3235:
3232:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
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3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3175:FactCheck.org
3173:
3171:
3168:
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3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3134:
3133:Fact-checking
3131:
3130:
3127:
3120:
3116:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3087:
3083:
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3026:
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3021:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2962:United States
2960:
2954:
2951:
2949:
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2944:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
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2916:
2913:
2912:
2910:
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2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2880:
2876:
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2868:
2858:
2855:
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2738:
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2539:
2536:
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2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2523:50 Cent Party
2521:
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2519:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
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2209:
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2202:
2199:
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2167:
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2149:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2127:Media culture
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2067:False dilemma
2065:
2063:
2060:
2056:
2053:
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2051:
2048:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
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2030:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1989:
1986:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1945:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1919:
1914:
1912:
1907:
1905:
1900:
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1889:
1886:
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1859:
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1849:
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1834:
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1823:
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1808:
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1797:
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1763:
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1737:
1733:
1726:
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1710:
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1700:
1697:
1684:
1678:
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1659:
1652:
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1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
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1291:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1276:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1248:(8): 98–104.
1247:
1243:
1239:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1180:
1177:
1172:
1166:
1163:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1140:
1133:
1130:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1100:(7): 96–104.
1099:
1095:
1091:
1084:
1081:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1057:
1054:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1000:
997:
992:
988:
984:
977:
974:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
944:
939:
936:(7): 96–104.
935:
931:
927:
920:
917:
912:
899:
891:
884:
881:
869:
865:
859:
856:
849:
844:
841:
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836:
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789:
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784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
758:Radical trust
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
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709:
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704:
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699:
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693:Doomscrolling
691:
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518:
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508:
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494:
490:
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485:Benford's Law
481:
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293:
292:personal data
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148:
142:
139:This article
137:
128:
127:
118:
115:
107:
97:
96:the talk page
93:
87:
85:
80:This article
78:
69:
68:
63:
61:
54:
53:
48:
47:
42:
37:
28:
27:
19:
3911:Social media
3880:Technophobia
3868:Technophilia
3857:
3711:Echo chamber
3569:Rage farming
3344:Infotainment
2935:
2870:South Africa
2857:Web brigades
2793:Cyberwarfare
2775:Useful idiot
2724:Soviet Union
2669:Fintas Group
2561:Global Times
2559:
2528:cyberwarfare
2289:
2282:
2275:
2268:
2262:
2254:
2221:Whataboutism
2216:Urban legend
2200:
2186:Quote mining
1863:November 24,
1861:. Retrieved
1857:
1848:
1838:November 24,
1836:. Retrieved
1832:
1822:
1812:November 23,
1810:. Retrieved
1806:
1796:
1761:
1751:
1741:November 24,
1739:. Retrieved
1735:
1725:
1715:November 24,
1713:. Retrieved
1708:
1699:
1689:November 24,
1687:. Retrieved
1677:
1667:November 24,
1665:. Retrieved
1661:
1651:
1621:(1): 24–42.
1618:
1614:
1604:
1561:
1557:
1547:
1512:
1502:
1459:
1455:
1445:
1402:
1398:
1392:
1384:
1375:
1366:
1356:
1329:
1323:
1309:
1299:November 22,
1297:. Retrieved
1293:
1245:
1241:
1193:
1189:
1179:
1165:
1138:
1132:
1097:
1093:
1083:
1066:
1056:
1013:
1009:
999:
990:
986:
976:
933:
929:
919:
898:cite journal
883:
871:. Retrieved
867:
858:
833:Twitter bomb
813:Sybil attack
728:Internet bot
653:Astroturfing
564:
560:
538:
531:
509:
472:
460:
402:social proof
391:
367:
326:
317:
297:
248:
223:social media
214:
210:
206:
204:
202:
187:
169:
163:October 2023
160:
147:spinning off
140:
110:
104:October 2023
101:
90:Please help
81:
57:
50:
44:
43:Please help
40:
18:social robot
3644:Moral panic
3574:Screen time
3403:News values
3339:Gatekeeping
3281:Externality
3068:Yellow rain
2688:Philippines
2548:Spamouflage
2533:Little Pink
2387:Rothschilds
2377:Red mercury
2092:Gaslighting
2043:Lying press
2013:Doublespeak
1462:: 369–381.
1315:"Botometer"
828:Turing test
803:Social spam
763:Review bomb
557:Twitter bot
495:loop flow,
475:Web service
378:influencers
328:Twitterbots
3900:Categories
3858:Social bot
3848:Sealioning
3606:Conformity
3386:Propaganda
3371:Media bias
3364:Soft media
3195:PolitiFact
3123:Opposition
2999:Sandy Hook
2798:on Estonia
2732:Soviet era
2645:Team Jorge
2621:Godi-media
2382:Reptilians
2352:Illuminati
2211:Truthiness
2201:Social bot
2164:Propaganda
2097:Half-truth
2072:False flag
1890:Cloudflare
1833:techpp.com
1662:TechCrunch
1571:1702.02263
1477:2263/82899
1412:1706.07624
1339:1602.00975
1196:: 107647.
1148:1902.04506
1023:1801.06863
850:References
703:Egosurfing
517:propaganda
439:user names
437:length of
394:superhuman
384:attempts.
207:social bot
151:relocating
86:to readers
46:improve it
3539:Infodemic
3473:Clickbait
3440:Attention
3296:Cognition
3190:NewsGuard
3185:Logically
3180:Full Fact
3077:Venezuela
3011:Fake news
2899:AK Trolls
2590:Funkspiel
2112:Infodemic
2028:Fake news
2003:Denialism
1998:Deception
1643:211051143
1635:1468-4527
1588:2432-2717
1494:240508186
1486:0020-0255
1270:201623201
1262:1558-1896
1220:253359560
1212:0167-9473
1107:1407.5225
1040:1944-2866
960:0001-0782
943:1407.5225
818:Tay (bot)
723:Infodemic
533:Instagram
528:Instagram
523:Platforms
452:followers
388:Detection
340:Instagram
306:, and/or
290:or other
288:passwords
231:algorithm
211:social AI
52:talk page
3873:Neophile
3495:Phubbing
3413:Hot take
3301:Mismatch
3215:USAFacts
3205:StopFake
3101:Force 47
3006:COVID-19
2930:Euromyth
2681:Peñabots
2555:COVID-19
2460:COVID-19
2445:Vaccines
2310:Examples
2196:Smearing
1788:33003478
1596:13122114
1539:15657978
1437:10464463
1429:29235915
1399:Big Data
1048:51877148
873:March 1,
573:See also
545:WhatsApp
541:Facebook
480:honeypot
336:Facebook
321:spambots
3833:Griefer
3639:Mobbing
3468:Chumbox
3420:Spiking
3089:Vietnam
2760:Seat 12
2631:OpIndia
2583:Germany
2050:Fallacy
2023:Factoid
1961:Big lie
1807:Reuters
1124:1914124
968:1914124
838:Votebot
673:Chatbot
551:Twitter
464:Twitter
413:cartoon
348:Discord
314:History
266:Discord
217:, is a
82:may be
3200:Snopes
3016:online
2936:Lancet
2882:Turkey
2720:Russia
2676:Mexico
2664:Kuwait
2640:Israel
2499:Canada
2455:autism
2401:Health
2033:online
1786:
1776:
1736:Medium
1641:
1633:
1594:
1586:
1537:
1527:
1492:
1484:
1435:
1427:
1268:
1260:
1218:
1210:
1122:
1046:
1038:
966:
958:
698:Doxing
688:Devumi
344:Reddit
227:tweets
3704:Youth
3261:Media
2994:QAnon
2652:Korea
2609:India
2511:China
2425:Ebola
1941:Types
1784:S2CID
1639:S2CID
1592:S2CID
1566:arXiv
1535:S2CID
1490:S2CID
1433:S2CID
1407:arXiv
1334:arXiv
1266:S2CID
1216:S2CID
1143:arXiv
1120:S2CID
1102:arXiv
1044:S2CID
1018:arXiv
964:S2CID
938:arXiv
454:rate)
285:phish
3263:and
2835:2020
2830:2018
2825:2016
2206:Spin
2107:Hoax
1992:list
1927:and
1865:2022
1840:2022
1814:2022
1774:ISBN
1743:2022
1717:2022
1691:2022
1669:2022
1631:ISSN
1584:ISSN
1525:ISBN
1482:ISSN
1425:PMID
1301:2022
1294:CNBC
1258:ISSN
1208:ISSN
1036:ISSN
993:(2).
956:ISSN
911:help
875:2022
512:ISIS
468:CNBC
448:like
370:APIs
352:APIs
346:and
245:Uses
237:and
1766:doi
1623:doi
1576:doi
1517:doi
1472:hdl
1464:doi
1460:582
1417:doi
1344:doi
1250:doi
1198:doi
1194:179
1153:doi
1112:doi
1071:doi
1028:doi
948:doi
567:API
334:on
283:To
213:or
149:or
3902::
2408:5G
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1278:^
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1244:.
1240:.
1228:^
1214:.
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