17:
241:
fence", recommended to be 9 feet 6 inches (2.90 metres) tall. Beyond that, there is a steep earth counterscarp, the main function of which is to protect the palisade from artillery fire. Entanglements of barbed wire may be sited on the forward slope of the rampart and on the crest of the
154:; positions from which rifle or light artillery fire could be directed along the ditch. In the proposed new redoubts, all of this would be replaced by sloping earth banks, intended to maximise the effect of the defenders' rifles and minimise the effect of the attackers' artillery.
90:
breakout in
December. The reason for the effectiveness of the Turkish defences was attributed to two factors; firstly, the force of the Russian shells had been absorbed by the Turkish earthworks and secondly, the defenders had been armed with American
225:, built as low as possible; between 10 and 15 feet (3.0 and 4.6 metres) and not greater than 20 feet (6.1 metres) was recommended. From the crest of the rampart continuous gentle slope, ideally of a
43:
at the end of the 19th century. The sloping earthworks employed in the
Twydall Profile were intended to be quick and inexpensive to construct and to be effective in the face of the more powerful
181:. Sir Andrew reported that the full cost of the project was "...£6,000 as opposed to at least £45,000 for the old type ". The redoubts each had a central row of bomb-proof
343:
661:
174:
157:
In 1885, a pair of small forts were accordingly built by way of an experiment, designed to protect the eastern overland approaches to
Chatham, near the village of
177:, the Inspector-General of Fortifications, Woodlands Fort was built by a civilian contractor within a month, for the sum of £1,800. Grange Fort was built by the
138:
rather than large guns fixed in deep emplacements. Previous forts had relied on defence against an infantry attack using a deep ditch with steep walls, often
127:
597:
229:
of 1 in 10, falling to 15 or 20 feet (4.6 or 6.1 metres) below the original surface of the ground. At the foot of the slope is an unclimbable
106:
In the United
Kingdom, a huge investment had been made in the previous decades in a considerable number of large fortifications to defend the
374:
173:
and were intended to prove the effectiveness of the new system and how quickly and cheaply they could be constructed. Under the direction of
114:. Not only had many of these been designed to mount artillery which was now obsolete, but the intended defensive scheme for the dockyard at
575:
544:
455:
353:
416:
570:
539:
450:
72:
316:
242:
counterscarp. The frontal slope of the rampart, known as the "superior slope", was recommended ideally to be of a
214:
431:
213:
In the study of fortification, the term "profile" means the form of a defensive structure when viewed as a
312:
86:
assaults between July and
September 1877; the Russians finally took the town after defeating an attempted
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626:
566:
535:
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451:"Beacon Hill Fort: a late 19th and 20th century coastal artillery fortification (1018958)"
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of 1 in 10, which had been shown in tests to cause the majority of incoming shells to
197:, over which the infantry could fire their rifles. The shallow ditch was crossed by a
655:
289:
243:
226:
115:
29:
20:
A section through the ditch and rampart of a fortification using the
Twydall Profile.
118:
had never been completed. The solution devised and promoted by the forward-thinking
201:
at the rear; however, neither work had the barracks, fixed artillery emplacements,
151:
143:
185:
in which the infantry garrison could shelter and was surrounded by a low earthen
295:
598:"Heritage Advisory Committee - Statement of Significance: Fort Macaulay (p. 6)"
302:
198:
16:
142:
with stone, brick, or concrete, known as the scarp (facing outwards) and the
51:
ammunition being introduced at that time. The name comes from the village of
190:
182:
139:
79:
44:
540:"A London mobilisation centre known as the North Weald Redoubt (1018958)"
279:
247:
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205:, or caponiers that might have been expected in a fort of this period.
194:
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56:
367:
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571:"Fort Farningham: a London mobilisation centre (1019246)"
607:. Corporation of the Township of Esquimalt. 19 June 2013
67:
The design of the
Twydall Profile emerged following the
103:
formations before they had reached their objectives.
436:, The Royal Engineers Institute, Chatham (pp. 40-41)
146:(facing inwards). The fort was further protected by
130:, was for a smaller, less expensive type of fort or
221:. The Twydall Profile consists of a simple earthen
59:, where the first forts of this type were built.
418:Introductory Essay to the Study of Fortification
134:, which could be manned by infantry and mobile
8:
421:, Parker, Furnivall and Parker, London (p.3)
99:and had been able to break up the attacking
189:, on which field guns could be sited and a
335:
662:Fortification (architectural elements)
433:Notes on Land and Coast Fortification
7:
82:had successfully withstood repeated
576:National Heritage List for England
545:National Heritage List for England
456:National Heritage List for England
14:
75:. There, the hastily constructed
73:Russo-Turkish War of 1877 to 1878
369:, The Palmerston Forts Society,
325:: Isle of Wight, 1904–1906
636:. Victorian Forts and Artillery
516:. Victorian Forts and Artillery
507:"Steynewood High Angle Battery"
487:. Victorian Forts and Artillery
397:. Victorian Forts and Artillery
169:were collectively known as the
1:
430:Kenyon, Edward Ranulf (1894)
388:"Grange and Woodland Redoubt"
262:Woodland Redoubt: Kent, 1885
110:, collectively known as the
678:
317:Victoria, British Columbia
259:Grange Redoubt: Kent, 1885
237:, often referred to as a "
634:www.victorianforts.co.uk
514:www.victorianforts.co.uk
485:www.victorianforts.co.uk
415:Straith, Hector (1851),
395:www.victorianforts.co.uk
478:"Penlee Point Battery"
342:Lowry, Bernard (2008)
152:counterscarp galleries
128:George Sydenham Clarke
21:
627:"Culver Down Battery"
233:made of angled steel
19:
569:(7 September 2000).
538:(16 November 1998).
298:Redoubt: Essex, 1890
365:Dyer, Nick (2003),
266:Beacon Hill Battery
286:Steynewood Battery
124:Lieutenant-Colonel
22:
449:(14 March 2000).
375:978-0-9523634-6-0
319:, 1894–1897
292:, 1889–1894
193:or fire step and
175:Sir Andrew Clarke
163:Woodlands Redoubt
120:military engineer
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217:in the vertical
171:Twydall Redoubts
112:Palmerston Forts
97:repeating rifles
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179:Royal Engineers
136:field artillery
116:Chatham in Kent
108:naval dockyards
69:Siege of Plevna
65:
41:polygonal forts
28:was a style of
26:Twydall Profile
12:
11:
5:
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354:978-0747806516
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323:Culver Battery
320:
310:
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293:
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276:Penlee Battery
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167:Grange Redoubt
93:breech loading
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49:high explosive
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313:Fort Macaulay
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215:cross section
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30:fortification
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638:. Retrieved
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609:. Retrieved
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549:. Retrieved
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518:. Retrieved
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460:. Retrieved
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399:. Retrieved
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366:
361:
344:
338:
282:, 1889–1892.
212:
170:
156:
144:counterscarp
105:
66:
25:
23:
640:30 November
611:30 November
582:30 November
551:30 November
520:30 November
491:30 November
462:30 November
401:30 November
356:(pp. 91-92)
296:North Weald
250:on impact.
209:Description
71:during the
330:References
303:Farningham
199:drawbridge
80:fieldworks
203:magazines
191:banquette
183:casemates
148:caponiers
45:artillery
656:Category
280:Cornwall
254:Examples
248:ricochet
244:gradient
231:palisade
227:gradient
140:revetted
101:infantry
38:Imperial
32:used in
377:(p. 25)
235:palings
223:rampart
195:parapet
187:rampart
159:Twydall
132:redoubt
88:Turkish
84:Russian
77:Turkish
63:Origins
53:Twydall
34:British
373:
352:
309:, 1890
307:Surrey
272:, 1889
239:Dacoit
630:(PDF)
601:(PDF)
510:(PDF)
481:(PDF)
391:(PDF)
301:Fort
270:Essex
219:plane
642:2014
613:2014
584:2014
553:2014
522:2014
493:2014
464:2014
403:2014
371:ISBN
350:ISBN
165:and
150:and
126:Sir
95:and
57:Kent
47:and
36:and
24:The
55:in
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603:.
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405:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
