248:
the
Leonardo Villas-Boas Indigenous Post. By the 1980s, they had moved to the middle Xingu region, and currently administer the Pavuru Indigenous Post, as well as the Ronuro Vigilance Post, which is near their traditional land on the Jabotá river. From this post, they help defend the Xingu Park from illegal loggers and fishermen. The Ikpeng made an expedition in 2002 to the Jabotá River to collect medicinal plants and shells. They currently seek to regain this territory.
277:. The Carib language family comprises approximately 50 languages and is most commonly separated into regional language groups, such as Carib Central, Eastern, Northern etc. (Biblioteca Digital Curt Nimuendajú). Carib languages were first encountered in the seventeenth and eighteenth century by Europeans, however, the full spatiality of the language family was not uncovered until the nineteenth century when
312:
focuses on phonology and morphology. Cilene
Campetela concurrently with Pacheco has published articles on Ikpeng since 1997. In 1997 she released "Análise do sistema de marcação de caso nas orações independentes da língua Ikpeng", which focused on phonology and morphology. "Aspectos prosódicos da língua Ikpeng" by Campetela was then released in 2002 and exclusively analysed the prosodic aspects of Ikpeng.
247:
rivers and, when they were found malnourished and exposed to disease, they accepted resources and later relocation to the Xingu
National Park in 1967. The Ikpeng dispersed for a short time, with different family groups living in different parts of the park, but later regrouped in the early 1970s near
2012:
Lexicalized causatives are separate verbs in the sentences used to indicate increased valency. In Ikpeng, these are often verbs such a (in
English) 'to order'. These only happen in cases where the main verb is the causative (the ordering verb like 'to order,' or 'to do') and the action that is being
256:
In the 1990s, the Ikpeng began to elaborate an education system within their community. In 1994, Ikpeng teachers developed a form of writing with the help of linguists. This was done through the
Instituto Socioambiental's Teacher Training program, which has allowed Ikpeng children to learn their own
320:
with an accompanying lexicon database was conducted by Dr. Angela
Fabiola Alves Chagas with assistance from Ingrid Lemos and Maria Luisa Freitas. Further research on the Ikpeng language includes an analysis of the Ikpeng Phonology by Eduardo Alves Vasconcelos, Maria Luisa Freitas' 2015 piece on the
311:
of Ikpeng. In 2005 he wrote "O Ikpeng em contato com o português: empréstimo lexical e adaptação lingüística" an article on the influence of
Portuguese on the Ikpeng language and its impact on cultural practices. Most recently in 2007 he wrote, "Morfofonologia dos prefixos pessoais em Ikpeng" which
1857:
sentences to transitive causative verbs and intransitive causative verbs respectively. The morpheme used for the affix is /-nopo/, with allomorphs such as /nop/ or /nob/ when inserted after a vowel, /pon/ and /poŋ/ after consonants, and /mpo/ which can be explained as an assimilation of the nasal
1643:
Ikpeng uses to morphemes to conjugate verbs in the "immediate past," meaning a period of time understood to be the moment right before the present and, at the very latest, yesterday. These morphemes are /–lɨ/ and /–lan/, with /–lɨ/ being used for actions witnessed by the speaker, and /–lan/ for
294:
The first record of documentation of Ikpeng was conducted by
Eduardo Galvano in 1964 when he created a word list of 12 Ikpeng words. Recently, the Ikpeng language has been analyzed a number of academics most extensively by Frantome Pachecho and Cilene Campetela. Beginning in 1997, Pacheco wrote
337:
documentation department, the
Documentation Project of Indigenous Languages, has executed a documentation project on Ikpeng. It was led by Angela Chegas, assisted by associate researchers Ingrid Lemos and Maria Luisa Freitas, with Ikpeng consultation. The project aimed to document cultural and
747:, number (plural and singular), inclusivity, causation, interrogation, negation and other more specific characteristics. The word classes present in Ikpeng are verbs, nouns, adjectives, pronouns, prepositions, and particles, and each have a variety of morphemes specific to their word class.
281:
documented the existence of Carib languages in
Central Brazil. Although large, with a population of over twenty-two thousand speakers, Carib languages have faced drastic changes in its geography and prevalence in the region. Precolonial contact Carib languages were found throughout the
227:-Juruena river basin. Before 1900, the Ikpeng were at war with several polities, and even encountered settlers of European descent. War and the colonization of the Teles Pires-Juruena basin pushed the Ikpeng across the Formosa Mountain formation and into the Upper Xingu Basin.
734:
to detail the function of specific words. Researchers of Ikpeng, notably Frantome Pacheco, have given special attention to the Ikpeng verb morphology, in which morphemes are used to give nuance to words in the language; they determine the
257:
language alongside Portuguese in the Ikpeng School. This school plays a central role in the project, and it is responsible for the creation of material and distribution of this material for Ikpeng communities within the Xingu Park.
2099:
In this sentence, the first highlighted verb is the commanding verb "order" in this case, and the bracketed section is the verb that is being ordered, in this case "to run." The lexicalized verb in this case is 'to order.'
338:
linguistic aspects of the Ikpeng people. This was accomplished through audio visual recordings of conversation, songs, stories, and ceremonial speech. The extensive lexical data and transcriptions are stored in a digitized
190:. There are approximately 500 speakers. Ikpeng is a language with high transmission, meaning it is passed on from parent to child at a high rate, with all members speaking the language. The majority of members are also
1845:
related to the verb: the morphological causative, which is added as an affix to the verb, and the lexicalized causative, which uses an independent causative verb and another word is added as sentence complement.
315:
Along with Pacheco and Capetela, there have been a number of studies done by other researchers. Most notably, the 2008 ProDocLin project documenting the Ikpeng language in different social contexts via
2276:
To express plurality or a collective in an interrogative phrase, the suffix /-tom/~/rom/ is attached at the end of the verb. This suffix is typically associated with the use of second person.
2004:
A particular hierarchy needs to be considered when dealing with morphological causatives, concerning the type of argument that is found in the sentence (S- subject, A- agent, and O- object).
2125:
as they are also used to express the repetition of an action. Distinguishing the use of the suffixes is contextual as there is no consistent differentiation between the two uses.
307:, among other topics. Further into the exploration of Ikpeng, Pacheco wrote "Morfossintaxe do verbo Ikpeng" in 2001, an academic article solely focused on the morphology and
3664:
4919:
4537:
1933:
In the above sentence, the causative morpheme indicates that it was the woman who caused the manioc to dry, instead of simply saying "the manioc dried."
498:
3243:
3225:
3165:
3257:
563:
478:
3657:
2352:
To express the quantity of whom possesses an object in the promonimal context, the suffix /-kom/~ /ŋmo/ is attached to the object.
2121:
To denote plural objects in Ikpeng, the suffixes /-tke/ and /-ke/ are employed. Additionally, these suffixes can be interpreted as
1421:
In English, there exist separate verbs to express desire, like for instance 'to want.' By contrast, the Ikpeng language contains a
286:, however, much of the indigenous population was wiped out and the remaining population does not speak their indigenous languages.
3769:
458:
4530:
3314:
703:
673:
634:
3561:
613:
3650:
2212:
To express plurality or a collective in not future tenses, the suffix /-kom/~ /ŋmo/ is attached to the end of the verb.
709:
679:
643:
157:
2436:
When there is an agreement between nominal morphemes, /-niŋkɨn/ is used after the morpheme /keni/ to indicate plurals.
3569:
688:
606:
542:
517:
4870:
3784:
561:/ can be heard as a fricative in word-medial position, in front of a rounded back vowel, as voiced when preceding /
1433:, and it is attached as a suffix to the verb in order to indicate that one wants to do a certain action (the verb).
4914:
4634:
4523:
2887:
2393:
To express the quantity of the possessors in the nominal form, the suffix /-niŋkɨn/ is after the nominal morpheme.
659:
557:
548:
527:
427:
420:
4382:
4372:
4604:
4031:
3920:
4719:
694:
620:
296:
4408:
4137:
2465:
2313:
2249:
2151:
2045:
1962:
1767:
1670:
1522:
1456:
888:
4403:
4016:
3713:
3692:
3551:
722:
Words in the Ikpeng language, like in many other languages, depend on a variety of morphemes in the form of
436:
236:
3494:
1560:
This morpheme is also used with auxiliary verbs, when the predicate has non-verbal elements at its core.
4620:
4258:
3419:
3323:
1838:
397:
390:
304:
179:
3983:
3759:
3272:
Rodgers, D. (2013). "The filter trap: Swarms, anomalies, and the quasi-topology of Ikpeng shamanism".
2209:
Verb plurals are classified in three ways, plurals for the not future, and questions (interrogative).
2113:
Ikpeng has multiple suffixes and prefixes which denote plurality of objects, events, verbs and nouns.
4850:
4832:
4769:
4758:
4697:
4554:
4413:
4387:
4317:
4266:
4202:
4172:
4046:
3935:
3687:
3546:
3449:
971:
863:
442:
308:
278:
265:
The Carib language family also referred to as Karib or Cariban, is a family with languages spoken in
4857:
4826:
4789:
4714:
4652:
4627:
4562:
4367:
4312:
4271:
4177:
4011:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3905:
3867:
3862:
3799:
3673:
3307:
1858:
sound (n) in /nopo/. Below are examples of the construction of the causative verb using morphemes.
4192:
3267:(15). Universidade de São Paulo and Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo: 121–133.
2305:
2241:
2143:
2037:
1759:
1662:
1514:
1448:
880:
4780:
4589:
4439:
4225:
4157:
4147:
4066:
3963:
3819:
3751:
406:
367:
362:
98:
4864:
4820:
4800:
4676:
4574:
4337:
4292:
4276:
4132:
4061:
4051:
4026:
3925:
3890:
3814:
3354:
4795:
4725:
4546:
4474:
4429:
4322:
4302:
4215:
4152:
4114:
4091:
4076:
4071:
4056:
4021:
3973:
3877:
3829:
3824:
3794:
3789:
3774:
3541:
3489:
3469:
3444:
3427:
1854:
1426:
744:
736:
470:
372:
334:
195:
93:
4843:
4837:
4752:
4681:
4609:
4568:
4499:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4307:
4297:
4210:
4124:
4081:
4041:
3968:
3958:
3950:
3930:
3915:
3895:
3852:
3839:
3809:
3779:
3764:
3725:
3708:
3479:
3474:
3459:
3281:
3190:
740:
283:
3181:
Meira, S.; Franchetto, B. (2005). "The Southern Cariban Languages and the Cariban Family".
223:. By 1850, the Ikpeng were known to inhabit an area of converging rivers thought to be the
4763:
4686:
4598:
4579:
4504:
4494:
4469:
4449:
4434:
4347:
4342:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4187:
4167:
4142:
4036:
4006:
3940:
3885:
3857:
3804:
3484:
3464:
3454:
3438:
3379:
3349:
1850:
384:
377:
85:
4099:
3589:
3251:(PhD thesis) (in Portuguese). Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem Universidade de Campinas.
244:
4890:
4875:
4746:
4691:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4377:
4332:
4327:
4233:
4109:
3900:
3730:
3630:
3579:
3389:
3369:
3300:
2657:
Independent personal pronouns express free grammars and occupy argumentative position.
1919:
1887:
490:
2013:
ordered is added as complement of the phrase, instead of an otherwise completed verb.
149:
4908:
4659:
4182:
3847:
3623:
3574:
3536:
3394:
3374:
3364:
3359:
3344:
3331:
2647:
2622:
2530:
In Ikpeng, demonstrative third-person pronouns are used to indicate the distance and
931:
829:
588:
66:
4104:
3616:
3594:
3399:
3339:
2882:
2008:"Subject or Agent (S, A) > direct object (O) > not direct object or Oblique"
240:
216:
1583:
1204:
1158:
3258:"O Ikpeng em contato com o português: empréstimo lexical e adaptação lingüística"
3167:
Análise do Sistema de Marcação de Caso nas Orações Independentes da Língua Ikpeng
3599:
3584:
3203:
583:
317:
300:
274:
224:
212:
211:
The Ikpeng were known to inhabit the same land as the Txipaya peoples, near the
183:
162:
56:
3236:
713:/ may also be nasalized as when preceding nasal consonants in medial position.
698:/ when occurring after a consonant, or preceding a vowel, can be shortened as .
17:
3520:
3404:
3384:
3157:
600:
593:
220:
3233:(Masters thesis). Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem Universidade de Campinas.
4162:
3510:
2122:
1842:
651:
628:
511:
450:
339:
270:
191:
142:
126:
4901:
ADJZ: adjectivizer DIST: distant PART: particle PROX: proximal REC: recent
3177:
Galvão, Eduardo. 1996. Diários do Xingu (1947–1967). UFRJ, p. 249-381.
1824:(This event happened the day before and was not witnessed by the speaker.)
133:
3409:
1422:
567:/ in word-medial position, or as a voiced fricative when between vowels.
322:
266:
3292:
3285:
3720:
2531:
414:
3642:
3215:
Moore, D. (2006). "Brazil: Language Situation". In Keith Brown (ed.).
1741:(This event happened moments before and is witnessed by the speaker.)
4444:
3515:
731:
723:
187:
175:
46:
4515:
3194:
2742:
2630:
2412:
2374:
2370:
2317:
2257:
1712:
1605:
1527:
1461:
1162:
1042:
988:
949:
727:
215:, and they a strong alliance with that group in times of war. One
2194:
2159:
1813:
1772:
1730:
1675:
1600:
4519:
3646:
3296:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2824:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2755:
2605:
2492:
2366:
2301:
2155:
1596:
1572:
1194:
884:
2618:
2461:
2309:
2245:
2237:
2147:
2139:
2041:
2033:
1958:
1883:
1763:
1755:
1666:
1658:
1568:
1518:
1510:
1452:
1444:
1190:
999:
935:
876:
2505:
3093:
3091:
2626:
1967:
1892:
1849:
Morphological causatives (affixes) are used to change both
194:
speakers of Portuguese. The Ikpeng language is part of the
1218:
3125:
3123:
3121:
2991:
2989:
2987:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2966:
2964:
2601:
2597:
1837:
Ikpeng has two different methods to determine increasing
1222:
1147:
1143:
239:
encountered Ikpeng villages as they were flying over the
3108:
3106:
3018:
3016:
2634:
2469:
2253:
2053:
1972:
1897:
1003:
892:
2861:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2847:
2936:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2928:
3202:
Menget, Patrick; Troncarelli, Maria Cristina (2003).
2951:
2949:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2803:
2801:
2773:
2771:
219:
traces the Ikpeng ancestral territory as far as the
4813:
4779:
4739:
4707:
4669:
4644:
4588:
4553:
4422:
4396:
4360:
4285:
4257:
4224:
4201:
4123:
4090:
3982:
3949:
3876:
3838:
3750:
3741:
3701:
3680:
3608:
3560:
3529:
3503:
3418:
3330:
3208:
Instituto Socioambiental: Povos Indígenas no Brasil
2788:
2786:
295:"Aspectos da gramática Ikpeng", which explored the
156:
140:
124:
119:
82:
72:
62:
52:
42:
32:
2518:Melobô 3.O-give-REC bow Cilene Fran PART PL DAT:to
2512:Melobô terulɨ topkak Tʃileni Paran keni niŋkɨn ɨna
2838:
273:, the Mato Grosso region of Brazil and the three
1644:actions that were not witnessed by the speaker.
2899:
325:and Linguistic Changes by Wellington Quintino.
243:in Mato Grosso. They lived near the Ronuro and
178:people (also known as Txikāo) who live in the
4531:
3658:
3308:
3183:International Journal of American Linguistics
8:
3156:Biblioteca Digital Curt Nimuendajú. (n.d.).
2878:
2876:
2874:
3173:(Masters thesis). Universidade de Campinas.
1308:what (for inanimates, or to ask for facts)
552:/ can also be realized as fricatives and .
4776:
4666:
4538:
4524:
4516:
3747:
3665:
3651:
3643:
3315:
3301:
3293:
3217:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics
2534:of the entity in relation to the speaker.
29:
3082:
2865:
2521:'Melobô gave the bow to Cilene and Fran'
2659:
2536:
1276:
1069:
759:
575:
354:
3141:
3129:
3112:
3097:
3070:
3058:
3046:
3034:
3022:
3007:
2995:
2978:
2955:
2940:
2807:
2777:
2767:
3245:Morfossintaxe do verbo Ikpeng (Karib)
3219:. Oxford: Elsevier. pp. 117–128.
2792:
2095:"Cilene made/ordered the boy to run"
7:
3227:Aspectos da gramática Ikpeng (Karib)
2538:Demonstrative third-person pronouns
2343:"Did you (plural) see the student?"
1639:Morphemes to indicate immediate past
1425:to express desire or want, called a
3274:HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory
4920:Languages of Xingu Indigenous Park
3256:Pacheco, Frantomé Bezerra (2005).
3242:Pacheco, Frantomé Bezerra (2001).
970:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (
862:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (
25:
3224:Pacheco, Fantomé Bezerra (1997).
708:
702:
693:
687:
683:/ can also be heard as open mid .
678:
672:
658:
642:
633:
619:
612:
605:
562:
556:
547:
541:
526:
516:
497:
477:
457:
441:
435:
426:
419:
405:
396:
389:
27:Cariban language spoken in Brazil
1737:"The white man's canoe arrived"
743:that is conjugated in the verb,
237:Orlando and Cláudio Villas-Boas
3237:Etnolinguistica page on Ikpeng
2661:Independent personal pronouns
180:Xingu Indigenous National Park
1:
2839:Menget & Troncarelli 2003
2117:Object and iterative suffixes
2000:"The nurse made the boy cry"
1929:"The woman dried the manioc"
756:Independent personal pronouns
2900:Meira & Franchetto 2005
2515:Melobô t-eru-lɨ topkak ɨna
1634:"You want to be our chief"
342:for researchers to access.
4936:
3164:Campetela, Cilene (1997).
2340:{} 2.A.3.O-see-COL student
2337:pro m-enen-tom torempantum
4884:
4383:Paulista General Language
2668:
2665:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2432:"The feet of the Ikpeng"
1556:"Davi wants to eat pork"
1353:
1318:
1299:
1079:
1076:
1074:
767:
764:
198:(Karib) language family.
37:
2643:ugy-am ø-ar-waɨtke-naŋme
2334:pro menentom torempantum
1429:. The morpheme is /–tɨne
1235:3-clothes-GEN EXIST him:
3693:Brazilian Sign Language
2888:Encyclopædia Britannica
2200:"I hunted many monkeys"
1402:around where, wherever
1278:Interrogative pronouns
1061:"Where are you going?"
174:is the language of the
2269:{} 3.A.1.O-see-REC-COL
1627:1+2-chief EXIST 2-AUX-
1066:Demonstrative pronouns
329:Documentation projects
231:Contact and relocation
4388:Portunhol fronteiriço
3324:Xingu Indigenous Park
2640:ugyam øarawɨtke-naŋme
2190:i-ŋwo-tke-lɨ ɨtɨŋ tae
1986:gwakpitkeni y-aginum-
1820:"Cilene pushed Fran"
1734:whiteman ∅ canoe-POSS
1490:"I want to eat pork"
303:, grammar structure,
235:On October 19, 1964,
3552:Villas-Bôas brothers
3547:Karl von den Steinen
2650:-REFL-fight-CONT-REC
2646:They:DIST:ANIM:PL 3.
2389:"The feet of yours"
1801:Anmelan Cilene Fran.
1718:Areplɨ tupi {} muin.
1286:Translation and use
279:Karl von den Steinen
3674:Languages of Brazil
3286:10.14318/hau3.3.005
2666:Grammatical person
2662:
2653:"They are fighting"
2539:
1410:in which direction
1394:to where, wherever
1297:who (for animates)
1279:
1273:"Those are pretty"
1071:
968:"We are satisfied"
765:Grammatical person
761:
577:
440:
356:
4138:Gavião of Jiparaná
3702:Regional languages
2751:{to where} you-COL
2660:
2537:
2187:iŋwotkelɨ ɨtɨŋ tae
2123:iterative suffixes
1277:
1070:
760:
576:
355:
4915:Cariban languages
4897:
4896:
4891:extinct languages
4809:
4808:
4735:
4734:
4547:Cariban languages
4513:
4512:
4356:
4355:
4042:Laklãnõ (Xokléng)
3681:Official language
3640:
3639:
2883:Cariban languages
2723:
2722:
2615:ø-ar-waɨtke-naŋme
2583:
2582:
2266:pro g-eneŋ-lɨ-ŋmo
1855:intransitive verb
1620:ugw-erem pe m-it-
1549:Davi 3.A.3.O-eat-
1414:
1413:
1241:"He has clothes"
1132:
1131:
860:"I am satisfied"
822:
821:
668:
667:
537:
536:
168:
167:
16:(Redirected from
4927:
4777:
4667:
4645:Venezuelan Carib
4540:
4533:
4526:
4517:
3748:
3667:
3660:
3653:
3644:
3317:
3310:
3303:
3294:
3289:
3268:
3262:
3252:
3250:
3234:
3232:
3220:
3211:
3198:
3174:
3172:
3145:
3139:
3133:
3127:
3116:
3110:
3101:
3100:, p. 84–85.
3095:
3086:
3085:, p. 84–85.
3080:
3074:
3068:
3062:
3056:
3050:
3044:
3038:
3032:
3026:
3020:
3011:
3005:
2999:
2993:
2982:
2976:
2959:
2953:
2944:
2938:
2903:
2897:
2891:
2880:
2869:
2863:
2842:
2836:
2811:
2805:
2796:
2790:
2781:
2775:
2757:
2754:"Where are you (
2744:
2714:First exclusive
2703:First inclusive
2663:
2649:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2540:
2507:
2494:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2414:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2196:
2193:1.A.3.O-hunt-PL-
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2055:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1960:
1921:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1885:
1833:Valency of verbs
1815:
1774:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1732:
1714:
1677:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1607:
1602:
1598:
1585:
1574:
1570:
1529:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1463:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1280:
1224:
1220:
1206:
1196:
1192:
1164:
1160:
1149:
1145:
1072:
1044:
1005:
1001:
990:
975:
962:PG-satiate-ADJZ
951:
937:
933:
916:1.A.2.O-see-REC
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
867:
831:
813:First exclusive
802:First inclusive
762:
712:
706:
697:
691:
682:
676:
662:
646:
637:
623:
616:
609:
578:
566:
560:
551:
545:
530:
520:
501:
481:
461:
445:
439:
430:
423:
409:
400:
393:
357:
335:Museu do Indio's
305:prosodic aspects
284:Greater Antilles
152:
136:
129:
88:
30:
21:
4935:
4934:
4930:
4929:
4928:
4926:
4925:
4924:
4905:
4904:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4880:
4871:Waimirí Atroarí
4805:
4775:
4731:
4720:Mapoyo-Yawarana
4708:Mapoyo–Tamanaku
4703:
4665:
4640:
4584:
4549:
4544:
4514:
4509:
4418:
4392:
4352:
4281:
4253:
4220:
4197:
4119:
4086:
3978:
3945:
3872:
3834:
3743:
3737:
3697:
3676:
3671:
3641:
3636:
3604:
3556:
3525:
3499:
3414:
3326:
3321:
3271:
3260:
3255:
3248:
3241:
3230:
3223:
3214:
3201:
3180:
3170:
3163:
3153:
3148:
3140:
3136:
3128:
3119:
3111:
3104:
3096:
3089:
3081:
3077:
3069:
3065:
3057:
3053:
3045:
3041:
3033:
3029:
3021:
3014:
3006:
3002:
2994:
2985:
2977:
2962:
2954:
2947:
2939:
2906:
2898:
2894:
2881:
2872:
2864:
2845:
2837:
2814:
2806:
2799:
2791:
2784:
2776:
2769:
2765:
2760:
2748:atʃina omro-ŋmo
2746:
2735:
2727:
2655:
2638:
2612:øarawɨtke-naŋme
2609:
2587:
2528:
2523:
2510:
2496:
2484:
2473:
2452:
2441:
2434:
2429:Ikpeng COL feet
2426:Ikeŋ niŋkɨn pun
2424:
2416:
2406:
2398:
2391:
2378:
2357:
2350:
2345:
2332:
2321:
2292:
2281:
2274:
2261:
2228:
2217:
2207:
2202:
2185:
2174:
2163:
2130:
2119:
2111:
2106:
2097:
2086:Cilene 3.A.3.O-
2075:
2065:
2057:
2023:
2002:
1984:
1976:
1948:
1939:
1931:
1911:petkom y-umene-
1909:
1901:
1873:
1864:
1851:transitive verb
1835:
1830:
1822:
1799:
1788:
1777:
1739:
1728:3.A.3.O-arrive-
1716:
1702:
1691:
1680:
1641:
1636:
1618:
1610:
1587:
1577:
1558:
1540:
1532:
1501:
1492:
1474:
1466:
1419:
1275:
1262:
1254:
1243:
1227:
1208:
1198:
1183:
1181:"It's not him"
1166:
1152:
1068:
1063:
1047:
1032:
1023:
1007:
993:
977:
969:
954:
939:
924:
908:
896:
869:
861:
846:
834:
758:
753:
720:
574:
353:
348:
331:
292:
263:
254:
233:
209:
204:
172:Ikpeng language
148:
132:
125:
115:
89:
86:Language family
84:
78:500 (2013)
75:
74:Native speakers
28:
23:
22:
18:Txikão language
15:
12:
11:
5:
4933:
4931:
4923:
4922:
4917:
4907:
4906:
4899:
4895:
4894:
4885:
4882:
4881:
4879:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4861:
4854:
4847:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4823:
4817:
4815:
4811:
4810:
4807:
4806:
4804:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4785:
4783:
4774:
4773:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4749:
4743:
4741:
4737:
4736:
4733:
4732:
4730:
4729:
4722:
4717:
4711:
4709:
4705:
4704:
4702:
4701:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4673:
4671:
4664:
4663:
4656:
4648:
4646:
4642:
4641:
4639:
4638:
4631:
4624:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4594:
4592:
4586:
4585:
4583:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4565:
4559:
4557:
4551:
4550:
4545:
4543:
4542:
4535:
4528:
4520:
4511:
4510:
4508:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4460:Haitian Creole
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4426:
4424:
4420:
4419:
4417:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4404:Brazilian Sign
4400:
4398:
4397:Sign languages
4394:
4393:
4391:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4364:
4362:
4361:Interlanguages
4358:
4357:
4354:
4353:
4351:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4289:
4287:
4283:
4282:
4280:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4263:
4261:
4255:
4254:
4252:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4230:
4228:
4222:
4221:
4219:
4218:
4213:
4207:
4205:
4199:
4198:
4196:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4129:
4127:
4121:
4120:
4118:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4096:
4094:
4088:
4087:
4085:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3988:
3986:
3980:
3979:
3977:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3955:
3953:
3947:
3946:
3944:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3882:
3880:
3874:
3873:
3871:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3844:
3842:
3836:
3835:
3833:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3756:
3754:
3745:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3735:
3734:
3733:
3723:
3718:
3717:
3716:
3705:
3703:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3695:
3690:
3684:
3682:
3678:
3677:
3672:
3670:
3669:
3662:
3655:
3647:
3638:
3637:
3635:
3634:
3631:The Hyperwomen
3627:
3620:
3612:
3610:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3580:Curisevo River
3577:
3572:
3566:
3564:
3558:
3557:
3555:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3542:Cândido Rondon
3539:
3533:
3531:
3527:
3526:
3524:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3507:
3505:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3436:
3430:
3424:
3422:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3336:
3334:
3328:
3327:
3322:
3320:
3319:
3312:
3305:
3297:
3291:
3290:
3269:
3253:
3239:
3221:
3212:
3199:
3195:10.1086/491633
3189:(2): 127–192.
3178:
3175:
3161:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3146:
3144:, p. 104.
3134:
3132:, p. 103.
3117:
3102:
3087:
3083:Campetela 1997
3075:
3073:, p. 181.
3063:
3061:, p. 183.
3051:
3039:
3027:
3012:
3010:, p. 121.
3000:
2998:, p. 120.
2983:
2981:, p. 119.
2960:
2945:
2904:
2902:, p. 129.
2892:
2870:
2866:Campetela 1997
2843:
2812:
2797:
2782:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2736:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2711:
2710:
2707:
2704:
2700:
2699:
2696:
2693:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2679:
2678:
2675:
2671:
2670:
2667:
2610:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2568:
2564:
2563:
2560:
2557:
2554:
2550:
2549:
2546:
2543:
2527:
2524:
2497:
2485:
2474:
2453:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2417:
2407:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2386:2-feet-POS-COL
2358:
2355:
2354:
2349:
2346:
2322:
2293:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2272:"They say me"
2263:pro geneŋlɨŋmo
2229:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2206:
2203:
2175:
2164:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2118:
2115:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2066:
2058:
2024:
2016:
2015:
2010:
2009:
1993:nurse 3.O-cry-
1977:
1949:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1902:
1874:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1853:sentences and
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1789:
1778:
1744:
1743:
1703:
1692:
1681:
1647:
1646:
1640:
1637:
1611:
1588:
1578:
1563:
1562:
1533:
1502:
1494:
1493:
1467:
1436:
1435:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1408:
1404:
1403:
1400:
1396:
1395:
1392:
1388:
1387:
1384:
1380:
1379:
1376:
1372:
1371:
1368:
1364:
1363:
1362:why, what was
1360:
1356:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1345:
1344:
1341:
1337:
1336:
1333:
1329:
1328:
1325:
1321:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1310:
1309:
1306:
1302:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1291:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1283:Interrogative
1255:
1245:
1244:
1209:
1199:
1185:
1184:
1153:
1134:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1113:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1096:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1082:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1067:
1064:
1033:
1025:
1024:
994:
979:
978:
940:
926:
925:
897:
871:
870:
835:
824:
823:
820:
819:
817:
814:
810:
809:
806:
803:
799:
798:
795:
792:
788:
787:
785:
782:
778:
777:
774:
770:
769:
766:
757:
754:
752:
749:
719:
716:
715:
714:
699:
684:
666:
665:
663:
656:
654:
648:
647:
640:
638:
631:
625:
624:
617:
610:
603:
597:
596:
591:
586:
581:
573:
570:
569:
568:
553:
535:
534:
532:
524:
522:
514:
508:
507:
505:
503:
495:
493:
487:
486:
484:
482:
475:
473:
467:
466:
464:
462:
455:
453:
447:
446:
433:
431:
424:
417:
411:
410:
403:
401:
394:
387:
381:
380:
375:
370:
365:
360:
352:
349:
347:
344:
330:
327:
291:
288:
262:
261:Classification
259:
253:
250:
232:
229:
208:
205:
203:
200:
166:
165:
160:
154:
153:
146:
138:
137:
130:
122:
121:
120:Language codes
117:
116:
114:
113:
112:
111:
110:
109:
92:
90:
83:
80:
79:
76:
73:
70:
69:
64:
60:
59:
54:
50:
49:
44:
43:Native to
40:
39:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4932:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4912:
4910:
4902:
4892:
4888:
4883:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4866:
4862:
4860:
4859:
4855:
4853:
4852:
4848:
4846:
4845:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4828:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4818:
4816:
4812:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4791:
4787:
4786:
4784:
4782:
4778:
4772:
4771:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4754:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4744:
4742:
4740:Guianan Carib
4738:
4728:
4727:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4712:
4710:
4706:
4700:
4699:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4674:
4672:
4670:Pemóng–Panare
4668:
4662:
4661:
4657:
4655:
4654:
4650:
4649:
4647:
4643:
4637:
4636:
4632:
4630:
4629:
4625:
4623:
4622:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4600:
4596:
4595:
4593:
4591:
4587:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4570:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4560:
4558:
4556:
4552:
4548:
4541:
4536:
4534:
4529:
4527:
4522:
4521:
4518:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4427:
4425:
4421:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4401:
4399:
4395:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4365:
4363:
4359:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4290:
4288:
4284:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4264:
4262:
4260:
4256:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4231:
4229:
4227:
4223:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4208:
4206:
4204:
4200:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4130:
4128:
4126:
4122:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4097:
4095:
4093:
4089:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3985:
3981:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3952:
3948:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3883:
3881:
3879:
3875:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3845:
3843:
3841:
3837:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3757:
3755:
3753:
3749:
3746:
3740:
3732:
3729:
3728:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3715:
3712:
3711:
3710:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3700:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3685:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3668:
3663:
3661:
3656:
3654:
3649:
3648:
3645:
3633:
3632:
3628:
3626:
3625:
3621:
3619:
3618:
3614:
3613:
3611:
3607:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3575:Culuene River
3573:
3571:
3570:Arraias River
3568:
3567:
3565:
3563:
3559:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3537:Percy Fawcett
3535:
3534:
3532:
3528:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3502:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3440:
3437:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3417:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3332:Xingu peoples
3329:
3325:
3318:
3313:
3311:
3306:
3304:
3299:
3298:
3295:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3270:
3266:
3259:
3254:
3247:
3246:
3240:
3238:
3229:
3228:
3222:
3218:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3179:
3176:
3169:
3168:
3162:
3159:
3155:
3154:
3150:
3143:
3138:
3135:
3131:
3126:
3124:
3122:
3118:
3115:, p. 85.
3114:
3109:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3094:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3079:
3076:
3072:
3067:
3064:
3060:
3055:
3052:
3049:, p. 77.
3048:
3043:
3040:
3037:, p. 88.
3036:
3031:
3028:
3025:, p. 87.
3024:
3019:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3004:
3001:
2997:
2992:
2990:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2952:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2896:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2877:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2862:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2804:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2789:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2774:
2772:
2768:
2762:
2759:
2752:
2749:
2745:
2739:
2734:
2731:
2719:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2708:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2697:
2694:
2691:
2690:
2687:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2676:
2673:
2672:
2664:
2658:
2654:
2651:
2644:
2641:
2637:
2616:
2613:
2608:
2594:
2591:
2578:
2575:
2572:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2561:
2558:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2541:
2535:
2533:
2525:
2522:
2519:
2516:
2513:
2509:
2503:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2488:
2483:
2480:
2477:
2472:
2459:
2456:
2451:
2448:
2445:
2437:
2433:
2430:
2427:
2423:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2402:
2394:
2390:
2387:
2384:
2381:
2377:
2364:
2361:
2353:
2347:
2344:
2341:
2338:
2335:
2331:
2328:
2325:
2320:
2299:
2296:
2291:
2288:
2285:
2277:
2273:
2270:
2267:
2264:
2260:
2235:
2234:g-eneŋ-lɨ-ŋmo
2232:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2213:
2210:
2204:
2201:
2198:
2191:
2188:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2162:
2137:
2134:
2126:
2124:
2116:
2114:
2108:
2103:
2101:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2089:
2084:
2083:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2064:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2031:
2029:
2022:
2019:
2014:
2007:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1991:
1989:
1983:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1956:
1954:
1947:
1944:
1936:
1934:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1916:
1914:
1908:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1881:
1879:
1872:
1869:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1852:
1847:
1844:
1840:
1832:
1827:
1825:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1811:3.A.3.O-push-
1809:
1807:
1802:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1776:
1775:
1753:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1726:
1724:
1719:
1715:
1709:
1706:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1690:
1687:
1684:
1679:
1678:
1656:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1625:
1623:
1617:
1614:
1609:
1608:
1594:
1593:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1566:
1561:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1547:
1545:
1539:
1536:
1531:
1530:
1508:
1507:
1500:
1497:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1481:
1479:
1473:
1470:
1465:
1464:
1442:
1441:
1434:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1417:Desideratives
1416:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1261:
1258:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1233:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1214:
1213:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1188:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1172:
1170:
1165:
1156:
1151:
1150:
1139:
1138:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1073:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1053:
1052:
1046:
1045:
1038:
1037:
1031:
1028:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1011:
1006:
997:
992:
991:
984:
983:
976:
973:
966:
965:
960:
959:
956:t-otupit-ket
953:
952:
945:
944:
938:
929:
923:
920:
919:
914:
913:
907:
906:
902:
901:
895:
874:
868:
865:
858:
857:
852:
851:
845:
844:
840:
839:
833:
827:
818:
815:
812:
811:
807:
804:
801:
800:
796:
793:
790:
789:
786:
783:
780:
779:
775:
772:
771:
763:
755:
750:
748:
746:
742:
738:
733:
729:
725:
717:
711:
705:
700:
696:
690:
685:
681:
675:
670:
669:
664:
661:
657:
655:
653:
650:
649:
645:
641:
639:
636:
632:
630:
627:
626:
622:
618:
615:
611:
608:
604:
602:
599:
598:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
579:
571:
565:
559:
554:
550:
544:
539:
538:
533:
529:
525:
523:
519:
515:
513:
510:
509:
506:
504:
500:
496:
494:
492:
489:
488:
485:
483:
480:
476:
474:
472:
469:
468:
465:
463:
460:
456:
454:
452:
449:
448:
444:
438:
434:
432:
429:
425:
422:
418:
416:
413:
412:
408:
404:
402:
399:
395:
392:
388:
386:
383:
382:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
358:
350:
345:
343:
341:
336:
328:
326:
324:
319:
313:
310:
306:
302:
298:
289:
287:
285:
280:
276:
272:
268:
260:
258:
251:
249:
246:
242:
238:
230:
228:
226:
222:
218:
214:
207:Early history
206:
201:
199:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
164:
161:
159:
155:
151:
147:
145:
144:
139:
135:
131:
128:
123:
118:
108:
105:
104:
102:
101:
100:
97:
96:
95:
91:
87:
81:
77:
71:
68:
67:Ikpeng people
65:
61:
58:
55:
51:
48:
45:
41:
36:
31:
19:
4900:
4886:
4863:
4856:
4849:
4842:
4825:
4814:Unclassified
4788:
4768:
4751:
4724:
4696:
4658:
4651:
4633:
4626:
4619:
4614:
4597:
4567:
4423:Non-official
4409:Ka'apor Sign
3992:Akwẽ-Xerénte
3910:
3785:Enawenê-Nawê
3629:
3622:
3615:
3595:Ronuro River
3590:Jabotá River
3432:
3280:(3): 77–80.
3277:
3273:
3264:
3244:
3226:
3216:
3207:
3186:
3182:
3166:
3142:Pacheco 2001
3137:
3130:Pacheco 2001
3113:Pacheco 2001
3098:Pacheco 2001
3078:
3071:Pacheco 2001
3066:
3059:Pacheco 2001
3054:
3047:Pacheco 2001
3042:
3035:Pacheco 2001
3030:
3023:Pacheco 2001
3008:Pacheco 2001
3003:
2996:Pacheco 2001
2979:Pacheco 2001
2956:Pacheco 1997
2941:Pacheco 2001
2895:
2886:
2808:Pacheco 2005
2778:Rodgers 2013
2753:
2750:
2747:
2740:
2737:
2732:
2729:
2656:
2652:
2645:
2642:
2639:
2617:
2614:
2611:
2595:
2592:
2589:
2529:
2520:
2517:
2514:
2511:
2504:
2501:
2498:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2481:
2478:
2475:
2460:
2457:
2454:
2449:
2446:
2443:
2435:
2431:
2428:
2425:
2421:
2418:
2411:
2408:
2403:
2400:
2392:
2388:
2385:
2382:
2379:
2365:
2362:
2359:
2351:
2342:
2339:
2336:
2333:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2300:
2297:
2294:
2289:
2286:
2283:
2275:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2262:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2225:
2222:
2219:
2211:
2208:
2205:Verb plurals
2199:
2197:many monkeys
2192:
2189:
2186:
2182:
2179:
2176:
2171:
2168:
2165:
2138:
2136:i-ŋwo-tke-lɨ
2135:
2132:
2120:
2112:
2098:
2094:
2091:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2078:
2076:
2072:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2062:
2059:
2049:
2032:
2027:
2025:
2020:
2017:
2011:
2003:
1999:
1994:
1992:
1987:
1985:
1981:
1978:
1966:
1957:
1952:
1950:
1945:
1942:
1932:
1928:
1923:
1917:
1912:
1910:
1906:
1903:
1891:
1882:
1877:
1875:
1870:
1867:
1862:Intransitive
1848:
1836:
1823:
1819:
1812:
1810:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1771:
1754:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1740:
1736:
1729:
1727:
1725:tupi ∅ mui-n
1722:
1720:
1717:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1674:
1657:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1642:
1633:
1628:
1626:
1621:
1619:
1615:
1612:
1604:
1595:
1591:
1589:
1582:
1579:
1567:
1564:
1559:
1555:
1550:
1548:
1543:
1541:
1537:
1534:
1526:
1509:
1505:
1503:
1498:
1495:
1489:
1484:
1483:1.A.3.O-eat-
1482:
1477:
1475:
1471:
1468:
1460:
1443:
1439:
1437:
1430:
1427:desiderative
1420:
1370:in what way
1272:
1270:those pretty
1269:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1256:
1251:
1247:
1246:
1240:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1229:e-woy-n ɨpe
1228:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1210:
1203:
1200:
1189:
1186:
1180:
1175:
1173:
1168:
1167:
1157:
1154:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1135:
1060:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1048:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1034:
1029:
1026:
1020:
1015:
1014:
1009:
1008:
998:
995:
986:
985:
981:
980:
967:
963:
961:
957:
955:
947:
946:
942:
941:
930:
928:t-otupit-ket
927:
922:"I saw you"
921:
917:
915:
911:
909:
904:
903:
899:
898:
875:
872:
859:
855:
853:
849:
847:
842:
841:
837:
836:
828:
825:
721:
332:
321:Grammatical
318:audiovisuals
314:
293:
264:
255:
241:Ronuro River
234:
217:oral history
210:
171:
169:
141:
106:
4851:Paravilyana
4435:Vlax Romani
4414:Terena Sign
4378:Macarrônico
4259:Nambikwaran
4017:Djeoromitxí
3600:Xingu River
3585:Ferro River
2327:torempantum
2324:torempantum
1943:gwakpitkeni
1926:-REC manioc
1817:Cilene Fran
1808:Cilene Fran
1300:Argumental
1055:{to where}
1012:y-aginum-lɨ
996:y-aginum-lɨ
854:PG-satiate
301:orthography
225:Teles Pires
213:Iriri River
184:Mato Grosso
4909:Categories
4858:Pawishiana
4653:Tiverikoto
4628:Pimenteira
4563:Hixkaryana
4555:Parukotoan
4373:Lanc-Patuá
4272:Nambikwara
4203:Chapacuran
4178:Tenetehara
4052:Mẽbêngôkre
4012:Chiquitano
3921:Pará Arára
3906:Hixkaryana
3742:Indigenous
3714:Pomeranian
3688:Portuguese
3521:Yamurikuma
3495:Yawalapití
3405:Yawalapiti
2793:Moore 2006
2763:References
2562:Inanimate
2556:Inanimate
2383:o-pu-n-kom
2363:o-pu-n-kom
2298:m-enen-tom
2231:geneŋlɨŋmo
2077:Tʃileni ∅-
1937:Transitive
1915:-lɨ tarɨwe
1843:causatives
1542:Tawi ∅-ak-
1354:Adverbial
1335:with what
1327:with whom
1094:Inanimate
1088:Inanimate
910:k-ineŋ-lɨ
718:Morphology
351:Consonants
297:morphology
290:Literature
221:Jari River
4889:indicate
4569:Katxúyana
4440:Hungarian
4163:Nheengatu
4158:Munduruku
4148:Kagwahiva
4067:Rikbaktsa
3964:Kashinawa
3820:Wapishana
3760:Asháninka
3744:languages
3530:Explorers
3511:Huka-huka
3420:Languages
2709:ugro-ŋmo
2698:omro-ŋmo
2674:Singular
2545:Proximal
2133:iŋwotkelɨ
2104:Semantics
2090:-REC boy
2081:-lɨ aŋpi
1951:y-aginum-
1383:otumunto
1375:arakenip
1324:onok pak
1316:for whom
1313:onok ɨna
1289:Function
1237:PROX:ANIM
1193:-clothes-
1178:EXIST-NEG
1176:DIST:ANIM
1099:Singular
1077:Proximal
1021:"We cry"
1018:3-cry-REC
934:-satiate-
873:k-ineŋ-lɨ
848:t-otupit
808:ugro-ŋmo
797:omro-ŋmo
773:Singular
451:Affricate
346:Phonology
340:data bank
271:Venezuela
192:bilingual
143:Glottolog
127:ISO 639-3
63:Ethnicity
4833:Japréria
4796:Karihona
4781:Taranoan
4770:Wayumara
4759:Ye'kuana
4747:Kari'nja
4726:Tamanaku
4698:Purukotó
4590:Pekodian
4475:Romanian
4430:Japanese
4323:Katawixi
4318:Kanamarí
4267:Mamaindê
4226:Tukanoan
4173:Tapirapé
4072:Tapayúna
4047:Maxakalí
4022:Kaingang
3984:Macro-Jê
3974:Yaminawa
3936:Ye'kuana
3853:Jamamadí
3825:Warekena
3795:Mehinaku
3790:Mapidian
3775:Barawana
3752:Arawakan
3470:Mehinaku
3450:Kamayurá
3445:Kalapalo
3435:(Txikão)
3380:Mehinako
3355:Kamayurá
3350:Kalapalo
3204:"Ikpeng"
2758:) going"
2738:omro-ŋmo
2733:to where
2669:Pronoun
2526:Pronouns
2458:t-eru-lɨ
2295:menentom
1997:-REC boy
1990:-lɨ aŋpi
1918:woman 3.
1876:y-umene-
1841:through
1689:whiteman
1673:-arrive-
1565:ugw-erem
1423:morpheme
1399:otumɨlo
1391:otumɨna
1367:arakeni
1343:in what
1340:arɨ wok
1319:Oblique
1091:Animate
1085:Animate
1051:omro-ŋmo
1036:omro-ŋmo
1030:to where
832:-satiate
826:t-otupit
768:Pronoun
751:Pronouns
732:suffixes
724:prefixes
368:Alveolar
363:Bilabial
323:pedagogy
267:Colombia
150:ikpe1245
99:Pekodian
4887:Italics
4838:Kuikuro
4827:Boanarí
4790:Akuriyo
4753:Palmela
4682:Makushi
4610:Bakairí
4500:Chinese
4490:Turkish
4485:Tagalog
4480:Russian
4368:Cafundó
4313:Kadiwéu
4308:Irantxe
4298:Arutani
4211:Oro Win
4092:Nadahup
4082:Xavante
4077:Timbira
4032:Kĩsêdjê
4002:Arikapú
3997:Apinajé
3969:Shipibo
3959:Amawaka
3931:Sikiana
3916:Macushi
3896:Bakairi
3878:Cariban
3868:Zuruahá
3863:Paumarí
3810:Tariana
3800:Palikúr
3765:Atorada
3726:Italian
3721:Hunsrik
3504:Rituals
3475:Nahukwa
3460:Kuikuro
3441:(Yudja)
3385:Nahukuá
3370:Kuikuro
3151:Sources
2885:at the
2717:tʃimna
2692:Second
2677:Plural
2629:-fight-
2567:Plural
2559:Animate
2553:Animate
2548:Distal
2532:animacy
2487:Tʃileni
2380:opunkom
2360:opunkom
2330:student
2183:monkeys
2109:Plurals
2018:Tʃileni
1839:valency
1804:∅-anme-
1749:∅-anme-
1746:Anmelan
1721:∅-arep-
1652:∅-arep-
1407:atʃina
1332:arɨ ge
1187:e-woy-n
1116:Plural
1080:Distal
1057:you-COL
1049:atʃina
1016:we:EXCL
964:we:INCL
816:tʃimna
791:Second
776:Plural
737:subject
728:affixes
589:Central
546:/ and /
471:Lateral
415:Plosive
373:Palatal
275:Guianas
252:Schools
202:History
94:Cariban
4865:Sapará
4821:Apalaí
4801:Tiriyo
4764:Wayana
4715:Kumaná
4687:Panare
4677:Kapóng
4635:Yarumá
4615:Ikpéng
4599:Apingi
4580:Waiwai
4575:Salumá
4505:Slovak
4495:Korean
4470:Polish
4450:French
4445:Arabic
4348:Xukuru
4343:Ticuna
4338:Pirahã
4293:Aikanã
4286:Others
4277:Sabanê
4249:Wanano
4244:Tuyuca
4239:Tukano
4188:Xipaya
4168:Omagua
4143:Juruna
4133:Akwáwa
4125:Tupian
4062:Panará
4037:Krenak
4027:Karajá
4007:Bororo
3951:Panoan
3941:Waiwai
3926:Salumá
3911:Ikpeng
3891:Apalaí
3886:Amonap
3858:Kulina
3840:Arawan
3815:Terêna
3805:Paresi
3770:Baniwa
3731:Talian
3709:German
3624:Kaurup
3562:Rivers
3516:Quarup
3485:Trumai
3465:Matipu
3455:Kayabi
3439:Juruna
3433:Ikpeng
3395:Trumai
3375:Matipu
3365:Kayapo
3360:Kaiabi
3345:Ikpeng
2730:atʃina
2682:First
2593:ugy-am
2579:muyan
2576:ugyam
2573:neyam
2479:topkak
2476:topkak
2468:-give-
2455:terulɨ
2450:Melobô
2447:Melobô
2444:Melobô
2409:niŋkɨn
2404:Ikpeng
2369:-feet-
2290:
2226:
2154:-hunt-
2021:Cilene
1907:manioc
1904:tarɨwe
1868:petkom
1828:Syntax
1786:Cilene
1783:Cilene
1780:Cilene
1770:-push-
1711:canoe-
1694:
1649:Areplɨ
1575:-chief
1386:where
1359:arato
1267:kɨtpip
1260:pretty
1257:kɨtpip
1128:muyan
1125:ugyam
1122:neyam
1027:atʃina
1010:tʃimna
982:tʃimna
781:First
741:object
572:Vowels
309:syntax
245:Jabotá
188:Brazil
176:Ikpeng
163:Ikpéng
107:Ikpeng
53:Region
47:Brazil
38:Txikāo
33:Ikpeng
4876:Yukpa
4692:Pemón
4605:Arara
4465:Greek
4455:Dutch
4333:Ninam
4328:Kwaza
4303:Guató
4234:Cubeo
4216:Wariʼ
4153:Kaiwá
4115:Nadëb
4110:Kakwa
4057:Ofayé
3901:Carib
3830:Waurá
3617:Xingu
3609:Films
3490:Waurá
3428:Awetï
3410:Yudjá
3400:Wauja
3340:Aweti
3265:Papia
3261:(PDF)
3249:(PDF)
3235:From
3231:(PDF)
3171:(PDF)
3158:Karib
2706:ugro
2695:omro
2596:They:
2590:ugyam
2348:Nouns
2316:-see-
2252:-see-
2088:order
2050:order
1965:-cry-
1946:nurse
1922:-dry-
1890:-dry-
1871:woman
1791:Fran.
1708:mui-n
1705:muin.
1590:m-it-
1584:EXIST
1525:-eat-
1504:∅-ak-
1476:y-ak-
1459:-eat-
1438:y-ak-
1378:when
1294:onok
1265:neyam
1252:those
1248:neyam
1205:EXIST
1171:pe-wa
1159:EXIST
1155:pe-wa
1108:ugun
1102:oren
1002:-cry-
891:-see-
805:ugro
794:omro
745:tense
584:Front
512:Glide
385:Nasal
378:Velar
196:Carib
103:Arara
57:Xingu
4844:Opón
4660:Yaio
4621:Juma
4193:Zo'é
4183:Xeta
3848:Deni
3780:Baré
3480:Suyá
3390:Suyá
2741:you-
2685:uro
2631:CONT
2627:REFL
2602:ANIM
2598:DIST
2570:wan
2422:feet
2401:Ikeŋ
2172:many
2169:ɨtɨŋ
2166:ɨtɨŋ
2079:anoŋ
2060:aŋpi
2028:anoŋ
1995:CAUS
1979:aŋpi
1968:CAUS
1924:CAUS
1893:CAUS
1797:Fran
1794:Fran
1713:POSS
1686:tupi
1683:tupi
1624:omro
1622:tɨne
1613:omro
1592:tɨne
1553:pork
1544:tɨne
1538:pork
1506:tɨne
1499:Davi
1496:Tawi
1487:pork
1478:tɨne
1472:pork
1440:tɨne
1351:how
1348:ara
1305:arɨ
1231:oren
1223:ANIM
1219:PROX
1216:him:
1212:oren
1169:ugun
1148:ANIM
1144:DIST
1137:ugun
1119:wan
1111:mun
1105:nen
1041:you-
989:EXCL
972:help
958:ugro
950:INCL
943:ugro
936:ADJZ
912:omro
900:omro
864:help
784:uro
730:and
601:High
594:Back
531:(y)
521:(w)
502:(r)
333:The
170:The
4105:Hup
4100:Dâw
3282:doi
3191:doi
2743:COL
2726:ex:
2635:REC
2586:ex:
2508::to
2506:DAT
2502:ɨna
2499:ɨna
2482:bow
2470:REC
2440:ex:
2419:pun
2413:COL
2397:ex:
2375:COL
2371:POS
2356:ex:
2318:COL
2287:pro
2284:pro
2280:ex:
2258:COL
2254:REC
2223:pro
2220:pro
2216:ex:
2180:tae
2177:tae
2129:ex:
2063:boy
2054:REC
2030:-lɨ
1982:boy
1973:REC
1955:-lɨ
1913:nob
1898:REC
1880:-lɨ
1878:nob
1806:lan
1751:lan
1631:you
1629:DES
1616:you
1606:DES
1601:AUX
1551:DES
1546:pow
1535:pow
1528:DES
1485:DES
1480:pow
1469:pow
1462:DES
1201:ɨpe
1195:GEN
1174:he:
1163:NEG
1141:he:
1043:COL
1004:REC
987:we:
948:we:
918:you
905:you
893:REC
850:uro
838:uro
739:or
652:Low
629:Mid
491:Tap
182:in
158:ELP
134:txi
4911::
3276:.
3263:.
3206:.
3187:71
3185:.
3120:^
3105:^
3090:^
3015:^
2986:^
2963:^
2948:^
2907:^
2873:^
2846:^
2815:^
2800:^
2785:^
2770:^
2756:PL
2648:Sa
2623:Sa
2606:PL
2493:PL
2195:IM
2160:IM
2156:PL
2026:∅-
1988:po
1953:po
1920:So
1888:So
1814:IM
1773:IM
1731:IM
1723:lɨ
1676:IM
1654:lɨ
1580:pe
974:);
932:PG
866:);
830:PG
726:,
707:,
692:,
677:,
543:β̞
518:β̞
459:tʃ
299:,
269:,
186:,
4539:e
4532:t
4525:v
3666:e
3659:t
3652:v
3316:e
3309:t
3302:v
3288:.
3284::
3278:3
3210:.
3197:.
3193::
3160:.
2958:.
2943:.
2868:.
2841:.
2810:.
2795:.
2780:.
2633:-
2625:-
2621:.
2619:3
2604::
2600::
2466:O
2464:.
2462:3
2373:-
2367:2
2314:O
2312:.
2310:3
2308:.
2306:A
2304:.
2302:2
2256:-
2250:O
2248:.
2246:1
2244:.
2242:A
2240:.
2238:3
2158:-
2152:O
2150:.
2148:3
2146:.
2144:A
2142:.
2140:1
2052:-
2048:-
2046:O
2044:.
2042:3
2040:.
2038:A
2036:.
2034:3
1971:-
1963:O
1961:.
1959:3
1896:-
1886:.
1884:3
1768:O
1766:.
1764:3
1762:.
1760:A
1758:.
1756:3
1700:∅
1697:∅
1671:O
1669:.
1667:3
1665:.
1663:A
1661:.
1659:3
1603:-
1599:-
1597:2
1573:2
1571:+
1569:1
1523:O
1521:.
1519:3
1517:.
1515:A
1513:.
1511:3
1457:O
1455:.
1453:3
1451:.
1449:A
1447:.
1445:1
1431:/
1221::
1191:3
1161:-
1146::
1000:3
889:O
887:.
885:2
883:.
881:A
879:.
877:1
856:I
843:I
710:o
704:e
701:/
695:u
689:i
686:/
680:o
674:e
671:/
660:a
644:o
635:e
621:u
614:ɨ
607:i
564:l
558:p
555:/
549:j
540:/
528:j
499:ɾ
479:l
443:g
437:k
428:t
421:p
407:ŋ
398:n
391:m
20:)
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