1690:
452:
1564:
120:
142:
744:
4023:
4046:
641:
3609:
384:'s dome is the tallest known from a pachycephalosaur. This dome is also unusually thick and rugose on its exterior. Behind the dome, an array of spikes, nodes, and tubercules protrude posteriorly over the neck. The eyebrow ridge was ornamented with small, bony nodules and was thicker than in other genera.
793:
s jugals have giant, protruding, and irregularly spaced tubers. The dome, unlike in some other pachycephalosaurs, had a rough texture. The squamosals on the posterior margin of the skull had a series of giant spikes and tubers. Of these, the biggest was located below the outermost node of the series.
1551:
and other pachycephalosaurs was mostly limited to up-and-down motions with only a slight capability for jaw rotation. This is based on the structure of the jaw and dental microwear and wear facets of the teeth indicate that the bite-force was used more for shearing than for crushing. However, it has
1529:
It is uncertain what pachycephalosaurs ate; having very small, ridged teeth they could not have chewed tough, fibrous plants as effectively as other dinosaurs of the same period. It is assumed that their sharp, serrated teeth were ideally suited for a mixed diet of leaves, seeds, fruit, and insects.
785:
Cranial ornamentation is characteristic of pachycephalosaurs, which often bear three structures; nodes, tubers, and spikes. These ornaments became largest in the squamosal and smaller closer to the front of the cranium. The supraorbitals and postorbitals exhibit some ornamentation, but it is not
933:
are in a distinct group. The Asian members also are more basal, with fewer advanced characteristics compared to their North
American counterparts. This is due to pachycephalosaurs originating in Asia before dispersing to North America during its brief Late Cretaceous reconnection with Asia.
731:
portion. Notably, the skull roof is tall with an apex very close to the posterior margin of the cranium. This roof is also thicker and bears a peak further posteriorly than observed in other members of the group, a distinguishing feature of the taxon. The dorsal part of the
516:, who were aided by local Mongolian aides. The skull was incomplete, missing much of the anterior portions and the rest of the bony dome. The mandible and skull were preserved in articulation, laying loose in weathered sandstone blocks from a former
1680:
domes of older pachycephalosaurs, and possibly diminished ability to heal from injuries, argued against such combat in older individuals. The study also tested the effects of a keratinous covering of the dome and found it to aid in performance.
1538:
lizards. The premaxillary teeth show wear facets from contact with the predentary bone, and the maxillary teeth have double wear facets similar to those seen in other ornithischian dinosaurs. Every third maxillary tooth of UALVP 2 are erupting
379:
It was average-sized for a pachycephalosaur, reaching 2 m (6.6 ft) in length and 40 kg (88 lb) in body mass. The skull is triangular in back view, the widest point being at the jugals with an apex at the top of the dome.
802:
The tooth row is incomplete, but nine teeth from the back of the jaws are preserved. All of the teeth but the last are arranged in a straight line, a unique trait of the genus. The teeth have been damaged due to outside factors like
761:
are elongated and align near perfectly with the mandibles. This allowed for a solid articulation of the skull and lower jaws. Its quadrate is positioned vertically and is perpendicular to the margin of the maxilla. In contrast, the
2034:
1644:, but for agonistic behaviors like head-butting. Another study found that the correlations between head-striking and skull morphologies found in living animals also existed in the studied pachycephalosaurs.
3131:
Averianov, A. O.; Lopatin, A. V. (2022). "A re-appraisal of
Parvicursor remotus from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia: implications for the phylogeny and taxonomy of alvarezsaurid theropod dinosaurs".
2517:
Longrich, N. R., Sankey, J., & Tanke, D. (2010). Texacephale langstoni, a new genus of pachycephalosaurid (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the upper
Campanian Aguja Formation, southern Texas, USA.
2500:
Woodruff, D. C., Goodwin, M. B., Lyson, T. R., & Evans, D. C. (2021). Ontogeny and variation of the pachycephalosaurine dinosaur
Sphaerotholus buchholtzae, and its systematics within the genus.
2697:"Cranial variation and systematics of Foraminacephale brevis gen. nov. and the diversity of pachycephalosaurid dinosaurs (Ornithischia: Cerapoda) in the Belly River Group of Alberta, Canada"
778:(eye socket) is very broad with an eyebrow ridge above the opening, as in other pachycephalosaurs. Its upper edge is flattened, with a narrow postorbital bar parallel to the quadrate. Both
411:, implying a potentially more heterogeneous diet of leaves, nuts, seeds, and insects. Fossils were found in the Khulsan locality, which preserves fossils of many other dinosaur groups like
500:, in numerical terms around 75 to 73 million years old. This was one of a series of expeditions carried out between 1963 and 1971 that were spearheaded by Polish paleontologist
2648:
Evans, David C.; Hayashi, Shoji; Chiba, Kentaro; Watabe, Mahito; Ryan, Michael J.; Lee, Yuong-Nam; Currie, Philip J.; Tsogtbaatar, Khishigjav; Barsbold, Rinchen (2018-04-01).
2534:
Gangloff, R. A., Fiorillo, A. R., & Norton, D. W. (2005). The first pachycephalosaurine (Dinosauria) from the paleo-Arctic of Alaska and its paleogeographic implications.
2921:
Eberth, D. A. (2018). "Stratigraphy and paleoenvironmental evolution of the dinosaur-rich
Baruungoyot-Nemegt succession (Upper Cretaceous), Nemegt Basin, southern Mongolia".
983:, which recovers it as more basal to a larger North American clade. On the bottom right is the phylogenetic location of Pachycephalosauria as a whole based on Dieudonné
736:
is the densest element of the skull, as well as being sharpened and not smoothened or swollen. However, the ventral surface of the squamosal is thinner and contacts the
3622:
651:
was a medium-sized pachycephalosaur, with estimates of 2 m (6.6 ft) in length and 40 kg (88 lb) in body mass. No postcranial fossils belonging to
4126:
2575:"Description and revised diagnosis of Asia's first recorded pachycephalosaurid, Sinocephale bexelli gen. nov., from the Upper Cretaceous of Inner Mongolia, China"
3523:
Gradziński, R.; Jerzykiewicz, T. (1974). "Dinosaur- and mammal-bearing aeolian and associated deposits of the Upper
Cretaceous in the Gobi Desert (Mongolia)".
3652:
604:, who wrote the first detailed description of a pachycephalosaur. The 1974 paper also dubbed two new pachycephalosaurs based on the fossils from Nemegt,
4195:
4190:
3439:
Funston, G. F.; Mendonca, S. E.; Currie, P. J.; Barsbold, R.; Barsbold, R. (2018). "Oviraptorosaur anatomy, diversity and ecology in the Nemegt Basin".
871:
823:
and arched cutting surfaces. Like the teeth, the mandible is very poorly preserved, consisting only of the posterior portions. It has a weakly-elevated
2853:"Common Functional Correlates of Head-Strike Behavior in the Pachycephalosaur Stegoceras validum (Ornithischia, Dinosauria) and Combative Artiodactyls"
564:
The pachycephalosaur skull found at
Khulsan was one of several collected during the Polish-Mongolian Expeditions, with other specimens in the nearby
4113:
3082:"A new ankylosaurid skeleton from the Upper Cretaceous Baruungoyot Formation of Mongolia: its implications for ankylosaurid postcranial evolution"
2448:"Pachycephalosaurid (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) cranial remains from the latest Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) Scollard Formation of Alberta, Canada"
4180:
3560:"Taxonomic composition and systematics of late Cretaceous lizard assemblages from Ukhaa Tolgod and adjacent localities, Mongolian Gobi Desert"
4039:
2739:
2183:
1899:
2754:
Sues, H. D. & Galton, P. M. (1987). "Anatomy and classification of the North
American Pachycephalosauria (Dinosauria: Ornithischia)".
2650:"Morphology and histology of new cranial specimens of Pachycephalosauridae (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Nemegt Formation, Mongolia"
576:
in 1974 by Teresa Maryańska and
Halszka Osmólska. The skull found at Khulsan was designated the type specimen of a new genus and species,
2552:
766:(cheek bone) is robustly built and oriented laterally. The jugals are the widest point of the skull and triangular in cross-section. The
3080:
Park, J.-Y.; Lee, Y. N.; Currie, P. J.; Ryan, M. J.; Bell, P.; Sissons, R.; Koppelhus, E. B.; Barsbold, R.; Lee, S.; Kim, S.-H. (2021).
3475:
4185:
2722:
Maryańska, T.; Chapman, R. E.; Weishampel, D. B. (2004). "Pachycephalosauria". In
Weishampel, D. B.; Dodson, P.; Osmólska, H. (eds.).
3166:
Bell, Alyssa K.; Chiappe, Luis M.; Erickson, Gregory M.; Suzuki, Shigeru; Watabe, Mahito; Barsbold, Rinchen; Tsogtbaatar, K. (2010).
2111:
2035:"Hulsanpes perlei n.g. n.sp. (Deinonychosauria, Saurischia, Dinosauria) from the Upper Cretaceous Barun Goyot Formation of Mongolia"
1560:
by having a back-and-forth jaw motion instead of up-and-down. This propalinal motion would shift food back-and-forth in the mouth.
1660:
protecting the brain. They also shared similarities in the distribution of compact and cancellous regions with the bighorn sheep,
451:
3645:
3270:
3214:
909:
and other genera are in flux due to a lack of many well-preserved specimens. Despite this, the pachycephalosaurs of Asia such as
824:
1297:
727:
is angled vertically and is the same width for much of its length. The skull is very tall and narrow posteriorly with a stubby
2553:
The pachycephalosaurid dinosaur Stegoceras validum from the Upper Cretaceous Fruitland Formation, San Juan Basin, New Mexico
2382:"A New Genus of Psittacosauridae (Dinosauria: Ornithopoda) and the Origin and Early Evolution of Marginocephalian Dinosaurs"
4200:
1729:
in sands are also common across the unit. In addition, structureless, medium-grained, fine-grained, and very fine-grained
1705:, is regarded as Late Cretaceous in age (Middle-Upper Campanian). This formation is mostly characterized by a series of
832:
620:
were grouped in a new order Maryańska and Osmólska named Pachycephalosauria, which contained North American genera like
3026:"Upper Cretaceous Djadokhta, Barun Goyot and Nemegt formations of Mongolia, including remarks on previous subdivisions"
3638:
1153:
715:, and anterior parts of the skull. Its posterior half of the mandible is preserved as well. Most dinosaurs have three
1924:"High-resolution maps of Khulsan and Nemegt localities (Nemegt Basin, southern Mongolia): Stratigraphic implications"
141:
1689:
520:. The specimen was one of several dinosaur individuals discovered at Khulsan during the 1970s, with material of the
4049:
979:'s position within Pachycephalosauridae according to Schott & Evans' 2016 publication on the classification of
554:
4205:
1641:
1414:
3571:
3327:"Redescription and affinities of Hulsanpes perlei (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia"
687:
on the back of the skull. Its spinal column bore firm connections between the vertebrae that were reinforced by
3743:
3168:"Description and ecologic analysis of Hollanda luceria, a Late Cretaceous bird from the Gobi Desert (Mongolia)"
1093:
782:
are preserved but incomplete. They are tall and thick in cross-section, making up a large section of the dome.
4022:
948:
according to most recent phylogenetic analyses. It has been suggested that instead of being its own species,
1314:
501:
4066:
1722:
1397:
1201:
1129:
2381:
1733:
predominate in sediments of the Barun Goyot Formation. The sediments of this formation were deposited in
1588:
has been noted for its prominent dome, a trait shared by other pachycephalosaurids, which was covered in
4152:
3770:
1694:
1601:
1543:, and tooth replacement happened in backwards progression in sequential threes. The occipital region of
1059:
1042:
691:. Its arms were lightly-built and slender ending in a hand with five fingers. The limbs terminated in a
477:
361:
294:
2362:
Butler, R. J., Upchurch, P., & Norman, D. B. (2008). The phylogeny of the ornithischian dinosaurs.
1676:
was better capable of dissipating force than artiodactyls that butt heads at high forces, but the less
3167:
2649:
1923:
1563:
553:
found in the locale. All of the fossils unearthed during this expedition were then transported to the
3917:
3865:
3532:
3448:
3393:
3179:
2999:
2930:
2864:
2661:
2586:
2459:
2393:
2321:
2309:
2212:
2140:
1935:
1726:
1661:
1355:
569:
271:
2078:
2013:
2627:
Sullivan, R. M. (2006). A taxonomic review of the Pachycephalosauridae (Dinosauria: Ornithischia).
1338:
1249:
887:
517:
513:
509:
373:
369:
267:
119:
3498:
3049:"The ankylosaurid dinosaurs of the Upper Cretaceous Baruungoyot and Nemegt formations of Mongolia"
3968:
3833:
3812:
3782:
3661:
3585:
3307:
3251:
3148:
2980:
2610:
2483:
2409:
2345:
1572:
1115:
1076:
1021:
994:
771:
684:
668:
628:
601:
485:
330:
247:
234:
136:
835:
is very deep and well-developed in transverse view. This fossa, located between the dentary and
4157:
2731:
683:
for balance. The neck was slender and U-shaped, and held in a curved posture, attaching at the
4139:
4131:
3421:
3358:
3299:
3243:
3195:
3113:
2900:
2882:
2795:
2735:
2677:
2602:
2475:
2337:
2287:
2269:
2228:
2179:
2156:
2107:
1951:
1746:
1637:
1540:
890:
as an early branch of the group, which extend the age of pachycephalosaurs as far back as the
724:
440:
4144:
4104:
2814:
3614:
3575:
3567:
3540:
3456:
3411:
3401:
3348:
3338:
3289:
3281:
3233:
3225:
3187:
3140:
3103:
3093:
3060:
3025:
2972:
2938:
2890:
2872:
2785:
2723:
2704:
2669:
2594:
2467:
2401:
2329:
2277:
2259:
2220:
2148:
2046:
1943:
1849:
1754:
1620:, and expanded shelves on the squamosal. These traits are missing in primitive taxa such as
767:
728:
565:
420:
3269:
Napoli, J. G.; Ruebenstahl, A. A.; Bhullar, B.-A. S.; Turner, A. H.; Norell, M. A. (2021).
3947:
3728:
3712:
1821:
1657:
940:
895:
775:
497:
424:
345:
3536:
3452:
3397:
3183:
2934:
2868:
2665:
2590:
2463:
2397:
2325:
2216:
2144:
1939:
1534:
may have had an entirely herbivorous diet, as the tooth crowns were similar to those of
3878:
3846:
3416:
3377:
3353:
3326:
3108:
3081:
2895:
2852:
2574:
2405:
2282:
2247:
1878:
1750:
1734:
1604:
of 2D and 3D pachycephalosaur skulls, which found that high-vaulted domes like that of
891:
733:
585:
432:
218:
2656:. THE LATE CRETACEOUS NEMEGT ECOSYSTEM: DIVERSITY, ECOLOGY, AND GEOLOGICAL SIGNATURE.
2201:"New data on pachycephalosaurid dinosaurs (Reptilia: Ornithischia) from North America"
2200:
2129:"New data on pachycephalosaurid dinosaurs (Reptilia: Ornithischia) from North America"
2128:
2050:
1930:. THE LATE CRETACEOUS NEMEGT ECOSYSTEM: DIVERSITY, ECOLOGY, AND GEOLOGICAL SIGNATURE.
1547:
was well-demarcated for muscle-attachment and it is believed that the jaw movement of
492:) was unearthed in 1971. The rock layers of the Barun Goyot Formation derive from the
4174:
3996:
3961:
3933:
3854:
3589:
3559:
3544:
3311:
3255:
3152:
2984:
2724:
2614:
2487:
2428:
2349:
1973:
Dinosaurs of the Gobi: Following in the footsteps of the Polish-Mongolian Expeditions
1834:
1785:
1653:
1008:
929:
902:
870:
period in Asia and North America. The last pachycephalosaurs went extinct during the
820:
758:
692:
606:
597:
540:
390:
70:
2413:
3982:
3755:
3703:
2308:
Dieudonné, P. -E.; Cruzado-Caballero, P.; Godefroit, P.; Tortosa, T. (2021-10-03).
2248:"The systematic relationships and biogeographic history of ornithischian dinosaurs"
1972:
1860:
1825:
1768:
1677:
794:
These spiked nodes continue along the length of the squamosal and postorbital.
708:
612:
596:("head") and refers to the skull's prominent cranial dome. The species name honors
536:
521:
428:
416:
337:
202:
3499:"Multituberculate succession in the Late Cretaceous of the Gobi Desert (Mongolia)"
3191:
3144:
2976:
2333:
1993:
1600:
was tested by biologists Eric Snively and Adam Cox in 2008. The study conducted a
3460:
3406:
2942:
2877:
2830:"Structural Mechanics of Pachycephalosaur Crania Permitted Head-butting Behavior"
2673:
1947:
1668:. The white-bellied duiker was found to be the closest morphological analogue to
4098:
3989:
3975:
3954:
3940:
3906:
3885:
3271:"A New Dromaeosaurid (Dinosauria: Coelurosauria) from Khulsan, Central Mongolia"
2106:(2nd ed.). Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 269.
1872:
1856:
1795:
1789:
1225:
922:
915:
894:. Currently, pachycephalosaurs are recognized as being part of the larger group
737:
640:
481:
396:
365:
45:
3098:
1672:; this head-butting species has a dome which is smaller but similarly rounded.
743:
3926:
3899:
3892:
3604:
2774:"Evolutionary Trends in the Jaw Adductor Mechanics of Ornithischian Dinosaurs"
2471:
1838:
1810:
1780:
1764:
1742:
1617:
1266:
883:
867:
779:
763:
622:
456:
412:
90:
55:
4089:
3303:
3247:
3199:
2886:
2681:
2606:
2479:
2341:
2273:
2232:
2160:
1955:
1713:(yellowish, grey-brown, and rarely reddish) that are locally cemented. Sandy
568:
gathered in addition to Barun Goyot. The pachycephalosaur material from both
2959:
Czepiński, Ł. (2019). "Ontogeny and variation of a protoceratopsid dinosaur
2829:
2447:
1866:
1844:
1804:
1730:
1718:
1714:
863:
808:
549:
545:
531:
493:
408:
341:
153:
95:
39:
32:
3425:
3362:
3215:"A New Dromaeosaurid from the Late Cretaceous Khulsan Locality of Mongolia"
3117:
2904:
2799:
2598:
2573:
Evans, David C.; Brown, Caleb M.; You, Hailu; Campione, Nicolás E. (2021).
2429:"A taxonomic review of the Pachycephalosauridae (Dinosauria: Ornithischia)"
2291:
1763:
is endemic to the Barun Goyot Formation, which was also home to many other
757:
All of the occipital bones are thin compared to the rest of the skull. The
655:
have been found, though there are well preserved skeletons of the related
4083:
3694:
3685:
3382:
from the Baruungoyot and Nemegt Formations (Late Cretaceous) of Mongolia"
2696:
1887:
1816:
1706:
1702:
862:
was a member of the group Pachycephalosauria, a family of thick-skulled,
828:
747:
716:
676:
672:
508:
skeletons. Several other Polish scientists joined the venture, including
505:
476:
During a joint Polish-Mongolian Expedition to the Khulsan outcrop of the
464:
460:
357:
349:
333:
186:
173:
128:
85:
80:
65:
60:
50:
4118:
3343:
2446:
Evans, David C.; Vavrek, Matthew J.; Larsson, Hans C. E. (2015-12-01).
2264:
1665:
1589:
1535:
804:
525:
100:
75:
3065:
3048:
2708:
3679:
3630:
3580:
3294:
3238:
2790:
2773:
1883:
1608:
could sustain higher forces of impact than other pachycephalosaurs'.
1567:
840:
811:. Maryańska and Osmólska noted that proportionally, the dentition of
712:
696:
688:
558:
163:
4060:
2224:
2152:
360:
that were unearthed in 1971 by a Polish-Mongolian Expedition to the
3285:
3229:
2730:(2nd ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp.
1616:
with the presence of fused sutures, tubercules on the mandible and
919:
are often recovered in a similar grade, whereas the North American
3376:
Fanti, F.; Currie, P. J.; Badamgarav, D.; Lalueza-Fox, C. (2012).
1994:
Zofia Kielan-Jaworowska and the Gobi palaeontological expeditions.
1738:
1562:
844:
836:
742:
639:
617:
450:
404:
353:
326:
1800:
1710:
848:
707:
The only known specimen consists of a partial skull lacking the
695:
with three toes, the middle being the longest, all of which had
680:
436:
4064:
3672:
3634:
2079:"Pachycephalosauria, a new suborder of ornithischian dinosaurs"
1636:' extra ornamentation suggest that the dome was not purely for
407:
adapted to break down fibrous plants. Its dentition also bears
403:
Being a pachycephalosaur it was herbivorous with small, ridged
368:. The specimen was described in 1974 by Polish paleontologists
1596:
itself has not been analyzed in detail, but a similar dome of
898:
which encompasses it and the gigantic, horned ceratopsians.
3572:
10.1206/0003-0090(2000)249<0001:TCASOL>2.0.CO;2
2039:
Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Monatshefte
388:
is closely related to other Asian pachycephalosaurs, like
3024:
Gradziński, R.; Jaworowska, Z. K.; Maryańska, T. (1977).
2629:
New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin
2557:
New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin
2433:
New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin
1737:(flat land consisting of sediments deposited by highland
815:
is much larger than that of other pachycephalosaurs like
471:
fossils are known from the Khulsan site of area A (left).
938:
specifically is most closely related to the dome-headed
3476:"A new sauropod from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia"
1922:
Fanti, F.; Cantelli, L.; Angelicola, L. (2018-04-01).
831:, which would articulate with the jugal. However, the
572:
was described in scientific literature in the journal
3047:
Arbour, V. M.; Currie, P. J.; Badamgarav, D. (2014).
1876:. Other taxa are represented by the large titanosaur
774:(cheekbone) form a transversely broad structure. The
561:, where they were described in the following years.
3213:
Turner, A. H.; Montanari, S.; Norell, M. A. (2021).
4073:
3916:
3864:
3832:
3781:
3754:
3727:
770:'s (back part of cranium) lateral wall, jugal, and
400:, being part of the Old World branch of the group.
2695:Schott, Ryan K.; Evans, David C. (November 2016).
2380:Hailu, You; Xing, Xu; Xiaolin, Wang (2010-09-07).
2199:Galton, Peter M.; Sues, Hans-Dieter (1983-03-01).
2127:Galton, Peter M.; Sues, Hans-Dieter (1983-03-01).
3441:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
2923:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
2851:Snively, Eric; Theodor, Jessica M. (2011-06-28).
2818:(Doctoral dissertation, University of Cambridge).
2654:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
1928:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
3626:in the National History Museum's Dino Directory
2174:Romer, Alfred Sherwood (1976). "The Mandible".
2072:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2963:from the Late Cretaceous of the Gobi Desert".
2916:
2914:
3646:
1693:Sediments of Hermiin Tsav, a locality in the
8:
3000:"Sedimentation of the Barun Goyot Formation"
2551:Sullivan, R. M., & Lucas, S. G. (2006).
960:. Later studies on the histology of younger
956:. A similar suggestion has been made about
866:, bipedal dinosaurs which lived during the
504:, which collected scores of well-preserved
4061:
3870:
3838:
3829:
3760:
3733:
3724:
3669:
3653:
3639:
3631:
2954:
2952:
2097:
2095:
2014:Ankylosauridae (Dinosauria) from Mongolia.
964:specimens also prove its distinction from
118:
22:
3579:
3474:Kurzanov, S. M.; Bannikov, A. F. (1983).
3415:
3405:
3352:
3342:
3293:
3237:
3107:
3097:
3064:
3053:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
2998:Gradziński, R.; Jerzykiewicz, T. (1974).
2894:
2876:
2789:
2701:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
2502:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
2452:Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments
2281:
2263:
2310:"A new phylogeny of cerapodan dinosaurs"
1688:
2386:Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition
1911:
344:stage (75-73 million years ago) of the
2104:The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs
336:, a group of dome-headed, herbivorous
2815:Herbivory in the non-avian Dinosauria
2643:
2641:
2303:
2301:
1900:Timeline of pachycephalosaur research
1652:both had skull shapes similar to the
872:Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event
719:(hollow spaces) in their skulls, but
7:
2077:Maryańska, T.; Osmólska, H. (1974).
1967:
1965:
1917:
1915:
1749:paleoenvironments, under relatively
1701:The Barun Goyot Formation, based on
3133:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
2364:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
1389:
1330:
1289:
1282:
1241:
1217:
1193:
1169:
1145:
1121:
1034:
1027:
1000:
990:
431:. The Barun Goyot Formation was an
2579:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
2406:10.1111/j.1755-6724.2003.tb00105.x
2205:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
2133:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
1576:, possibly caused by head-butting.
819:Teeth, seven in number, have high
484:, a large skull and mandible of a
435:, featuring large riverways in an
14:
3558:Keqin, G.; Norell, M. A. (2000).
874:, the last surviving genus being
4045:
4044:
4021:
3607:
2033:Osmólska, Halszka (1982-08-05).
140:
2178:. University of Chicago Press.
1298:Pachycephalosaurus wyomingensis
901:Within Pachycephalosauria, the
4196:Taxa named by Halszka Osmólska
4191:Taxa named by Teresa Maryańska
3497:Kielan-Jaworowska, Z. (1974).
376:as a new genus and species.
325:(meaning "swollen head") is a
313:Maryańska & Osmólska, 1974
1:
4181:Fossil taxa described in 1974
3192:10.1016/j.cretres.2009.09.001
3145:10.1080/14772019.2021.2013965
2977:10.1080/08912963.2019.1593404
2828:Snively, E.; Cox, A. (2008).
2756:Palaeontographica Abteilung A
2334:10.1080/08912963.2020.1793979
2246:Boyd, Clint A. (2015-12-22).
352:. It is known from a partial
3545:10.1016/0037-0738(74)90021-9
3461:10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.10.023
3407:10.1371/journal.pone.0031330
3325:Cau, A.; Madzia, D. (2018).
2961:Bagaceratops rozhdestvenskyi
2943:10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.11.018
2878:10.1371/journal.pone.0021422
2674:10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.11.029
1948:10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.10.015
1570:on the skull of the related
2051:10.1127/njgpm/1982/1982/440
1612:'s dome is most similar to
1154:Homalocephale calathocercos
911:Tylocephale, Homalocephale,
4222:
3099:10.1038/s41598-021-83568-4
2834:Palaeontologia Electronica
1882:, and a wide diversity of
1630:Tylocephale, Prenocephale,
1622:Stegoceras, Homalocephale,
657:Stegoceras, Homalocephale,
555:Polish Academy of Sciences
18:Extinct genus of dinosaurs
4186:Pachycephalosaurs of Asia
4034:
4019:
3873:
3841:
3828:
3809:
3763:
3736:
3723:
3668:
3564:American Museum Novitates
3278:American Museum Novitates
3222:American Museum Novitates
2472:10.1007/s12549-015-0188-x
2176:Osteology of the Reptiles
1725:, and large-scale trough
1415:Sphaerotholus buchholtzae
1411:
1394:
1387:
1352:
1335:
1328:
1311:
1294:
1287:
1280:
1263:
1246:
1239:
1222:
1215:
1198:
1191:
1174:
1167:
1150:
1143:
1126:
1119:
1090:
1073:
1056:
1039:
1032:
1025:
1009:Wannanosaurus yanshiensis
1005:
998:
300:
293:
137:Scientific classification
135:
126:
117:
25:
2772:Nabavizadeh, A. (2016).
2427:Sullivan, R. M. (2006).
2086:Palaeontologica Polonica
1997:Palaeontologica Polonica
1709:, mostly light-coloured
1094:Stegoceras novomexicanum
574:Palaeontologica Polonica
340:, that lived during the
3506:Palaeontologia Polonica
3480:Paleontological Journal
3030:Acta Geologica Polonica
3007:Palaeontologia Polonica
2812:Barrett, P. M. (1998).
2536:Journal of Paleontology
2017:Palaeontologia Polonica
1977:Palaeontologia Polonica
1602:finite element analysis
1592:. The dome function of
1315:Alaskacephale gangloffi
886:analysis recovered the
703:Skull and ornamentation
679:, and a thick, rodlike
663:. Based on these taxa,
502:Zofia Kielan-Jaworowska
2599:10.1139/cjes-2020-0190
2012:Maryanska, T. (1977).
1971:Currie, P. J. (2016).
1717:(often red-coloured),
1698:
1577:
1398:Sphaerotholus goodwini
1202:Foraminacephale brevis
1130:Goyocephale lattimorei
786:exceptionally rugged.
754:
725:infratemporal fenestra
645:
473:
4153:Paleobiology Database
2778:The Anatomical Record
1992:Lavas, J. R. (2016).
1695:Barun Goyot Formation
1692:
1566:
1226:Amtocephale gobienses
1060:Colepiocephale lambei
1043:Hanssuesia sternbergi
975:Below on the left is
746:
643:
478:Barun Goyot Formation
463:fossil localities of
454:
362:Barun Goyot Formation
31:Temporal range: Late
4201:Ornithischian genera
3918:Pachycephalosaurinae
3866:Pachycephalosauridae
2102:Paul, G. S. (2016).
1727:cross-stratification
1662:white-bellied duiker
1552:been suggested that
1356:Stygimoloch spinifer
1178:Tylocephale gilmorei
1116:Pachycephalosaurinae
1022:Pachycephalosauridae
950:Tylocephale gilmorei
921:Pachycephalosaurus,
723:bears only two. The
578:Tylocephale gilmorei
447:Discovery and naming
307:Tylocephale gilmorei
248:Pachycephalosauridae
3537:1974SedG...12..249G
3525:Sedimentary Geology
3453:2018PPP...494..101F
3398:2012PLoSO...731330F
3184:2010CrRes..31...16B
3172:Cretaceous Research
2935:2018PPP...494...29E
2869:2011PLoSO...621422S
2666:2018PPP...494..121E
2591:2021CaJES..58..981E
2519:Cretaceous Research
2464:2015PdPe...95..579E
2398:2003AcGlS..77...15Y
2326:2021HBio...33.2335D
2217:1983CaJES..20..462G
2145:1983CaJES..20..462G
1940:2018PPP...494...14F
1642:species recognition
1614:Pachycephalosaurus'
1339:Dracorex hogwartsia
1250:Prenocephale prenes
954:Prenocephale prenes
3969:Pachycephalosaurus
3834:Pachycephalosauria
3813:Pachycephalosauria
3783:Pachycephalosauria
3662:Pachycephalosauria
3378:"New specimens of
3344:10.7717/peerj.4868
3086:Scientific Reports
2965:Historical Biology
2314:Historical Biology
2265:10.7717/peerj.1523
1699:
1634:Pachycephalosaurus
1578:
1573:Pachycephalosaurus
1077:Stegoceras validum
995:Pachycephalosauria
888:heterodontosaurids
876:Pachycephalosaurus
841:muscle connections
798:Teeth and mandible
755:
646:
629:Pachycephalosaurus
488:(catalogue number
474:
331:pachycephalosaurid
235:Pachycephalosauria
4168:
4167:
4140:Open Tree of Life
4067:Taxon identifiers
4058:
4057:
4030:
4029:
4017:
4016:
4013:
4012:
3824:
3823:
3820:
3819:
3805:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3139:(16): 1097–1128.
3066:10.1111/zoj.12185
2971:(10): 1394–1421.
2741:978-0-520-24209-8
2709:10.1111/zoj.12465
2320:(10): 2335–2355.
2185:978-0-226-72491-1
1755:semiarid climates
1541:replacement teeth
1516:
1515:
1507:
1506:
1498:
1497:
1489:
1488:
1480:
1479:
1471:
1470:
1462:
1461:
1453:
1452:
1444:
1443:
1435:
1434:
1426:
1425:
1376:
1375:
1367:
1366:
1267:Acrotholus audeti
1105:
1104:
837:articular surface
685:occipital condyle
580:. The genus name
472:
318:
317:
274:
4213:
4206:Campanian genera
4161:
4160:
4148:
4147:
4135:
4134:
4122:
4121:
4109:
4108:
4107:
4094:
4093:
4092:
4062:
4048:
4047:
4025:
3871:
3839:
3830:
3761:
3734:
3725:
3718:
3717:
3670:
3655:
3648:
3641:
3632:
3617:
3615:Dinosaurs portal
3612:
3611:
3610:
3594:
3593:
3583:
3555:
3549:
3548:
3520:
3514:
3513:
3503:
3494:
3488:
3487:
3471:
3465:
3464:
3436:
3430:
3429:
3419:
3409:
3373:
3367:
3366:
3356:
3346:
3322:
3316:
3315:
3297:
3275:
3266:
3260:
3259:
3241:
3219:
3210:
3204:
3203:
3163:
3157:
3156:
3128:
3122:
3121:
3111:
3101:
3077:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3044:
3038:
3037:
3021:
3015:
3014:
3004:
2995:
2989:
2988:
2956:
2947:
2946:
2918:
2909:
2908:
2898:
2880:
2848:
2842:
2841:
2825:
2819:
2810:
2804:
2803:
2793:
2791:10.1002/ar.23306
2769:
2763:
2752:
2746:
2745:
2729:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2645:
2636:
2625:
2619:
2618:
2570:
2564:
2549:
2543:
2532:
2526:
2515:
2509:
2498:
2492:
2491:
2443:
2437:
2436:
2424:
2418:
2417:
2377:
2371:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2305:
2296:
2295:
2285:
2267:
2243:
2237:
2236:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2171:
2165:
2164:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2099:
2090:
2089:
2083:
2074:
2055:
2054:
2030:
2024:
2010:
2004:
1990:
1984:
1969:
1960:
1959:
1919:
1850:halszkaraptorine
1822:protoceratopsids
1767:, including the
1685:Paleoenvironment
1390:
1331:
1290:
1283:
1242:
1218:
1194:
1170:
1146:
1122:
1035:
1028:
1001:
991:
952:is a synonym of
944:and flat-headed
882:However, a 2020
851:with the jugal.
825:coronoid process
792:
768:splanchnocranium
748:Life restoration
689:ossified tendons
592:("swollen") and
566:Nemegt Formation
514:Halszka Osmólska
510:Teresa Maryańska
486:pachycephalosaur
455:
374:Halszka Osmólska
370:Teresa Maryańska
309:
305:
286:T. gilmorei
270:& Osmólska,
266:
259:
246:
233:
217:
201:
145:
144:
122:
112:
42:
23:
4221:
4220:
4216:
4215:
4214:
4212:
4211:
4210:
4171:
4170:
4169:
4164:
4156:
4151:
4143:
4138:
4130:
4125:
4117:
4112:
4103:
4102:
4097:
4088:
4087:
4082:
4069:
4059:
4054:
4026:
4009:
3948:Foraminacephale
3912:
3860:
3816:
3797:
3777:
3750:
3744:Avemetatarsalia
3729:Avemetatarsalia
3719:
3713:Marginocephalia
3675:
3674:
3664:
3659:
3613:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3598:
3597:
3557:
3556:
3552:
3522:
3521:
3517:
3501:
3496:
3495:
3491:
3473:
3472:
3468:
3438:
3437:
3433:
3375:
3374:
3370:
3324:
3323:
3319:
3273:
3268:
3267:
3263:
3217:
3212:
3211:
3207:
3165:
3164:
3160:
3130:
3129:
3125:
3079:
3078:
3074:
3046:
3045:
3041:
3023:
3022:
3018:
3002:
2997:
2996:
2992:
2958:
2957:
2950:
2920:
2919:
2912:
2850:
2849:
2845:
2827:
2826:
2822:
2811:
2807:
2771:
2770:
2766:
2753:
2749:
2742:
2721:
2720:
2716:
2694:
2693:
2689:
2647:
2646:
2639:
2626:
2622:
2585:(10): 981–992.
2572:
2571:
2567:
2550:
2546:
2533:
2529:
2516:
2512:
2499:
2495:
2445:
2444:
2440:
2426:
2425:
2421:
2379:
2378:
2374:
2361:
2357:
2307:
2306:
2299:
2245:
2244:
2240:
2225:10.1139/e83-043
2198:
2197:
2193:
2186:
2173:
2172:
2168:
2153:10.1139/e83-043
2126:
2125:
2121:
2114:
2101:
2100:
2093:
2081:
2076:
2075:
2058:
2032:
2031:
2027:
2011:
2007:
1991:
1987:
1970:
1963:
1921:
1920:
1913:
1908:
1896:
1687:
1658:cancellous bone
1583:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1508:
1499:
1490:
1481:
1472:
1463:
1454:
1445:
1436:
1427:
1377:
1368:
1106:
981:Foraminacephale
941:Foraminacephale
896:Marginocephalia
857:
839:, was used for
800:
790:
705:
644:Size comparison
638:
616:. All of these
602:Charles Gilmore
600:paleontologist
584:comes from the
498:Late Cretaceous
449:
421:oviraptorosaurs
356:and associated
348:in what is now
346:Late Cretaceous
314:
311:
303:
302:
289:
265:
257:
244:
231:
215:
199:
139:
127:Diagram of the
113:
111:
110:
109:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
37:
36:
29:
19:
12:
11:
5:
4219:
4217:
4209:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4173:
4172:
4166:
4165:
4163:
4162:
4149:
4136:
4123:
4110:
4095:
4079:
4077:
4071:
4070:
4065:
4056:
4055:
4053:
4052:
4042:
4035:
4032:
4031:
4028:
4027:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4014:
4011:
4010:
4008:
4007:
4000:
3993:
3986:
3979:
3972:
3965:
3958:
3951:
3944:
3937:
3930:
3922:
3920:
3914:
3913:
3911:
3910:
3903:
3896:
3889:
3882:
3879:Colepiocephale
3874:
3868:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3858:
3851:
3847:Ferganocephale
3842:
3836:
3826:
3825:
3822:
3821:
3818:
3817:
3810:
3807:
3806:
3803:
3802:
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3721:
3720:
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3715:
3706:
3697:
3688:
3682:
3673:
3666:
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3658:
3657:
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3643:
3635:
3629:
3628:
3619:
3618:
3602:
3601:External links
3599:
3596:
3595:
3566:(249): 1−118.
3550:
3531:(4): 249–278.
3515:
3489:
3466:
3431:
3368:
3317:
3286:10.1206/3982.1
3280:(3982): 1–47.
3261:
3230:10.1206/3965.1
3224:(3965): 1–48.
3205:
3158:
3123:
3092:(4101): 4101.
3072:
3059:(3): 631−652.
3039:
3016:
2990:
2948:
2910:
2843:
2820:
2805:
2784:(3): 271–294.
2764:
2747:
2740:
2726:The Dinosauria
2714:
2687:
2637:
2635:(47), 347-365.
2620:
2565:
2544:
2542:(5), 997-1001.
2527:
2510:
2493:
2458:(4): 579–585.
2438:
2435:(35): 347–365.
2419:
2372:
2355:
2297:
2238:
2211:(3): 462–472.
2191:
2184:
2166:
2139:(3): 462–472.
2119:
2112:
2091:
2056:
2045:(7): 440–448.
2025:
2005:
1985:
1961:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1902:
1895:
1892:
1879:Quaesitosaurus
1835:dromaeosaurids
1786:alvarezsaurids
1735:alluvial plain
1686:
1683:
1582:
1579:
1556:differed from
1526:
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1048:
1047:
1038:
1033:
1031:
1026:
1024:
1018:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1004:
999:
997:
989:
892:Early Jurassic
856:
855:Classification
853:
833:adductor fossa
817:Homalocephale.
799:
796:
704:
701:
637:
634:
494:Late Campanian
490:ZPAL MgD-I/105
448:
445:
433:alluvial plain
342:Late Campanian
338:ornithischians
316:
315:
312:
298:
297:
291:
290:
282:
280:
276:
275:
255:
251:
250:
242:
238:
237:
229:
222:
221:
219:Neornithischia
213:
206:
205:
197:
190:
189:
184:
177:
176:
171:
167:
166:
161:
157:
156:
151:
147:
146:
133:
132:
124:
123:
115:
114:
106:
105:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
43:
30:
17:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4218:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4178:
4176:
4159:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4128:
4124:
4120:
4115:
4111:
4106:
4100:
4096:
4091:
4085:
4081:
4080:
4078:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4063:
4051:
4043:
4041:
4037:
4036:
4033:
4024:
4006:
4005:
4001:
3999:
3998:
3997:Sphaerotholus
3994:
3992:
3991:
3987:
3985:
3984:
3980:
3978:
3977:
3973:
3971:
3970:
3966:
3964:
3963:
3962:Homalocephale
3959:
3957:
3956:
3952:
3950:
3949:
3945:
3943:
3942:
3938:
3936:
3935:
3934:Alaskacephale
3931:
3929:
3928:
3924:
3923:
3921:
3919:
3915:
3909:
3908:
3904:
3902:
3901:
3897:
3895:
3894:
3890:
3888:
3887:
3883:
3881:
3880:
3876:
3875:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3863:
3857:
3856:
3855:Wannanosaurus
3852:
3849:
3848:
3844:
3843:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3815:
3814:
3808:
3791:
3790:
3789:
3788:
3786:
3784:
3780:
3772:
3768:
3767:
3766:
3765:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3753:
3745:
3741:
3740:
3739:
3738:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3714:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3683:
3681:
3677:
3676:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3656:
3651:
3649:
3644:
3642:
3637:
3636:
3633:
3627:
3625:
3621:
3620:
3616:
3605:
3600:
3591:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3554:
3551:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3519:
3516:
3511:
3507:
3500:
3493:
3490:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3470:
3467:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3435:
3432:
3427:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3392:(2): e31330.
3391:
3387:
3383:
3381:
3372:
3369:
3364:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3321:
3318:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3272:
3265:
3262:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3216:
3209:
3206:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3162:
3159:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3127:
3124:
3119:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3076:
3073:
3067:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3043:
3040:
3036:(3): 281–326.
3035:
3031:
3027:
3020:
3017:
3012:
3008:
3001:
2994:
2991:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2955:
2953:
2949:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2917:
2915:
2911:
2906:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2863:(6): e21422.
2862:
2858:
2854:
2847:
2844:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2824:
2821:
2817:
2816:
2809:
2806:
2801:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2768:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2751:
2748:
2743:
2737:
2733:
2728:
2727:
2718:
2715:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2691:
2688:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2624:
2621:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2569:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2548:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2531:
2528:
2525:(2), 274-284.
2524:
2520:
2514:
2511:
2508:(2), 563-601.
2507:
2503:
2497:
2494:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2442:
2439:
2434:
2430:
2423:
2420:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2376:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2359:
2356:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2293:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2242:
2239:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2195:
2192:
2187:
2181:
2177:
2170:
2167:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2123:
2120:
2115:
2113:9780691167664
2109:
2105:
2098:
2096:
2092:
2088:(30): 45−102.
2087:
2080:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2057:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2029:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2015:
2009:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1995:
1989:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1918:
1916:
1912:
1905:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1880:
1875:
1874:
1869:
1868:
1863:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1851:
1847:
1846:
1841:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1831:Breviceratops
1828:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1818:
1813:
1812:
1807:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1797:
1792:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1782:
1777:
1773:
1770:
1769:ankylosaurids
1766:
1762:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1723:conglomerates
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1696:
1691:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1654:bighorn sheep
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1581:Dome function
1580:
1575:
1574:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1537:
1533:
1524:
1519:
1512:
1511:
1503:
1502:
1494:
1493:
1485:
1484:
1476:
1475:
1467:
1466:
1458:
1457:
1449:
1448:
1440:
1439:
1431:
1430:
1422:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1416:
1409:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1399:
1392:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1372:
1371:
1363:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1357:
1350:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1340:
1333:
1332:
1326:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1316:
1309:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1299:
1292:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1278:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1268:
1261:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1251:
1244:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1227:
1220:
1219:
1213:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1203:
1196:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1172:
1171:
1165:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1155:
1148:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1131:
1124:
1123:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1101:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1095:
1088:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1078:
1071:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1061:
1054:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1044:
1037:
1036:
1030:
1029:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1010:
1003:
1002:
996:
993:
992:
988:
986:
982:
978:
973:
971:
967:
966:Homalocephale
963:
959:
958:Homalocephale
955:
951:
947:
946:Homalocephale
943:
942:
937:
932:
931:
930:Alaskacephale
926:
924:
918:
917:
912:
908:
904:
899:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
854:
852:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
797:
795:
789:
783:
781:
780:supraorbitals
777:
773:
772:quadratojugal
769:
765:
760:
753:
750:of a pair of
749:
745:
741:
739:
735:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
702:
700:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
642:
635:
633:
631:
630:
625:
624:
619:
615:
614:
609:
608:
607:Homalocephale
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
562:
560:
556:
552:
551:
547:
543:
542:
541:Breviceratops
538:
534:
533:
528:
527:
523:
519:
518:river channel
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
496:stage of the
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
470:
466:
462:
458:
453:
446:
444:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
401:
399:
398:
393:
392:
391:Homalocephale
387:
383:
377:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
332:
328:
324:
323:
310:
308:
299:
296:
295:Binomial name
292:
288:
287:
281:
278:
277:
273:
269:
264:
263:
256:
253:
252:
249:
243:
240:
239:
236:
230:
227:
224:
223:
220:
214:
211:
208:
207:
204:
198:
195:
192:
191:
188:
185:
182:
179:
178:
175:
172:
169:
168:
165:
162:
159:
158:
155:
152:
149:
148:
143:
138:
134:
130:
125:
121:
116:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
41:
34:
28:
24:
21:
16:
4074:
4003:
4002:
3995:
3988:
3983:Prenocephale
3981:
3974:
3967:
3960:
3953:
3946:
3939:
3932:
3925:
3905:
3898:
3891:
3884:
3877:
3853:
3845:
3811:
3771:Ornithischia
3756:Ornithischia
3708:
3704:Ornithischia
3699:
3690:
3623:
3563:
3553:
3528:
3524:
3518:
3509:
3505:
3492:
3483:
3479:
3469:
3444:
3440:
3434:
3389:
3385:
3379:
3371:
3334:
3330:
3320:
3277:
3264:
3221:
3208:
3178:(1): 16–26.
3175:
3171:
3161:
3136:
3132:
3126:
3089:
3085:
3075:
3056:
3052:
3042:
3033:
3029:
3019:
3010:
3006:
2993:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2926:
2922:
2860:
2856:
2846:
2837:
2833:
2823:
2813:
2808:
2781:
2777:
2767:
2759:
2755:
2750:
2725:
2717:
2700:
2690:
2657:
2653:
2632:
2628:
2623:
2582:
2578:
2568:
2560:
2556:
2547:
2539:
2535:
2530:
2522:
2518:
2513:
2505:
2501:
2496:
2455:
2451:
2441:
2432:
2422:
2392:(1): 15–20.
2389:
2385:
2375:
2367:
2363:
2358:
2317:
2313:
2255:
2251:
2241:
2208:
2204:
2194:
2175:
2169:
2136:
2132:
2122:
2103:
2085:
2042:
2038:
2028:
2020:
2016:
2008:
2000:
1996:
1988:
1980:
1976:
1931:
1927:
1877:
1871:
1865:
1861:Conchoraptor
1859:
1857:oviraptorids
1852:
1843:
1837:
1830:
1826:Bagaceratops
1824:
1815:
1809:
1803:
1794:
1788:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1760:
1759:
1700:
1678:vascularized
1673:
1669:
1650:Prenocephale
1649:
1645:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1598:Prenocephale
1597:
1593:
1585:
1584:
1571:
1557:
1553:
1548:
1544:
1531:
1528:
1520:Paleobiology
1413:
1412:
1396:
1395:
1354:
1353:
1337:
1336:
1313:
1312:
1296:
1295:
1265:
1264:
1248:
1247:
1224:
1223:
1200:
1199:
1177:
1176:
1175:
1152:
1151:
1128:
1127:
1092:
1091:
1075:
1074:
1058:
1057:
1041:
1040:
1007:
1006:
984:
980:
976:
974:
969:
965:
962:Prenocephale
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
939:
935:
928:
920:
914:
910:
906:
905:position of
903:phylogenetic
900:
879:
875:
859:
858:
816:
812:
801:
787:
784:
756:
751:
720:
706:
667:had a short
664:
661:Prenocephale
660:
656:
652:
648:
647:
627:
621:
613:Prenocephale
611:
605:
593:
589:
581:
577:
573:
563:
548:
539:
530:
524:
489:
475:
468:
425:dromaeosaurs
413:ceratopsians
402:
395:
389:
385:
381:
378:
321:
320:
319:
306:
301:
285:
284:
261:
260:
225:
209:
203:Ornithischia
193:
180:
26:
20:
15:
4105:Tylocephale
4099:Wikispecies
4075:Tylocephale
4004:Tylocephale
3990:Sinocephale
3976:Platytholus
3955:Goyocephale
3941:Amtocephale
3907:Texacephale
3886:Gravitholus
3624:Tylocephale
3447:: 101–120.
3380:Nemegtomaia
2660:: 121–134.
1873:Nemegtomaia
1796:Parvicursor
1790:Khulsanurus
1765:vertebrates
1761:Tylocephale
1626:Goyocephale
1610:Tylocephale
1606:Tylocephale
1594:Tylocephale
1586:Tylocephale
1554:Tylocephale
1532:Tylocephale
977:Tylocephale
970:Tylocephale
936:Tylocephale
923:Stygimoloch
916:Goyocephale
907:Tylocephale
880:Tylocephale
864:herbivorous
860:Tylocephale
813:Tylocephale
788:Tylocephale
752:Tylocephale
738:exoccipital
729:postorbital
721:Tylocephale
665:Tylocephale
653:Tylocephale
649:Tylocephale
636:Description
582:Tylocephale
522:ankylosaurs
482:Gobi Desert
469:Tylocephale
417:ankylosaurs
397:Goyocephale
386:Tylocephale
382:Tylocephale
366:Gobi Desert
322:Tylocephale
262:Tylocephale
38:75–73
27:Tylocephale
4175:Categories
4038:See also:
3927:Acrotholus
3900:Stegoceras
3893:Hanssuesia
3792:see below↓
3695:Dinosauria
3013:: 111−146.
2563:, 329-330.
2370:(1), 1-40.
1906:References
1811:Gobipteryx
1781:Zaraapelta
1743:lacustrine
1731:sandstones
1719:siltstones
1715:claystones
1674:Stegoceras
1670:Stegoceras
1664:, and the
1646:Stegoceras
1558:Stegoceras
1549:Stegoceras
1545:Stegoceras
868:Cretaceous
623:Stegoceras
570:formations
537:ceratopsid
457:Cretaceous
429:titanosaur
409:serrations
187:Dinosauria
3678:Kingdom:
3590:129367764
3581:2246/1596
3337:: e4868.
3312:243849373
3304:0003-0082
3295:2246/7286
3256:231597229
3248:0003-0082
3239:2246/7251
3200:0195-6671
3153:247222017
2985:132780322
2929:: 29–50.
2887:1932-6203
2682:0031-0182
2615:244227050
2607:0008-4077
2488:129253322
2480:1867-1608
2350:221854017
2342:0891-2963
2274:2167-8359
2258:: e1523.
2233:0008-4077
2161:0008-4077
2023:, 85-151.
1983:, 83-100.
1956:0031-0182
1934:: 14–28.
1888:squamates
1867:Heyuannia
1853:Hulsanpes
1805:Gobipipus
1772:Saichania
1703:sediments
884:cladistic
809:taphonomy
759:quadrates
734:squamosal
717:fenestrae
709:braincase
677:hindlimbs
673:forelimbs
632:as well.
550:Hulsanpes
532:Saichania
443:climate.
441:semi-arid
279:Species:
268:Maryańska
160:Kingdom:
154:Eukaryota
33:Campanian
4084:Wikidata
4050:Category
4040:Timeline
3686:Chordata
3684:Phylum:
3680:Animalia
3512:: 23–44.
3486:: 90−96.
3426:22347465
3386:PLOS ONE
3363:29868277
3118:33737515
2905:21738658
2857:PLOS ONE
2800:26692539
2414:89051352
2292:26713260
2003:, 13-24.
1894:See also
1817:Hollanda
1707:red beds
987:(2020):
878:itself.
598:American
546:theropod
506:dinosaur
465:Mongolia
461:dinosaur
427:, and a
358:mandible
350:Mongolia
334:dinosaur
241:Family:
174:Chordata
170:Phylum:
164:Animalia
150:Domain:
129:holotype
4145:4128756
4132:1027600
4119:4823087
4090:Q132563
3533:Bibcode
3449:Bibcode
3417:3275628
3394:Bibcode
3354:5978397
3180:Bibcode
3109:7973727
2931:Bibcode
2896:3125168
2865:Bibcode
2840:: 1–17.
2762:: 1–40.
2662:Bibcode
2587:Bibcode
2460:Bibcode
2394:Bibcode
2322:Bibcode
2283:4690359
2213:Bibcode
2141:Bibcode
1936:Bibcode
1884:mammals
1776:Tarchia
1747:aeolian
1666:giraffe
1638:display
1590:keratin
1568:Lesions
1536:iguanid
827:of the
805:erosion
697:unguals
675:, long
671:, tiny
594:cephale
526:Tarchia
480:in the
364:of the
304:†
283:†
254:Genus:
107:↓
3588:
3424:
3414:
3361:
3351:
3310:
3302:
3254:
3246:
3198:
3151:
3116:
3106:
2983:
2903:
2893:
2885:
2798:
2738:
2734:–477.
2680:
2613:
2605:
2486:
2478:
2412:
2348:
2340:
2290:
2280:
2272:
2231:
2182:
2159:
2110:
1954:
1855:; and
1745:, and
1739:rivers
847:, and
845:nerves
821:crowns
713:palate
588:words
559:Warsaw
544:, and
459:-aged
131:skull
4158:38791
4127:IRMNG
3709:Clade
3700:Clade
3691:Clade
3586:S2CID
3502:(PDF)
3331:PeerJ
3308:S2CID
3274:(PDF)
3252:S2CID
3218:(PDF)
3149:S2CID
3003:(PDF)
2981:S2CID
2611:S2CID
2484:S2CID
2410:S2CID
2346:S2CID
2252:PeerJ
2082:(PDF)
1801:birds
1711:sands
1656:with
1618:nasal
985:et al
849:veins
829:ramus
791:'
776:orbit
764:jugal
586:Greek
405:teeth
354:skull
327:genus
226:Clade
210:Clade
194:Clade
181:Clade
4114:GBIF
3769:see
3742:see
3422:PMID
3359:PMID
3300:ISSN
3244:ISSN
3196:ISSN
3114:PMID
2901:PMID
2883:ISSN
2796:PMID
2736:ISBN
2678:ISSN
2603:ISSN
2476:ISSN
2338:ISSN
2288:PMID
2270:ISSN
2229:ISSN
2180:ISBN
2157:ISSN
2108:ISBN
2043:1982
1952:ISSN
1886:and
1870:and
1845:Shri
1842:and
1839:Kuru
1829:and
1814:and
1793:and
1778:and
1751:arid
1648:and
1632:and
1624:and
1525:Diet
968:and
927:and
913:and
807:and
681:tail
669:neck
659:and
626:and
618:taxa
610:and
590:tyle
529:and
512:and
437:arid
394:and
372:and
272:1974
46:PreꞒ
3576:hdl
3568:doi
3541:doi
3457:doi
3445:494
3412:PMC
3402:doi
3349:PMC
3339:doi
3290:hdl
3282:doi
3234:hdl
3226:doi
3188:doi
3141:doi
3104:PMC
3094:doi
3061:doi
3057:172
2973:doi
2939:doi
2927:494
2891:PMC
2873:doi
2786:doi
2782:299
2760:198
2732:464
2705:doi
2670:doi
2658:494
2595:doi
2506:193
2468:doi
2402:doi
2330:doi
2278:PMC
2260:doi
2221:doi
2149:doi
2047:doi
1944:doi
1932:494
1753:to
1741:),
1640:or
693:pes
557:in
439:to
329:of
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51:Ꞓ
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