63:
22:
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710:
This kind of type punning is more dangerous than most. Whereas the former example relied only on guarantees made by the C programming language about structure layout and pointer convertibility, the latter example relies on assumptions about a particular system's hardware. Some situations, such as
1700:
Where "new" is the standard routine in Pascal for allocating memory for a pointer, and "hex" is presumably a routine to print the hexadecimal string describing the value of an integer. This would allow the display of the address of a pointer, something which is not normally permitted. (Pointers
1499:
In Pascal, copying a real to an integer converts it to the truncated value. This method would translate the binary value of the floating-point number into whatever it is as a long integer (32 bit), which will not be the same and may be incompatible with the long integer value on some systems.
1503:
These examples could be used to create strange conversions, although, in some cases, there may be legitimate uses for these types of constructs, such as for determining locations of particular pieces of data. In the following example a pointer and a longint are both presumed to be 32 bit:
2595:
If the member used to read the contents of a union object is not the same as the member last used to store a value in the object, the appropriate part of the object representation of the value is reinterpreted as an object representation in the new type as described in 6.2.6
526:
Often seen in the programming world is the use of "padded" data structures to allow for the storage of different kinds of values in what is effectively the same storage space. This is often seen when two structures are used in mutual exclusivity for optimization.
780:, causing problems that are unchecked by the compiler. Even when data size and pointer representation match, however, compilers can rely on the non-aliasing constraints to perform optimizations that would be unsafe in the presence of disallowed aliasing.
1792:
The reinterpret cast technique from C/C++ also works in Pascal. This can be useful, when eg. reading dwords from a byte stream, and we want to treat them as float. Here is a working example, where we reinterpret-cast a dword to a float:
759:
In addition to the assumption about bit-representation of floating-point numbers, the above floating-point type-punning example also violates the C language's constraints on how objects are accessed: the declared type of
1789:
This construct may cause a program check or protection violation if address 0 is protected against reading on the machine the program is running upon or the operating system it is running under.
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cannot be read or written, only assigned.) Assigning a value to an integer variant of a pointer would allow examining or writing to any location in system memory:
1878:(and other .NET languages), type punning is a little harder to achieve because of the type system, but can be done nonetheless, using pointers or struct unions.
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can be used instead of C#, because it doesn't have most of the type limitations. This allows one to, for example, combine two enum values of a generic type:
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2527:
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The C standard's aliasing rules state that an object shall have its stored value accessed only by an lvalue expression of a compatible type. The types
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to this list — are provided in order to permit many kinds of type punning, although some kinds are not actually supported by the standard language.
1195:
A variant record permits treating a data type as multiple kinds of data depending on which variant is being referenced. In the following example,
887:. Although on GCC and LLVM this particular program compiles and runs as expected, more complicated examples may interact with assumptions made by
1021:, is an allowed form of type-punning in C, provided that the member read is not larger than the one whose value was set (otherwise the read has
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A naive attempt at type-punning can be achieved by using pointers: (The following running example assumes IEEE-754 bit-representation for type
175:
1890:), enum, array or struct that is composed only of other native types. Note that pointers are only allowed in code blocks marked 'unsafe'.
207:
146:
49:
895:
will ensure correct behavior of code using this form of type-punning, although using other forms of type punning is recommended.
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491:; and, in addition, that the two structure types share the same memory layout. Therefore, a reference to the structure field
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Not all examples of type punning involve structures, as the previous example did. Suppose we want to determine whether a
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in order to achieve an effect that would be difficult or impossible to achieve within the bounds of the formal language.
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An object shall have its stored value accessed only by an lvalue expression that has one of the following types:
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Struct unions are allowed without any notion of 'unsafe' code, but they do require the definition of a new type.
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may be used to treat a particular data type in more than one manner, or in a manner not normally permitted.
95:
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772:. On many common platforms, this use of pointer punning can create problems if different pointers are
2500:
2686:, and discussing the issues surrounding the implementation-defined behavior of the last example above
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2236:// this will not cause an overflow, because a and b have the same type, and therefore the same size.
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function allows type punning with no undefined behavior. It also allows the function be labeled
41:
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1269:(* not show here: there can be several variables in a variant record's case statement *)
515:). In other words, the sockets library uses type punning to implement a rudimentary form of
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However, supposing that floating-point comparisons are expensive, and also supposing that
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851:// In C++ this is equivalent to: int32_t i = *reinterpret_cast<int32_t*>(&x);
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2634:
The following are unspecified: … The values of bytes that correspond to union members
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CIL opcode allows for some other tricks, such as converting a struct to a byte array:
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1886:
C# only allows pointers to so-called native types, i.e. any primitive type (except
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719:, may require dangerous code. In these cases, documenting all such assumptions in
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593:, and integers are 32 bits wide, we could engage in type punning to extract the
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62:
2436:// this is the *address* of 'v', because its type is '!!T&'
296:
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In C, but not in C++, it is sometimes possible to perform type punning via a
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Note that the behaviour will not be exactly the same: in the special case of
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594:
295:
interface. The function to bind an opened but uninitialized socket to an
2367:// create a new byte array with length sizeof(T) and store it in local 0
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479:
The
Berkeley sockets library fundamentally relies on the fact that in
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are presumed to be 32, while character is presumed to be 8 bit:
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is any programming technique that subverts or circumvents the
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of the floating-point number using only integer operations:
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standard, incidentally defining "type punning" in terms of
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to verify portability expectations, helps to keep the code
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in C++, however, where only the last-written member of a
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are not compatible, therefore this code's behavior is
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Practical examples of floating-point punning include
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This can be circumvented by the following CIL code:
291:
One classic example of type punning is found in the
2424:// <the array is still on the stack, see (1)>
743:
87:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1017:after most recently writing to the other member,
776:. Furthermore, pointers of different sizes can
1455:(* this would extract the first byte of V.I *)
1494:(* this would store a Real into an Integer *)
768:but it is read through an expression of type
695:. Also, the first implementation will return
8:
1671:'Variable PP is located at address '
1025:). The same is syntactically valid but has
50:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1772:'Word 0 of this machine contains '
891:and lead to unwanted behavior. The option
715:code that the compiler otherwise fails to
2598:a process sometimes called "type punning"
2388:// keep a copy on the stack for later (1)
1036:For another example of type punning, see
208:Learn how and when to remove this message
147:Learn how and when to remove this message
2505:Random ASCII - tech blog of Bruce Dawson
1033:is considered to have any value at all.
2473:
352:function is usually called as follows:
2421:// memcpy(local 0, &v, sizeof(T));
707:for NaN values with the sign bit set.
487:is freely convertible to a pointer to
2692:on the use of unions for type punning
7:
2602:This might be a trap representation.
1763:(* K contains the value of word 0 *)
1742:(* PP now points to address 0 *)
539:number is negative. We could write:
85:adding citations to reliable sources
2636:other than the one last stored into
2625:, 2018, p. 403, archived from
703:value, but the latter might return
503:) will actually refer to the field
2586:, 2018, p. 59, archived from
2537:, 2018, p. 55, archived from
687:, the first implementation yields
14:
2672:, which defeats some type punning
778:alias accesses to the same memory
275:programming language, the use of
185:and remove advice or instruction.
31:This article has multiple issues.
1199:is presumed to be 16 bit, while
774:aligned in machine-specific ways
589:is represented according to the
163:
61:
20:
2481:Herf, Michael (December 2001).
72:needs additional citations for
39:or discuss these issues on the
2649:ISO/IEC 14882:2011 Section 9.5
1:
1125:// (enable only on IEEE 754)
591:IEEE floating-point standard
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2577:"§ 6.5.2.3/3, footnote 97"
2487:stereopsis : graphics
2559:"GCC Bugs - GNU Project"
2517:ISO/IEC 9899:1999 s6.5/7
2325:// 'ref T' in C#
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2706:Programming constructs
531:Floating-point example
493:my_addr->sin_family
2501:"Stupid Float Tricks"
247:, constructs such as
2616:"§ J.1/1, bullet 11"
1023:unspecified behavior
893:-fno-strict-aliasing
264:type conversion and
234:programming language
183:rewrite this article
81:improve this article
2507:. 24 January 2012.
1038:Stride of an array
1027:undefined behavior
723:, and introducing
513:struct sockaddr_in
485:struct sockaddr_in
2690:Defect Report 283
2676:Defect Report 257
2670:-fstrict-aliasing
2623:ISO/IEC 9899:2018
2584:ISO/IEC 9899:2018
2535:ISO/IEC 9899:2018
1994:FloatAndUIntUnion
1958:FloatAndUIntUnion
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293:Berkeley sockets
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889:strict aliasing
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799:
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789:
786:
784:Use of pointers
769:
765:
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738:popularized by
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489:struct sockaddr
488:
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483:, a pointer to
477:
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287:Sockets example
265:
255:
252:type conversion
214:
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90:
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66:
25:
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11:
5:
2719:
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2698:
2697:
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2673:
2657:
2656:External links
2654:
2652:
2651:
2642:
2607:
2568:
2550:
2519:
2510:
2492:
2483:"radix tricks"
2472:
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2254:
2111:
2056:
2046:
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1953:
1947:
1944:
1893:
1883:
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1189:
1107:numeric_limits
1066:
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913:
903:
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542:
537:floating-point
532:
529:
355:
302:
288:
285:
216:
215:
198:
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171:
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155:
154:
96:"Type punning"
69:
67:
60:
55:
29:
28:
26:
19:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2718:
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2109:
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1946:Struct unions
1945:
1891:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1869:
1794:
1790:
1702:
1505:
1501:
1365:VariantRecord
1215:VariantRecord
1208:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1190:
1095:static_assert
1064:
1057:std::bit_cast
1054:
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1041:
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898:
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713:time-critical
708:
702:
686:
685:negative zero
598:
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518:
505:sa.sin_family
482:
353:
300:
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172:This article
170:
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151:
148:
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129:
126:
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119:
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112:
108:
105:
101:
98: –
97:
93:
92:Find sources:
86:
82:
76:
75:
70:This article
68:
64:
59:
58:
53:
51:
44:
43:
38:
37:
32:
27:
18:
17:
2645:
2635:
2633:
2627:the original
2622:
2610:
2601:
2597:
2594:
2588:the original
2583:
2571:
2562:
2553:
2545:
2539:the original
2534:
2522:
2513:
2504:
2495:
2486:
2476:
2246:
2134:CombineEnums
2107:
2048:
2045:Raw CIL code
1949:
1885:
1873:
1791:
1788:
1699:
1502:
1498:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1194:
1050:
1035:
1012:
905:
873:
787:
770:unsigned int
758:
733:
729:maintainable
709:
678:
584:
534:
525:
517:polymorphism
478:
347:
290:
270:
238:
226:type punning
225:
219:
204:
191:October 2011
188:
181:Please help
173:
143:
137:October 2011
134:
124:
117:
110:
103:
91:
79:Please help
74:verification
71:
47:
40:
34:
33:Please help
30:
2563:gcc.gnu.org
2274:ToByteArray
2024:piAsRawData
2009:DataAsFloat
1970:DataAsFloat
1913:piAsRawData
1074:is_negative
918:is_negative
800:is_negative
750:By language
605:is_negative
547:is_negative
521:inheritance
511:is of type
499:is of type
360:sockaddr_in
260:— C++ adds
230:type system
2668:manual on
2638:(6.2.6.1).
2469:References
2103:// illegal
2036:DataAsUInt
1982:DataAsUInt
1019:my_union.d
1015:my_union.i
1013:Accessing
396:sin_family
297:IP address
107:newspapers
36:improve it
2528:"§ 6.5/7"
2298:ValueType
2280:valuetype
2268:hidebysig
2158:ValueType
2140:valuetype
2125:hidebysig
1413:Character
1119:is_iec559
1068:constexpr
1061:constexpr
885:undefined
755:C and C++
744:nextafter
740:Quake III
337:socklen_t
262:reference
42:talk page
2700:Category
2361:maxstack
2209:maxstack
2085:combined
1882:Pointers
1143:bit_cast
1089:noexcept
1046:bit_cast
990:my_union
969:my_union
963:my_union
721:comments
717:optimize
699:for any
595:sign bit
450:sockaddr
414:sin_port
325:sockaddr
281:variants
2678:to the
2664:of the
2662:Section
2415:ldelema
2334:managed
2200:managed
2015:3.14159
1904:3.14159
1766:WriteLn
1665:WriteLn
1626:LongInt
1590:LongInt
1545:LongInt
1389:LongInt
1377:Integer
1287:LongInt
1260:Integer
1233:LongInt
1227:RecType
1201:longint
1197:integer
1155:int32_t
1044:Use of
899:Use of
881:int32_t
833:int32_t
818:int32_t
507:(where
497:my_addr
495:(where
402:AF_INET
340:addrlen
331:my_addr
277:records
271:In the
249:pointer
121:scholar
2439:sizeof
2379:newarr
2370:sizeof
2343:locals
2292:System
2265:static
2262:public
2259:method
2152:System
2122:static
2119:public
2116:method
1991:// ...
1976:public
1964:public
1955:struct
1888:string
1533:record
1221:record
1191:Pascal
1170:return
1116:>::
1055:, the
987:return
854:return
683:being
656:return
565:return
468:sizeof
447:struct
438:sockfd
381:sockfd
357:struct
322:struct
316:sockfd
273:Pascal
123:
116:
109:
102:
94:
2684:union
2630:(PDF)
2619:(PDF)
2591:(PDF)
2580:(PDF)
2542:(PDF)
2531:(PDF)
2451:ldloc
2448:cpblk
2427:ldarg
2418:uint8
2391:stloc
2382:uint8
2352:uint8
2319:&
2271:uint8
2249:cpblk
2224:ldarg
2215:ldarg
2188:TEnum
2176:TEnum
2164:TEnum
2131:TEnum
2082:TEnum
2070:TEnum
2058:TEnum
2030:union
2003:union
1997:union
1967:float
1934:&
1895:float
1849:pReal
1825:DWord
1801:pReal
1335:array
1254:array
1113:float
1080:float
1053:C++20
1031:union
951:float
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924:float
908:union
901:union
877:float
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806:float
790:float
766:float
697:false
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611:float
587:float
553:float
459:&
420:htons
279:with
257:union
232:of a
128:JSTOR
114:books
2346:init
2307:>
2286:ctor
2277:<
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2146:ctor
2137:<
2079:...;
2067:...;
2049:Raw
2021:uint
1979:uint
1925:uint
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1837:Real
1810:Real
1798:type
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1527:Arec
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1509:type
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1224:case
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1071:bool
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915:bool
879:and
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797:bool
705:true
693:true
665:<
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574:0.0f
571:<
544:bool
432:bind
426:port
387:...;
350:bind
348:The
307:bind
254:and
243:and
224:, a
100:news
2680:C99
2666:GCC
2600:).
2460:ret
2400:ldc
2385:dup
2331:cil
2239:ret
2197:cil
2051:CIL
1874:In
1816:var
1677:Hex
1632:New
1605:var
1599:end
1470:8.3
1356:var
1350:end
1149:std
1137:std
1101:std
1051:In
942:int
792:.)
764:is
746:).
701:NaN
638:int
623:int
519:or
378:int
313:int
304:int
245:C++
239:In
220:In
83:by
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2561:.
2533:,
2503:.
2485:.
2442:!!
2406:i4
2373:!!
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2173:!!
2128:!!
1937:pi
1898:pi
1876:C#
1870:C#
1864:^;
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1754:^.
1751:PP
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1733:^.
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1692:))
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