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427:, but suffer from poor color reproduction and limited viewing angles, especially in the vertical direction. When viewed at an angle that is not perpendicular to the display, colors will shift, sometimes to the point of completely inverting. Modern, high end consumer products have developed methods to overcome the technology's shortcomings, such as
347:), and thus it would require millions of connections, both top and bottom for each one of the three colors (red, green and blue) of every pixel. To avoid this issue, the pixels are addressed in rows and columns, reducing the connection count from millions down to thousands. The column and row wires attach to
833:
When the field is on, the liquid crystal molecules start to tilt towards the center of the sub-pixels because of the electric field; as a result, a continuous pinwheel alignment (CPA) is formed; the azimuthal angle rotates 360 degrees continuously resulting in an excellent viewing angle. The ASV mode
762:
This is an LCD technology derived from the IPS by Boe-Hydis of Korea. Known as fringe field switching (FFS) until 2003, advanced fringe field switching is a technology similar to IPS or S-IPS offering superior performance and color gamut with high luminosity. Color shift and deviation caused by light
869:
TFT dual-transistor pixel or cell technology is a reflective-display technology for use in very-low-power-consumption applications such as electronic shelf labels (ESL), digital watches, or metering. DTP involves adding a secondary transistor gate in the single TFT cell to maintain the display of a
454:
to simulate an intermediate shade. Such 18 bit panels with dithering are sometimes advertised as having "16.2 million colors". These color simulation methods are noticeable to many people and highly bothersome to some. FRC tends to be most noticeable in darker tones, while dithering appears to make
778:
It achieved pixel response which was fast for its time, wide viewing angles, and high contrast at the cost of brightness and color reproduction. Modern MVA panels can offer wide viewing angles (second only to S-IPS technology), good black depth, good color reproduction and depth, and fast response
397:
is sometimes used in displays that require higher TFT performance. Examples include small high-resolution displays such as those found in projectors or viewfinders. Amorphous silicon-based TFTs are by far the most common, due to their lower production cost, whereas polycrystalline silicon TFTs are
1331:
to a clock whose rate is equal to the pixel rate. LVDS transmits seven bits per clock per data line, with six bits being data and one bit used to signal if the other six bits need to be inverted in order to maintain DC balance. Low-cost TFT displays often have three data lines and therefore only
507:
Initial iterations of IPS technology were characterised by slow response time and a low contrast ratio but later revisions have made marked improvements to these shortcomings. Because of its wide viewing angle and accurate color reproduction (with almost no off-angle color shift), IPS is widely
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Corporation) and DIC (formerly
Dainippon Ink & Chemicals). All three manufacturers have agreed not to introduce any acutely toxic or mutagenic liquid crystals to the market. They cover more than 90 percent of the global liquid crystal market. The remaining market share of liquid crystals,
503:
in 1996 to improve on the poor viewing angle and the poor color reproduction of TN panels at that time. Its name comes from the main difference from TN panels, that the crystal molecules move parallel to the panel plane instead of perpendicular to it. This change reduces the amount of light
852:
is Super PLS, which bears similarities to IPS panels, has wider viewing angles, better image quality, increased brightness, and lower production costs. PLS technology debuted in the PC display market with the release of the
Samsung S27A850 and S24A850 monitors in September 2011.
870:
pixel during a period of 1s without loss of image or without degrading the TFT transistors over time. By slowing the refresh rate of the standard frequency from 60 Hz to 1 Hz, DTP claims to increase the power efficiency by multiple orders of magnitude.
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In 2004, Hydis
Technologies Co., Ltd licensed its AFFS patent to Japan's Hitachi Displays. Hitachi is using AFFS to manufacture high end panels in their product line. In 2006, Hydis also licensed its AFFS to Sanyo Epson Imaging Devices Corporation.
830:. It is a VA mode where liquid crystal molecules orient perpendicular to the substrates in the off state. The bottom sub-pixel has continuously covered electrodes, while the upper one has a smaller area electrode in the center of the subpixel.
810:, whereas super-PVA (S-PVA) panels all use at least 8 bits per color component and do not use color simulation methods.S-PVA also largely eliminated off-angle glowing of solid blacks and reduced the off-angle gamma shift. Some high-end Sony
2290:
Kim, Sae-Bom; Kim, Woong-Ki; Chounlamany, Vanseng; Seo, Jaehwan; Yoo, Jisu; Jo, Hun-Je; Jung, Jinho (15 August 2012). "Identification of multi-level toxicity of liquid crystal display wastewater toward
Daphnia magna and Moina macrocopa".
351:
switches, one for each pixel. The one-way current passing characteristic of the transistor prevents the charge that is being applied to each pixel from being drained between refreshes to a display's image. Each pixel is a small
708:
Improves contrast ratio by twisting electrode plane layout. Also introduces an optional
Advanced True White polarizing film from NEC, to make white look more natural. This is used in professional/photography LCDs.
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produced primarily in China, consists of older, patent-free substances from the three leading world producers and have already been tested for toxicity by them. As a result, they can also be considered non-toxic.
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conversion. With digital input signals like DVI or HDMI some simple reordering of the bits is needed before feeding it to the rescaler if the input resolution does not match the display panel resolution.
1340:) or 30 bits per pixel respectively. Panel manufacturers are slowly replacing LVDS with Internal DisplayPort and Embedded DisplayPort, which allow sixfold reduction of the number of differential pairs.
763:
leakage is corrected by optimizing the white gamut, which also enhances white/grey reproduction. AFFS is developed by Hydis
Technologies Co., Ltd, Korea (formally Hyundai Electronics, LCD Task Force).
431:. Modern TN displays can look significantly better than older TN displays from decades earlier, but overall TN has inferior viewing angles and poor color in comparison to other technology like IPS.
463:) are also due to backlighting technology. It is common for older displays to range from 10% to 26% of the NTSC color gamut, whereas other kind of displays, utilizing more complicated CCFL or LED
423:(TN) display is one of the oldest and frequently cheapest kind of liquid crystal display technologies. TN displays have fast pixel response times and less smearing than other types of LCDs like
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at the native resolution of the display panel. In a laptop the graphics chip will directly produce a signal suitable for connection to the built-in TFT display. A control mechanism for the
508:
employed in high-end monitors aimed at professional graphic artists, although with the recent fall in price it has been seen in the mainstream market as well. IPS technology was sold to
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The bare display panel will only accept a digital video signal at the resolution determined by the panel pixel matrix designed at manufacture. Some screen panels will ignore the
2713:
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process. Transistors take up only a small fraction of the area of each pixel and the rest of the silicon film is etched away to allow light to easily pass through it.
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Wider aperture for light transmission, enabling the use of lower-power, cheaper backlights. Improves diagonal viewing angle and further reduce response time to 5ms.
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interface, with many featuring a selection of these interfaces. Inside external display devices there is a controller board that will convert the video signal using
2110:
289:) TFT, which they used to demonstrate the first CdSe thin-film-transistor liquid-crystal display (TFT LCD). Brody and Fang-Chen Luo demonstrated the first flat
2153:
K. H. Lee; H. Y. Kim; K. H. Park; S. J. Jang; I. C. Park & J. Y. Lee (June 2006). "A Novel
Outdoor Readability of Portable TFT-LCD with AFFS Technology".
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can be easily applied across just one segment of these types of displays without interfering with the other segments. This would be impractical for a large
2660:
814:
LCD TVs offer 10-bit and xvYCC color support, for example, the Bravia X4500 series. S-PVA also offers fast response times using modern RTC technologies.
737:
Offer 1.07 billion colors (10-bit color depth). More possible orientations per sub-pixel (1024 as opposed to 256) and produces a better true color depth.
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The liquid crystal displays used in calculators and other devices with similarly simple displays have direct-driven image elements, and therefore a
1935:
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but may have an irritant, corrosive or sensitizing effect in rare cases. Any effects can be avoided by using a limited concentration in mixtures,
367:
The circuit layout process of a TFT-LCD is very similar to that of semiconductor products. However, rather than fabricating the transistors from
2039:
636:
The latest panel from IPS Alpha
Technology with a wider color gamut and contrast ratio matching PVA and ASV displays without off-angle glowing.
269:
in 1968. In 1971, Lechner, F. J. Marlowe, E. O. Nester and J. Tults demonstrated a 2-by-18 matrix display driven by a hybrid circuit using the
993:
They also produce other type of TFT panels such as TN for OEM markets such as mobile, monitor, automotive, portable AV and industrial panels.
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in 2002, improves substantially on the contrast ratio of traditional S-IPS panels to the point where they are second only to some S-PVAs.
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the individual pixels of the LCD visible. Overall, color reproduction and linearity on TN panels is poor. Shortcomings in display color
564:. These improvements came at the cost of a higher response time, initially about 50 ms. IPS panels were also extremely expensive.
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formulations or RGB LED backlights, may extend past 100% of the NTSC color gamut, a difference that is easily seen by the human eye.
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are not mutagenic – neither in bacteria (Ames test) nor in mammalian cells (mouse lymphoma assay or chromosome aberration test),
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LCDs or simple, direct-driven (i.e. with segments directly connected to electronics outside the LCD) LCDs with a few segments.
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Liquid crystals are constantly subjected to toxicity and eco-toxicity testing for any hazard potential. The result is that:
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standard for computer monitors requires a specific nonlinear dependence of the amount of emitted light as a function of the
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method that combines adjacent pixels to simulate the desired shade. They can also use a form of temporal dithering called
210:
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783:) technologies. When MVA panels are viewed off-perpendicular, colors will shift, but much less than for TN panels.
69:
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Improved color accuracy, increased resolution and PPI, and greater light transmission for lower power consumption.
428:
178:
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signaling that transmits the same contents as the parallel interface (Hsync, Vsync, RGB) but will put control and
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43:
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5 V signal for older displays or TTL 3.3 V for slightly newer displays that transmits the pixel clock,
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301:
1366:. The method to control the intensity of LED is to pulse them with PWM which can be source of harmonic flicker.
2813:
2616:
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scattering in the matrix, which gives IPS its characteristic wide viewing angles and good color reproduction.
1644:; Asars, J. A.; Dixon, G. D. (November 1973). "A 6 × 6 inch 20 lines-per-inch liquid-crystal display panel".
2819:
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in 1998), which has all the benefits of IPS technology with the addition of improved pixel refresh timing.
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442:) that are available using 24-bit color. Instead, these panels display interpolated 24-bit color using a
83:
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1932:
246:(TFT) in 1962, a type of MOSFET distinct from the standard bulk MOSFET. It was made with thin films of
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1911:
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1543:
Kawamoto, H. (2012). "The
Inventors of TFT Active-Matrix LCD Receive the 2011 IEEE Nishizawa Medal".
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per RGB channel, or 18 bit in total, and are unable to display the 16.7 million color shades (24-bit
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65:
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1820:
Richard Ahrons (2012). "Industrial
Research in Microcircuitry at RCA: The Early Years, 1953–1963".
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The statements are applicable to Merck KGaA as well as its competitors JNC Corporation (formerly
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of a pixel of an LCD panel typically does not change linearly with the applied voltage, and the
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bits of the color information to present a consistent interface (8 bit -> 6 bit/color x3).
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technology to improve image qualities such as addressability and contrast. A TFT LCD is an
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With analogue signals like VGA, the display controller also needs to perform a high speed
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293:(AM LCD) using CdSe TFTs in 1974, and then Brody coined the term "active matrix" in 1975.
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There are several "next-generation" technologies based on MVA, including AU Optronics'
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1908:"X-bit's Guide: Contemporary LCD Monitor Parameters and Characteristics (page 11)"
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panel vendors for large display panels. The glass panel suppliers are as follows:
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Physics and Technology of Crystalline Oxide Semiconductor CAAC-IGZO: Fundamentals
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1336:. Upscale displays have four or five data lines to support 24 bits per pixel (
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intensity is usually controlled by varying a few volts DC, or generating a
17:
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Due to the very high cost of building TFT factories, there are few major
464:
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TN display under a microscope, with the transistors visible at the bottom
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1618:
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908: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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613:
589:
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panel. The silicon layer for TFT-LCDs is typically deposited using the
368:
336:
323:
2414:, Plasma.com – detailed description of the technology inside a TFT LCD
2166:
2571:
2427:
1692:
Introduction to Thin Film Transistors: Physics and Technology of TFTs
1416:
1227:
External consumer display devices like a TFT LCD feature one or more
811:
443:
228:
1405:
are hazardous to aquatic organisms (bacteria, algae, daphnia, fish),
343:, because it would have a large number of (color) picture elements (
770:
Hydis introduced AFFS+ which improved outdoor readability in 2007.
360:
liquid crystal sandwiched between transparent conductive layers of
311:
for high brightness and high resolution displays, and compete with
2547:
1312:
in parallel. Some models (for example the AT070TN92) also feature
860:
456:
410:
384:
344:
328:
322:
307:
As of 2024, TFT LCD displays are still dominant, but compete with
2244:
1316:, horizontal scan direction and vertical scan direction signals.
975:
Solely for LCD TV markets and known as IPS Alpha Technology Ltd.
2565:
2421:
1427:
475:
308:
282:
2431:
2358:– Reviews, News and Articles and includes panel search database
2355:
2225:"Samsung SyncMaster SA850: World's First Monitor on PLS Matrix"
1393:
wastewater from manufacturing is acutely toxic to aquatic life,
1309:
1160:
877:
479:
435:
236:
224:
26:
2378:
1591:"Thin Film Transistor Technology—Past, Present, and Future"
1882:"TFT LCD - Electronic Aspects of LCD TVs and LCD Monitors"
2391:"Contemporary LCD Monitor Parameters and Characteristics"
1423:
The complete report is available from Merck KGaA online.
1408:
do not possess any significant bioaccumulation potential,
429:
RTC (Response Time Compensation / Overdrive) technologies
1354:
or simply fixed. This in turn controls a high-voltage (
450:(FRC), which cycles between different shades with each
1799:. Springer Science+Business Media. pp. 322–324.
2330:"Display solutions | Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany"
2086:"LG Announces Super High Resolution AH-IPS Displays"
1997:"Enhanced Super IPS - Next Generation Image Quality"
1824:(1). IEEE Annals of the History of Computing: 60–73.
2963:
2925:
2884:
2829:
2733:
2714:
Thick-film dielectric electroluminescent technology
2632:
2527:
2474:
2465:
434:Most TN panels can represent colors using only six
57:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1282:is usually included on the same controller board.
857:TFT dual-transistor pixel (DTP) or cell technology
806:Less expensive PVA panels often use dithering and
3007:Comparison of CRT, LCD, plasma, and OLED displays
239:, implemented Wallmark's ideas and developed the
1953:"TN Film, MVA, PVA and IPS - Panel Technologies"
1327:bits into a number of serial transmission lines
1258:(DCT) in order to convert any video source like
398:more costly and much more difficult to produce.
1319:New and large (>15") TFT displays often use
304:devices used TFT-based active matrix displays.
1723:(1962). "The TFT A New Thin-Film Transistor".
2443:
2297:. 227–228. Seoul, Korea; Laos, Lao: 327–333.
8:
1768:Kimizuka, Noboru; Yamazaki, Shunpei (2016).
1094:For small and medium size special projects.
2661:Surface-conduction electron-emitter display
2109:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1195:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
136:thin-film-transistor liquid-crystal display
2572:Active-Matrix Organic light-emitting diode
2471:
2450:
2436:
2428:
2384:LCD Panels with Response Time Compensation
1538:
1536:
1479:, for adaptation to environment brightness
459:(often referred to as a percentage of the
2189:"Sharp Advanced Super View (ASV) - Sharp"
1617:
1215:Learn how and when to remove this message
924:Learn how and when to remove this message
117:Learn how and when to remove this message
2155:SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers
1483:List of flat panel display manufacturers
1402:are not suspected of being carcinogenic,
1310:digital red, digital green, digital blue
942:
678:
514:
1493:
2102:
2069:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2062:
1942:. Chalmers University Sweden, c. 2000.
1838:
1827:
1774:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 217.
794:, as well as Chi Mei Optoelectronics'
758:Advanced fringe field switching (AFFS)
2324:
2322:
2320:
2285:
2283:
1647:IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices
1598:The Electrochemical Society Interface
1584:
1582:
1141:China Star Optoelectionics Technology
774:Multi-domain vertical alignment (MVA)
7:
2708:Ferroelectric liquid crystal display
2212:The World of Liquid Crystal Displays
1797:History of Semiconductor Engineering
1477:Transflective liquid crystal display
1193:adding citations to reliable sources
906:adding citations to reliable sources
824:axially symmetric vertical alignment
291:active-matrix liquid-crystal display
55:adding citations to reliable sources
2782:Light-emitting electrochemical cell
2406:Gaming issues with TFT LCD Displays
2371:– LCD monitor panel search database
2334:www.merck-performance-materials.com
1293:, or TFT display panels use either
865:Patent TFT Store Electronic Systems
516:Hitachi IPS technology development
131:Variant of a liquid-crystal display
2981:Large-screen television technology
2408:, Digital Silence, August 10, 2004
2397:. October 26, 2004. Archived from
1433:used in many LCD monitors contain
802:Patterned vertical alignment (PVA)
279:Westinghouse Research Laboratories
25:
2655:Organic light-emitting transistor
2021:IPS-Pro (Evolving IPS technology)
1472:Liquid crystal display television
822:Advanced super view, also called
584:IPS has since been superseded by
277:, J. A. Asars and G. D. Dixon at
3018:Comparison of display technology
1520:"LCD Panel Technology Explained"
1165:
882:
31:
2649:Electroluminescent Quantum Dots
2386:, X-bit labs, December 20, 2005
1857:"TFT LCD - Fabricating TFT LCD"
1697:Springer Science+Business Media
893:needs additional citations for
227:filed a patent for a thin film
42:needs additional citations for
2720:Laser-powered phosphor display
2294:Journal of Hazardous Materials
2088:. Tech2.in.com. Archived from
1910:. Xbitlabs.com. Archived from
1127:Solely for LED LCD TV markets
680:LG IPS technology development
560:Most panels also support true
1:
2986:Optimum HDTV viewing distance
2976:History of display technology
2864:Computer-generated holography
2303:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.05.059
2214:from personal.kent.edu/%7Emgu
1906:Oleg Artamonov (2004-10-26).
1545:Journal of Display Technology
1457:History of display technology
1411:are not easily biodegradable.
779:times due to the use of RTC (
742:Advanced High Performance IPS
211:History of display technology
2566:Organic light-emitting diode
2560:Light-emitting diode display
2131:. Vertex LCD. Archived from
1884:. Plasma.com. Archived from
1859:. Plasma.com. Archived from
1014:Chunghwa Picture Tubes, Ltd.
978:Panasonic, Hitachi, Toshiba
375:wafer, they are made from a
1933:Liquid crystals in displays
1589:Kuo, Yue (1 January 2013).
1285:The low level interface of
655:Next generation of IPS-Pro
179:personal digital assistants
3053:
2776:Vacuum fluorescent display
2500:Electroluminescent display
1739:10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288190
1689:Brotherton, S. D. (2013).
1109:LCD TV and mobile markets
946:LCD glass panel suppliers
848:A technology developed by
841:
838:Plane line switching (PLS)
781:Response Time Compensation
612:AS-IPS, also developed by
489:
208:
197:and in medium to high end
3015:
2623:Liquid crystal on silicon
1256:discrete cosine transform
1000:
992:
945:
834:is also called CPA mode.
818:Advanced super view (ASV)
302:electronic visual display
2814:Fourteen-segment display
2617:Digital Light Processing
2245:IPS Alpha Technology Ltd
2227:. X-bit labs. 2011-05-30
1565:10.1109/JDT.2011.2177740
1502:"TFT Display Technology"
486:In-plane switching (IPS)
371:, that is formed into a
315:for low power displays.
257:The idea of a TFT-based
2820:Sixteen-segment display
2506:Rear-projection display
1668:10.1109/T-ED.1973.17780
1350:signal, or adjusting a
562:8-bit per channel color
499:(IPS) was developed by
395:Polycrystalline silicon
383:that is deposited on a
273:mode of LCDs. In 1973,
261:(LCD) was conceived by
2667:Field-emission display
2582:Liquid-crystal display
2363:"Monitor panel search"
1837:Cite journal requires
1726:Proceedings of the IRE
1504:. 2020. Archived from
1254:usually employing the
866:
416:
362:indium tin oxide (ITO)
332:
259:liquid-crystal display
144:liquid-crystal display
2804:Eight-segment display
2798:Seven-segment display
2375:Animated LCD Tutorial
864:
461:NTSC 1953 color gamut
414:
326:
296:By 2013, most modern
209:Further information:
161:TFT LCDs are used in
2926:Display capabilities
2809:Nine-segment display
2511:Plasma display panel
2418:Monitor buying guide
2401:on January 14, 2005.
1522:. Pchardwarehelp.com
1332:directly support 18
1314:input/display enable
1274:, etc. into digital
1189:improve this section
1157:Electrical interface
902:improve this article
844:IPS panel § PLS
407:Twisted nematic (TN)
215:Thin-film transistor
154:LCD, in contrast to
148:thin-film-transistor
51:improve this article
2955:See-through display
2859:Holographic display
2537:Quantum dot display
2161:(1). AIP: 1079–82.
1660:1973ITED...20..995B
1610:2013ECSIn..22a..55K
1557:2012JDisT...8....3K
1065:InnoLux Corporation
681:
669:High contrast ratio
650:High contrast ratio
630:High contrast ratio
517:
373:crystalline silicon
3037:Display technology
2997:Color Light Output
2991:High Dynamic Range
2793:Dot-matrix display
2788:Lightguide display
2459:Display technology
2125:"AFFS & AFFS+"
2084:tech2 News Staff.
2026:2010-03-29 at the
1975:"IPS or TN panel?"
1938:2004-12-23 at the
1931:Marek Matuszczyk,
1795:Lojek, Bo (2007).
1619:10.1149/2.F06131if
1437:, which is toxic.
996:LG, Philips, BenQ
867:
679:
660:IPS alpha next gen
606:High transmittance
597:Advanced Super-IPS
552:Wide viewing angle
515:
497:In-plane switching
448:Frame Rate Control
417:
333:
271:dynamic scattering
219:In February 1957,
183:navigation systems
3024:
3023:
2950:Always-on display
2741:Electromechanical
2729:
2728:
2167:10.1889/1.2433159
1378:analog to digital
1225:
1224:
1217:
1154:
1153:
1123:Sharp Corporation
1105:Sharp Corporation
984:H-IPS & P-IPS
934:
933:
926:
826:was developed by
755:
754:
677:
676:
381:amorphous silicon
327:A diagram of the
300:and high-quality
167:computer monitors
127:
126:
119:
101:
16:(Redirected from
3044:
3002:Flexible display
2964:Related articles
2844:Autostereoscopic
2543:Electronic paper
2489:Cathode-ray tube
2472:
2452:
2445:
2438:
2429:
2402:
2370:
2367:FlatpanelsHD.com
2344:
2343:
2341:
2340:
2326:
2315:
2314:
2287:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2274:
2260:
2254:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2232:
2221:
2215:
2209:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2199:
2193:www.sharpsma.com
2185:
2179:
2178:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2140:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2108:
2100:
2098:
2097:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2068:
2060:
2058:
2057:
2051:
2045:. Archived from
2044:
2036:
2030:
2018:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2001:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1949:
1943:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1919:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1893:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1868:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1840:
1835:
1833:
1825:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1733:(6): 1462–1469.
1717:
1711:
1710:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1654:(11): 995–1001.
1638:
1632:
1631:
1621:
1595:
1586:
1577:
1576:
1540:
1531:
1530:
1528:
1527:
1516:
1510:
1509:
1498:
1452:Computer monitor
1357:
1220:
1213:
1209:
1206:
1200:
1169:
1161:
1052:Optoelectronics
960:major TV makers
943:
929:
922:
918:
915:
909:
886:
878:
874:Display industry
728:Professional IPS
682:
578:Color shift free
518:
356:with a layer of
313:electronic paper
287:cadmium selenide
267:RCA Laboratories
248:cadmium selenide
122:
115:
111:
108:
102:
100:
59:
35:
27:
21:
3052:
3051:
3047:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3042:
3041:
3027:
3026:
3025:
3020:
3011:
2959:
2921:
2907:Slide projector
2897:Movie projector
2880:
2825:
2725:
2635:
2628:
2529:
2523:
2476:
2461:
2456:
2412:What is TFT LCD
2389:
2361:
2352:
2347:
2338:
2336:
2328:
2327:
2318:
2289:
2288:
2281:
2272:
2270:
2262:
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2257:
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2239:
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2222:
2218:
2210:
2206:
2197:
2195:
2187:
2186:
2182:
2152:
2151:
2147:
2138:
2136:
2123:
2122:
2118:
2101:
2095:
2093:
2083:
2082:
2078:
2061:
2055:
2053:
2049:
2042:
2040:"Archived copy"
2038:
2037:
2033:
2028:Wayback Machine
2019:
2015:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1980:
1978:
1977:. eSport Source
1973:
1972:
1968:
1958:
1956:
1951:
1950:
1946:
1940:Wayback Machine
1930:
1926:
1917:
1915:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1891:
1889:
1880:
1879:
1875:
1866:
1864:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1836:
1826:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1807:
1794:
1793:
1789:
1782:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1721:Weimer, Paul K.
1719:
1718:
1714:
1707:
1688:
1687:
1683:
1642:Brody, T. Peter
1640:
1639:
1635:
1593:
1588:
1587:
1580:
1542:
1541:
1534:
1525:
1523:
1518:
1517:
1513:
1500:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1443:
1387:
1362:or a matrix of
1355:
1302:horizontal sync
1221:
1210:
1204:
1201:
1186:
1170:
1159:
1145:HVA and AMOLED
930:
919:
913:
910:
899:
887:
876:
859:
846:
840:
820:
804:
776:
760:
556:
535:contrast ratio
534:
494:
488:
421:twisted nematic
409:
404:
321:
298:high-resolution
263:Bernard Lechner
252:cadmium sulfide
217:
207:
163:television sets
142:) is a type of
132:
123:
112:
106:
103:
60:
58:
48:
36:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3050:
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3029:
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3016:
3013:
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3010:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
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2961:
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2958:
2957:
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2947:
2942:
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2914:
2909:
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2878:
2873:
2868:
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2861:
2851:
2846:
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2827:
2826:
2824:
2823:
2817:
2811:
2806:
2801:
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2785:
2779:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2757:
2756:
2753:
2748:
2737:
2735:
2731:
2730:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2723:
2717:
2711:
2705:
2704:
2703:
2698:
2687:
2686:
2685:
2683:Liquid crystal
2680:
2670:
2664:
2658:
2652:
2646:
2640:
2638:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2626:
2620:
2614:
2613:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2601:
2600:
2595:
2579:
2578:
2577:
2576:
2575:
2557:
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2555:
2550:
2540:
2533:
2531:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2521:
2520:
2519:
2508:
2503:
2497:
2492:
2486:
2480:
2478:
2469:
2467:Video displays
2463:
2462:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2447:
2440:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2415:
2409:
2403:
2387:
2381:
2372:
2359:
2351:
2350:External links
2348:
2346:
2345:
2316:
2279:
2268:www.szcsot.com
2255:
2250:2007-12-24 at
2237:
2216:
2204:
2180:
2145:
2116:
2076:
2031:
2013:
1988:
1966:
1944:
1924:
1898:
1873:
1848:
1839:|journal=
1812:
1806:978-3540342588
1805:
1787:
1780:
1760:
1712:
1705:
1699:. p. 74.
1681:
1633:
1578:
1532:
1511:
1508:on 2020-10-07.
1492:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1485:
1480:
1474:
1469:
1467:Liquid crystal
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1442:
1439:
1413:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1386:
1383:
1360:DC-AC inverter
1334:bits per pixel
1223:
1222:
1173:
1171:
1164:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1146:
1143:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1102:
1096:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1084:
1083:
1082:Samsung, Sony
1080:
1078:
1076:
1070:
1069:
1067:
1062:
1056:
1055:
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1047:
1041:
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1029:
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1023:
1017:
1016:
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979:
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973:
968:
962:
961:
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952:
948:
947:
932:
931:
890:
888:
881:
875:
872:
858:
855:
839:
836:
819:
816:
803:
800:
775:
772:
759:
756:
753:
752:
749:
746:
743:
739:
738:
735:
732:
729:
725:
724:
721:
718:
715:
711:
710:
706:
703:
700:
699:Horizontal IPS
696:
695:
692:
689:
686:
675:
674:
672:
670:
667:
664:
661:
657:
656:
653:
651:
648:
645:
642:
638:
637:
634:
631:
628:
625:
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607:
604:
601:
598:
594:
593:
582:
579:
576:
573:
570:
566:
565:
558:
553:
550:
547:
544:
540:
539:
536:
533:Transmittance/
531:
528:
525:
522:
490:Main article:
487:
484:
408:
405:
403:
400:
320:
317:
275:T. Peter Brody
233:Paul K. Weimer
206:
203:
156:passive matrix
130:
125:
124:
107:September 2009
39:
37:
30:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3049:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3019:
3014:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2962:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2939:
2936:
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2934:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2924:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
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2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2883:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2856:
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2852:
2850:
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2837:
2836:
2834:
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2807:
2805:
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2799:
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2772:
2769:
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2742:
2739:
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2732:
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2712:
2709:
2706:
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2699:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2674:
2671:
2668:
2665:
2662:
2659:
2656:
2653:
2651:(ELQD/QD-LED)
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2631:
2624:
2621:
2618:
2615:
2611:
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2603:
2599:
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2300:
2296:
2295:
2286:
2284:
2280:
2269:
2265:
2259:
2256:
2253:
2252:archive.today
2249:
2246:
2241:
2238:
2226:
2220:
2217:
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2208:
2205:
2194:
2190:
2184:
2181:
2176:
2172:
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2164:
2160:
2156:
2149:
2146:
2135:on 2016-05-18
2134:
2130:
2126:
2120:
2117:
2112:
2106:
2092:on 2013-06-06
2091:
2087:
2080:
2077:
2072:
2066:
2052:on 2012-11-15
2048:
2041:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2025:
2022:
2017:
2014:
1998:
1992:
1989:
1976:
1970:
1967:
1955:. TFT Central
1954:
1948:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1934:
1928:
1925:
1914:on 2009-05-19
1913:
1909:
1902:
1899:
1888:on 2013-08-23
1887:
1883:
1877:
1874:
1863:on 2013-05-02
1862:
1858:
1852:
1849:
1844:
1831:
1823:
1816:
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1798:
1791:
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1783:
1781:9781119247401
1777:
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1716:
1713:
1708:
1706:9783319000022
1702:
1698:
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1693:
1685:
1682:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
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1460:
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1450:
1448:
1447:Burst dimming
1445:
1444:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1429:
1424:
1421:
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1410:
1407:
1404:
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1392:
1391:
1390:
1384:
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1379:
1374:
1372:
1367:
1365:
1361:
1353:
1352:potentiometer
1349:
1345:
1341:
1339:
1335:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1306:vertical sync
1303:
1299:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1252:image scaling
1249:
1248:color mapping
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1230:
1219:
1216:
1208:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1184:
1183:
1179:
1174:This section
1172:
1168:
1163:
1162:
1156:
1150:
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1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1133:
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1081:
1079:
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1072:
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1063:
1061:
1058:
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1054:
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1048:
1046:
1043:
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1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
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1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1003:
999:
995:
990:
987:
985:
982:
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977:
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972:
969:
967:
964:
963:
959:
956:
953:
950:
949:
944:
941:
939:
928:
925:
917:
914:December 2008
907:
903:
897:
896:
891:This section
889:
885:
880:
879:
873:
871:
863:
856:
854:
851:
845:
837:
835:
831:
829:
825:
817:
815:
813:
809:
801:
799:
797:
793:
789:
784:
782:
773:
771:
768:
764:
757:
750:
747:
744:
741:
740:
736:
733:
730:
727:
726:
722:
719:
716:
713:
712:
707:
704:
701:
698:
697:
693:
690:
687:
684:
683:
673:
671:
668:
665:
662:
659:
658:
654:
652:
649:
646:
643:
640:
639:
635:
632:
629:
626:
623:
621:IPS-Provectus
620:
619:
615:
611:
608:
605:
602:
599:
596:
595:
591:
587:
583:
580:
577:
574:
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568:
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563:
559:
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551:
548:
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542:
541:
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532:
529:
526:
523:
520:
519:
513:
511:
505:
502:
498:
493:
485:
483:
481:
477:
473:
472:transmittance
468:
466:
462:
458:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
432:
430:
426:
422:
413:
406:
401:
399:
396:
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2912:Transparency
2885:Static media
2839:Stereoscopic
2587:
2399:the original
2394:
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2047:the original
2034:
2016:
2004:. Retrieved
2002:. LG Display
1991:
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1861:the original
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1604:(1): 55–61.
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1514:
1506:the original
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1342:
1329:synchronized
1318:
1295:single ended
1284:
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1211:
1205:January 2012
1202:
1187:Please help
1175:
1135:
1117:
1112:Sharp, Sony
1099:
1087:
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1044:
1038:AU Optronics
1032:
1026:AU Optronics
1020:
1001:
983:
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920:
911:
900:Please help
895:verification
892:
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714:Enhanced IPS
588:(Super-IPS,
585:
512:by Hitachi.
506:
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433:
425:IPS displays
418:
393:
366:
334:
319:Construction
306:
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281:developed a
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61:
49:Please help
44:verification
41:
2876:Fog display
2849:Multiscopic
2766:Fiber-optic
2678:Quantum dot
2356:TFT Central
2006:9 September
1959:9 September
1462:LED display
1244:DisplayPort
951:Panel type
199:motorcycles
195:automobiles
18:TFT display
2917:Laser beam
2871:Volumetric
2831:3D display
2771:Nixie tube
2751:Split-flap
2636:generation
2610:Blue Phase
2530:generation
2477:generation
2395:X-bit labs
2339:2018-02-17
2273:2019-06-05
2264:"About Us"
2231:2013-07-21
2198:2019-06-12
2139:2010-08-12
2129:Technology
2096:2013-07-21
2056:2013-11-24
1918:2009-08-05
1892:2013-07-21
1867:2013-07-21
1551:(1): 3–4.
1526:2013-07-21
1489:References
1431:backlights
989:LG Display
842:See also:
557:Base level
530:Advantage
358:insulating
349:transistor
244:transistor
235:, also of
191:dashboards
187:projectors
175:video game
146:that uses
77:newspapers
2971:Scan line
2945:DisplayID
2902:Neon sign
2892:Monoscope
2734:Non-video
2495:Jumbotron
2175:129569963
1747:0096-8390
1676:0018-9383
1628:1064-8208
1573:1551-319X
1344:Backlight
1338:truecolor
1280:backlight
1176:does not
971:Panasonic
688:Nickname
641:IPS alpha
569:Super-IPS
543:Super TFT
524:Nickname
510:Panasonic
492:IPS panel
452:new frame
444:dithering
440:truecolor
377:thin film
354:capacitor
241:thin-film
177:systems,
66:"TFT LCD"
3031:Category
2854:Hologram
2761:Eggcrate
2746:Flip-dot
2692:display
2673:Laser TV
2644:microLED
2574:(AMOLED)
2528:Current
2484:Eidophor
2311:22677053
2248:Archived
2105:cite web
2065:cite web
2024:Archived
1936:Archived
1755:51650159
1441:See also
1007:Hannstar
957:Remarks
954:Company
694:Remarks
538:Remarks
465:phosphor
193:in some
2938:CEA-861
2568:(OLED)
2553:Gyricon
2424:reviews
1656:Bibcode
1606:Bibcode
1553:Bibcode
1435:mercury
1197:removed
1182:sources
1050:Chi Mei
966:IPS-Pro
850:Samsung
663:IPS-Pro
644:IPS-Pro
633:137/313
624:IPS-Pro
614:Hitachi
609:130/250
590:Hitachi
581:100/137
555:100/100
501:Hitachi
482:value.
369:silicon
341:display
337:voltage
205:History
140:TFT LCD
91:scholar
2822:(SISD)
2716:(TDEL)
2710:(FLCD)
2657:(OLET)
2625:(LCoS)
2584:(LCD)
2562:(LED)
2539:(QLED)
2513:(PDP)
2309:
2173:
1981:23 May
1803:
1778:
1753:
1745:
1703:
1674:
1626:
1571:
1417:Chisso
1385:Safety
1356:1.3 kV
1229:analog
1130:Sharp
812:BRAVIA
745:AH-IPS
600:AS-IPS
345:pixels
331:layout
229:MOSFET
189:, and
93:
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79:
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64:
2993:(HDR)
2816:(FSD)
2800:(SSD)
2784:(LEC)
2778:(VFD)
2722:(LPD)
2669:(FED)
2663:(SED)
2634:Next
2619:(DLP)
2548:E Ink
2502:(ELD)
2491:(CRT)
2171:S2CID
2050:(PDF)
2043:(PDF)
2000:(PDF)
1751:S2CID
1594:(PDF)
1242:, or
1074:S-PVA
1045:S-MVA
1033:A-HVA
1021:A-MVA
1002:S-IPS
828:Sharp
796:S-MVA
788:P-MVA
731:P-IPS
717:E-IPS
702:H-IPS
691:Year
685:Name
586:S-IPS
572:S-IPS
527:Year
521:Name
457:gamut
402:Types
389:PECVD
385:glass
329:pixel
98:JSTOR
84:books
2933:EDID
2755:Vane
2701:TMOS
2696:IMoD
2690:MEMS
2517:ALiS
2475:Past
2422:CNET
2307:PMID
2111:link
2071:link
2008:2009
1983:2016
1961:2009
1843:help
1801:ISBN
1776:ISBN
1743:ISSN
1701:ISBN
1672:ISSN
1624:ISSN
1569:ISSN
1428:CCFL
1426:The
1364:LEDs
1321:LVDS
1291:DSTN
1272:HDMI
1260:CVBS
1250:and
1240:HDMI
1180:any
1178:cite
1088:AFFS
792:AMVA
790:and
748:2011
734:2010
720:2009
705:2007
666:2010
647:2008
627:2004
603:2002
575:1998
549:1996
476:sRGB
470:The
436:bits
419:The
309:OLED
283:CdSe
250:and
213:and
70:news
2605:LED
2598:IPS
2588:TFT
2377:by
2299:doi
2163:doi
1735:doi
1664:doi
1614:doi
1561:doi
1371:LSB
1348:PWM
1325:RGB
1298:TTL
1287:STN
1276:RGB
1268:DVI
1264:VGA
1236:DVI
1232:VGA
1191:by
1149:TCL
1136:HVA
1118:MVA
1100:ASV
1060:AAS
938:OEM
904:by
808:FRC
546:IPS
480:RGB
379:of
265:of
237:RCA
225:RCA
223:of
53:by
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2593:TN
2420:–
2393:.
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