1145:
1267:
binds basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) hypoxia induced transcription factors Hif-1α and Hif-2α and is epigenetically modified in cancer cells with constitutive TUBB3 expression. Translational regulation of TUBB3 occurs in the 3`flanking region with the interaction of the miR-200c family of micro-RNA. MiR-200c is in turn modulated by the protein HuR (encoded by ELAVL1). When HuR is predominantly in the nucleus, a phenomenon typically occurring in low stage carcinomas, miR-200c suppresses class III β-tubulin translation. By contrast, cytoplasmic HuR and miR-200c enhance class III β-tubulin translation by facilitating the entry of the mRNA into the ribosome.
1296:
low, subtoxic concentrations of microtubule drugs that also inhibit cell migration. However, incorporating β3-tubulin into microtubules increases the concentration of drug that is needed to suppress dynamics and inhibit cell migration. Thus, tumors that express β3-tubulin are not only resistant to the cytotoxic effects of microtubule targeted drugs, but also to their ability to suppress tumor metastasis. Moreover, expression of β3-tubulin also counteracts the ability of these drugs to inhibit angiogenesis which is normally another important facet of their action.
1221:
interesting in light of the fact that class III β-tubulin first appears in the phylogenetic tree when life emerged from the seas and cells were exposed to atmospheric oxygen. In structural terms, constitutive Class I (TUBB) and Class IVb (TUBB2C) β-tubulins contain a cysteine at position 239, while βIII-tubulin has a cysteine at position 124. Position 239 can be readily oxidized while position 124 is relatively resistant to oxidation. Thus, a relative abundance of βIII-tubulin in situations of oxidative stress could provide a protective benefit.
321:
1212:βIII-tubulin has a GTPase domain which plays an essential role in regulating microtubule dynamics. Differences between Class I (the most commonly represented and constitutively expressed isotype) and class III β-tubulin are limited to only 13aa within region 1-429aa, while all amino acids in region 430-450aa are divergent. These variations in primary structure affect the paclitaxel (a mimic of Nur77) binding domain on βIII-tubulin and may account for the ability of this isotype to confer resistance to Nur77-initiated apoptosis.
298:
195:
220:
3324:
1276:
breast cancer showing favorable prognosis. Class III β-tubulin is integral component of a pro-survival, cascading molecular pathway which renders cancer cells resistant to apoptosis and enhances their ability to invade local tissues and metastasize. Class III β-tubulin performs best as a prognostic biomarker when analyzed in the context of an integrated signature including upstream regulators and downstream effectors. TUBB3 mutation is associated with
3384:
3399:
3414:
3354:
3429:
3309:
327:
226:
3339:
3369:
40:
3294:
1199:
inactivation impairs neural progenitor proliferation. Rescue experiments demonstrate the non-interchangeability of TUBB3 with other classes of β-tubulins which cannot restore the phenotype resulting from TUBB3 inactivation. Congenital neurologic syndromes associated with TUBB3 missense mutations demonstrate the critical importance of class III β-tubulin for normal neural development.
1312:
1275:
In oncology, class III β-tubulin has been investigated as both a prognostic biomarker and an indicator of resistance to taxanes and other compounds. The majority of reports implicate class III β-tubulin as a biomarker of poor outcome. However, there are also data in clear cell carcinoma, melanoma and
1295:
Expression of β3-tubulin also makes cells more aggressive by altering their response to drug-induced suppression of microtubule dynamics. Dynamic microtubules are needed for the cell migration that underlies processes such as tumor metastasis and angiogenesis. The dynamics are normally suppressed by
1291:
The β3 isotype increases tumor aggressiveness by two distinct mechanisms. Incorporation of this isotype makes microtubule networks hypostable, allowing them to resist the cytotoxic effects of microtubule stabilizing drugs like taxanes or epothilones. Mechanistically, it was found that overexpression
2050:
Tischfield MA, Baris HN, Wu C, Rudolph G, Van
Maldergem L, He W, Chan WM, Andrews C, Demer JL, Robertson RL, Mackey DA, Ruddle JB, Bird TD, Gottlob I, Pieh C, Traboulsi EI, Pomeroy SL, Hunter DG, Soul JS, Newlin A, Sabol LJ, Doherty EJ, de Uzcátegui CE, de Uzcátegui N, Collins ML, Sener EC, Wabbels
1220:
Cysteine residues in class III β-tubulin are actively involved in regulating ligand interactions and microtubule formation. Proteomic analysis has revealed that many factors bound to these cysteine residues are involved in the oxidative stress and glucose deprivation response. This is particularly
1266:
The expression of Class III β-tubulin is regulated at both the transcriptional and translational levels. In neural tissue, constitutive expression is driven by Sox4 and Sox11. In non-neural tissues, regulation is dependent on an E-box site in the 3' flanking region at +168 nucleotides. This site
1198:
and poor nutrient supply. Posttranslational changes including phosphorylation and glycosylation are required for functional activity. Class III β-tubulin's role in neural development has warranted its use as an early biomarker of neural cell differentiation from multi potent progenitors. TUBB3
1211:
gene is located on chromosome 16q24.3, and consists of 4 exons that transcribe a protein of 450aa. A shorter isoform of 378aa derived from alternative splicing of exon 1 is devoid of part of the N-terminus and may be responsible for mitochondrial expression. Like other β-tubulin isotypes,
1935:
Katsetos CD, Del Valle L, Geddes JF, Assimakopoulou M, Legido A, Boyd JC, Balin B, Parikh NA, Maraziotis T, de
Chadarevian JP, Varakis JN, Matsas R, Spano A, Frankfurter A, Herman MM, Khalili K (May 2001). "Aberrant localization of the neuronal class III beta-tubulin in astrocytomas".
66:
2051:
B, Hellebrand H, Meitinger T, de
Berardinis T, Magli A, Schiavi C, Pastore-Trossello M, Koc F, Wong AM, Levin AV, Geraghty MT, Descartes M, Flaherty M, Jamieson RV, Møller HU, Meuthen I, Callen DF, Kerwin J, Lindsay S, Meindl A, Gupta ML, Pellman D, Engle EC (8 January 2010).
1533:"An immunohistochemical study of neuropeptides and neuronal cytoskeletal proteins in the neuroepithelial component of a spontaneous murine ovarian teratoma. Primitive neuroepithelium displays immunoreactivity for neuropeptides and neuron-associated beta-tubulin isotype"
3029:
Raspaglio G, Petrillo M, Martinelli E, Li Puma DD, Mariani M, De Donato M, Filippetti F, Mozzetti S, Prislei S, Zannoni GF, Scambia G, Ferlini C (1 June 2014). "Sox9 and Hif-2α regulate TUBB3 gene expression and affect ovarian cancer aggressiveness".
1249:
via the GBP-1/ class III β-tubulin interaction protects kinases from rapid degradation. Other pro-survival factors interacting with class III β-tubulin enabling cellular adaptation to oxidative stress include the molecular chaperone HSP70/GRP75.
1798:
Poirier K, Saillour Y, Bahi-Buisson N, Jaglin XH, Fallet-Bianco C, Nabbout R, Castelnau-Ptakhine L, Roubertie A, Attie-Bitach T, Desguerre I, Genevieve D, Barnerias C, Keren B, Lebrun N, Boddaert N, Encha-Razavi F, Chelly J (15 November 2010).
3462:
2014:
Saillour Y, Broix L, Bruel-Jungerman E, Lebrun N, Muraca G, Rucci J, Poirier K, Belvindrah R, Francis F, Chelly J (15 March 2014). "Beta tubulin isoforms are not interchangeable for rescuing impaired radial migration due to Tubb3 knockdown".
1853:
Raspaglio G, Filippetti F, Prislei S, Penci R, De Maria I, Cicchillitti L, Mozzetti S, Scambia G, Ferlini C (15 February 2008). "Hypoxia induces class III beta-tubulin gene expression by HIF-1alpha binding to its 3' flanking region".
3467:
1661:
Ranganathan S, Dexter DW, Benetatos CA, Hudes GR (Mar 1998). "Cloning and sequencing of human betaIII-tubulin cDNA: induction of betaIII isotype in human prostate carcinoma cells by acute exposure to antimicrotubule agents".
1744:
2100:
André N, Braguer D, Brasseur G, Gonçalves A, Lemesle-Meunier D, Guise S, Jordan MA, Briand C (1 October 2000). "Paclitaxel induces release of cytochrome c from mitochondria isolated from human neuroblastoma cells'".
1575:
Ferlini C, Raspaglio G, Cicchillitti L, Mozzetti S, Prislei S, Bartollino S, Scambia G (December 2007). "Looking at drug resistance mechanisms for microtubule interacting drugs: does TUBB3 work?".
1194:
isotypes identified in the human genome, predominantly in neurons and the testis. It is conditionally expressed in a number of other tissues after exposure to a toxic microenvironment featured by
2804:"High expression of class III β-tubulin predicts good response to neoadjuvant taxane and doxorubicin/cyclophosphamide-based chemotherapy in estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer"
3323:
1971:
Sieber-Blum M, Schnell L, Grim M, Hu YF, Schneider R, Schwab ME (2006). "Characterization of epidermal neural crest stem cell (EPI-NCSC) grafts in the lesioned spinal cord".
334:
233:
2163:
Ferlini C, Cicchillitti L, Raspaglio G, Bartollino S, Cimitan S, Bertucci C, Mozzetti S, Gallo D, Persico M, Fattorusso C, Campiani G, Scambia G (1 September 2009).
3383:
2753:
Galmarini CM, Treilleux I, Cardoso F, Bernard-Marty C, Durbecq V, Gancberg D, Bissery MC, Paesmans M, Larsimont D, Piccart MJ, Di Leo A, Dumontet C (15 July 2008).
1144:
2978:
McCarroll JA, Gan PP, Erlich RB, Liu M, Dwarte T, Sagnella SS, Akerfeldt MC, Yang L, Parker AL, Chang MH, Shum MS, Byrne FL, Kavallaris M (20 November 2014).
1292:
of β3-tubulin increases the rate of microtubule detachment from microtubule organizing centers, an activity that is suppressed by drugs such as paclitaxel.
1283:
Overexpression of this isotype in clinical samples correlates with tumor aggressiveness, resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs, and poor patient survival.
2755:"Class III beta-tubulin isotype predicts response in advanced breast cancer patients randomly treated either with single-agent doxorubicin or docetaxel"
836:
817:
156:
3398:
2661:
Karki R, Mariani M, Andreoli M, He S, Scambia G, Shahabi S, Ferlini C (April 2013). "βIII-Tubulin: biomarker of taxane resistance or drug target?".
2329:
Gache V, Louwagie M, Garin J, Caudron N, Lafanechere L, Valiron O (4 February 2005). "Identification of proteins binding the native tubulin dimer".
3413:
2704:
Aoki D, Oda Y, Hattori S, Taguchi K, Ohishi Y, Basaki Y, Oie S, Suzuki N, Kono S, Tsuneyoshi M, Ono M, Yanagawa T, Kuwano M (15 February 2009).
2853:"Loss of class III beta-tubulin induced by histone deacetylation is associated with chemosensitivity to paclitaxel in malignant melanoma cells"
3353:
3457:
3428:
3308:
3273:
3065:
Karki R, Marini M, Andreoli M, He S, Scambia G, Shahabi S, Ferlini C (2013). "βIII-Tubulin: biomarker of taxane resistance or drug target?".
2626:
Mariani M, Shahabi S, Sieber S, Scambia G, Ferlini C (December 2011). "Class III β-tubulin (TUBB3): more than a biomarker in solid tumors?".
1612:
De Gendt K, Denolet E, Willems A, Daniels VW, Clinckemalie L, Denayer S, Wilkinson MF, Claessens F, Swinnen JV, Verhoeven G (November 2011).
1454:
1436:
2980:"TUBB3/βIII-Tubulin Acts through the PTEN/AKT Signaling Axis to Promote Tumorigenesis and Anoikis Resistance in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer"
2431:
Mozzetti S, Iantomasi R, De Maria I, Prislei S, Mariani M, Camperchioli A, Bartollino S, Gallo D, Scambia G, Ferlini C (15 December 2008).
1894:
Raspaglio G, De Maria I, Filippetti F, Martinelli E, Zannoni GF, Prislei S, Ferrandina G, Shahabi S, Scambia G, Ferlini C (15 July 2010).
3338:
2206:"The evolution of the structure of tubulin and its potential consequences for the role and function of microtubules in cells and embryos"
1332:
Marisa
Mariani, Roshan Karki, Manuela Spennato, Deep Pandya, Shiquan He, Mirko Andreoli, Paul Fiedler, Cristiano Ferlini (1 April 2015).
63:
3368:
320:
1156:
1051:
1044:
2280:
De Donato M, Mariani M, Petrella L, Martinelli E, Zannoni GF, Vellone V, Ferrandina G, Shahabi S, Scambia G, Ferlini C (March 2012).
2245:
Joe PA, Banerjee A, Ludueña RF (June 2008). "The roles of cys124 and ser239 in the functional properties of human betaIII tubulin".
2706:"Overexpression of class III beta-tubulin predicts good response to taxane-based chemotherapy in ovarian clear cell adenocarcinoma"
297:
1720:
1801:"Mutations in the neuronal ß-tubulin subunit TUBB3 result in malformation of cortical development and neuronal migration defects"
1423:
1402:
3293:
1697:
Venter JC (Jun 1993). "Identification of new human receptor and transporter genes by high throughput cDNA (EST) sequencing".
1474:"Identification of conserved isotype-defining variable region sequences for four vertebrate beta tubulin polypeptide classes"
219:
194:
2575:
Prislei S, Martinelli E, Mariani M, Raspaglio G, Sieber S, Ferrandina G, Shahabi S, Scambia G, Ferlini C (8 February 2013).
1419:
2939:"betaIII-tubulin is a multifunctional protein involved in drug sensitivity and tumorigenesis in non-small cell lung cancer"
1152:
1398:
136:
1577:
1319:
The 2015 version of this article was updated by an external expert under a dual publication model. The corresponding
333:
232:
326:
225:
3266:
3110:"Class III beta-tubulin overexpression is a marker of poor clinical outcome in advanced ovarian cancer patients"
2474:"MicroRNA-200c mitigates invasiveness and restores sensitivity to microtubule-targeting chemotherapeutic agents"
881:
144:
1743:
Cicchillitti L, Penci R, Di
Michele M, Filippetti F, Rotilio D, Donati MB, Scambia G, Ferlini C (July 2008).
1237:(guanylate binding protein 1) and a panel of an additional 19 kinases having prosurvival activity including
862:
2338:
3477:
3472:
1320:
208:
3108:
Ferrandina G, Zannoni GF, Martinelli E, Paglia A, Gallotta V, Mozzetti S, Scambia G, Ferlini C (2006).
1614:"Expression of Tubb3, a beta-tubulin isotype, is regulated by androgens in mouse and rat Sertoli cells"
3259:
2898:"Class III beta-tubulin mediates sensitivity to chemotherapeutic drugs in non small cell lung cancer"
1485:
1176:
123:
2343:
1172:
1002:
955:
2128:
Katsetos CD, Dráber P (2012). "Tubulins as therapeutic targets in cancer: from bench to bedside".
3139:
3090:
2784:
2735:
2686:
2523:"Loss of miR-200c: A Marker of Aggressiveness and Chemoresistance in Female Reproductive Cancers"
2364:
2311:
1996:
1777:
1277:
168:
1027:
1006:
976:
951:
3482:
3237:
3188:
3131:
3082:
3047:
3011:
2960:
2919:
2874:
2833:
2776:
2727:
2678:
2643:
2608:
2554:
2503:
2454:
2413:
2356:
2303:
2262:
2227:
2186:
2145:
2110:
2082:
2032:
1988:
1953:
1917:
1871:
1830:
1769:
1702:
1679:
1643:
1594:
1554:
1531:
Caccamo DV, Herman MM, Frankfurter A, Katsetos CD, Collins VP, Rubinstein LJ (November 1989).
1513:
1365:
1195:
116:
56:
2053:"Human TUBB3 mutations perturb microtubule dynamics, kinesin interactions, and axon guidance"
1311:
3227:
3219:
3178:
3170:
3121:
3074:
3039:
3001:
2991:
2950:
2909:
2893:
2864:
2823:
2815:
2766:
2717:
2670:
2635:
2598:
2588:
2544:
2534:
2493:
2485:
2444:
2403:
2395:
2348:
2293:
2254:
2217:
2176:
2137:
2072:
2064:
2024:
1980:
1945:
1907:
1863:
1820:
1812:
1759:
1671:
1633:
1625:
1586:
1544:
1503:
1493:
1355:
1347:
413:
344:
288:
243:
164:
2851:
Akasaka K, Maesawa C, Shibazaki M, Maeda F, Takahashi K, Akasaka T, Masuda T (June 2009).
388:
3332:: Refined structure of alpha-beta tubulin from zinc-induced sheets stabilized with taxol
2802:
Wang Y, Sparano JA, Fineberg S, Stead L, Sunkara J, Horwitz SB, McDaid HM (April 2013).
2282:"Class III β-tubulin and the cytoskeletal gateway for drug resistance in ovarian cancer"
1489:
3232:
3207:
3183:
3158:
2828:
2803:
2603:
2576:
2549:
2522:
2498:
2473:
2408:
2383:
2077:
2052:
1825:
1800:
1638:
1613:
1549:
1532:
1360:
1338:
1333:
39:
1675:
1508:
1473:
751:
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
721:
716:
700:
695:
690:
685:
680:
675:
670:
665:
660:
655:
650:
645:
629:
624:
619:
614:
609:
604:
3451:
3208:"Class III β-tubulin counteracts the ability of paclitaxel to inhibit cell migration"
1745:"Proteomic characterization of cytoskeletal and mitochondrial class III beta-tubulin"
1164:
591:
3143:
3094:
2739:
2690:
2368:
2315:
2000:
1781:
2788:
1246:
406:
185:
148:
3126:
3109:
2996:
2979:
2955:
2938:
2914:
2897:
2771:
2754:
2722:
2705:
2489:
2449:
2432:
2181:
2164:
1912:
1895:
1764:
1629:
1191:
1163:
gene. TUJ-1-positive cells express a marker (β3-tubulin) of mature neurons (red).
3078:
3006:
2674:
1949:
172:
3174:
1459:
National Center for
Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
1441:
National Center for
Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
1230:
1119:
127:, CDCBM, CDCBM1, CFEOM3, CFEOM3A, FEOM3, TUBB4, beta-4, tubulin beta 3 class III
3043:
2819:
2639:
2352:
2204:
Tuszynski JA, Carpenter EJ, Huzil JT, Malinski W, Luchko T, Luduena RF (2006).
2141:
2068:
1867:
1590:
1478:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1351:
489:
2165:"Paclitaxel directly binds to Bcl-2 and functionally mimics activity of Nur77"
1984:
1184:
305:
202:
152:
3392:: The binding mode of epothilone A on a,b-tubulin by electron crystallography
3223:
2593:
1498:
1148:
781:
549:
427:
372:
359:
271:
258:
160:
3463:
Knowledge (XXG) articles with corresponding academic peer reviewed articles
3241:
3192:
3135:
3086:
3051:
3015:
2964:
2923:
2878:
2837:
2780:
2731:
2682:
2647:
2612:
2558:
2507:
2458:
2417:
2360:
2307:
2266:
2231:
2190:
2149:
2114:
2086:
2036:
1992:
1957:
1921:
1875:
1834:
1773:
1647:
1598:
1369:
2539:
2384:"The establishment of neuronal properties is controlled by Sox4 and Sox11"
2222:
2205:
1706:
1683:
1558:
1517:
1091:
1086:
2869:
2852:
2382:
Bergsland M, Werme M, Malewicz M, Perlmann T, Muhr J (15 December 2006).
2028:
1816:
1075:
926:
907:
2399:
1123:
893:
848:
3468:
Knowledge (XXG) articles with corresponding articles published in Gene
3159:"New insights into mechanisms of resistance to microtubule inhibitors"
2472:
Cochrane DR, Spoelstra NS, Howe EN, Nordeen SK, Richer JK (May 2009).
2298:
2281:
93:
89:
85:
2258:
1131:
1127:
1059:
803:
17:
1255:
1180:
1160:
1143:
1896:"HuR regulates beta-tubulin isotype expression in ovarian cancer"
1245:(NIMA-related kinase 6). Incorporation of these kinases into the
766:
762:
1251:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1138:
140:
3255:
3407:: Tubulin-colchicine-vinblastine: stathmin-like domain complex
3251:
1305:
2937:
McCarroll JA, Gan PP, Liu M, Kavallaris M (15 June 2010).
3422:: KIF1A head-microtubule complex structure in amppnp-form
396:
3362:: Tubulin-podophyllotoxin: stathmin-like domain complex
1151:
neuronal culture after 40 days of differentiation from
3437:: KIF1A head-microtubule complex structure in adp-form
3317:: KIF1A HEAD-MICROTUBULE COMPLEX STRUCTURE IN ATP-FORM
2521:
Cochrane DR, Howe EN, Spoelstra NS, Richer JK (2010).
561:
2331:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1020:
995:
969:
944:
536:
dentate gyrus of hippocampal formation granule cell
3347:: TUBULIN-COLCHICINE: STATHMIN-LIKE DOMAIN COMPLEX
2210:The International Journal of Developmental Biology
1415:
1413:
1411:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1334:"Class III β-tubulin in normal and cancer tissues"
1167:(green). Cell nuclei are stained with DAPI (blue).
343:
242:
3377:: TUBULIN ALPHA-BETA DIMER, ELECTRON DIFFRACTION
2433:"Molecular mechanisms of patupilone resistance"
1938:Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine
1254:(vimentin/dimethylalanine monooxygenase 4) and
1420:GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000062380
3267:
2570:
2568:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1793:
1791:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1187:, which do not express tubulin beta-3 chain.
8:
1570:
1568:
1233:of class III β-tubulin comprises the GTPase
1399:GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000258947
3274:
3260:
3252:
777:
587:
384:
283:
180:
74:
3231:
3182:
3125:
3005:
2995:
2954:
2913:
2868:
2827:
2770:
2721:
2602:
2592:
2548:
2538:
2497:
2448:
2407:
2342:
2297:
2221:
2180:
2076:
1911:
1824:
1763:
1637:
1548:
1507:
1497:
1359:
27:Microtubule element of the tubulin family
2857:The Journal of Investigative Dermatology
1190:Class III β-tubulin is one of the seven
3289:
1472:Sullivan KF, Cleveland DW (June 1986).
1386:
1134:cells. In humans, it is encoded by the
3302:: TUBULIN:STATHMIN-LIKE DOMAIN COMPLEX
615:structural constituent of cytoskeleton
29:
2663:Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets
732:microtubule cytoskeleton organization
348:
309:
304:
247:
206:
201:
7:
3206:Ganguly A, Yang H, Cabral F (2011).
2577:"MiR-200c and HuR in ovarian cancer"
1973:Molecular and Cellular Neurosciences
1721:"Entrez Gene: TUBB3 tubulin, beta 3"
1153:induced human pluripotent stem cells
1126:family found almost exclusively in
2247:Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton
1241:(Proviral Integration Site 1) and
1179:to identify neurons in samples of
1017:
992:
966:
941:
917:
898:
872:
853:
827:
808:
747:netrin-activated signaling pathway
566:
484:
422:
401:
25:
1537:The American Journal of Pathology
3427:
3412:
3397:
3382:
3367:
3352:
3337:
3322:
3307:
3292:
1310:
1183:tissue, separating neurons from
752:dorsal root ganglion development
332:
325:
319:
296:
231:
224:
218:
193:
38:
2286:Journal of Cellular Physiology
1258:(glutathione transferase M4).
550:More reference expression data
466:dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
1:
3127:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-05-2715
2997:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-14-2740
2956:10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-4487
2915:10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-0509
2772:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-4741
2723:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-1274
2490:10.1158/1535-7163.mct-08-1046
2478:Molecular Cancer Therapeutics
2450:10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-2091
2182:10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-0540
2130:Current Pharmaceutical Design
1913:10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-4656
1765:10.1158/1535-7163.mct-07-2370
1752:Molecular Cancer Therapeutics
1676:10.1016/s0167-4781(97)00168-1
1630:10.1095/biolreprod.110.090704
317:
216:
3458:Genes on human chromosome 16
3157:Ganguly A, Cabral F (2011).
3079:10.1517/14728222.2013.766170
2675:10.1517/14728222.2013.766170
1950:10.5858/2001-125-0613-ALOTNC
1157:familial Alzheimer's disease
1155:. iPSCs from a patient with
3175:10.1016/j.bbcan.2011.06.001
1578:Current Cancer Drug Targets
3499:
3044:10.1016/j.gene.2014.03.037
2820:10.1016/j.clbc.2012.11.003
2640:10.2174/156652411798062368
2628:Current Molecular Medicine
2353:10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.11.138
2142:10.2174/138161212800626193
2069:10.1016/j.cell.2009.12.011
1868:10.1016/j.gene.2007.11.015
1591:10.2174/156800907783220453
1352:10.1016/J.GENE.2015.03.061
512:medial ganglionic eminence
504:superior cervical ganglion
3287:
1985:10.1016/j.mcn.2006.02.003
1455:"Mouse PubMed Reference:"
1437:"Human PubMed Reference:"
1323:article was published in
1090:
1085:
1081:
1074:
1058:
1052:Chr 8: 124.14 – 124.15 Mb
1039:
1024:
999:
988:
973:
948:
937:
924:
920:
905:
901:
892:
879:
875:
860:
856:
847:
834:
830:
815:
811:
802:
787:
780:
776:
760:
722:cytoskeleton organization
717:microtubule-based process
590:
586:
574:
569:
560:
547:
496:
487:
474:anterior cingulate cortex
434:
425:
395:
387:
383:
366:
353:
316:
295:
286:
282:
265:
252:
215:
192:
183:
179:
134:
131:
121:
114:
109:
82:
77:
60:
55:
50:
46:
37:
32:
3067:Expert Opin Ther Targets
2759:Clinical Cancer Research
2710:Clinical Cancer Research
2017:Human Molecular Genetics
1805:Human Molecular Genetics
1045:Chr 16: 89.92 – 89.94 Mb
671:microtubule cytoskeleton
3224:10.18632/oncotarget.250
2594:10.1186/1471-2407-13-72
2388:Genes & Development
1701:. 45. Suppl 1: 355–60.
1618:Biology of Reproduction
1499:10.1073/pnas.83.12.4327
630:netrin receptor binding
2808:Clinical Breast Cancer
1321:academic peer reviewed
1171:It is possible to use
1168:
742:neuron differentiation
532:superior frontal gyrus
442:superior frontal gyrus
3007:1959.4/unsworks_39441
2223:10.1387/ijdb.052063jt
1173:monoclonal antibodies
1147:
656:extracellular exosome
528:primary visual cortex
454:primary visual cortex
209:Chromosome 16 (human)
3163:Biochim Biophys Acta
2892:Gan PP, Pasquier E,
2870:10.1038/jid.2008.406
1664:Biochim Biophys Acta
1329:and can be cited as:
1177:immunohistochemistry
1159:, a mutation in the
1104:Tubulin beta-3 chain
520:facial motor nucleus
311:Chromosome 8 (mouse)
78:List of PDB id codes
51:Available structures
2540:10.1155/2010/821717
2527:Journal of Oncology
1490:1986PNAS...83.4327S
1165:GABA-positive cells
1108:Class III β-tubulin
500:ganglionic eminence
438:ganglionic eminence
2896:(1 October 2007).
2400:10.1101/gad.403406
2029:10.1093/hmg/ddt538
1817:10.1093/hmg/ddq377
1278:microlissencephaly
1169:
882:ENSMUSG00000062380
737:mitotic cell cycle
710:Biological process
639:Cellular component
605:nucleotide binding
598:Molecular function
462:right frontal lobe
3445:
3444:
2949:(12): 4995–5003.
2443:(24): 10197–204.
2299:10.1002/jcp.22813
1699:J Pharm Pharmacol
1378:
1377:
1101:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1070:
1069:
1035:
1034:
1014:
1013:
984:
983:
963:
962:
933:
932:
914:
913:
888:
887:
869:
868:
843:
842:
824:
823:
772:
771:
582:
581:
578:
577:
556:
555:
543:
542:
516:entorhinal cortex
508:perirhinal cortex
481:
480:
458:prefrontal cortex
379:
378:
278:
277:
173:TUBB3 - orthologs
105:
104:
101:
100:
61:Ortholog search:
16:(Redirected from
3490:
3431:
3416:
3401:
3386:
3371:
3356:
3341:
3326:
3311:
3296:
3276:
3269:
3262:
3253:
3246:
3245:
3235:
3203:
3197:
3196:
3186:
3154:
3148:
3147:
3129:
3114:Clin. Cancer Res
3105:
3099:
3098:
3062:
3056:
3055:
3026:
3020:
3019:
3009:
2999:
2975:
2969:
2968:
2958:
2934:
2928:
2927:
2917:
2889:
2883:
2882:
2872:
2848:
2842:
2841:
2831:
2799:
2793:
2792:
2774:
2750:
2744:
2743:
2725:
2701:
2695:
2694:
2658:
2652:
2651:
2623:
2617:
2616:
2606:
2596:
2572:
2563:
2562:
2552:
2542:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2501:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2452:
2428:
2422:
2421:
2411:
2379:
2373:
2372:
2346:
2326:
2320:
2319:
2301:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2259:10.1002/cm.20274
2242:
2236:
2235:
2225:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2184:
2160:
2154:
2153:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2080:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2011:
2005:
2004:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1915:
1906:(14): 5891–900.
1891:
1880:
1879:
1850:
1839:
1838:
1828:
1795:
1786:
1785:
1767:
1749:
1740:
1725:
1724:
1717:
1711:
1710:
1694:
1688:
1687:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1641:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1572:
1563:
1562:
1552:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1511:
1501:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1433:
1427:
1417:
1406:
1396:
1373:
1363:
1314:
1306:
1114:(β3-tubulin) or
1083:
1082:
1054:
1047:
1030:
1018:
1009:
993:
989:RefSeq (protein)
979:
967:
958:
942:
918:
899:
873:
854:
828:
809:
778:
588:
567:
552:
492:
490:Top expressed in
485:
450:ventricular zone
430:
428:Top expressed in
423:
402:
385:
375:
362:
351:
336:
329:
323:
312:
300:
284:
274:
261:
250:
235:
228:
222:
211:
197:
181:
175:
126:
119:
96:
75:
69:
48:
47:
42:
30:
21:
3498:
3497:
3493:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3488:
3487:
3448:
3447:
3446:
3441:
3438:
3432:
3423:
3417:
3408:
3402:
3393:
3387:
3378:
3372:
3363:
3357:
3348:
3342:
3333:
3327:
3318:
3312:
3303:
3297:
3283:
3280:
3250:
3249:
3205:
3204:
3200:
3156:
3155:
3151:
3107:
3106:
3102:
3064:
3063:
3059:
3028:
3027:
3023:
2984:Cancer Research
2977:
2976:
2972:
2943:Cancer Research
2936:
2935:
2931:
2908:(19): 9356–63.
2902:Cancer Research
2891:
2890:
2886:
2850:
2849:
2845:
2801:
2800:
2796:
2752:
2751:
2747:
2703:
2702:
2698:
2660:
2659:
2655:
2625:
2624:
2620:
2574:
2573:
2566:
2520:
2519:
2515:
2471:
2470:
2466:
2437:Cancer Research
2430:
2429:
2425:
2394:(24): 3475–86.
2381:
2380:
2376:
2344:10.1.1.321.8904
2328:
2327:
2323:
2279:
2278:
2274:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2216:(2–3): 341–58.
2203:
2202:
2198:
2175:(17): 6906–14.
2169:Cancer Research
2162:
2161:
2157:
2136:(19): 2778–92.
2127:
2126:
2122:
2109:(19): 5349–53.
2103:Cancer Research
2099:
2098:
2094:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2013:
2012:
2008:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1934:
1933:
1929:
1900:Cancer Research
1893:
1892:
1883:
1852:
1851:
1842:
1811:(22): 4462–73.
1797:
1796:
1789:
1747:
1742:
1741:
1728:
1719:
1718:
1714:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1611:
1610:
1606:
1574:
1573:
1566:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1484:(12): 4327–31.
1471:
1470:
1466:
1453:
1452:
1448:
1435:
1434:
1430:
1418:
1409:
1397:
1388:
1383:
1374:
1331:
1330:
1315:
1302:
1289:
1287:Pathophysiology
1273:
1264:
1227:
1218:
1205:
1122:element of the
1092:View/Edit Mouse
1087:View/Edit Human
1050:
1043:
1040:Location (UCSC)
1026:
1005:
1001:
975:
954:
950:
863:ENSG00000258947
756:
705:
701:cell projection
634:
625:GTPase activity
620:protein binding
548:
539:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
488:
477:
472:
470:Brodmann area 9
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
426:
370:
357:
349:
339:
338:
337:
330:
310:
287:Gene location (
269:
256:
248:
238:
237:
236:
229:
207:
184:Gene location (
135:
122:
115:
84:
62:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3496:
3494:
3486:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3450:
3449:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3439:
3433:
3426:
3424:
3418:
3411:
3409:
3403:
3396:
3394:
3388:
3381:
3379:
3373:
3366:
3364:
3358:
3351:
3349:
3343:
3336:
3334:
3328:
3321:
3319:
3313:
3306:
3304:
3298:
3291:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3278:
3271:
3264:
3256:
3248:
3247:
3218:(5): 368–377.
3198:
3149:
3100:
3057:
3021:
2970:
2929:
2884:
2863:(6): 1516–26.
2843:
2794:
2765:(14): 4511–6.
2745:
2716:(4): 1473–80.
2696:
2653:
2618:
2564:
2513:
2484:(5): 1055–66.
2464:
2423:
2374:
2321:
2292:(3): 1034–41.
2272:
2237:
2196:
2155:
2120:
2092:
2042:
2023:(6): 1516–26.
2006:
1979:(1–2): 67–81.
1963:
1927:
1881:
1862:(1–2): 100–8.
1840:
1787:
1726:
1712:
1689:
1653:
1604:
1564:
1523:
1464:
1446:
1428:
1407:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1346:(2): 109–114.
1318:
1316:
1309:
1301:
1298:
1288:
1285:
1272:
1271:Role in cancer
1269:
1263:
1260:
1226:
1223:
1217:
1214:
1204:
1201:
1099:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1089:
1079:
1078:
1072:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1056:
1055:
1048:
1041:
1037:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1022:
1021:
1015:
1012:
1011:
997:
996:
990:
986:
985:
982:
981:
971:
970:
964:
961:
960:
946:
945:
939:
935:
934:
931:
930:
922:
921:
915:
912:
911:
903:
902:
896:
890:
889:
886:
885:
877:
876:
870:
867:
866:
858:
857:
851:
845:
844:
841:
840:
832:
831:
825:
822:
821:
813:
812:
806:
800:
799:
794:
789:
785:
784:
774:
773:
770:
769:
758:
757:
755:
754:
749:
744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
713:
711:
707:
706:
704:
703:
698:
693:
688:
683:
678:
673:
668:
663:
658:
653:
648:
642:
640:
636:
635:
633:
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
607:
601:
599:
595:
594:
584:
583:
580:
579:
576:
575:
572:
571:
564:
558:
557:
554:
553:
545:
544:
541:
540:
538:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
494:
493:
482:
479:
478:
476:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
432:
431:
419:
418:
410:
399:
393:
392:
389:RNA expression
381:
380:
377:
376:
368:
364:
363:
355:
352:
347:
341:
340:
331:
324:
318:
314:
313:
308:
302:
301:
293:
292:
280:
279:
276:
275:
267:
263:
262:
254:
251:
246:
240:
239:
230:
223:
217:
213:
212:
205:
199:
198:
190:
189:
177:
176:
133:
129:
128:
120:
112:
111:
107:
106:
103:
102:
99:
98:
80:
79:
71:
70:
59:
53:
52:
44:
43:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3495:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3436:
3430:
3425:
3421:
3415:
3410:
3406:
3400:
3395:
3391:
3385:
3380:
3376:
3370:
3365:
3361:
3355:
3350:
3346:
3340:
3335:
3331:
3325:
3320:
3316:
3310:
3305:
3301:
3295:
3290:
3286:
3277:
3272:
3270:
3265:
3263:
3258:
3257:
3254:
3243:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3202:
3199:
3194:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3169:(2): 2774–9.
3168:
3164:
3160:
3153:
3150:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3120:(9): 2774–9.
3119:
3115:
3111:
3104:
3101:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3073:(4): 461–72.
3072:
3068:
3061:
3058:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3038:(2): 173–81.
3037:
3033:
3025:
3022:
3017:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2990:(2): 415–25.
2989:
2985:
2981:
2974:
2971:
2966:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2933:
2930:
2925:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2888:
2885:
2880:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2847:
2844:
2839:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2798:
2795:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2749:
2746:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2700:
2697:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2669:(4): 461–72.
2668:
2664:
2657:
2654:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2634:(9): 726–31.
2633:
2629:
2622:
2619:
2614:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2571:
2569:
2565:
2560:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2517:
2514:
2509:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2468:
2465:
2460:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2427:
2424:
2419:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2378:
2375:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2325:
2322:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2276:
2273:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2253:(6): 476–86.
2252:
2248:
2241:
2238:
2233:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2200:
2197:
2192:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2159:
2156:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2124:
2121:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2096:
2093:
2088:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2046:
2043:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2010:
2007:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1967:
1964:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1944:(5): 613–24.
1943:
1939:
1931:
1928:
1923:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1882:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1841:
1836:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1794:
1792:
1788:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1758:(7): 2070–9.
1757:
1753:
1746:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1727:
1722:
1716:
1713:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1693:
1690:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1670:(2): 237–45.
1669:
1665:
1657:
1654:
1649:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1624:(5): 934–45.
1623:
1619:
1615:
1608:
1605:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1585:(8): 704–12.
1584:
1580:
1579:
1571:
1569:
1565:
1560:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1543:(5): 801–13.
1542:
1538:
1534:
1527:
1524:
1519:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1468:
1465:
1460:
1456:
1450:
1447:
1442:
1438:
1432:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1380:
1371:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1340:
1335:
1328:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1307:
1304:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1270:
1268:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1253:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1224:
1222:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1193:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1116:β-tubulin III
1113:
1109:
1105:
1093:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1077:
1073:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1031:
1029:
1023:
1019:
1016:
1010:
1008:
1004:
998:
994:
991:
987:
980:
978:
972:
968:
965:
959:
957:
953:
947:
943:
940:
938:RefSeq (mRNA)
936:
929:
928:
923:
919:
916:
910:
909:
904:
900:
897:
895:
891:
884:
883:
878:
874:
871:
865:
864:
859:
855:
852:
850:
846:
839:
838:
833:
829:
826:
820:
819:
814:
810:
807:
805:
801:
798:
795:
793:
790:
786:
783:
779:
775:
768:
764:
759:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
727:axon guidance
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
714:
712:
709:
708:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
686:lamellipodium
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
643:
641:
638:
637:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
602:
600:
597:
596:
593:
592:Gene ontology
589:
585:
573:
568:
565:
563:
559:
551:
546:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
498:
495:
491:
486:
483:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
436:
433:
429:
424:
421:
420:
417:
415:
411:
409:
408:
404:
403:
400:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
374:
369:
365:
361:
356:
346:
342:
335:
328:
322:
315:
307:
303:
299:
294:
290:
285:
281:
273:
268:
264:
260:
255:
245:
241:
234:
227:
221:
214:
210:
204:
200:
196:
191:
187:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
130:
125:
118:
113:
108:
97:
95:
91:
87:
81:
76:
73:
72:
68:
65:
58:
54:
49:
45:
41:
36:
31:
19:
3478:Cytoskeleton
3473:Cell anatomy
3434:
3419:
3404:
3389:
3374:
3359:
3344:
3329:
3314:
3299:
3215:
3211:
3201:
3166:
3162:
3152:
3117:
3113:
3103:
3070:
3066:
3060:
3035:
3031:
3024:
2987:
2983:
2973:
2946:
2942:
2932:
2905:
2901:
2894:Kavallaris M
2887:
2860:
2856:
2846:
2814:(2): 103–8.
2811:
2807:
2797:
2762:
2758:
2748:
2713:
2709:
2699:
2666:
2662:
2656:
2631:
2627:
2621:
2584:
2580:
2530:
2526:
2516:
2481:
2477:
2467:
2440:
2436:
2426:
2391:
2387:
2377:
2337:(1): 35–42.
2334:
2330:
2324:
2289:
2285:
2275:
2250:
2246:
2240:
2213:
2209:
2199:
2172:
2168:
2158:
2133:
2129:
2123:
2106:
2102:
2095:
2063:(1): 74–87.
2060:
2056:
2045:
2020:
2016:
2009:
1976:
1972:
1966:
1941:
1937:
1930:
1903:
1899:
1859:
1855:
1808:
1804:
1755:
1751:
1715:
1698:
1692:
1667:
1663:
1656:
1621:
1617:
1607:
1582:
1576:
1540:
1536:
1526:
1481:
1477:
1467:
1458:
1449:
1440:
1431:
1343:
1337:
1325:
1324:
1303:
1294:
1290:
1282:
1274:
1265:
1247:cytoskeleton
1228:
1225:Interactions
1219:
1208:
1206:
1189:
1170:
1135:
1115:
1112:βIII-tubulin
1111:
1107:
1103:
1102:
1025:
1003:NP_001184110
1000:
974:
956:NM_001197181
949:
925:
906:
880:
861:
835:
816:
796:
791:
661:cytoskeleton
446:hypothalamus
412:
405:
371:124,148,754
358:124,138,163
132:External IDs
83:
3282:PDB gallery
1231:interactome
1185:glial cells
1120:microtubule
696:growth cone
651:microtubule
610:GTP binding
350:8|8 E1
270:89,938,761
257:89,921,392
110:Identifiers
3452:Categories
3212:Oncotarget
2581:BMC Cancer
2533:: 821717.
1426:, May 2017
1405:, May 2017
1381:References
1262:Regulation
1207:The human
691:filopodium
416:(ortholog)
153:HomoloGene
2339:CiteSeerX
1192:β-tubulin
1149:Forebrain
1130:, and in
1028:NP_075768
1007:NP_006077
977:NM_023279
952:NM_006086
782:Orthologs
646:cytoplasm
524:CA3 field
161:GeneCards
3483:Proteins
3242:21576762
3193:21741453
3144:85980035
3136:16675570
3095:26229777
3087:23379899
3052:24661907
3016:25414139
2965:20501838
2924:17909044
2879:19122647
2838:23218766
2781:18628466
2740:25857848
2732:19228748
2691:26229777
2683:23379899
2648:21999149
2613:23394580
2559:20049172
2508:19435871
2459:19074887
2418:17182872
2369:16958013
2361:15629426
2316:24222768
2308:21520077
2267:18435451
2232:16479502
2191:19671798
2150:22390762
2115:11034069
2087:20074521
2037:24179174
2001:10388161
1993:16626970
1958:11300931
1922:20587520
1876:18178340
1835:20829227
1782:26212762
1774:18645017
1648:21734264
1599:18220531
1422:–
1401:–
1370:25839941
1216:Function
1076:Wikidata
761:Sources:
676:dendrite
3233:3248193
3184:3202616
2829:4039021
2789:7703873
2604:3576328
2550:2798671
2499:4573391
2409:1698453
2078:3164117
1826:3298850
1707:8098743
1684:9473684
1639:4480425
1559:2817080
1550:1880094
1518:3459176
1486:Bibcode
1424:Ensembl
1403:Ensembl
1361:6649683
1196:hypoxia
1128:neurons
1124:tubulin
1118:, is a
894:UniProt
849:Ensembl
788:Species
767:QuickGO
666:nucleus
391:pattern
249:16q24.3
117:Aliases
3240:
3230:
3191:
3181:
3142:
3134:
3093:
3085:
3050:
3014:
2963:
2922:
2877:
2836:
2826:
2787:
2779:
2738:
2730:
2689:
2681:
2646:
2611:
2601:
2587:: 72.
2557:
2547:
2506:
2496:
2457:
2416:
2406:
2367:
2359:
2341:
2314:
2306:
2265:
2230:
2189:
2148:
2113:
2085:
2075:
2035:
1999:
1991:
1956:
1920:
1874:
1833:
1823:
1780:
1772:
1705:
1682:
1646:
1636:
1597:
1557:
1547:
1516:
1509:323725
1506:
1368:
1358:
1132:testis
1062:search
1060:PubMed
927:Q9ERD7
908:Q13509
804:Entrez
562:BioGPS
149:107813
141:602661
3140:S2CID
3091:S2CID
2785:S2CID
2736:S2CID
2687:S2CID
2365:S2CID
2312:S2CID
1997:S2CID
1778:S2CID
1748:(PDF)
1326:Gene
1300:Notes
1256:GSTM4
1209:TUBB3
1181:brain
1161:PSEN1
1136:TUBB3
837:22152
818:10381
797:Mouse
792:Human
763:Amigo
414:Mouse
407:Human
354:Start
289:Mouse
253:Start
186:Human
165:TUBB3
157:68503
124:TUBB3
33:TUBB3
18:TUBB3
3435:2hxh
3420:2hxf
3405:1z2b
3390:1tvk
3375:1tub
3360:1sa1
3345:1sa0
3330:1jff
3315:1ia0
3300:1ffx
3238:PMID
3189:PMID
3167:1816
3132:PMID
3083:PMID
3048:PMID
3032:Gene
3012:PMID
2961:PMID
2920:PMID
2875:PMID
2834:PMID
2777:PMID
2728:PMID
2679:PMID
2644:PMID
2609:PMID
2555:PMID
2531:2010
2504:PMID
2455:PMID
2414:PMID
2357:PMID
2304:PMID
2263:PMID
2228:PMID
2187:PMID
2146:PMID
2111:PMID
2083:PMID
2057:Cell
2033:PMID
1989:PMID
1954:PMID
1918:PMID
1872:PMID
1856:Gene
1831:PMID
1770:PMID
1703:PMID
1680:PMID
1668:1395
1644:PMID
1595:PMID
1555:PMID
1514:PMID
1366:PMID
1339:Gene
1252:FMO4
1243:NEK6
1239:PIM1
1235:GBP1
1229:The
1203:Gene
1175:and
1139:gene
681:axon
397:Bgee
345:Band
306:Chr.
244:Band
203:Chr.
137:OMIM
94:5IJ9
90:5JCO
86:5IJ0
67:RCSB
64:PDBe
3228:PMC
3220:doi
3179:PMC
3171:doi
3122:doi
3075:doi
3040:doi
3036:542
3002:hdl
2992:doi
2951:doi
2910:doi
2865:doi
2861:129
2824:PMC
2816:doi
2767:doi
2718:doi
2671:doi
2636:doi
2599:PMC
2589:doi
2545:PMC
2535:doi
2494:PMC
2486:doi
2445:doi
2404:PMC
2396:doi
2349:doi
2335:327
2294:doi
2290:227
2255:doi
2218:doi
2177:doi
2138:doi
2073:PMC
2065:doi
2061:140
2025:doi
1981:doi
1946:doi
1942:125
1908:doi
1864:doi
1860:409
1821:PMC
1813:doi
1760:doi
1672:doi
1634:PMC
1626:doi
1587:doi
1545:PMC
1541:135
1504:PMC
1494:doi
1356:PMC
1348:doi
1344:563
570:n/a
367:End
266:End
169:OMA
145:MGI
57:PDB
3454::
3236:.
3226:.
3214:.
3210:.
3187:.
3177:.
3165:.
3161:.
3138:.
3130:.
3118:12
3116:.
3112:.
3089:.
3081:.
3071:17
3069:.
3046:.
3034:.
3010:.
3000:.
2988:75
2986:.
2982:.
2959:.
2947:70
2945:.
2941:.
2918:.
2906:67
2904:.
2900:.
2873:.
2859:.
2855:.
2832:.
2822:.
2812:13
2810:.
2806:.
2783:.
2775:.
2763:14
2761:.
2757:.
2734:.
2726:.
2714:15
2712:.
2708:.
2685:.
2677:.
2667:17
2665:.
2642:.
2632:11
2630:.
2607:.
2597:.
2585:13
2583:.
2579:.
2567:^
2553:.
2543:.
2529:.
2525:.
2502:.
2492:.
2480:.
2476:.
2453:.
2441:68
2439:.
2435:.
2412:.
2402:.
2392:20
2390:.
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2363:.
2355:.
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2333:.
2310:.
2302:.
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2251:65
2249:.
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2185:.
2173:69
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2134:18
2132:.
2107:60
2105:.
2081:.
2071:.
2059:.
2055:.
2031:.
2021:23
2019:.
1995:.
1987:.
1977:32
1975:.
1952:.
1940:.
1916:.
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1342:.
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373:bp
360:bp
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259:bp
167:;
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20:)
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