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frequency and severity. Common couple violence, on the other hand, is often a result of minor conflict, is less frequent and severe, and does not escalate over time. These definitions encompass the types of violence within a situation regarding a couple, both intimate terrorism and common couple violence. On a broader spectrum there is also domestic violence that regards all types of violence including emotional, physical, or sexual. But, instead of only in a couple situation, domestic violence is not limited to just that, it also defines situations with any family member or people who live together. This includes roommates as well and also includes different types of abuse such as child, elder, or marital abuse.
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their forehead together and rub their noses with each other. These greetings are seen as a social norm due to their geographic location, depending on the location these types of greeting and departure touches will not be seen as socially acceptable. There is also differences within geographic locations as well, it then comes down to the formality of a setting. In
America, it is common for people to greet friends with a hug, but in the setting of a job or an interview, one would normally have the greeting of a handshake instead. Socially dorms dictate much of the ritualistic behavior that is initiated.
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business handshake that usually occurs in job and formal settings. In the end-of-game embodied ritual, this usually has high fives in a post game line. There is also the traditional dap up in certain social settings, a different type of handshake that can also serve as a greeting, departure, or overall a symbol of friendship. The word dap serves as an acronym for dignity and pride and signifies that the two people shake hands are equals in regards to one another. This handshake originated within the
Vietnam War between black G.I.s as a way to combat the segregation faced within the war.
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652:: Like playful affection these touches are used to serve to lighten interaction, however, the play signal indicates aggression. These touches are initiated, rather than mutual. Since the playful aggression usually involves these antagonistic actions that from an outside perspective may be seen as serious, sometimes these playful actions can be categorized as violent. In a formal environment, this type of haptic communication may be frowned upon such as in schools or a work setting and could be prohibited.
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order to know if someone was touching more frequently than normal it would be necessary to first know what is normal in that culture. In high touch countries a kiss on the cheek is considered a polite greeting while in Sweden it may be considered presumptuous. Jandt relates that two men holding hands will in some countries be a sign of friendly affection, whereas in the United States the same tactile code would probably be interpreted as a symbol of homosexual love.
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827:, the degree with which emotions are expressed. Cultural display rules also affect the degree to which individuals share their personal space, gaze and physical contact during interactions. In a High contact culture, such as South America, Latin America, Southern Europe, Africa, Russia, the Middle East and others, people tend to share more physical contact. High contact cultures communicate through long gazes, long hugs, and share a decrease in
473:, which may lead to love, is defined as a nonverbal message designed to attract sexual partners. During courtship, we exchange nonverbal communication gestures to tell each other to come nearer and nearer until we touch. Essential signals in the path to intimacy include facial nuzzles, kissing and caressing each other.
125:. A warm, loving touch can lead to positive outcomes while a violent touch can ultimately lead to a negative outcome. The sense of touch allows one to experience different sensations such as pleasure, pain, heat, or cold. One of the most significant aspects of touch is the ability to convey and enhance
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These touches can differ depending on the location the social interaction is taking place. For example, in Japan a common greeting and departure is to bow to someone when greeting them. For the Maori people, a tribe in New
Zealand, people often rub noses to initiate a greeting, where two people press
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is defined as the polite way to manage interaction with strangers by not engaging in any interpersonal communication or needing to respond to a stranger's touch. Goffman uses an elevator study to explain this phenomenon. It is uncommon for people to look at, talk to, or touch the person next to them.
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Walton stated in his book that touching is the ultimate expression of closeness or confidence between two people, but not seen often in business or formal relationships. Touching stresses how special the message is that is being sent by the initiator. "If a word of praise is accompanied by a touch on
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Frequency of touch also varies significantly between different cultures. Harper refers to several studies, one of which examined touching in coffee houses. During a one-hour sitting 180 touchings were observed for Puerto Ricans, 110 for French, none for
English and 2 for Americans. (Harper, 297). In
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Touching in intimate relationships may also be violent at times. McEwan and
Johnson categorize violent touch in relationships into two categories: intimate terrorism and common couple violence. Intimate terrorism is characterized by an escalating need to control or dominate a relationship with high
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The most common use of haptic touch in business is the handshake. A handshake in the business world is key to giving a good first impression. However, there are different forms of the handshake that can be given in an appropriate situation which include: a firm handshake (communicates confidence and
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is more likely to touch a subordinate, but the subordinate is not free to touch in kind. Touch is a powerful nonverbal communication tool and this different standard between a superior and subordinate can lead to confusion whether the touch is motivated by dominance or intimacy according to
Borisoff
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while communicating to subordinates, but need to be cautious and understand how touch can be misunderstood. A hand on the shoulder for one person may mean a supportive gesture, while it could mean a sexual advance to another person. Working with others and using touch to communicate, a manager needs
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Three areas of public touch between couples have been studied: the amount of touch between a couple in the initial stages of a romantic relationship; how much touching goes on between the couple, and the extent of touching with the amount of touch men and women displayed and who initiated the touch
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These touches are perceived as unintentional and have no meaning. They consist mainly of brushes. Research by Martin in a retailing context found that male and female shoppers who were accidentally touched from behind by other shoppers left a store earlier than people who had not been touched and
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Touching among family members has been found to affect the behavior of those involved. Touch is a way that a child can express positive emotion. For example, physical affection, like hugs, can serve as an overt display of love. Various factors are at work within a family setting. As a child grows
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It is more acceptable for women to touch than men in social or friendship settings, possibly because of the inherent dominance of the person touching over the person being touched. Women and girls are more commonly known for interacting with each other through touch than men and boys are. This is
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that shows others that one's partner is "taken". When a couple is holding hands or putting their arms around each other, this is a tie sign showing others that they are together. Tie signs are used more often by couples in the dating and courtship stages than between their married counterparts
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equally or differently between men and women. A nurse was told to touch patients for one minute while the patients looked at a pamphlet during a routine preoperative procedure. Females reacted positively to the touch, whereas males did not. It was surmised that males equated the touch to being
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A handshake is not only limited to a professional setting but as well an important aspect of youth's team sports. Hamilton wrote that the handshake represents the end-of-game as an embodied ritual, form of intimate touch, and legal gesture. These handshakes also vary in types, with the formal
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has been linked to touch deprivation in adults and research has established associations between touch deprivation and eating disorders. Men have been found more likely to experience touch deprivation than women due to stronger social prohibitions against same-sex touching among adult males.
194:, has been the target of much research. Human babies have been observed to have enormous difficulty surviving if they do not possess a sense of touch, even if they retain sight and hearing. Infants who can perceive through touch, even without sight and hearing, tend to fare much better.
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Recently, researchers have shown that touch communicates distinct emotions such as anger, fear, happiness, sympathy, love, and gratitude. Moreover, the accuracy with which subjects were capable of communicating the emotions were commensurate with facial and vocal displays of emotion.
844:, kissing a friend on the cheek is less common than in the Latin Americas. Remland and Jones studied groups of people communicating and found that in England (8%), France (5%) and the Netherlands (4%), touching was rare compared to the Italian (14%) and Greek (12.5%) samples.
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explaining to the predominantly male readership how handshakes differ from person to person and how they send nonverbal messages. He mentioned that holding the grip longer than two seconds will result in a stop in the verbal conversation, thus the nonverbal will override the
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Yarbrough designed a blueprint for how to touch. She designated the different body areas as to whether they are 'touchable' or not. Non-vulnerable body parts (NVBP) are the hand, arm, shoulder and upper back, and vulnerable body parts (VBP) are all other body regions.
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and a wire surrogate mother which held a bottle with food. It turns out that the rhesus monkeys spent most of their time with the terry cloth mother, over the wire surrogate with a bottle of food, which indicates that they preferred touch, warmth, and comfort over
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These touches serve to lighten an interaction. These touches communicate a double message since they always involve a play signal, either verbal or nonverbal, which indicates the behavior is not to be taken seriously. These touches can be further classified as
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These touches serve to direct the behavior, attitude, or feeling state of the recipient. The key feature of these touches is that almost all of the touches are initiated by the person who attempts influence. These touches can be further classified as
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Low contact cultures such as: The United States, Canada, Northern Europe, Australia, New
Zealand and Asia prefer infrequent touching, larger physical distance, indirect body orientations (during interaction) along with little share gazes. In the
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More common than the sequential touches are the individual or single touches. They must be read by using the total context of what was said, the nature of the relationship and what kind of social setting was involved when the person was touched.
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597:: Serve to nurture, reassure, or promise protection. These touches generally occur in situations which either virtually require or make it clearly preferable that one person show concern for another who is experiencing distress.
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Touch research conducted by Jones and
Yarbrough revealed 18 different meanings of touch, grouped in seven types: Positive affect (emotion), playfulness, control, ritual, hybrid (mixed), task-related, and accidental touch.
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Jones explained communication with touch as the most intimate and involving form which helps people to keep good relationships with others. His study with
Yarbrough covered touch sequences and individual touches.
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which provided a level of tactile stimulation and comfort, were considerably more emotionally stable as adults than those with a mere "wire mother". For his experiment, he presented the infants with a clothed
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DePaulo, B. M., & Friedman, H. S. (1998). Nonverbal communication. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology. (4th
Edition, Vol. 2, pp. 3–40). Boston:
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McEwan, B., and Johnson, S.L. Relational Violence: The Darkest Side of Haptic Communication. The Nonverbal Communication Reader. Ed. L.K. Guerrero and M.L. Hall. 3rd ed. Long Grove, IL: Waveland P, 2008.
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Touch sequences fall into two different types, repetitive and strategic. Repetitive is when one person touches and the other person reciprocates. The majority of these touches are considered positive.
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Courtship has five phases which include the attention phase, recognition phase, conversation phase, touching phase, and the love-making phase. Haptics takes place more during the last two phases.
417:. Patterson indicated that men fulfilling this social role would touch more and after initial touch in casual relationships and as the relationship became more intimate during serious dating or
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Hertenstein M. J., Verkamp J., Kerestes A., Holmes R. (2006). "The communicative functions of touch in humans, non-human primates and rats: A review and synthesis of the empirical research".
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strength), a limp handshake (conveys weakness and dishonesty), a clasp (use of both hands displays a high level of respect), and a handshake with grip (displays intimidation and dominance).
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stimulation during foreplay known as the light or protopathic touch. Any feelings of fear or apprehension may be calmed through other touching like kissing, nuzzling, and a gentle massage.
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496:: A nonverbal communication haptic code or cue is the intention behind it. Reaching your hand across the table to a somewhat unknown person is used as a way to show readiness to touch.
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Harper, R. G., Wiens, A. N., and Matarazzo J. D. Nonverbal communication: The State of the Art. Wiley Series on Personality Processes (1978). New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Guerrero, L.K., DeVito, J.A., & Hecht, M.L. (Eds) (1999). The nonverbal communication reader: Classic and contemporary reading. (2nd ed.). Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland.
484:: Is likely to be more "accidental" than premeditated by touching a neutral body part and where the recipient either accepts the touch or rejects it through body movement.
432:, women under stress showed signs of immediate relief by merely holding their husband's hand. This seemed to be effective when the woman was part of a satisfying marriage.
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1449:"Children's expressions of positive emotion are sustained by smiling, touching, and playing with parents and siblings: A naturalistic observational study of family life"
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touching is a series of touching usually with an ulterior or hidden motive thus making them seem to be using touch as a game to get someone to do something for them.
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van Swol, Lyn M. (August 2003). "The Effects of Nonverbal Mirroring on Perceived Persuasiveness, Agreement with an Imitator, and Reciprocity in a Group Discussion".
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thought to be because same-sex touch is acceptable for women. Whitcher and Fisher conducted a study to see whether friendly touch in a healthcare setting reduced
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Burgoon, J. K. (1993). Nonverbal signals. In M. L. Knapp, & G. R. Miller (Eds.), Handbook of interpersonal communication (2nd. ed., pp. 229–285). Sage.
646:: Serve to lighten interaction. The seriousness of the positive message is diminished by the play signal. These touches indicate teasing and are usually mutual.
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Remland, Martin S.; Jones, Tricia S.; Brinkman, Heidi (June 1995). "Interpersonal Distance, Body Orientation, and Touch: Effects of Culture, Gender, and Age".
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These touches communicate positive emotions and occur mostly between persons who have close relationships. These touches can be further classified as support,
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and dimensions that touch can interpret. These dimensions that many have described include intensity, duration, location, frequency, and instrument of touch.
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According to Givens, the process of nonverbal communication or negotiation is to send and receive messages in an attempt to gain someone's approval or love.
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older, the amount of touching by the parent decreases although it does continue to be an important social behavior for that child to communicate positive or
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Heslin, R. (1974, May) Steps toward a taxonomy of touching. Paper presented to the annual meeting of the Midwestern Psychological Association, Chicago, IL.
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These touches involve two or more of the meanings described above. These touches can be further classified as greeting/affection and departure/affection.
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Studies have also shown a difference between the sexes on who touches when. In the initial stages of a relationship, men often follow socially prescribed
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DeVito J., Guerrero, L. and Hecht, M.(1999). The nonverbal communication reader: classic and contemporary readings. (2nd ed). Illinois: Waveland Press.
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Similarly to infants, in chimpanzees the sense of touch is highly developed. As newborns they see and hear poorly but cling strongly to their mothers.
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While it may be so crowded that they 'touch' another person, they will often maintain an expressionless demeanor so not to affect those around them.
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Robles-De-La-Torre, Gabriel; Hayward, Vincent (26 July 2001). "Force can overcome object geometry in the perception of shape through active touch".
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Guerrero, L. (2004), Chicago Sun-Times, "Women like man's touch, but there's a catch. They prefer to see it on another man, research shows," 11–12.
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relationships, women would touch more. American culture still dictates that men "make the first move" in the context of dating and relationships.
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1261:"The Importance of Nonverbal Communication in Business and How Professors at the University of North Georgia Train Students on the Subject"
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Hickson III, M. L. and Stacks, D. W. (2001). Nonverbal Communication: Studies and applications (4th edition). Roxbury Publishing Company.
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Burgoon, J. K. & Buller, D.B and Woodall, W.G. (1996). Nonverbal communications: The unspoken dialogue (Second edition). McGraw-Hill.
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1036:"That human touch that means so much: Exploring the tactile dimension of social life | Magazine issue 2/2013 - Issue 17 | In-Mind"
502:: Moving in concert by turning heads to allow for the lips to touch is the final part of the fourth stage of courtship, the kiss.
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Holden, R. (1993). How to utilize the power of laughter, humour and a winning smile at work. Employee Counseling Today, 5, 17–21.
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Givens, David B. (2005). Love Signals: A Practical Field Guide to the Body Language of Courtship, St. Martin's Press, New York.
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Hamilton, Sheryl N. (2017-01-02). "Rituals of intimate legal touch: regulating the end-of-game handshake in pandemic culture".
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Whitcher, Sheryle J.; Fisher, Jeffrey D. (1979). "Multidimensional reaction to therapeutic touch in a hospital setting".
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In a high contact culture, many things are not verbally stated but are expressed through physical touch. For instance,
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The initial connection to another person in a professional setting usually starts off with a touch, specifically a
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These touches are directly associated with the performance of a task. These touches can be further classified as:
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903:"Tactile signing" refers to the mode or medium, i.e. signing (using some form of signed language or code), using
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693:: Call attention to and emphasize a feeling state of initiator; implicitly requests affect response from another.
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is accepted as socially correct and polite. However, in the Midwest, this is not always an acceptable behavior.
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681:: Attempts to direct behavior of another person, and often, by implication, to influence attitudes or feelings.
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Touch is the most sophisticated and intimate of the five senses. Touch or haptics, from the ancient Greek word
31:
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Robles-De-La-Torre, G. (July 2006). "The Importance of the Sense of Touch in Virtual and Real Environments".
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Hart, Jennifer L.; Tannock, Michelle T. (September 2013). "Playful Aggression in Early Childhood Settings".
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Hart, Jennifer L.; Tannock, Michelle T. (September 2013). "Playful Aggression in Early Childhood Settings".
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Hertenstein M. J., Keltner D., App B. Bulleit, Jaskolka A. (2006). "Touch communicates distinct emotions".
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314:. A person's handshake can speak volumes about them and their personality. Chiarella wrote an article for
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The intent of a touch is not always exclusive and touching can evolve to each one of Heslin's categories.
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Leathers, D. (1997). Successful nonverbal communication: Principles and applications. Allyn & Bacon.
1737:"A Stranger's Touch: Effects of Accidental Interpersonal Touch on Consumer Evaluations and Shopping Time"
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Patterson, M. L. (1988). "Functions of nonverbal behavior in close relationships". In Duck, Steve (ed.).
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and observed that monkeys reared with a "terry cloth mother", a wire feeding apparatus wrapped in softer
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touches. They serve no other function than to help make transitions in and out of focused interaction.
490:: The embrace is the most basic way of telling someone that you love them and possibly need them, too.
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Phyllis Davis: The Power of Touch – The Basis for Survival, Health, Intimacy, and Emotional Well-Being
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823:, but among Northern Europeans it is an uncommon form of greeting. Different cultures have different
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Jones, Stanley E.; Yarbrough, A. Elaine (2009). "A naturalistic study of the meanings of touch".
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186:, is vital for survival. Touch is the first sense to develop in the fetus. The development of an
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is touch. The amount of touching increases as a relationship moves from impersonal to personal.
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Carney R., Hall A, LeBeau L. (2005). "Beliefs about the nonverbal expression of social power".
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766:: Point out or inspect a body part or artefact referred to in a verbal comment about appearance
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907:. It does not indicate whether the signer is using a tactile form of a natural language (e.g.
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This article is about the study of touching communication and behaviour. For other uses, see
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evaluated brands more negatively, resulting in the Accidental Interpersonal Touch effect.
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Jandt, F. E. Intercultural Communication (1995). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, Inc.
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552:: refers to the touch with other body parts like feet, lips, and other objects as well.
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121:. Touch can come in many different forms, some can promote physical and psychological
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Ashley Montagu: Touching: The Human Significance of the Skin, Harper Paperbacks, 1986
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The amount of touching that occurs within a culture is largely based on the relative
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Hamilton, LaMont. “Five on the Black Hand Side: Origins and Evolutions of the DAP.”
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190:'s haptic senses and how it relates to the development of the other senses, such as
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717:: Serve as part of the act of acknowledging another at the opening of an encounter.
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Harper, J. (2006), The Washington Times, "Men hold key to their wives' calm", A10.
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Morris, D. (1977), Manwatching: A field guide to human behavior. New York: Abrams.
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609:: Draw attention to the act of being together and suggest psychological closeness.
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BioRobotics Laboratory. Research on Stable Haptic Interaction and Teleoperation
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621:: Express generalized positive regard beyond mere acknowledgment of the other.
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Touching between married couples may help maintain good health. In a study by
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129:. The sense of touch is the fundamental component of haptic communication for
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133:. Touch can be categorized in many terms such as positive, playful, control,
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Hertenstein M.J. (2002). "Touch: Its communicative functions in infancy".
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742:: Express affection and acknowledgement of the initiation of an encounter
687:: Serve to direct the touch recipient's perceptual focus toward something.
586:. Research has shown that hugging can reduce levels of the stress hormone
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1658:"Playful Aggression and the Situational Contexts That Affect Perceptions"
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911:), a modified form of such a visual sign language, a modified form of a
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Playful Aggression and the Situational Contexts That Affect Perceptions
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Hayward V, Astley OR, Cruz-Hernandez M, Grant D, Robles-De-La-Torre G.
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Bai, Sunhye; Repetti, Rena L.; Sperling, Jacqueline B. (January 2016).
1147:"The evolution of Harry Harlow: from the nature to the nurture of love"
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Leonard, Crystal. "The Sense of Touch and How It Affects Development."
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Handbook of Personal Relationships: Theory, Research and Interventions
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Bosson, Jennifer K.; Vandello, Joseph A.; Buckner, Camille E. (2018).
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Hall, E. T. The Silent Language (1959). New York: Anchor Books, 1990
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Goffman, E. (1963). Behavior in public places, New York: Free Press.
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The Life of the Skin-Hungry: Can You Go Crazy from a Lack Of Touch?
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Burgoon, Judee K.; Buller, David B.; Woodall, William Gill (1996).
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1112:"Is Touch Beyond Infancy Important for Children's Mental Health?"
303:. There are many areas in the United States where a touch on the
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Moving from one haptic category to another can become blurred by
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the shoulder, that's the gold star on the ribbon," wrote Walton.
1334:"Five on the Black Hand Side: Origins and Evolutions of the Dap"
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781:: Accomplish a task in and out of itself i.e., a helping touch.
772:: Occur as an unnecessary part of the accomplishment of a task
394:
The primary nonverbal behavior that has the biggest effect on
150:
36:
2213:
Patra, P.; Prakash, Jyoti; Patra, B; Khanna, Puneet (2018).
1565:
Patra, P.; Prakash, Jyoti; Patra, B; Khanna, Puneet (2018).
1059:
Burgoon, Judee K.; Guerrero, Laura K.; Floyd, Kory (2010).
603:: Express gratitude for something another person has done.
2377:
1774:
Choices and Connections, An Introduction to Communication
1616:
Burgoon, Judee K; Guerrero, Laura K; Floyd, Kory (2010).
2908:
Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified
889:
is a common means of communication used by people with
2200:
Smithsonian Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage
1338:
Smithsonian Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage
528:: relates to how delicate or how strong the touch is.
1646:. Published 8 November 2016. Retrieved 14 July 2018.
1211:
Conflict management: A communication skills approach
748:: Express affection and serve to close an encounter
723:: Serve as a part of the act of closing an encounter
3161:
3135:
3068:
3042:
3006:
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2943:
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2743:
2720:
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2570:
2449:
1110:Montgomery, Marilyn J.; Whiddon, Melody A. (2011).
145:is one example that some perceived as sexual), and
1893:Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs
1236:Are you communicating? You can't manage without it
665:An Afghan police officer pats a child on the head.
540:: refers to the area where the person was touched.
534:: relates to how short or prolonged the touch was.
1960:. Published 7 April 2016. Retrieved 14 July 2018.
1133:The Sense of Touch and How It Affects Development
615:: Express physical attraction or sexual interest.
1767:
1765:
674:, attention-getting, and announcing a response.
270:Managers should know the effectiveness of using
137:, task-related or unintentional. It can be both
546:: represents the number of touches that happen.
2215:"Intimate partner violence: Wounds are deeper"
1567:"Intimate partner violence: Wounds are deeper"
1507:Nonverbal Communication: The Unspoken Dialogue
275:to be aware of each person's touch tolerance.
2410:
2041:. Sensor Review 24(1), pp. 16–29 (2004).
505:The final phase, love-making, which includes
8:
2008:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1933:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1876:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1414:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
1209:Borisoff, Deborah; Victor, David A. (1989).
1083:Field, Tiffany. "The Importance of Touch."
410:according to Burgoon, Buller, and Woodall.
3072:
2877:
2866:
2788:
2446:
2433:
2417:
2403:
2395:
2232:10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_74_17
1584:10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_74_17
201:conducted a controversial study involving
2935:Social (pragmatic) communication disorder
2240:
2230:
1845:
1592:
1582:
1472:
278:Henley's research found that a person in
87:Learn how and when to remove this message
2803:Basic interpersonal communicative skills
1238:. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Publishing.
227:Heslin outlines five haptic categories:
50:This article includes a list of general
2188:"5.2: Types of Nonverbal Communication"
1711:"5.2: Types of Nonverbal Communication"
1213:. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
1027:
819:is a very common method of greeting in
2001:
1926:
1869:
1332:Hamilton, LaMont (22 September 2014).
2665:High-context and low-context cultures
173:are forms of touch in the context of
7:
3014:Computer processing of body language
246:expresses idiosyncratic relationship
3029:List of facial expression databases
3019:Emotion recognition in conversation
367:treated as inferior or dependent.
56:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
2913:Childhood disintegrative disorder
1096:Pediatrix Medical Group, editor.
117:and interaction via the sense of
1799:The Journal of Social Psychology
1389:The Psychology of Sex and Gender
878:This section is an excerpt from
41:
1119:American Counseling Association
1656:Hart, Jennifer (May 1, 2015).
1259:Bailey, Britton (2018-04-01).
252:expresses emotional attachment
161:, pushing, pulling, pinching,
1:
2039:Haptic interfaces and devices
1976:Journal of Nonverbal Behavior
1811:10.1080/00224545.1995.9713958
1776:. Bedford. pp. 141–150.
1303:10.1080/17458927.2017.1268821
2219:Indian Journal of Psychiatry
1744:Journal of Consumer Research
1735:Martin, Brett A. S. (2012).
1571:Indian Journal of Psychiatry
1100:2015. Accessed 11 Apr. 2017.
1098:"How Babies' Sense Develop."
405:Public touch can serve as a
402:and when they initiated it.
240:expresses ritual interaction
3217:Interpersonal relationships
2930:Nonverbal learning disorder
2508:Speech-independent gestures
2481:Facial Action Coding System
2186:Grothe, Tom (22 May 2020).
396:interpersonal relationships
131:interpersonal relationships
3238:
2670:Interpersonal relationship
2471:Body-to-body communication
1948:What is touch deprivation?
1772:McCornack, Steven (2017).
1620:. Pearson Education, Inc.
1063:. Pearson Education, Inc.
877:
458:
439:
382:
234:expresses task-orientation
29:
3075:
2876:
2865:
2798:
2787:
2445:
2432:
1988:10.1007/s10919-005-2743-z
1856:10.1037/1528-3542.6.3.528
1534:. Wiley. pp. 41–56.
1426:10.1037/0022-3514.37.1.87
1365:10.1080/03637758509376094
702:These touches consist of
3085:Behavioral communication
2361:Touch Research Institute
2142:10.1177/0093650203253318
1453:Developmental Psychology
1353:Communication Monographs
1166:10.1177/0957154X10370909
103:A boy laughing as he is
3212:Nonverbal communication
2525:Interpersonal synchrony
2426:Nonverbal communication
1905:10.3200/mono.132.1.5-94
1618:Nonverbal Communication
1234:Walton, Donald (1989).
1061:Nonverbal Communication
913:manually coded language
375:later in their future.
266:Functional/professional
258:expresses sexual intent
231:Functional/professional
115:nonverbal communication
71:more precise citations.
27:Communication via touch
3222:Intimate relationships
3122:Monastic sign lexicons
2813:Emotional intelligence
2130:Communication Research
1291:The Senses and Society
1145:Vicedo, Marga (2010),
909:American Sign Language
770:Instrumental ancillary
666:
446:Common couple violence
426:University of Virginia
107:
3112:Impression management
2390:Touch and Emotion Lab
2192:Social Sci LibreTexts
1715:Social Sci LibreTexts
1391:. SAGE Publications.
1154:History of Psychiatry
974:Human sexual activity
897:or another system of
691:Announcing a response
664:
465:Sexual response cycle
102:
18:Tactile communication
3127:Verbal communication
3080:Animal communication
2998:Targeted advertising
2515:Haptic communication
2113:10.1109/MMUL.2006.69
915:, or something else.
899:manual communication
848:Internal differences
321:verbal communication
111:Haptic communication
3136:Non-verbal language
3024:Gesture recognition
2871:Further information
2761:Emotion recognition
2712:Silent service code
2366:Touch and sexuality
2171:10.1017/cha.2013.14
2068:2001Natur.412..445R
1689:10.1017/cha.2013.14
996:Personal boundaries
893:. It is based on a
746:Departure/affection
550:Instrument of touch
479:The touching phase:
3162:Art and literature
3117:Meta-communication
3105:Passive-aggressive
3034:Sentiment analysis
2735:Non-verbal leakage
2383:2012-05-14 at the
2371:2012-04-02 at the
2159:Children Australia
1953:2018-07-15 at the
1677:Children Australia
740:Greeting/affection
667:
650:Playful aggression
517:There are various
494:Intention to touch
108:
3199:
3198:
3195:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3187:
3186:
2893:Asperger syndrome
2861:
2860:
2843:Social competence
2783:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2585:Emotional prosody
2491:Subtle expression
2476:Facial expression
2308:10.1159/000048154
2296:Human Development
2062:(6845): 445–448.
1783:978-1-319-04352-0
1541:978-0-471-91491-4
1516:978-0-07-008995-2
1398:978-1-5443-1039-8
936:Physical intimacy
931:Haptic perception
857:Emotion and touch
685:Attention-getting
644:Playful affection
442:Domestic violence
385:Physical intimacy
379:Love and intimacy
373:negative emotions
357:Friendship/warmth
350:Civil inattention
243:Friendship/warmth
169:and hand-to-hand
127:physical intimacy
97:
96:
89:
16:(Redirected from
3229:
3073:
3050:Ray Birdwhistell
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2793:Broader concepts
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2766:First impression
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2205:Hart, Jennifer.
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1001:Cultural studies
807:of the culture.
513:Context of touch
316:Esquire magazine
212:surrogate mother
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67:this article by
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2486:Microexpression
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2385:Wayback Machine
2373:Wayback Machine
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926:Consoling touch
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887:Tactile signing
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582:or intent, and
580:sexual interest
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2686:
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2668:
2666:
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2661:
2658:
2656:
2655:Display rules
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2634:
2626:
2625:Voice quality
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2608:
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2601:
2598:
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2479:
2478:
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2474:
2472:
2469:
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2463:
2462:Body language
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2458:
2455:
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2440:
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2338:0-205-26230-9
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2328:1-891487-20-5
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2288:1-57766-040-4
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2274:
2273:0-07-008995-7
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2197:
2193:
2189:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2011:
2005:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1959:
1956:
1952:
1949:
1944:
1941:
1936:
1930:
1922:
1918:
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1800:
1793:
1790:
1785:
1779:
1775:
1768:
1766:
1762:
1757:
1753:
1750:(1): 174–84.
1749:
1745:
1738:
1731:
1728:
1716:
1712:
1706:
1703:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
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1668:
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1649:
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1637:
1634:
1629:
1627:9780205525003
1623:
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1508:
1501:
1498:
1492:
1489:
1484:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1459:(1): 88–101.
1458:
1454:
1450:
1443:
1440:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1408:
1405:
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1371:
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1308:
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1285:
1282:
1271:on 2019-12-03
1270:
1266:
1265:Honors Theses
1262:
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1128:
1125:
1120:
1113:
1106:
1103:
1099:
1093:
1090:
1086:
1080:
1077:
1072:
1070:9780205525003
1066:
1062:
1055:
1052:
1041:
1037:
1031:
1028:
1021:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1011:Bertram Raven
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
990:
987:
985:
982:
981:
980:Other touch:
979:
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972:
968:
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960:
958:
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950:
948:
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942:Holding hands
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929:
927:
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895:sign language
892:
891:deafblindness
888:
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845:
843:
834:
832:
830:
826:
825:display rules
822:
821:Latin America
818:
817:Cheek kissing
810:
808:
806:
802:
794:
792:
785:
780:
779:
776:Instrumental
774:
771:
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764:
761:Reference to
759:
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431:
428:psychologist
427:
422:
420:
416:
411:
408:
403:
399:
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390:Healthy touch
389:
386:
378:
376:
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356:
354:
351:
347:
343:
339:
337:
332:
328:
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308:
306:
302:
295:Social/polite
294:
292:
288:
284:
281:
276:
273:
265:
263:
257:
254:
251:
249:Love/intimacy
248:
245:
242:
239:
237:Social/polite
236:
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222:
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101:
91:
88:
80:
77:November 2008
70:
66:
60:
59:
53:
48:
39:
38:
33:
19:
2978:Cold reading
2971:Applications
2945:Neuroanatomy
2590:Paralanguage
2514:
2302:(2): 70–94.
2299:
2295:
2279:McGraw-Hill.
2222:
2218:
2206:
2199:
2191:
2162:
2158:
2133:
2129:
2107:(3): 24–30.
2104:
2100:
2059:
2055:
2004:cite journal
1979:
1975:
1957:
1943:
1929:cite journal
1896:
1892:
1886:
1872:cite journal
1837:
1833:
1827:
1802:
1798:
1792:
1773:
1747:
1743:
1730:
1719:. Retrieved
1717:. 2020-05-22
1714:
1705:
1680:
1676:
1670:
1661:
1651:
1643:
1636:
1617:
1611:
1574:
1570:
1560:
1550:
1531:
1525:
1506:
1500:
1491:
1456:
1452:
1442:
1420:(1): 87–96.
1417:
1413:
1407:
1388:
1382:
1373:
1359:(1): 19–56.
1356:
1352:
1346:
1337:
1327:
1297:(1): 53–68.
1294:
1290:
1284:
1273:. Retrieved
1269:the original
1264:
1254:
1235:
1229:
1210:
1204:
1195:
1185:, retrieved
1157:
1153:
1140:
1132:
1127:
1118:
1105:
1092:
1084:
1079:
1060:
1054:
1043:. Retrieved
1039:
1030:
904:
885:
864:
860:
851:
842:Thai culture
838:
814:
811:High contact
801:high context
798:
789:
775:
769:
760:
755:
752:Task-related
745:
744:
739:
738:
735:
726:
720:
714:
701:
690:
684:
678:
668:
649:
643:
633:affectionate
629:
618:
612:
606:
601:Appreciation
600:
594:
572:appreciation
569:
560:
549:
543:
537:
531:
525:
516:
504:
499:
498:
493:
492:
487:
486:
481:
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475:
468:
449:
423:
415:gender roles
412:
404:
400:
393:
369:
360:
348:
344:
340:
333:
329:
325:
309:
298:
289:
285:
283:and Victor.
277:
269:
261:
226:
199:Harry Harlow
196:
181:
179:
110:
109:
83:
74:
55:
2957:Limbic lobe
2722:Unconscious
2705:Missed call
2675:Social norm
2650:Conventions
2540:Eye contact
1899:(1): 5–94.
984:Frotteurism
835:Low contact
805:low context
698:Ritualistic
482:First touch
207:terry cloth
135:ritualistic
69:introducing
3206:Categories
3090:Aggressive
3060:Paul Ekman
3043:Key people
3007:Technology
2993:Poker tell
2838:Social cue
2645:Chronemics
2595:Intonation
2439:Modalities
1982:(2): 118.
1968:References
1721:2023-12-04
1275:2019-12-03
1245:007068054X
1220:0205272940
1187:2019-11-19
1045:2019-11-20
957:Making out
866:Depression
786:Accidental
763:appearance
679:Compliance
672:compliance
637:aggressive
440:See also:
223:Categories
217:sustenance
167:strangling
123:well-being
52:references
3095:Assertive
2903:Fragile X
2888:Aprosodia
2881:Disorders
2828:Semiotics
2756:Deception
2562:Proxemics
2552:Olfaction
2535:Oculesics
2520:Imitation
2179:143474235
2150:220415615
1842:CiteSeerX
1697:143474235
1319:152146274
1311:1745-8927
829:proxemics
778:intrinsic
721:Departure
708:departure
619:Affection
607:Inclusion
584:affection
576:inclusion
544:Frequency
526:Intensity
471:Courtship
336:Strategic
312:handshake
155:handshake
149:(such as
2925:Dyssemia
2771:Intimacy
2691:Emoticon
2600:Loudness
2530:Laughter
2466:Kinesics
2457:Blushing
2450:Physical
2381:Archived
2369:Archived
2316:11106073
2251:30581217
2121:16153497
2084:11473320
1996:17249924
1951:Archived
1913:17345871
1864:16938094
1603:30581217
1483:26524382
1182:38140414
1174:21877372
947:Tickling
920:See also
715:Greeting
704:greeting
588:cortisol
557:Meanings
538:Location
532:Duration
519:contexts
436:Violence
430:Jim Coan
419:marriage
407:tie sign
183:haptikos
171:fighting
159:Striking
147:platonic
3179:Subtext
3100:Passive
3069:Related
2660:Habitus
2605:Prosody
2557:Posture
2498:Gesture
2242:6278226
2092:4413295
2064:Bibcode
1921:6699845
1834:Emotion
1819:7650932
1594:6278226
1555:232-39.
1474:4695297
989:Groping
962:Massage
952:Kissing
795:Culture
657:Control
626:Playful
595:Support
507:tactile
500:Kissing
488:Hugging
364:anxiety
305:forearm
301:culture
163:kicking
151:hugging
143:kissing
105:tickled
65:improve
32:Haptics
3153:Tadoma
2898:Autism
2853:Unsaid
2818:Nunchi
2695:Smiley
2615:Stress
2610:Rhythm
2580:Affect
2572:Speech
2346:
2336:
2326:
2314:
2286:
2271:
2249:
2239:
2177:
2148:
2119:
2090:
2082:
2056:Nature
1994:
1958:enotes
1919:
1911:
1862:
1844:
1817:
1780:
1695:
1624:
1601:
1591:
1538:
1513:
1481:
1471:
1434:458550
1432:
1395:
1317:
1309:
1242:
1217:
1180:
1172:
1067:
1016:Negiah
732:Hybrid
613:Sexual
192:vision
188:infant
139:sexual
54:, but
2684:Other
2312:S2CID
2175:S2CID
2146:S2CID
2117:S2CID
2088:S2CID
1992:S2CID
1917:S2CID
1740:(PDF)
1693:S2CID
1315:S2CID
1178:S2CID
1150:(PDF)
1115:(PDF)
1022:Notes
905:touch
280:power
272:touch
153:or a
119:touch
3169:Mime
2620:Tone
2503:List
2344:ISBN
2334:ISBN
2324:ISBN
2284:ISBN
2269:ISBN
2247:PMID
2080:PMID
2010:link
1935:link
1909:PMID
1878:link
1860:PMID
1815:PMID
1778:ISBN
1662:UNLV
1644:VICE
1622:ISBN
1599:PMID
1536:ISBN
1511:ISBN
1479:PMID
1430:PMID
1393:ISBN
1307:ISSN
1240:ISBN
1215:ISBN
1170:PMID
1065:ISBN
706:and
635:and
463:and
444:and
2304:doi
2237:PMC
2227:doi
2167:doi
2138:doi
2109:doi
2072:doi
2060:412
1984:doi
1901:doi
1897:132
1852:doi
1807:doi
1803:135
1752:doi
1685:doi
1589:PMC
1579:doi
1469:PMC
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