47:
328:
105:
31:
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242:, and other historians believed, from the mid-19th century into the middle of the 20th century, that tabby ruins in coastal Georgia and northeastern Florida were the remains of Spanish missions, even though local residents had earlier identified the ruins as those of late-18th century plantation buildings. The fact that the ruins were of structures built after the establishment of the
232:, erected circa 1670. Beaufort, South Carolina, was both the primary center for British tabby and the location of the earliest British tabby in the southeastern US. It was here that the British tradition first developed, and from this hearth tabby eventually spread throughout the sea island district.
130:
brought a predecessor form of tabby to Spain when they invaded the peninsula, but there is also evidence that the
Iberian use is earlier and that it spread from there south to Morocco. A form of tabby is used in Morocco today and some tabby structures survive in Spain, though in both instances the
223:
The
British tradition began later (some time close to, but earlier than, 1700, upon introduction of the techniques from Spanish Florida) than the Spanish (1580), and spread far more widely as a building material, reaching at least as far north as
46:
250:
was not fully accepted by historians until late in the 20th century. With the exception of St. Augustine and, possibly, a few other important places, Spanish mission buildings were built with wooden posts supporting the roof and walls of
204:, who had grown up in Oglethorpe's house, led a tabby revival in the second quarter of the 19th century sometimes referred to as "Spalding tabby". Another revival occurred with the development of
327:
220:
along the coast were a supply of shells to make tabby, which diffused from two primary centers or hearths: one at Saint
Augustine, Florida, and the other at Beaufort, South Carolina.
517:
1418:
727:
311:
Tabby was used like concrete for floors, foundations, columns, roofs. Besides replacing bricks, it was also used as "oyster shell mortar" or "burnt shell mortar".
196:
is credited with introducing "Oglethorpe tabby" into
Georgia after seeing Spanish forts in Florida and encouraging its use, using it himself for his house near
601:
Morris, Susan D. "Tabby". New
Georgia Encyclopedia. University of Georgia Libraries, 12/10/2005 Last edited by NGE Staff on 09/24/2014. Accessed April 12, 2015
304:(hydrated) and combined with more shells, sand, and water. It was poured or tamped into wood forms called cradles, built up in layers in a similar manner to
462:
270:
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92:
Revivals in the use of tabby spread northward and continued into the early 19th century. Tabby was normally protected with a coating of plaster or
445:
30:
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429:
273:
is an extant tabby structure on the U.S. Gulf of Mexico. The house was constructed in 1757 in
Louisiane, during the French Colonial period.
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104:
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Limestone to make building lime was not locally available to early settlers, so lime was imported or made from oyster shells. Shell
649:
Floyd, Joseph (Winter 2013). "Ghosts of Guale: Sugar Houses, Spanish
Missions, and the Struggle for Georgia's Colonial Heritage".
1166:
701:
Thomas, David Hurst (1993). "The
Archeology of Mission Santa Catalina de Guale: Our First 15 Years". In McEwan, Bonnie G. (ed.).
197:
676:
Saunders, Rebecca (1993). "Architecture of the
Missions Santa MarĂa and Santa Catalina de Amelia". In McEwan, Bonnie G. (ed.).
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826:, revised version of formal talk, "The Conservation of Tabby in Beaufort County, South Carolina," given at
308:. Tabby was used in place of bricks, which could not be made locally because of the absence of local clay.
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Some researchers believe that
English colonists developed their own process independently of the Spanish.
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168:. In fact, the mortar used to chink the earliest cabins in this area was a mixture of mud and
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The labor-intensive process depended on slave labor to crush and burn the oyster shells into
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1070:
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911:
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Heron Restaurant, Hale Building, Cedar Key, Florida, incorporates an older tabby structure.
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74:
70:
89:, a naturally-occurring sedimentary rock derived from shells and also used for building.
73:, then mixing it with water, sand, ash and broken oyster shells. Tabby was used by early
824:
Colin Brooker, "The Conservation and Repair of Tabby in Beaufort County, South Carolina"
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It is likely that 16th-century Spanish explorers first brought tabby (which appears as
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Tabby in the Coastal Southeast: the Culture History of an American Building Material
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Tabby in the Coastal Southeast: the Culture History of an American Building Material
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373:
305:
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169:
1330:
1049:
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301:
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The oldest known example of tabby concrete in North America is the Spanish Fort
626:"Archaeologists verify Florida's Mound Key as location of elusive Spanish fort"
1434:
1219:
1199:
991:
498:
613:
The Lost Art of Tabby Redefined: Preserving Oglethorpe's Architectural Legacy
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516:
US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
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543:"Cement and Concrete, Crativity and Community, and Charles E. Peterson"
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in early documents) to the coast of Florida in the sixteenth century.
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680:. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. pp. 51–56.
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93:
66:
705:. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. pp. 9–19.
1054:
956:
615:. Southfield, MI: Architectural Conservation Press. 1999. 2. Print
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326:
318:
127:
103:
45:
29:
729:
Archaeologies of African American life in the upper Mid-Atlantic
848:
779:"Colonial Dorchester | South Carolina Parks Official Site"
77:
in present-day Florida, then by British colonists primarily in
844:
228:, New York, where it can be found in the still-standing
34:
Restored and unrestored slave cabins, made of tabby.
830:
Hotel, Jekyll Island, Georgia, on February 25, 1998.
818:"Tabby: The Oyster Shell Concrete of the Lowcountry"
1458:
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1381:
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1144:
1063:
1000:
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50:Original tabby concrete walls of slave housing at
820:, Beaufort County, South Carolina Public Library.
369:Link to historical marker on McIntosh sugar works
1419:International Federation for Structural Concrete
611:Lauren B. Sickels-Taves and Michael S. Sheehan,
550:APT Bulletin: Journal of Preservation Technology
331:Historic Bodiford Drug Store, Cedar Key, Florida
164:means 'a mixture of mortar and lime' or African
732:. University of Alabama Press. pp. 62–63.
458:(Thomas Fuller House), Beaufort, South Carolina
27:A type of concrete using lime from burnt shell
860:
153:
147:
8:
461:The LaPointe Krebs House, also known as the
269:The LaPointe Krebs House, also known as the
159:
119:"Tabby" or "tapia" derives from the Spanish
726:Gall, Michael J.; Veit, Richard F. (2017).
271:Old Spanish Fort (Pascagoula, Mississippi)
867:
853:
845:
463:Old Spanish Fort (Pascagoula, Mississippi)
131:aggregate is granite, not oyster shells.
596:
594:
592:
590:
588:
380:, Georgia. There is a historical marker.
834:Paper on Tabby by the Henry Ford Museum
497:Carolina Supplies & Materials Inc.
486:
446:Colonial Dorchester State Historic Site
123:(literally, "adobe wall of oyster ").
158:is Spanish for 'mud wall' and Arabic
126:There is evidence that North African
7:
982:Ground granulated blast-furnace slag
703:The Spanish Missions of "La Florida"
678:The Spanish Missions of "La Florida"
499:"Concrete and oyster shell agregate"
492:
490:
1399:Institution of Structural Engineers
841:historical marker at Jekyll Island
25:
541:Cornelius, David Gregory (2006).
1479:
1478:
651:The Georgia Historical Quarterly
796:Gritzner, Janet Bigbee (1978).
571:Gritzner, Janet Bigbee (1978).
351:Wormsloe Plantation house ruins
85:. It is a man-made analogue of
897:Roman architectural revolution
1:
518:"What are coquina and tabby?"
425:near Frogmore, South Carolina
428:Along Florida's west coast,
1414:Portland Cement Association
1389:American Concrete Institute
347:, Georgia (foundation only)
323:Horton House, built in 1743
280:, including the islands of
160:
1531:
892:Ancient Roman architecture
804:Louisiana State University
765:Digital Library of Georgia
579:Louisiana State University
300:. The quicklime was then
54:, early nineteenth century
1474:
1404:Indian Concrete Institute
761:"Tabby Historical Marker"
430:Gamble Plantation Mansion
419:Isaac Fripp House Ruins
345:St. Simons Island Light
1182:Alkali–silica reaction
940:Energetically modified
802:. Ph.D. dissertation,
577:. Ph.D. dissertation,
340:
332:
324:
276:Tabby was used in the
154:
148:
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79:coastal South Carolina
55:
43:
522:oceanservice.noaa.gov
436:George Adderley House
393:Jacksonville, Florida
338:
330:
322:
236:Herbert Eugene Bolton
107:
49:
40:Jacksonville, Florida
33:
1167:Environmental impact
1025:Reversing drum mixer
556:(1): 18 – via
415:, Cedar Key, Florida
409:, Cedar Key, Florida
315:Significant examples
423:Saint Helena Island
398:Bodiford Drug Store
385:Kingsley Plantation
230:Abraham Manee House
177:San AntĂłn de Carlos
114:St. Simons, Georgia
110:Hamilton Plantation
52:Kingsley Plantation
36:Kingsley Plantation
1505:Building materials
1270:Self-consolidating
962:Water–cement ratio
828:Jekyll Island Club
505:– via JSTOR.
402:Cedar Key, Florida
389:Fort George Island
383:Slave quarters at
361:McIntosh Sugarmill
341:
333:
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121:tabique de hostiĂłn
117:
56:
44:
1492:
1491:
1484:Category:Concrete
1265:Roller-compacting
1086:Climbing formwork
935:Calcium aluminate
907:Roman engineering
558:Rosendale Library
240:John Tate Lanning
69:shells to create
16:(Redirected from
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1394:Concrete Society
1205:Fiber-reinforced
1020:Volumetric mixer
912:Roman technology
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194:James Oglethorpe
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75:Spanish settlers
65:made by burning
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61:is a type of
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1358:Step barrier
1319:Applications
1284:
1230:Nanoconcrete
1116:Power trowel
1101:Power screed
1091:Slip forming
1064:Construction
798:
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743:. Retrieved
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633:. Retrieved
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374:Horton House
355:Isle of Hope
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306:rammed earth
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1336:hollow-core
1295:Waste light
1290:Translucent
1250:Prestressed
1177:Segregation
1162:Degradation
1050:Cover meter
987:Silica fume
922:Composition
456:Tabby Manse
367:, Georgia.
278:West Indies
179:located on
1499:Categories
1435:Eurocode 2
1373:Structures
1260:Reinforced
1220:Lunarcrete
1200:AstroCrete
1157:Durability
1152:Properties
1030:Slump test
1002:Production
992:Metakaolin
745:29 January
635:2020-04-26
527:2024-03-31
481:References
450:Charleston
432:, Ellenton
1466:Hempcrete
1428:Standards
1255:Ready-mix
1172:Recycling
967:Aggregate
950:Rosendale
475:Bahareque
442:, Florida
357:, Georgia
298:quicklime
181:Mound Key
1510:Concrete
1459:See also
1450:EN 10080
1445:EN 206-1
1440:EN 197-1
1299:Aerated
1240:Polished
1235:Pervious
1210:Filigree
1106:Finisher
1081:Formwork
945:Portland
876:Concrete
767:. 2014 .
663:24636327
630:phys.org
469:See also
440:Marathon
286:Barbados
253:palmetto
200:. Later
63:concrete
1409:Nanocem
1368:Columns
1245:Polymer
1145:Science
1111:Grinder
1071:Precast
977:Fly ash
884:History
391:, near
292:Process
282:Antigua
218:middens
185:Florida
87:coquina
83:Georgia
1331:waffle
1280:Sulfur
1136:Tremie
1131:Sealer
1096:Screed
1040:Curing
930:Cement
736:
709:
684:
661:
302:slaked
264:planks
256:thatch
100:Origin
94:stucco
67:oyster
1363:Roads
1285:Tabby
1192:Types
1126:Float
1055:Rebar
1010:Plant
957:Water
839:Tabby
659:JSTOR
546:(PDF)
448:near
161:tabbi
155:Tapia
149:tapia
144:tappy
140:tapis
136:tabee
128:Moors
59:Tabby
1326:Slab
1308:RAAC
1225:Mass
1215:Foam
1121:Pump
747:2020
734:ISBN
707:ISBN
682:ISBN
284:and
166:tabi
146:and
81:and
71:lime
1303:AAC
438:in
262:or
246:by
183:in
1501::
763:.
655:97
653:.
628:.
587:^
554:37
552:.
548:.
520:.
501:.
489:^
421:,
400:,
387:,
376:,
363:,
353:,
288:.
258:,
238:,
187:.
172:.
142:,
138:,
96:.
38:,
868:e
861:t
854:v
806:.
781:.
749:.
715:.
690:.
665:.
638:.
581:.
560:.
530:.
42:.
20:)
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