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by the public in a manner so strange, as to justify a reference to it, in proof of the uneducated condition of the general mind. I do not object to table-moving, for itself; for being once stated, it becomes a fit, though a very unpromising subject for experiment; but I am opposed to the unwillingness of its advocates to investigate; their boldness to assert; the credulity of the lockers-on; their desire that the reserved and cautious objector should be in error; and I wish, by calling attention to these things, to make the general want of mental discipline and education manifest.
1050:. New York: Putnam. p. 47 "If neither the feet nor the hands of the sitters could be employed, the knees could apparently have been used without much risk, and Thury clearly could not watch both the upper and under surfaces simultaneously. On the whole, though the experiments were conducted with care and a laudable desire not to exaggerate the importance of the facts observed, the experimenters do not appear to have sufficiently realised the possibilities of fraud; and their results add little evidence for action of a psychic, or, as Thury has preferred to name it, ectenic force."
843:
table at all, and in the event that the sitter opposite the medium did press on the table, to permit the table to tip far enough away from him so that he could get the toe of one foot under the table leg. He would then immediately put pressure on his side, and, holding the table between his hands and his toe, move it about at will. By this method a small table can be made to float two feet off the floor... Another method was to catch the under side of the table top with the knee; and still another was merely to kick the table into the air.
804:
796:
942:
1219:"What a weak credulous, superstitious, ridiculous world ours is, as far as concerns the mind of man. How full of inconsistencies, contradictions, and absurdities it is." Those are not the words of some commentator bemoaning the lack of current critical thinking, although they well could be. They were uttered in 1853 by Michael Faraday, one of the greatest scientists who ever lived.
638:, place their hands on it, and wait for rotations. The table was purportedly made to serve as a means of communicating with the spirits; the alphabet would be slowly spoken aloud and the table would tilt at the appropriate letter, thus spelling out words and sentences. The process is similar to that of a
1191:
Perhaps it may be said, the delusion of table-moving is past, and need not be recalled before an audience like the present ;—even granting this, let us endeavour to make the subject leave one useful result; let it serve for an example, not to pass into forgetfulness. It is so recent, and was received
842:
The multiplicity of methods used to tip and raise tables in a séance is almost as great as the number of mediums performing the feat. One of the simplest was to slide the hands back until one or both of the medium's thumbs could catch hold of the table top. Another way was to exert no pressure on the
658:
first reached Europe from
America in the winter of 1852–1853, the most popular method of consulting the spirits was for several persons to sit round a table, with their hands resting on it, and wait for the table to move. If the experiment was successful, the table would rotate with
679:. Their conclusion rested on the supposed elimination of all known physical causes for the movements; but it is doubtful from the description of the experiments whether the precautions taken were sufficient to exclude unconscious muscular action (the
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fastened to the apparatus. When by this means it was made clear to the experimenters that it was the fingers which moved the table, the phenomena generally ceased. After this experimental approach, Faraday criticized the believers of table-turning.
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devised a simple apparatus which conclusively demonstrated that the movements he investigated were due to unconscious muscular action. The apparatus consisted of two small boards, with glass rollers between them, the whole fastened together by
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conducted a careful series of experiments. They claimed to have demonstrated that the movements of the table were due to a physical force emanating from the bodies of the sitters, for which they proposed the name
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described a method that involved a pin driven into the table and the use of a ring with a slot on the medium's finger. Once the pin entered the slot, the table could be lifted. Another example comes from
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bands in such a manner that the upper board could slide under lateral pressure to a limited extent over the lower one. The occurrence of such lateral movement was at once indicated by means of an upright
331:
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1323:
On the Other Side of the
Footlights: An Expose of Routines, Apparatus and Deceptions Resorted to by Mediums, Clairvoyants, Fortune Tellers and Crystal Gazers in Deluding the Public
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1064:, Ph.D. Dissertation, School of History and Philosophy of Science, Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences, University of New South Wales, January 2013.
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and others pointed out that the phenomena could depend upon the expectation of the sitters, and could be stopped altogether by appropriate
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that some communications were caused by an outside intelligence, as the message contained information that was not known to the group.
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An encyclopedia of claims, frauds, and hoaxes of the occult and supernatural: decidedly sceptical definitions of alternative realities
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In
England, table-turning became a fashionable diversion and was practised all over the country in the year 1853.
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Apart from the ideomotor effect, conscious fraudulent table tipping has also been uncovered. Professional
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explained that the purported magical movement was due to involuntary and unconscious muscular reactions.
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The
Skeptic's Dictionary: A Collection of Strange Beliefs, Amusing Deceptions, and Dangerous Delusions
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Whilst most spiritualists ascribed the table movements to the agency of spirits, two investigators,
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clergymen alleged that the spirits who caused the movements were of a diabolic nature. In France,
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One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
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considerable rapidity and would occasionally rise in the air, or perform other movements.
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694:. The general public were content to find the explanation of the movements in spirits,
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have exposed many of the methods utilized by mediums to tip tables. The magician
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board. Scientists and skeptics consider table-turning to be the result of the
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apparatus for experimental demonstration of ideomotor effect on table-turning
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970:. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 337.
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Faraday's work was followed up a century later by clinical psychologist
1144:
Extraordinary
Beliefs: A Historical Approach to a Psychological Problem
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video recording to observe experimental subjects in complete darkness.
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Table lifting trick involving the use of a pin and slotted ring.
371:
1388:
1205:"The Right Chemistry: Turning the tables on the table turners"
1185:. London: Taylor & Francis. pp. 463–492 – via
1125:. London: Taylor & Francis. pp. 382–391 – via
884:"Mind the Gap: Spiritualism and the Infrastructural Uncanny"
810:
revealing a fraudulent hidden hook method for table-turning.
1062:
James Braid: Surgeon, Gentleman
Scientist, and Hypnotist
1959:
1898:
1517:
1426:
998:
Anomalistic
Psychology: A Study of Magical Thinking
1180:Experimental Researches in Chemistry and Physics
1120:Experimental Researches in Chemistry and Physics
690:and his followers attributed the phenomena to
1926:National Spiritualist Association of Churches
1400:
1229:
1227:
596:
8:
1000:. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. p. 110.
882:Geoghegan, Bernard Dionysius (2016-06-01).
1407:
1393:
1385:
1326:. Berlin, WI: Heaney Magic. pp. 80–81
1269:Spirit Slate Writing and Kindred Phenomena
710:, or even the rotation of the earth. Some
603:
589:
56:
36:
1936:Spiritualist Association of Great Britain
1363:"Modern practical guide to table tilting"
1314:The Fashionable Science of Parlour Magic
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927:
925:
802:
794:
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718:studied the phenomenon and concluded in
853:
48:
1335:. J. W. Arrowsmith Ltd. pp. 27–29
1951:International Spiritualist Federation
387:Prizes for evidence of the paranormal
7:
1906:List of Spiritualist organizations
1173:"Lecture on mental education"
634:in which participants sit around a
1243:. New York: St. Martin's Griffin.
377:James Randi Educational Foundation
25:
1025:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 172.
982:Occult and Supernatural Phenomena
940:
1272:. Munn & Company. pp. 71–72
362:Committee for Skeptical Inquiry
1355:Society for Psychical Research
1288:. C. Scribner's Sons. p. 107.
1:
1931:Spiritualists' National Union
1047:Studies in Psychical Research
316:Reportedly haunted locations:
1921:London Spiritualist Alliance
1329:F. Attfield Fawkes. (1920).
984:. Dover Publications. p. 137
683:) or even deliberate fraud.
646:, or of conscious trickery.
996:; Jones, Warren H. (1989).
747:, the English physiologist
155:Electronic voice phenomenon
2309:
1148:Cambridge University Press
29:
1941:Spiritual church movement
980:Rawcliffe, D. H. (1987).
863:L'Illustration 1853-05-14
783:who pioneered the use of
1379:Museum of Talking Boards
1320:Willis Dutcher. (1922).
1317:. London. pp. 85–87
427:Apparitional experiences
2207:C. E. Bechhofer Roberts
2072:Carlos MarĂa de Heredia
1286:Beware Familiar Spirits
967:Encyclopædia Britannica
485:Argument from ignorance
452:Out-of-body experiences
165:Extrasensory perception
66:in 19th century France.
2137:Charles Arthur Mercier
1946:Arthur Findlay College
1785:William Stainton Moses
1750:Gladys Osborne Leonard
1091:Michel Eugène Chevreul
1075:Michel Eugène Chevreul
845:
811:
800:
757:Michel Eugène Chevreul
740:
510:Communal reinforcement
2097:Stanley LeFevre Krebs
2002:Milbourne Christopher
1911:Spiritualist churches
1780:Lorin Morgan-Richards
1775:William Usborne Moore
1444:Cross-Correspondences
1371:based on the work of
1113:"Table-turning"
840:
806:
798:
743:The Scottish surgeon
735:
654:When the movement of
490:Argumentum ad populum
422:Anomalous experiences
402:Scientific skepticism
220:Paranormal television
2112:John Nevil Maskelyne
2012:Edmund Smith Conklin
1332:Spiritualism Exposed
728:Scientific reception
505:Cognitive dissonance
500:Begging the question
447:Ideomotor phenomenon
30:For other uses, see
2187:Julien J. Proskauer
1977:George Miller Beard
1972:John Henry Anderson
1710:Daniel Dunglas Home
1427:History and beliefs
1309:John Henry Anderson
1017:Robert Todd Carroll
721:The Book on Mediums
555:Scientific evidence
397:Scientific literacy
2293:Tables (furniture)
2283:History of science
2258:1852 introductions
2227:Ivor Lloyd Tuckett
2062:William A. Hammond
1865:Stanisława Tomczyk
1855:Emanuel Swedenborg
1805:Ethel Post-Parrish
1770:Francis Ward Monck
1615:Arthur Conan Doyle
1489:Spirit photography
1381:(official website)
1373:Kenneth Batcheldor
1095:André-Marie Ampère
812:
801:
781:Kenneth Batcheldor
741:
265:Spirit photography
215:Paranormal fiction
135:Demonic possession
32:Turning the Tables
2245:
2244:
2232:Lyttelton Winslow
2197:Donovan Rawcliffe
2162:E. Clephan Palmer
2132:Georgess McHargue
2022:Stuart Cumberland
1997:William Carpenter
1916:Spiritist centres
1875:George Valiantine
1795:Eusapia Palladino
1765:Carmine Mirabelli
1725:Swami Laura Horos
1675:Kathleen Goligher
1600:Geraldine Cummins
1555:Stephen E. Braude
1494:Spirit possession
1479:Spiritual healing
1439:Automatic writing
1250:978-0-312-15119-5
1156:978-1-107-01933-1
1081:”, 1854 (article)
1031:978-0-471-27242-7
1006:978-0-805-80507-9
829:Eusapia Palladino
664:Count de Gasparin
613:
612:
560:Scientific method
270:Spirit possession
80:Astral projection
16:(Redirected from
2300:
2177:Massimo Polidoro
2127:Henry C. McComas
2032:Joseph Dunninger
1810:James Van Praagh
1700:Gordon Higginson
1640:William Eglinton
1484:Spirit obsession
1409:
1402:
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1351:Psi Encyclopedia
1296:
1282:Mulholland, John
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808:Joseph Dunninger
696:animal magnetism
681:ideomotor effect
644:ideomotor effect
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495:Bandwagon effect
392:Pseudoskepticism
382:Magical thinking
62:A table-turning
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2102:Rose Mackenberg
2067:C. E. M. Hansel
2052:G. Stanley Hall
1955:
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1860:Rosina Thompson
1820:Estelle Roberts
1760:Heinrich Melzer
1735:James H. Hyslop
1705:Richard Hodgson
1595:William Crookes
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1459:Materialization
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1347:"Table-turning"
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994:Zusne, Leonard
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954:Podmore, Frank
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900:10.1086/686945
894:(4): 899–922.
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182:
177:
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157:
152:
147:
142:
137:
132:
127:
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120:Crystal gazing
117:
112:
107:
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100:Breatharianism
97:
92:
87:
82:
76:
73:
72:
69:
68:
61:
53:
52:
46:
45:
27:Type of séance
26:
24:
14:
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9:
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4:
3:
2:
2305:
2294:
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2223:
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2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2172:Frank Podmore
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2122:Joseph McCabe
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2087:Harry Houdini
2085:
2083:
2082:Terence Hines
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2027:Eric Dingwall
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1952:
1949:
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1944:
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1937:
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1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
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1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1899:Organizations
1897:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1840:Maria Silbert
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1800:Leonora Piper
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1790:Einer Nielsen
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1745:Franek Kluski
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
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1708:
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1701:
1698:
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1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
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1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1630:Harry Edwards
1628:
1626:
1625:Eddy Brothers
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1585:Florence Cook
1583:
1581:
1580:Doris Collins
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1570:Sylvia Browne
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1545:Bangs Sisters
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1518:Spiritualists
1516:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1504:Table-turning
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1474:Spirit guides
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1454:Faith healing
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1410:
1405:
1403:
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1315:
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1306:
1302:
1295:
1294:0-684-16181-8
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1224:
1220:
1210:
1206:
1200:
1197:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1181:
1174:
1169:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1140:Lamont, Peter
1136:
1133:
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1123:
1121:
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1109:
1103:
1100:
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1010:
1007:
1003:
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995:
990:
987:
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977:
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969:
968:
963:
959:
958:Table-turning
955:
950:
949:public domain
936:
934:
932:
930:
928:
926:
922:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
878:
875:
865:
864:
857:
854:
847:
844:
839:
837:
834:According to
832:
830:
825:
821:
817:
809:
805:
797:
790:
788:
786:
782:
777:
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769:
764:
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738:
734:
727:
725:
723:
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717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
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693:
689:
684:
682:
678:
677:ectenic force
673:
669:
665:
660:
657:
649:
647:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
628:table-tilting
625:
624:table-tipping
621:
620:table-tapping
617:
616:Table-turning
606:
601:
599:
594:
592:
587:
586:
584:
583:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
550:Pseudoscience
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
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503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
477:
471:
470:
463:
462:Synchronicity
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
419:
416:
411:
410:
403:
400:
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388:
385:
383:
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375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
354:
351:
346:
345:
338:
335:
333:
332:United States
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
319:
318:
317:
311:
308:
306:
305:Table-turning
303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
250:Reincarnation
248:
246:
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
231:
230:Preternatural
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
180:Ghost hunting
178:
176:
173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
158:
156:
153:
151:
148:
146:
143:
141:
138:
136:
133:
131:
130:Cryptozoology
128:
126:
123:
121:
118:
116:
113:
111:
108:
106:
103:
101:
98:
96:
93:
91:
88:
86:
83:
81:
78:
77:
74:Main articles
71:
70:
65:
59:
55:
54:
51:
47:
43:
39:
38:
33:
19:
18:Table-tilting
2268:Spiritualism
2217:Gordon Stein
2042:Chris French
2007:Edward Clodd
1992:Derren Brown
1982:Ruth Brandon
1967:David Abbott
1890:Chico Xavier
1850:Doris Stokes
1825:Jane Roberts
1755:Oliver Lodge
1740:Allan Kardec
1720:William Hope
1655:Leslie Flint
1620:Helen Duncan
1610:Frank Decker
1605:Pearl Curran
1590:Mina Crandon
1575:Eva Carrière
1550:Ada Besinnet
1525:Derek Acorah
1503:
1499:Spirit world
1416:Spiritualism
1366:
1350:
1331:
1322:
1313:
1285:
1277:
1268:
1259:
1238:
1235:Randi, James
1218:
1212:. Retrieved
1208:
1199:
1190:
1179:
1162:
1143:
1135:
1119:
1102:
1093:, letter to
1086:
1078:
1070:
1061:
1055:
1046:
1037:
1020:
1012:
997:
989:
981:
976:
965:
891:
887:
877:
867:, retrieved
862:
856:
841:
833:
813:
778:
768:india-rubber
761:
742:
719:
716:Allan Kardec
685:
661:
656:spiritualism
653:
627:
623:
619:
615:
614:
575:Urban legend
565:Superstition
545:Protoscience
540:Junk science
480:Anomalistics
357:Cold reading
315:
314:
304:
290:Supernatural
280:Spiritualism
275:Spirit world
225:Precognition
145:Doppelgänger
105:Clairvoyance
2192:James Randi
2182:Harry Price
2157:Joe Nickell
2142:Albert Moll
2107:David Marks
2037:Henry Evans
1885:Etta Wriedt
1880:Jack Webber
1845:Henry Slade
1830:William Roy
1695:Alec Harris
1690:Robert Hare
1660:Arthur Ford
1650:Fox sisters
1645:Colin Evans
1635:John Edward
1535:Dan Aykroyd
745:James Braid
712:Evangelical
708:electricity
570:Uncertainty
295:Telekinesis
245:Psychometry
125:Conjuration
2263:Paranormal
2252:Categories
2222:Amy Tanner
2077:Carl Hertz
1815:Bert Reese
1730:Cecil Husk
1680:Rita Goold
1464:Mediumship
1311:. (1855).
1284:. (1938).
1266:. (1898).
1214:2020-08-13
1187:Wikisource
1150:. p. 129.
1142:. (2013).
1127:Wikisource
1044:. (1897).
1019:. (2003).
869:2020-02-29
848:References
753:suggestion
700:Odic force
530:Groupthink
350:Skepticism
285:Stone Tape
190:Mediumship
140:Demonology
95:Bilocation
50:Paranormal
2273:Spiritism
1870:Ena Twigg
1685:Jan Guzyk
1665:Colin Fry
1449:Ectoplasm
1420:spiritism
956:(1911). "
916:163534340
908:0093-1896
816:magicians
737:Faraday's
704:galvanism
692:mesmerism
367:Debunking
300:Telepathy
150:Ectoplasm
115:Cold spot
85:Astrology
1960:Skeptics
1237:(1995).
1170:(1859).
1110:(1859).
820:skeptics
791:Trickery
785:infrared
773:haystalk
535:Hypnosis
442:Hypnosis
170:Forteana
160:Exorcism
42:a series
40:Part of
2288:SĂ©ances
964:(ed.).
951::
650:History
515:Fallacy
474:Related
310:Ufology
235:Psychic
195:Miracle
1509:Theism
1469:SĂ©ance
1434:Apport
1292:
1247:
1182:
1154:
1122:
1097:, 1833
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960:". In
945:
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906:
672:Geneva
632:séance
432:Empath
200:Occult
64:séance
44:on the
1367:ASSAP
912:S2CID
640:Ouija
636:table
337:World
322:India
210:Ouija
185:Magic
1418:and
1290:ISBN
1245:ISBN
1152:ISBN
1027:ISBN
1002:ISBN
904:ISSN
818:and
666:and
372:Hoax
90:Aura
1077:, “
896:doi
670:of
626:or
205:Orb
2254::
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1353:.
1349:.
1226:^
1217:.
1207:.
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924:^
910:.
902:.
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890:.
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
