175:). The Takelma lived in small bands of related men and their families. Interior southwest Oregon has pronounced seasons, and the ancient Takelma adapted to these seasons by spending spring, summer, and early fall months collecting and storing food for the winter season. The Rogue River, around which their villages nucleated, provided them with salmon and other fish. Ancient salmon runs were reputedly large. The intensive and coordinated labor involved in large-scale capture of salmon with nets and spears by men, and their cleaning and drying by women, provided the Takelma with an excellent, protein-rich diet for much of the year, if the salmon runs were good. The salmon diet was supplemented, or replaced in years of poor salmon runs, by game such as deer, elk, beaver, bear, antelope, and bighorn sheep. (The last two species are now locally extinct.) Smaller mammals, such as squirrels, rabbits and gophers, might be snared by either men or women. Yellowjacket larvae and grasshoppers also provided calories.
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71:. Their homeland was settled by Euroamericans late in the history of the American Frontier, because the surrounding mountainous country protected it. But once colonization began, it proceeded rapidly. The discovery of gold spurred the first white settlement of the region in 1852. The Takelma who survived were sent to reservations in 1856. Settlers and natives lived in the region together for less than four years.
754:
90:. Nathan Douthit examined peaceful encounters between the whites and southern Oregon Indians, encounters he describes as "middle-ground" interactions, undertaken by "cultural intermediaries." Douthit argues that without such "middle-ground" contact, the Takelma and other southern Oregon Indians would have been exterminated rather than relocated.
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family). One historical account describes a rectangular, plank structure large enough to hold 100 people, but archaeologists in the region have typically found remains of much smaller dwellings. During the warmer months of summer
Takelma lived in residences made of brush or forwent them altogether.
74:
Because
Takelma territory included the most agriculturally attractive part of the Rogue Valley, particularly along the Rogue River itself, their valuable land was preferentially seized and settled by Euroamerican settlers in the mid-19th century. Almost without exception, these newcomers had little
75:
or no interest in learning about their indigenous neighbors, and they considered them a dangerous nuisance. They recorded little about the
Takelma, beyond documenting their own perspective on conflicts. Native Americans living near the Takelma but on more marginal and rugged land, such as the
147:, the Takelma people performed a Sacred Salmon Ceremony for the first time in a century and a half ... Another endeavor, the Takelma Intertribal Project, starting in 2000, has worked to restore edible, medicinal, and basketry plants through traditional techniques of burning and pruning."
122:. On the reservations, the Takelma lived with Native Americans from different cultures; and their intermarriage with people of other cultures, both on and off the reservation, worked against the transmission of Takelman language and culture to Takelman descendants.
178:
The limiting factor in the
Takelma diet was carbohydrates, since fish and game provided abundant fat and protein. To get the carbohydrates and vitamins needed for good health, the Takelma collected a variety of plant foods. However, consistent with
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planks. Poorer people also lived in pole-and-bark dwellings, well banked with earth and dry leaves for insulation. Typically the planks rested on two 6-foot-tall vertical shafts that supported a horizontal central pole. Beds of
183:, which suggests that humans, like other creatures, decide what foods to eat depending on what gives the greatest nutritional value for the work expended to get it, the Takelma strategically focused on two plant foods:
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taught the surviving
Takelma farming skills and discouraged them from speaking their own language, believing that their best chance for productive lives depended on their learning useful skills and the
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110:
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105:) on the rainy northern Oregon coast, an environment much different from the dry oak and chaparral country that they knew. Many died on the way to the Siletz Reservation and the
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mats were placed adjacent to the fire pit, with openings in the roof to allow for ventilation. Takelma homes bore structural similarities to the semi-subterranean homes of the
380:." Encyclopedia of Native American Tribes, Third Edition. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2006. American Indian History Online. Facts On File, Inc. (accessed December 4, 2012)
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During the winter months, the
Takelma lived in semi-subterranean homes dug partly into the insulating earth with superstructures built of vertically placed
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The
Takelma spent many years in exile before anthropologists began to interview them and record information about their language and lifeways. Linguists
199:. When these foods were not available, or for variety in their diet, Takelma women also gathered and processed the seeds of native grasses and tarweed (
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Conflicts between the settlers and the indigenous peoples of both coastal and interior southwest Oregon escalated and became known as the
626:, Anthropological Publications of the University Museum, vol. 2, Washington, D.C.: University of Pennsylvania Press, pp. 34–42
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The
Takelmas and Their Athapascan Neighbors: A New Ethnographic Synthesis for the Upper Rogue River Area of Southwestern Oregon
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617:, American Anthropologist New Series, vol. 9, Washington, D.C.: American Anthropological Association, pp. 251–275
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171:. They collected plant foods and insects, fished and hunted. The Takelma cultivated only one crop, a native tobacco (
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140:, granddaughter of Takelma chief George Harney, emerged as the most significant spokesperson for the Takelma.
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Much less is known about the lifeways of the
Takelma than about their neighbors in other parts of Oregon and
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391:"2010 Census CPH-T-6. American Indian and Alaska Native Tribes in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2010"
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First Over the
Siskiyous: Peter Skene Ogden's 1826-1827 Journey through the Oregon-California Borderlands
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354:"'Holocaust' led to Indian massacre: On a Monday in 1855, the Indians decided they could take no more"
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Hannon, Nan (1990), Hannon, Nan; Olmo, Richard K. (eds.), "An Underview of Southwest Oregon",
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563:, University of Oregon Anthropological Papers, Eugene, Oregon: University of Oregon Press
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peoples, survived the colonization period with their cultures and languages more intact.
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Sapir, Edward (1922), "The Takelma Language of Southwest Oregon", in Boas, Franz (ed.),
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Uncertain Encounters: Indians and Whites at Peace and War in Southern Oregon 1820s-1860s
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191:. They harvested acorns from the two species of oaks in their Rogue Valley territory,
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LaLande, Jeff (1990), "The Indians of Southwest Oregon: An Ethnohistorical Review",
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In the 2010 census, 16 people claimed Takelma ancestry, 5 of them full-blooded.
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113:. And many died on the reservations from disease, despair and inadequate diet.
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Jennie, a Rogue River Takelma woman, who crafted the dress worn in this iconic
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903:
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306:"Lost Oregon Indian Battlefield Discovery Attributable to 'Detective Work'"
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forcibly relocated the Takelma who survived the Rogue Indian Wars to the
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American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America
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637:, Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office Press, pp. 1–296
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Requiem for a People: The Rogue Indians and the Frontiersmen
167:, a term that many anthropologists consider more exact than
536:, Medford, Oregon: Southern Oregon Historical Society Press
420:"Native American Cultures: The Takelma & Other Peoples"
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Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon
581:, Medford, Oregon: Southern Oregon Historical Society,
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Living with the Land: The Indians of Southwest Oregon
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Living with the Land: The Indians of Southwest Oregon
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Notes on the Takelema Indians of Southwestern Oregon
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572:, Portland, Oregon: Oregon Historical Society Press
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648:SOHS - The Takelma Indians of Southwestern Oregon
228:peoples to the east, who spoke languages in the
599:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Press,
333:. Oregon Caves National Monument. Nov 21, 2012
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634:Handbook of American Indian Languages: Part 2
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478:, Corvallis: Oregon State University Press,
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51:Most of their villages were sited along the
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203:), dug roots and collected small fruits.
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240:(which may be part of the hypothetical
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983:Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians
597:The languages of Native North America
496:, New York: Oxford University Press,
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286:, a patrol boat of the Argentine Navy
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418:Atwood, Kay, Dennis J. Gray (2003).
40:people who originally lived in the
310:Indian Country Today Media Network
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133:worked with Takelma descendants.
59:means "(Those) Along the River".
978:Native American tribes in Oregon
899:Oregon Constitutional Convention
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304:ICTMN staff (November 7, 2012).
236:to the south, who spoke various
143:"In 1994, on the banks of the
107:Grand Ronde Indian Reservation
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474:Beckham, Stephen Dow (1996),
163:The Takelman people lived as
422:. The Oregon History Project
232:family, and to those of the
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824:Lewis and Clark Expedition
159:Environment and adaptation
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595:Mithun, Marianne (1999),
187:and camas, also known as
44:of interior southwestern
559:Gray, Dennis J. (1987),
510:Douthit, Nathan (2002),
99:Coast Indian Reservation
889:Donation Land Claim Act
181:optimal foraging theory
131:John Peabody Harrington
922:Lewis & Clark Expo
622:Sapir, Edward (1909),
613:Sapir, Edward (1907),
568:LaLande, Jeff (1987),
492:Campell, Lyle (1997),
109:, which now exists as
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988:Rogue River (Oregon)
942:Rajneeshee Bioattack
844:Hudson's Bay Company
197:California black oak
869:Executive Committee
834:Pacific Fur Company
801:Cascadia Megathrust
460:, pp. 251–275.
282:Suboficial Castillo
138:Agnes Baker Pilgrim
136:In the late 1980s,
69:northern California
173:Nicotiana biglovii
103:Siletz Reservation
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859:Champoeg Meetings
854:Methodist Mission
786:Willamette Valley
771:Pacific Northwest
683:History of Oregon
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352:Stacy D. Stumbo.
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238:Shastan languages
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426:December 4,
337:December 4,
315:December 4,
278:", now the
101:(today the
55:. The name
53:Rogue River
22:Peter Britt
967:Categories
947:Tax Revolt
458:Sapir 1907
363:2012-12-03
213:sugar pine
81:Athabascan
904:Modoc War
894:Statehood
699:Nez Perce
543:Languages
403:March 29,
207:Dwellings
145:Applegate
874:Portland
704:Kalapuya
436:cite web
249:See also
218:cat-tail
189:camassia
165:foragers
36:) are a
24:portrait
973:Takelma
932:Vanport
811:Pioneer
734:Bannock
719:Klamath
714:Chinook
709:Takelma
378:Takelma
276:Takelma
255:Latgawa
222:Klamath
154:Culture
77:Shastan
63:History
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185:acorns
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32:(also
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242:Hokan
226:Modoc
601:ISBN
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547:ISBN
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480:ISBN
442:link
428:2012
405:2018
339:2012
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