1463:
299:
79:
796:, Đèo Văn Long fled Lai Chau with retreating French units. On his return, with the assistance of a Eurasian agricultural official named Louis Bordier, Đèo Văn Long was reestablished, and the French agreed to honor the terms of Pavie's 1889 agreement with Long's father. Bordier married Long's daughter and as his son-in-law proceeded to direct military operations of the White Tai against the Black Tai at Son La who supported the Viet Minh. Several Tai companies fought alongside the French in the
67:
102:
113:
1368:
871:. They were labeled as "sub-minorities" and treated inferior to the Tais. Đèo Văn Long monopolized all the state power in his person and family, as well as the opium trade (which was tolerated by the French). In 1950, the Tai Federation was made a crown domain of the French-installed Vietnamese emperor
1301:
Traditional sovereignty over Dien Bien Phu ... was claimed by Black Tai leaders long installed in its surroundings as well as in the Son La area, on which the Lord of Lai Chau's supremacy had been imposed by the colonial power. Deo Van Long thus quite simply removed the local Black Tai leader Lo Van
879:
him by his own son. The disempowered chief and many members of his tribe joined forces with the Viet Minh to both seek retaliation against the Đèo family and to dislodge the dominance of the White Tai. Following the death of Đèo Văn Long's oldest son, his third son Deo Van Un took command of 4,000
878:
Many of the subjugated groups supported the Viet Minh on their advance to the
Northwest starting in 1952. There were also rising tensions between the different Tai groups and their lords. Đèo Văn Long had simply dismissed the Black Tai lord of Muang Thaeng (Dien Bien Phu), Lò Văn Hặc, and replaced
896:
to the communist-led
Democratic Republic (DRV) and dissolved the autonomous Tai Federation, marking the end of the centuries-old rule of the feudal lords. Thousands of Tais left their native land and emigrated to France, Australia and the United States (mainly settling in
1302:
Hac and installed his own son in his place. The staunch French support of this sort of White Tai hegemonic power ... alienated the Black Tai to the colonial cause. Their main leaders joined Lo Van Hac and retaliated by defecting to the Viet Minh in the early 1950s.
593:
Usually one of the lords was considered senior to the others, but each of them maintained the power over his chiefdom. The alliance has been formalized since at least the 17th century, but the chiefdoms never merged into one homogenous state. The number of
1320:
Ils ont surtout été sacrifiés après la chute de Dien Bien Phu, où leur chef, Deo Van Un, troisième fils de Deo Van Long, est mort. Il avait pris le commandement des quelque 4,000 partisans thaï blancs, après la mort tragique de son frère
875:, but not an integrated part of the State of Vietnam. Bảo Đại refrained from delegating a governor to Lai Châu, but rather left the power in the hands of Đèo Văn Long and the Tai lords. The emperor visited his domain only once, in 1952.
887:
of March to May 1954. This was a decisive battle of the First
Indochina War and sealed the defeat of the French. Đèo Văn Long was evacuated by helicopter to Hanoi, then departed to Laos and finally went into exile in France. The
537:, protagonist of a Tai creation myth and believed to be the progenitor of the Lao, Thai, Shan and other Tai peoples, who later spread to the territories of modern Laos, Thailand, Burma, northeast India and the south of China's
970:
Other spellings include: Sip Song Chau Thai, Sipsong
Chuthai, Sipsong Chu Tai, Sip Song Chu Tai, Sipsongchuthai, Sip Song Chu Thai, Sipsong Chau Tai, Sip Song Chao Thai, Sipsong Chao Tai, Sipsongchutai, Sipsong Chao
1235:
The initiator and intermediary of this new agreement was a
Eurasian named Bordier, formerly an official of the Agricultural Service, who later married Deo Van Long's daughter and became organizer of the Thai
1213:
signed with Deo Van Tri .. a
Protectorate treaty on 7 April 1889... The hereditary leader of the Sip Song Chau Tai was from now on to be referred to in French official documents as the
650:
Thereby the Sip Song Chau Tai accepted the French overlordship, while the colonial power promised to respect the positions of the Tai lords and their autonomy in internal affairs.
1462:
951:
1400:
1487:
909:
In order to avoid ethnic tensions, the DRV designated its northwestern provinces of Lai Châu, Sơn La and Nghĩa Lộ as the "Tai-Meo
Autonomous Region" (Vietnamese:
793:
914:
840:; by that time consisting of 19 Tai states in then three Vietnamese provinces of Lai Châu, Sơn La and Phong Thổ) to be an independent component of the
805:
603:
808:(VNQDD), probably motivated by their distrust vis-à-vis the lowland Vietnamese and their wish to retain the autonomy they enjoyed under the French.
1482:
515:
have settled in the northwestern parts of what now is
Vietnam since the early first millennium CE or, at the latest, the fifth to eighth century.
112:
78:
1442:
1393:
627:
Even though the upland Tai had stronger ethnic and cultural ties to Laos, Sip Song Chau Tai was incorporated into the French protectorate of
844:. It had its own flag, constitution and parliament. Đèo Văn Long was appointed president for life and Lai Châu was chosen as the capital.
1432:
1372:
598:
belonging to the confederation altered during the course of time, but the number "twelve" was kept in the name for symbolic reasons.
1294:
1206:
1162:
1062:
1021:
928:
Following Đèo Văn Long's death in 1975, his title and position among the exile community of the "Pays Taï" passed to his daughter
1386:
95:
274:
370:
66:
921:
in 1961, in order to not highlight just two of the many ethnic groups in this zone. The autonomy was rescinded after the
571:
1437:
526:
411:
127:
601:
In premodern
Southeast Asia's complex political geography, Sip Song Chau Tai lay at the intersection of several larger
735:
245:
779:
717:
612:
566:, which is why the Tai settled in valleys alongside the course of rivers. A number (first 12 - then 16) of these
640:
1452:
884:
669:
544:
Like in other Tai societies, the core social units of the Tai Dam, Tai Dón and Tai Daeng were the village
587:
750:
789:
575:
1427:
774:
766:
758:
493:
1413:
1409:
872:
833:
797:
583:
478:). A parallel etymology with the number twelve can also be found in the place name Sip Song Panna (
446:
442:
419:
334:
317:
178:
142:
724:
619:(Thailand). Nevertheless, the Tai chiefdoms always maintained their autonomy in internal affairs.
1112:
658:
519:
579:
1290:
1202:
1158:
1069:
An accord was finally promulgated in July 1948, creating an independent Tai
Federation in the
1058:
1017:
889:
880:
742:
454:
392:
84:
1282:
1194:
1050:
1009:
688:
279:
159:
632:
450:
415:
396:
378:
146:
131:
1140:
Issue 70, editor 鹿憶鹿 2006 Page 84 "西雙版納(傣文意為十二州國)未成為台灣報導的旅遊名勝前,在我們心目中仍相當陌生,出發前的心情是恐懼多於好奇。"
101:
1124:
821:
427:
207:
170:
1032:, the Twelve Tai Cantons, had been formalized around it since at least the 17th century.
929:
1287:
Turbulent Times and Enduring Peoples: Mountain Minorities in the South-East Asian Massif
1199:
Turbulent Times and Enduring Peoples: Mountain Minorities in the South-East Asian Massif
1055:
Turbulent Times and Enduring Peoples: Mountain Minorities in the South-East Asian Massif
1014:
Turbulent Times and Enduring Peoples: Mountain Minorities in the South-East Asian Massif
17:
1150:
1105:
State Visions, Migrant Decisions: Population Movements since the End of the Vietnam War
922:
388:
1476:
893:
636:
607:(circles of influence): At different times, it had to pay tribute to China, Vietnam,
479:
474:
342:
292:
174:
1217:, the Lord of Lai Chau, after the name of the town lying at the heart of his domain.
946:
856:
841:
788:
Following Đèo Văn Trị's death, leadership of the White Tai passed to his third son
466:
435:
356:
137:
847:
The Tai Federation was however not only populated by Tai peoples, but also other "
635:—after 1888. This was arranged by the French explorer and colonial representative
1073:, a Federation grouping together the provinces of Lai Chau, Phong Tho and Son La.
1283:"A Historical Panorama of the Montagnards in Northern Vietnam under French Rule"
1195:"A Historical Panorama of the Montagnards in Northern Vietnam under French Rule"
1051:"A Historical Panorama of the Montagnards in Northern Vietnam under French Rule"
1010:"A Historical Panorama of the Montagnards in Northern Vietnam under French Rule"
941:
868:
848:
644:
563:
512:
188:
860:
534:
864:
801:
590:
grouped together and formed a long-term alliance, called Sip Song Chau Tai.
501:
489:
1378:
1367:
608:
400:
991:
p. 324 of Baccam, D., Baccam F., Baccam H., & Fippinger, D. (1989).
404:
321:
197:
628:
550:
538:
193:
1350:
Historical Dictionary of the Peoples of the Southeast Asian Massif
1268:
Historical Dictionary of the Peoples of the Southeast Asian Massif
558:), each consisting of several villages and ruled by a feudal lord
898:
616:
1382:
653:
At that time the 12 principalities, then 16 ones, were :
117:
The later Tai Federation, 1950, based on the Sip Song Chau Tai
525:. One Black Tai chiefdom—located at the place today known as
469:
for twelve, as with Thai "twelve" (12, ๑๒, สิบสอง, sip song,
1180:
Tai Groups of Thailand. Volume 1: Introduction and overview
1028:
In the north-western highlands ... the loose federation of
410:
It became an autonomous part of the French protectorate of
816:
In 1948, the French colonial administration declared the
1333:
Bruce M. Lockhart; William J. Duiker (2006). "Tây Bắc".
434:) that was recognized as an autonomous component of the
1420:
917:. It was renamed the "Northwest Autonomous Region"
313:
241:
227:
217:
203:
184:
166:
153:
122:
32:
1348:Jean Michaud (2006). "Tay Bac Autonomous Region".
952:United Front for the Liberation of Oppressed Races
932:, who has lived in Paris until her death in 2008.
492:and not to be confused with similar sounding Thai
993:Tai Dam-English, English-Tai Dam Vocabulary Book.
1261:
1259:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1003:
1001:
1252:. Stanford University Press. pp. 214–215.
1083:
1081:
1394:
418:, in 1889. In 1948, during the period of the
382:
8:
407:, dating back at least to the 17th century.
1157:(2nd ed.). Silkworm Books. p. 6.
1401:
1387:
1379:
1248:Virginia Thompson; Richard Adloff (1955).
1233:. Stanford University Press. p. 213.
1229:Virginia Thompson; Richard Adloff (1955).
1088:Virginia Thompson; Richard Adloff (1955).
570:, situated in the modern-day provinces of
350:
111:
29:
1092:. Stanford University Press. p. 216.
792:, passing over the second son. After the
403:in the mountainous north-west of today's
387:"Tai Federation") was a confederation of
364:
1107:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 134.
1266:Jean Michaud (2006). "Tai Federation".
984:
963:
1488:Former countries in Vietnamese history
1120:
1110:
915:national autonomies of communist China
533:, just like the legendary kingdom of
473:
226:
216:
212:
7:
1352:. Scarecrow Press. pp. 232–233.
1337:. Scarecrow Press. pp. 355–356.
1270:. Scarecrow Press. pp. 228–229.
488:is land (similar to sino-Vietnamese
1250:Minority Problems in Southeast Asia
1231:Minority Problems in Southeast Asia
1090:Minority Problems in Southeast Asia
643:, the White Tai lord of Muang Lay (
892:of July 1954 awarded the whole of
449:without being integrated into the
25:
1316:La France d'outre-mer (1930-1960)
883:partisans, but was killed at the
136:Autonomous federation within the
1461:
1366:
1182:. White Lotus Press. p. 32.
1016:. Curzon Press. pp. 53–54.
995:Summer Institute of Linguistics.
778:(Muaeng Muaelm, now mergered to
297:
272:
100:
77:
65:
1483:1954 disestablishments in Asia
905:Democratic Republic of Vietnam
518:They mainly settled along the
422:, it was transformed into the
374:
1:
1178:Joachim Schliesinger (2001).
800:, against both the communist
453:. It was dissolved after the
126:French protectorate, part of
1289:. Curzon Press. p. 69.
1201:. Curzon Press. p. 59.
1057:. Curzon Press. p. 67.
582:as well as western parts of
1443:Southern Montagnard Country
1504:
1433:Mường Autonomous Territory
1285:. In Michaud, Jean (ed.).
1197:. In Michaud, Jean (ed.).
1053:. In Michaud, Jean (ed.).
1012:. In Michaud, Jean (ed.).
383:
246:French Indochinese piastre
1459:
1448:Thái Autonomous Territory
1438:Nùng Autonomous Territory
1155:Thailand: A Short History
639:who signed a treaty with
615:(in today's Laos) and/or
562:. Their base of life was
365:
360:
351:
346:
251:
237:
213:
110:
93:
61:
56:
1453:Thổ Autonomous Territory
1428:Mèo Autonomous Territory
1373:Tai Autonomous Territory
923:Vietnamese reunification
500:) and Tai (ไต๋, Chinese
339:thập song (12) châu Thái
57:before 17th century–1954
18:Tai Autonomous Territory
885:Battle of Dien Bien Phu
465:The number Sip Song is
333:("Twelve Tai cantons";
837:
825:
806:Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng
445:of Vietnamese emperor
441:In 1950 it was made a
431:
338:
229:• Disestablished
1335:The A to Z of Vietnam
1314:Jean Clauzel (2003).
1281:Jean Michaud (2000).
1193:Jean Michaud (2000).
1103:Andrew Hardy (2003).
1049:Jean Michaud (2000).
1008:Jean Michaud (2000).
794:Japanese coup of 1945
198:Traditional religions
167:Common languages
1375:at Wikimedia Commons
1215:Seigneur de Lai Chau
919:(Khu Tự trị Tây Bắc)
804:and the nationalist
564:wet rice cultivation
911:Khu Tự trị Thái-Mèo
798:First Indochina War
736:Thuận Châu District
716:(Muaeng Quaei, now
647:) on 7 April 1889.
471:Thai pronunciation:
420:First Indochina War
223:before 17th century
219:• Established
913:), modeled on the
780:Tuần Giáo District
718:Tuần Giáo District
670:Phong Thổ District
548:and the chiefdom (
475:[sìpsɔ̌ːŋ]
395:("White Tai") and
157:none (before 1948)
1470:
1469:
1371:Media related to
1030:Sip Song Chau Tai
890:Geneva Agreements
783:
771:
763:
755:
747:
739:
734:(Muaeng Moi, now
729:
721:
711:
705:
699:
693:
685:
679:
673:
668:(Muaeng Soh, now
663:
455:Geneva Agreements
414:, and thereby of
331:Sip Song Chau Tai
327:
326:
309:
308:
305:
304:
285:
284:
149:Emperor (1950–54)
45:Sip Hoc Chau Thai
37:Sip Song Chau Tai
16:(Redirected from
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1318:. p. 563.
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828:, native name:
826:Fédération Thaï
814:
786:
728:(Muaeng Thaeng)
698:(Muaeng Chaeng)
631:—and therefore
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510:
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1121:|work=
942:Shan States
867:(Lolo) and
849:hill tribes
732:Mường Muổi
725:Mường Thanh
714:Mường Quài
708:Mường Than
702:Mường Chăn
641:Đèo Văn Trị
529:—was named
520:Black River
513:Tai peoples
257:Preceded by
189:Catholicism
134:(1889–1948)
106:(1889–1945)
49:(1950–1955)
41:(1947–1950)
1477:Categories
1236:partisans.
979:References
834:Vietnamese
676:Mường Sát
541:province.
535:Khun Borom
361:ສິບສອງຈຸໄຕ
347:สิบสองจุไท
335:Vietnamese
191:(official)
179:Vietnamese
160:Muaeng Lai
147:Vietnamese
1123:ignored (
1113:cite book
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881:White Tai
802:Viet Minh
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767:Mường Nhé
759:Mường Chà
751:Mường Ảng
689:Mường Lay
682:Mường Ma
666:Mường So
572:Điện Biên
523:(Sông Đà)
457:of 1954.
401:chiefdoms
397:Tai Daeng
384:ꪵꪠ꪿ꪙꪒꪲꪙꪼꪕ
280:Ngưu Hống
185:Religion
162:(1948–54)
140:(1948–50)
1153:(2004).
936:See also
743:Mường Lò
659:Mường Tè
645:Lai Châu
609:Lan Xang
604:mandalas
576:Lai Châu
242:Currency
1414:Bảo Đại
1321:aîné...
873:Bảo Đại
596:mueangs
588:Yên Bái
584:Lào Cai
447:Bảo Đại
405:Vietnam
393:Tai Dón
389:Tai Dam
379:Tai Dam
371:Chinese
322:Vietnam
154:Capital
145:of the
1421:Domain
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822:French
629:Tonkin
580:Sơn La
568:mueang
560:(chao)
551:mueang
539:Yunnan
428:French
412:Tonkin
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194:Daoism
171:French
128:Tonkin
123:Status
971:Thai.
958:Notes
857:Hmong
556:mường
546:(ban)
375:泰族十二州
1291:ISBN
1203:ISBN
1159:ISBN
1125:help
1059:ISBN
1018:ISBN
899:Iowa
869:Khmu
617:Siam
586:and
498:lord
494:chau
486:Chau
461:Name
343:Thai
329:The
233:1954
96:Seal
72:Flag
1412:of
1138:臨溪路
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861:Yao
504:).
363:or
357:Lao
349:or
175:Tai
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502:傣
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426:(
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