428:
2468:
398:
3745:
297:
853:
can be divided into three groups, roughly coinciding with geographical and modern administrative boundaries, namely the northern, southern, and eastern dialects. Dialects differ to a certain extent in vocabulary and pronunciation, but are generally mutually intelligible.
519:
Institute for
Language and Culture gave the number of Shan speakers in Thailand as 95,000 in 2006, though including refugees from Burma they now total about one million. Many Shan speak local dialects as well as the language of their trading partners.
1541:
Shan has less vowel complexity than Thai, and Shan people learning Thai have difficulties with sounds such as "ia," "ua," and "uea" . Triphthongs are absent. Shan has no systematic distinction between long and short vowels characteristic of Thai.
2097:
consists of a monophthong alone, a monophthong with a consonant, or a diphthong alone. (Only in some dialects, a diphthong may also be followed by a consonant.) The glides are: -w-, -y- and -r-. There are seven possible final consonants:
93:
107:
509:
The number of Shan speakers is not known in part because the Shan population is unknown. Estimates of Shan people range from four million to 30 million, with about half speaking the Shan language.
1447:
The trill is very rare and mainly used in Pali and some
English loan words, sometimes as a glide in initial consonant clusters. Many Shans find it difficult to pronounce , often pronouncing it .
2428:
Given the present instabilities in Burma, one choice for scholars is to study the Shan people and their language in
Thailand, where estimates of Shan refugees run as high as two million, and
494:. It has five tones, which do not correspond exactly to Thai tones, plus a sixth tone used for emphasis. The term Shan is also used for related Northwestern Tai languages, and it is called
2715:
427:
1558:
of syllables. There are five to six tonemes in Shan, depending on the dialect. The sixth tone is only spoken in the north; in other parts it is only used for emphasis.
4310:
3733:
2742:
4303:
1748:
The symbol in the first column corresponds to conventions used for other tonal languages; the second is derived from the Shan orthography.
1377:
5205:
3726:
2799:
1401:
1180:
411:
2735:
2611:
2481:
2188:
Typical Shan words are monosyllabic. Multisyllabic words are mostly Pali loanwords, or
Burmese words with the initial weak syllable
965:
1279:
367:
4296:
3711:
5200:
3719:
2436:. They also publish a Shan-English dictionary. Aside from this, the language is almost completely undescribed in English.
5195:
2728:
2941:
2827:
1293:
2865:
1310:
5148:
5127:
502:
in other Tai languages. Standard Shan, which is also known as
Tachileik Shan, is based on the dialect of the city of
2432:
is home to a Shan majority. The major source for information about the Shan language in
English is Dunwoody Press's
4773:
3777:
1364:
1167:
1154:
184:
984:. Tai Long is used to refer to the Southern Shan State dialect spoken in southern and central regions west of the
3884:
1057:
836:
587:
552:
100:
86:
4052:
3553:
1932:
The Shan falling tone is different from the Thai falling tone. It is short, creaky and ends with a glottal stop.
5210:
4679:
415:
377:
4763:
4170:
3897:
3598:
3404:
3193:
1193:
324:
2657:. H. W. Mix (American Baptist Mission Press, Rangoon, 1920; Revised edition by S.H.A.N., Chiang Mai, 2001).
2510:""Pirated" Transnational Broadcasting: The Consumption of Thai Soap Operas among Shan Communities in Burma"
269:
5190:
5010:
4984:
4933:
4913:
4753:
4651:
4277:
4085:
4001:
3936:
3844:
3813:
3447:
3111:
3037:
2467:
2189:
2179:
2170:
2161:
2152:
2143:
2134:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2058:
2033:
2008:
1983:
1902:
1879:
1856:
1833:
1810:
1787:
1736:
1728:
1724:
1708:
1704:
1696:
1680:
1672:
1655:
1647:
1631:
1623:
1607:
1599:
1536:
1528:
1521:
1516:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1492:
1487:
1482:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
901:
893:
885:
881:
877:
862:
738:
718:
703:
644:
5108:
4417:
4319:
3520:
2705:
487:
174:
5075:
4748:
4743:
4715:
4669:
4224:
4155:
3943:
3749:
3700:
3510:
3305:
2700:
2429:
1333:
1099:
1086:
5025:
4810:
4738:
4723:
4388:
4098:
4062:
3351:
3186:
3181:
3014:
2964:
2751:
1941:
The table below presents four phonemic tones in checked syllables, i.e. closed syllables ending in a
1399:
1375:
1362:
1331:
1308:
1291:
1277:
1254:
1239:
1226:
1204:
1191:
1178:
1165:
1152:
1123:
1112:
1110:
1097:
1084:
1566:
The table below presents six phonemic tones in unchecked syllables, i.e. closed syllables ending in
5155:
4968:
4928:
4733:
4728:
4674:
4566:
3991:
3870:
3652:
3371:
3176:
3171:
2878:
2818:
1429:
The glottal plosive is implied after a short vowel without final, or the silent 'a' before a vowel.
1256:
1241:
1228:
1220:
5141:
5134:
5020:
5015:
4963:
4923:
4918:
4820:
4272:
4165:
4160:
3828:
3575:
3263:
3166:
3121:
2203:
1555:
1125:
1051:
997:
516:
231:
3915:
3818:
2695:
4870:
4835:
4805:
4800:
4436:
4247:
4108:
4014:
3971:
3797:
3675:
3543:
3381:
3273:
2989:
2921:
2607:
1392:
1072:
1062:
977:
870:
459:
246:
221:
5085:
5049:
4953:
4948:
4938:
4891:
4886:
4705:
4641:
4581:
4551:
4541:
4472:
4457:
4383:
4242:
4234:
4219:
4214:
4204:
4196:
4075:
3986:
3976:
3860:
3670:
3662:
3647:
3642:
3632:
3624:
3603:
3533:
3528:
3505:
3495:
3490:
3432:
3422:
3315:
3248:
3148:
3116:
3070:
2994:
2979:
2903:
2765:
2685:
2554:
2546:
1046:
1041:
973:
858:
821:
612:
595:
533:
419:
405:
216:
1733:
Starting mid level, then slightly rising, with a drop at the end (similar to tones 3 and 5)
431:
Shan paper manuscript bound with a patterned cotton cloth cover and a felt binding ribbon,
5090:
4880:
4848:
4815:
4795:
4694:
4664:
4659:
4626:
4613:
4599:
4591:
4576:
4571:
4546:
4536:
4526:
4508:
4500:
4452:
4370:
4360:
4350:
4252:
4118:
4047:
3961:
3951:
3925:
3680:
3593:
3366:
3335:
3320:
3310:
3253:
3106:
3085:
3060:
3050:
3045:
2969:
2926:
2850:
2786:
2770:
1323:
1079:
1067:
1001:
935:
436:
251:
226:
166:
31:
4758:
2974:
1438:
Initial is only found in eastern dialects in words that are pronounced with elsewhere.
5171:
5118:
5065:
5040:
5005:
4958:
4830:
4825:
4561:
4531:
4518:
4441:
4425:
4398:
4393:
4378:
4340:
4175:
4145:
4138:
4070:
4042:
3930:
3920:
3910:
3823:
3637:
3588:
3561:
3480:
3427:
3417:
3412:
3325:
3288:
3258:
3143:
3090:
3065:
2984:
2959:
2954:
2931:
2911:
2888:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2630:
2620:
2086:
1005:
262:
241:
236:
35:
2496:
From
Ancient Thai To Modern Dialects and Other Writings on Historical Thai Linguistics
357:
5184:
5000:
4943:
4907:
4875:
4841:
4689:
4636:
4490:
4482:
4447:
4345:
4335:
4327:
4123:
4103:
4093:
4027:
4020:
4009:
3792:
3767:
3500:
3485:
3475:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3376:
3361:
3356:
3297:
3240:
3203:
3080:
3075:
3055:
2949:
2916:
2893:
2883:
2873:
2094:
1470:
1030:
1022:
985:
695:
659:
640:
529:
491:
273:
179:
4865:
4700:
4556:
4467:
4462:
4430:
4403:
4150:
3966:
3956:
3905:
3330:
3278:
3268:
3230:
3028:
2855:
1942:
1206:
1026:
993:
866:
813:
777:
762:
17:
4621:
4609:
4355:
4034:
3583:
3437:
3158:
3135:
1465:
1353:
1146:
980:
valley. Chinese Shan is also called Tai Mao, referring to the old Shan State of
793:
723:
675:
567:
447:
147:
139:
5080:
4684:
3981:
3470:
3395:
2809:
2460:
1475:
954:
850:
511:
451:
432:
143:
129:
2455:
616:), whence the English word "Shan". The term "Shan," which was formerly spelt
4133:
4113:
3222:
2090:
1946:
1271:
503:
483:
350:
334:
316:
2669:
2550:
1926:
The Shan mid-tone is different from the Thai mid-tone. It falls in the end.
341:
3753:
2710:
2574:
2211:
2082:
1567:
981:
961:
950:
928:
only appears in the east, while in the other two dialects it merges with
884:, when combined with certain vowels and final consonants, are pronounced
633:
471:
385:
373:
2559:
2509:
1929:
The Shan high tone is close to the Thai high tone. But it is not rising.
972:
Prominent divergent dialects are considered separate languages, such as
4128:
2720:
2639:. Irving I. Glick & Sao Tern Moeng (Dunwoody Press, Wheaton, 1991).
1753:
1551:
1140:
475:
455:
381:
302:
119:
2540:
2482:"Refugee Conundrum: Little movement in Myanmar's repatriation schemes"
992:. There are also dialects still spoken by a small number of people in
876:
A number of words differ in initial consonants. In the north, initial
3211:
2405:
he/she/it (formal), or they/them (formal) "they masters, they lords"
943:
629:
463:
4288:
2689:
515:
estimates that there are 4.6 million Shan speakers in
Myanmar; the
4209:
479:
426:
2663:. J. N. Cushing (American Baptist Mission Press, Rangoon, 1887).
989:
467:
4292:
3715:
2724:
2354:
you (formal/singular, general/plural) "you masters, you lords"
632:
believed to be a
Burmese derivative of "Siam" (an old term for
699:, an outdated term that now sounds like the word for "snake").
988:, the Northern Shan State dialect, and the dialect spoken in
869:
in vocabulary and pronunciation, and the northern so-called "
458:. It is also spoken in pockets in other parts of Myanmar, in
2680:
1701:
Short, creaky, strongly falling with lax final glottal stop
30:"Tai Yai language" redirects here. Not to be confused with
2651:. Aggasena Lengtai. (MA thesis, Mahidol University, 2009).
384:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
2085:
structure of Shan is C(G)V((V)/(C)), which is to say the
726:
language") or more informally or even vulgarly by some
1920:
The Shan rising tone is close to the Thai rising tone.
1923:
The Shan low tone is equivalent to the Thai low tone.
976:(called Kon Shan by the Burmese), which is spoken in
938:
divides the three dialects of Shan State as follows:
528:
The Shan language has a number of names in different
2686:
Shan-language
Swadesh vocabulary list of basic words
2645:. Sao Tern Moeng (Dunwoody Press, Kensington, 1995).
1916:
The Shan tones correspond to Thai tones as follows:
873:" is much influenced by the Yunnan-Chinese dialect.
5117:
5099:
5062:
5038:
4993:
4977:
4900:
4858:
4783:
4772:
4714:
4650:
4635:
4608:
4590:
4517:
4499:
4481:
4416:
4369:
4326:
4265:
4233:
4195:
4188:
4084:
4061:
4000:
3896:
3883:
3853:
3837:
3806:
3785:
3776:
3760:
3693:
3661:
3623:
3616:
3574:
3552:
3519:
3446:
3403:
3394:
3344:
3296:
3287:
3239:
3221:
3202:
3157:
3134:
3099:
3036:
3027:
3007:
2940:
2902:
2864:
2826:
2817:
2808:
2795:
2779:
2758:
2514:
Sojourn: Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia
731:
711:
348:
332:
314:
309:
285:
280:
259:
207:
163:
153:
135:
125:
115:
81:
43:
72:
60:
2545:(M.A. thesis). Nanyang Technological University.
2089:consists of a consonant optionally followed by a
540:In Shan, the spoken language is commonly called
2617:The Major Languages of East and South-East Asia
2604:The History and Development of the Shan Scripts
1652:Medium level pitch, slightly falling in the end
2606:. Chiang Mai, Thailand: Silkworm Books, 2004.
801:) or more informally or even vulgarly by some
683:) or more informally or even vulgarly by some
4304:
3727:
2736:
2498:. Bangkok: White Lotus Press, reprinted 1985.
857:While the southern dialect has borrowed more
621:
603:
8:
2716:Titles of Shan-foreign language dictionaries
1752:The following table shows an example of the
1033:) there are no voiced plosives /d/ and /b/.
829:
2393:he/she/it (formal), or they/them (general)
782:
743:
664:
557:
4780:
4647:
4366:
4311:
4297:
4289:
4192:
3893:
3782:
3734:
3720:
3712:
3620:
3400:
3293:
3033:
2823:
2814:
2805:
2743:
2729:
2721:
2542:Serial verb constructions in Tai Long Shan
861:words, eastern Shan is somewhat closer to
688:
652:
580:
545:
66:
54:
40:
2558:
2291:we/us (formal) "we servants, we slaves"
1570:such as , , , , and and open syllables.
946:, Burma; contains more Chinese influences
806:
770:
2199:
1951:
1758:
1572:
1562:Contrastive tones in unchecked syllables
1461:
1035:
2445:
1459:Shan has ten vowels and 13 diphthongs:
1422:
416:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
378:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
2342:you (formal/singular, general/plural)
1937:Contrastive tones in checked syllables
835:
737:
717:
586:
551:
99:
85:
2681:An English-Shan dictionary translator
2451:
2449:
812:
776:
694:
658:
611:
7:
1604:Starting rather low and rising pitch
2575:"SEAlang Library Shan Lexicography"
1910:(for interjection / transcription)
957:); contains more Burmese influences
2508:Jirattikorn, Amporn (April 2008).
968:); closer to Northern Thai and Lao
575:). The written language is called
435:, first half of the 20th century.
25:
3743:
2627:A Guide to the World's Languages
2466:
396:
295:
206:
2711:SEAlang Library Shan Dictionary
2255:I/me (formal) "servant, slave"
2129:Some representative words are:
1021:Shan has 19 consonants. Unlike
2706:SIL Padauk Font (Shan Unicode)
2655:An English and Shan Dictionary
2381:they/them two (familiar/dual)
2369:he/she/it (informal/familiar)
446:is the native language of the
1:
2649:Shan phonology and morphology
1721:emphatic (343) or middle (33)
2667:Myanmar – Unicode Consortium
2661:Grammar of the Shan Language
2318:you (formal) "master, lord"
1693:high-falling and creaky (42)
908:). In Chinese Shan, initial
849:The Shan dialects spoken in
73:
61:
778:[pʰáː.sǎː.tʰáj.ɲāj]
660:[pʰāː.sǎː.tʰāj.jàj]
27:Kra–Dai language of Myanmar
5227:
5206:Southwestern Tai languages
2267:we/us two (familiar/dual)
916:. In southwestern regions
830:
732:
712:
581:
546:
486:. Shan is a member of the
67:
55:
29:
5165:
4166:Red Karen (Eastern Kayah)
2643:Shan – English Dictionary
2637:Shan for English Speakers
2434:Shan for English Speakers
2358:
2295:
2220:
1587:
1391:
1352:
1322:
1270:
1139:
1078:
1038:
807:
771:
689:
653:
622:
604:
364:
53:
48:
2494:Brown, J. Marvin. 1965.
2330:you two (familiar/dual)
2306:you (informal/familiar)
814:[pʰáː.sǎː.ŋîa̯w]
696:[pʰāː.sǎː.ŋía̯w]
450:and is mostly spoken in
1871:high-falling and creaky
920:is often pronounced as
488:Kra–Dai language family
159:4.7 million (2017)
2539:Soh, Jyr Minn (2019).
863:Northern Thai language
439:
404:This article contains
366:This article contains
5201:Languages of Thailand
4225:Southwestern Mandarin
3701:Burmese sign language
3511:Southwestern Mandarin
2780:Semiofficial language
2690:Swadesh-list appendix
2430:Mae Hong Son Province
1455:Vowels and diphthongs
430:
5196:Languages of Myanmar
2796:Indigenous languages
2752:Languages of Myanmar
2551:10.32657/10220/47853
1554:contrasts among the
953:, Burma (capital of
628:) in Burmese, is an
478:and decreasingly in
3889:by languages groups
2688:(from Wiktionary's
1004:spoken in northern
739:[kām.ŋía̯w]
553:[kwáːm.táj]
287:Recognised minority
189:Northwestern (Shan)
5101:proposed groupings
4273:Thai Sign Language
4197:Immigrant language
3625:Immigrant language
2759:Official languages
2701:Basic Shan phrases
2417:they/them, others
2077:Syllable structure
2044:differ from others
1949:such as , , and .
1894:emphatic or middle
613:[ʃáɰ̃bàðà]
517:Mahidol University
490:and is related to
440:
213:Standard (Eastern)
87:[kwáːmtáj]
5178:
5177:
5172:extinct languages
5058:
5057:
5034:
5033:
4412:
4411:
4320:Kra–Dai languages
4286:
4285:
4261:
4260:
4184:
4183:
3879:
3878:
3761:Official language
3709:
3708:
3689:
3688:
3612:
3611:
3570:
3569:
3390:
3389:
3130:
3129:
3023:
3022:
3003:
3002:
2633:(Stanford, 1991).
2464:(25th ed., 2022)
2421:
2420:
2074:
2073:
1914:
1913:
1745:
1744:
1534:
1533:
1419:
1418:
1223:
1149:
837:[kâm.ŋìw]
719:[kām.tāj]
460:Northern Thailand
412:rendering support
392:
391:
374:rendering support
370:phonetic symbols.
18:Tai Long language
16:(Redirected from
5218:
4781:
4648:
4367:
4313:
4306:
4299:
4290:
4235:Working language
4193:
4037:
4030:
4023:
3946:
3939:
3894:
3890:
3783:
3748:
3747:
3746:
3736:
3729:
3722:
3713:
3663:Working language
3621:
3401:
3294:
3034:
2824:
2815:
2806:
2745:
2738:
2731:
2722:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2505:
2499:
2492:
2486:
2485:
2478:
2472:
2471:
2470:
2453:
2412:
2400:
2388:
2376:
2364:
2349:
2337:
2325:
2313:
2301:
2286:
2279:we/us (general)
2274:
2262:
2250:
2243:I/me (informal)
2238:
2231:I/me (informal)
2226:
2200:
2191:
2181:
2172:
2163:
2154:
2145:
2136:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2060:
2055:
2035:
2030:
2010:
2005:
1985:
1980:
1952:
1947:obstruent sounds
1904:
1899:
1881:
1876:
1858:
1853:
1835:
1830:
1812:
1807:
1789:
1784:
1759:
1738:
1730:
1726:
1710:
1706:
1698:
1682:
1677:High, even pitch
1674:
1657:
1649:
1644:mid-falling (32)
1633:
1625:
1609:
1601:
1573:
1538:
1530:
1525:
1518:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1462:
1448:
1445:
1439:
1436:
1430:
1427:
1409:
1405:
1385:
1381:
1372:
1368:
1342:
1337:
1318:
1314:
1301:
1297:
1288:
1283:
1264:
1260:
1249:
1245:
1236:
1232:
1219:
1214:
1210:
1201:
1197:
1188:
1184:
1175:
1171:
1162:
1158:
1145:
1133:
1129:
1120:
1116:
1107:
1103:
1094:
1090:
1036:
964:, Burma (in the
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
903:
895:
887:
883:
879:
839:
833:
832:
816:
810:
809:
800:
797:
790:
787:
784:
780:
774:
773:
757:
754:
751:
748:
745:
741:
735:
734:
721:
715:
714:
698:
692:
691:
682:
679:
672:
669:
666:
662:
656:
655:
627:
626:
625:
615:
609:
608:
607:
590:
588:[liktáj]
584:
583:
574:
571:
565:
562:
559:
555:
549:
548:
418: instead of
400:
399:
360:
344:
337:
328:
327:
319:
301:
299:
298:
289:language in
265:
169:
111:
110:
109:
103:
101:[liktáj]
97:
96:
95:
89:
76:
70:
69:
64:
58:
57:
41:
21:
5226:
5225:
5221:
5220:
5219:
5217:
5216:
5215:
5211:Tonal languages
5181:
5180:
5179:
5174:
5161:
5119:Proto-languages
5113:
5095:
5054:
5030:
4989:
4973:
4896:
4854:
4776:
4768:
4710:
4680:Longsang Zhuang
4660:Standard Zhuang
4639:
4631:
4604:
4586:
4513:
4495:
4477:
4408:
4365:
4322:
4317:
4287:
4282:
4257:
4229:
4180:
4080:
4057:
4033:
4026:
4019:
3996:
3942:
3935:
3888:
3887:
3875:
3849:
3833:
3802:
3772:
3756:
3744:
3742:
3740:
3710:
3705:
3685:
3657:
3608:
3566:
3548:
3515:
3442:
3386:
3340:
3283:
3235:
3217:
3198:
3153:
3126:
3095:
3019:
2999:
2936:
2898:
2860:
2800:state or region
2797:
2791:
2775:
2754:
2749:
2677:
2623:(London, 1990).
2599:
2597:Further reading
2594:
2593:
2583:
2581:
2573:
2572:
2568:
2538:
2537:
2533:
2523:
2521:
2507:
2506:
2502:
2493:
2489:
2480:
2479:
2475:
2465:
2454:
2447:
2442:
2426:
2410:
2398:
2386:
2374:
2362:
2347:
2335:
2323:
2311:
2299:
2284:
2272:
2260:
2248:
2236:
2224:
2198:
2079:
2053:
2028:
2003:
1978:
1967:Transliteration
1939:
1897:
1874:
1851:
1828:
1805:
1782:
1771:Transliteration
1628:Low, even pitch
1612:a (not marked)
1568:sonorant sounds
1564:
1548:
1523:
1457:
1452:
1451:
1446:
1442:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1424:
1407:
1406:
1383:
1382:
1370:
1369:
1340:
1339:
1316:
1315:
1299:
1298:
1286:
1285:
1262:
1261:
1247:
1246:
1234:
1233:
1212:
1211:
1199:
1198:
1186:
1185:
1173:
1172:
1160:
1159:
1131:
1130:
1118:
1117:
1105:
1104:
1092:
1091:
1061:
1050:
1019:
1014:
966:Golden Triangle
936:J. Marvin Brown
847:
824:, it is called
798:
791:
788:
785:
765:, it is called
755:
752:
749:
746:
706:, it is called
680:
673:
670:
667:
647:, it is called
623:
605:
598:, it is called
572:
566:
563:
560:
526:
437:British Library
425:
424:
423:
410:Without proper
401:
397:
372:Without proper
356:
340:
333:
323:
322:
315:
305:
296:
294:
290:
288:
281:Official status
266:
261:
203:
170:
167:Language family
165:
156:
155:Native speakers
106:
105:
104:
98:
92:
91:
90:
39:
32:Tai Ya language
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5224:
5222:
5214:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5183:
5182:
5176:
5175:
5166:
5163:
5162:
5160:
5159:
5152:
5145:
5138:
5131:
5123:
5121:
5115:
5114:
5112:
5111:
5105:
5103:
5097:
5096:
5094:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5072:
5070:
5060:
5059:
5056:
5055:
5053:
5052:
5046:
5044:
5036:
5035:
5032:
5031:
5029:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4997:
4995:
4991:
4990:
4988:
4987:
4981:
4979:
4975:
4974:
4972:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4904:
4902:
4898:
4897:
4895:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4862:
4860:
4856:
4855:
4853:
4852:
4845:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4787:
4785:
4778:
4770:
4769:
4767:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4720:
4718:
4712:
4711:
4709:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4656:
4654:
4645:
4633:
4632:
4630:
4629:
4624:
4618:
4616:
4606:
4605:
4603:
4602:
4596:
4594:
4588:
4587:
4585:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4523:
4521:
4515:
4514:
4512:
4511:
4505:
4503:
4497:
4496:
4494:
4493:
4487:
4485:
4479:
4478:
4476:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4439:
4434:
4428:
4422:
4420:
4414:
4413:
4410:
4409:
4407:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4375:
4373:
4364:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4332:
4330:
4324:
4323:
4318:
4316:
4315:
4308:
4301:
4293:
4284:
4283:
4281:
4280:
4275:
4269:
4267:
4266:Sign languages
4263:
4262:
4259:
4258:
4256:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4239:
4237:
4231:
4230:
4228:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4201:
4199:
4190:
4189:Non-Indigenous
4186:
4185:
4182:
4181:
4179:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4142:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4090:
4088:
4082:
4081:
4079:
4078:
4073:
4067:
4065:
4059:
4058:
4056:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4039:
4038:
4031:
4024:
4012:
4006:
4004:
3998:
3997:
3995:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3948:
3947:
3940:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3902:
3900:
3891:
3881:
3880:
3877:
3876:
3874:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3857:
3855:
3851:
3850:
3848:
3847:
3841:
3839:
3835:
3834:
3832:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3810:
3808:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3800:
3795:
3789:
3787:
3780:
3774:
3773:
3771:
3770:
3764:
3762:
3758:
3757:
3741:
3739:
3738:
3731:
3724:
3716:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3703:
3697:
3695:
3694:Sign languages
3691:
3690:
3687:
3686:
3684:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3667:
3665:
3659:
3658:
3656:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3629:
3627:
3618:
3617:Non-Indigenous
3614:
3613:
3610:
3609:
3607:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3580:
3578:
3572:
3571:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3564:
3558:
3556:
3550:
3549:
3547:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3525:
3523:
3517:
3516:
3514:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3452:
3450:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3409:
3407:
3398:
3392:
3391:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3348:
3346:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3302:
3300:
3291:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3245:
3243:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3233:
3227:
3225:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3215:
3208:
3206:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3196:
3191:
3190:
3189:
3184:
3174:
3169:
3163:
3161:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3151:
3146:
3140:
3138:
3132:
3131:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3103:
3101:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3042:
3040:
3031:
3025:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3017:
3011:
3009:
3005:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2946:
2944:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2908:
2906:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2870:
2868:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2832:
2830:
2821:
2812:
2803:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2789:
2783:
2781:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2773:
2768:
2762:
2760:
2756:
2755:
2750:
2748:
2747:
2740:
2733:
2725:
2719:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2683:
2676:
2675:External links
2673:
2672:
2671:
2664:
2658:
2652:
2646:
2640:
2634:
2631:Merritt Ruhlen
2624:
2621:Bernard Comrie
2614:
2602:Sai Kam Mong.
2598:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2566:
2531:
2500:
2487:
2473:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2425:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2395:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2360:
2356:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2320:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2308:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2297:
2293:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2281:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2257:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2222:
2218:
2217:
2214:
2209:
2206:
2197:
2194:
2186:
2185:
2176:
2167:
2158:
2149:
2140:
2078:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2047:
2046:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2022:
2021:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1997:
1996:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1972:
1971:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1912:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1891:
1890:
1885:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1868:
1867:
1862:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1845:
1844:
1839:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1822:
1821:
1816:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1799:
1798:
1793:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1776:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1750:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1739:
1734:
1731:
1722:
1719:
1715:
1714:
1711:
1702:
1699:
1694:
1691:
1687:
1686:
1683:
1678:
1675:
1670:
1667:
1663:
1662:
1659:
1653:
1650:
1645:
1642:
1638:
1637:
1634:
1629:
1626:
1621:
1618:
1614:
1613:
1610:
1605:
1602:
1597:
1594:
1590:
1589:
1588:Transcription
1586:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1563:
1560:
1547:
1544:
1532:
1531:
1526:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1479:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1440:
1431:
1421:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1397:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1373:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1328:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1289:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1252:
1250:
1237:
1224:
1216:
1215:
1202:
1189:
1176:
1163:
1150:
1143:
1137:
1136:
1134:
1121:
1108:
1095:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1054:
1044:
1039:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1006:Sagaing Region
970:
969:
958:
947:
846:
843:
842:
841:
818:
759:
700:
649:phasa thai yai
637:
592:
525:
522:
420:Burmese script
414:, you may see
406:Burmese script
402:
395:
394:
393:
390:
389:
376:, you may see
362:
361:
354:
346:
345:
338:
330:
329:
320:
312:
311:
310:Language codes
307:
306:
293:
291:
286:
283:
282:
278:
277:
267:
263:Writing system
260:
257:
256:
255:
254:
249:
244:
239:
234:
229:
224:
219:
214:
209:
205:
204:
202:
201:
200:
199:
198:
197:
196:
195:
173:
171:
164:
161:
160:
157:
154:
151:
150:
137:
133:
132:
127:
123:
122:
117:
116:Native to
113:
112:
83:
79:
78:
51:
50:
46:
45:
36:Tayal language
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5223:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5191:Shan language
5189:
5188:
5186:
5173:
5169:
5164:
5158:
5157:
5153:
5151:
5150:
5149:Proto-Kam–Sui
5146:
5144:
5143:
5139:
5137:
5136:
5132:
5130:
5129:
5128:Proto-Kra–Dai
5125:
5124:
5122:
5120:
5116:
5110:
5107:
5106:
5104:
5102:
5098:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5067:
5066:mixed origins
5061:
5051:
5048:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5037:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5011:Tai Muong Vat
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4998:
4996:
4992:
4986:
4985:Southern Thai
4983:
4982:
4980:
4976:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4934:Tai Hang Tong
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4914:Northern Thai
4912:
4909:
4906:
4905:
4903:
4899:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4863:
4861:
4857:
4851:
4850:
4846:
4844:
4843:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4788:
4786:
4782:
4779:
4775:
4771:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4721:
4719:
4717:
4713:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4657:
4655:
4653:
4649:
4646:
4643:
4638:
4634:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4619:
4617:
4615:
4611:
4607:
4601:
4598:
4597:
4595:
4593:
4589:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4524:
4522:
4520:
4516:
4510:
4507:
4506:
4504:
4502:
4498:
4492:
4489:
4488:
4486:
4484:
4480:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4423:
4421:
4419:
4415:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4376:
4374:
4372:
4368:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4333:
4331:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4314:
4309:
4307:
4302:
4300:
4295:
4294:
4291:
4279:
4278:Ban Khor Sign
4276:
4274:
4271:
4270:
4268:
4264:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4240:
4238:
4236:
4232:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4202:
4200:
4198:
4194:
4191:
4187:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4111:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4091:
4089:
4087:
4083:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4068:
4066:
4064:
4060:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4036:
4032:
4029:
4028:Pattani Malay
4025:
4022:
4021:Bangkok Malay
4018:
4017:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4007:
4005:
4003:
3999:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3945:
3941:
3938:
3934:
3933:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3903:
3901:
3899:
3898:Austroasiatic
3895:
3892:
3886:
3882:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3858:
3856:
3852:
3846:
3845:Southern Thai
3843:
3842:
3840:
3836:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3814:Northern Thai
3812:
3811:
3809:
3805:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3790:
3788:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3775:
3769:
3766:
3765:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3737:
3732:
3730:
3725:
3723:
3718:
3717:
3714:
3702:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3692:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3668:
3666:
3664:
3660:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3630:
3628:
3626:
3622:
3619:
3615:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3577:
3573:
3563:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3555:
3551:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3526:
3524:
3522:
3518:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3449:
3445:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3410:
3408:
3406:
3405:Austroasiatic
3402:
3399:
3397:
3393:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3343:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3299:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3286:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3242:
3238:
3232:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3224:
3220:
3213:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3205:
3201:
3195:
3192:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3160:
3156:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3137:
3133:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3098:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3039:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3026:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3006:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2943:
2939:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2901:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2863:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2807:
2804:
2801:
2794:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2778:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2746:
2741:
2739:
2734:
2732:
2727:
2726:
2723:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2696:Shan Alphabet
2694:
2691:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2662:
2659:
2656:
2653:
2650:
2647:
2644:
2641:
2638:
2635:
2632:
2628:
2625:
2622:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2612:974-9575-50-4
2609:
2605:
2601:
2600:
2596:
2580:
2576:
2570:
2567:
2561:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2543:
2535:
2532:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2504:
2501:
2497:
2491:
2488:
2483:
2477:
2474:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2450:
2446:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2431:
2423:
2416:
2414:
2409:
2408:
2404:
2402:
2397:
2396:
2392:
2390:
2385:
2384:
2380:
2378:
2373:
2372:
2368:
2366:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2351:
2346:
2345:
2341:
2339:
2334:
2333:
2329:
2327:
2322:
2321:
2317:
2315:
2310:
2309:
2305:
2303:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2288:
2283:
2282:
2278:
2276:
2271:
2270:
2266:
2264:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2252:
2247:
2246:
2242:
2240:
2235:
2234:
2230:
2228:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2195:
2193:
2184:
2183:water buffalo
2177:
2175:
2168:
2166:
2159:
2157:
2150:
2148:
2141:
2139:
2132:
2131:
2130:
2127:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2076:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1995:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1944:
1936:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1917:
1909:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1747:
1746:
1740:
1735:
1732:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1712:
1703:
1700:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1679:
1676:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1660:
1654:
1651:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1630:
1627:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1611:
1606:
1603:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1553:
1545:
1543:
1539:
1527:
1520:
1515:
1514:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1497:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1460:
1454:
1444:
1441:
1435:
1432:
1426:
1423:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1403:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1387:
1379:
1374:
1366:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1335:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1312:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1295:
1290:
1281:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1266:
1258:
1253:
1251:
1243:
1238:
1230:
1225:
1222:
1218:
1217:
1208:
1203:
1195:
1190:
1182:
1177:
1169:
1164:
1156:
1151:
1148:
1144:
1142:
1138:
1135:
1127:
1122:
1114:
1109:
1101:
1096:
1088:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1059:
1055:
1053:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1016:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
986:Salween River
983:
979:
975:
967:
963:
959:
956:
952:
948:
945:
941:
940:
939:
937:
933:
907:
899:
891:
874:
872:
868:
864:
860:
855:
852:
844:
838:
827:
823:
819:
815:
804:
795:
779:
768:
767:phasa tai yai
764:
760:
753:Shan language
740:
729:
725:
722:, literally "
720:
709:
705:
704:Northern Thai
701:
697:
686:
677:
661:
650:
646:
645:Southern Thai
642:
638:
635:
631:
619:
614:
601:
597:
593:
589:
578:
569:
554:
543:
539:
538:
537:
535:
531:
530:Tai languages
523:
521:
518:
514:
513:
507:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
444:Shan language
438:
434:
429:
421:
417:
413:
409:
407:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
369:
363:
359:
355:
353:
352:
347:
343:
339:
336:
331:
326:
321:
318:
313:
308:
304:
292:
284:
279:
275:
274:Shan alphabet
271:
268:
264:
258:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
212:
211:
210:
194:
191:
190:
188:
187:
186:
183:
182:
181:
178:
177:
176:
172:
168:
162:
158:
152:
149:
145:
141:
138:
134:
131:
128:
124:
121:
118:
114:
108:
102:
94:
88:
84:
82:Pronunciation
80:
75:
63:
52:
47:
42:
37:
33:
19:
5167:
5154:
5147:
5140:
5133:
5126:
5100:
5076:Hezhang Buyi
5064:
4847:
4840:
4790:
4784:Northwestern
4774:Southwestern
4749:Myang Zhuang
4744:Pyang Zhuang
4670:Hezhang Buyi
4156:Northern Pwo
4086:Sino-Tibetan
4002:Austronesian
3865:
3854:Northwestern
3538:
3448:Sino-Tibetan
3306:Khiamniungan
3038:Sino-Tibetan
2666:
2660:
2654:
2648:
2642:
2636:
2626:
2616:
2603:
2582:. Retrieved
2578:
2569:
2560:10356/106030
2541:
2534:
2522:. Retrieved
2517:
2513:
2503:
2495:
2490:
2476:
2459:
2433:
2427:
2187:
2182:
2173:
2164:
2155:
2146:
2137:
2128:
2080:
2068:
2043:
2018:
1993:
1943:glottal stop
1940:
1915:
1887:
1864:
1841:
1818:
1795:
1751:
1658:(not marked)
1565:
1549:
1540:
1537:,,;,,,,;,,;,
1535:
1458:
1443:
1434:
1425:
1020:
994:Kachin State
971:
934:
905:
897:
889:
875:
871:Chinese Shan
856:
848:
825:
802:
766:
727:
707:
684:
648:
617:
599:
576:
541:
527:
510:
508:
499:
495:
443:
441:
403:
365:
349:
192:
185:Southwestern
4901:Chiang Saen
4811:Tai Hongjin
4739:Yang Zhuang
4724:Nong Zhuang
4171:S'gaw Karen
4099:Eastern Pwo
4053:Urak Lawoi’
4035:Satun Malay
3807:Chiang Saen
3778:Other Thais
3576:Tanintharyi
3352:Akyaung Ari
3194:S’gaw Karen
3015:Anu-Hkongso
2579:sealang.net
1888:aunt, uncle
1865:paddy field
1825:mid-falling
1596:rising (24)
1585:Description
1579:Description
1354:Approximant
1147:unaspirated
949:Southern —
942:Northern —
803:phasa ngiao
685:phasa ngiao
600:hram: bhasa
448:Shan people
380:instead of
270:Mon–Burmese
5185:Categories
5156:Proto-Hlai
4859:Lao–Phutai
4734:Min Zhuang
4729:Dai Zhuang
4675:Yei Zhuang
4567:Changjiang
4444:(Naxi Yao)
4063:Hmong-Mien
3992:Vietnamese
3786:Lao–Phutai
3653:Vietnamese
3562:Hmong Njua
3554:Hmong–Mien
3471:Geko Karen
3372:Long Phuri
3214:(Taungtha)
3172:Geba Karen
2879:Hakha Chin
2520:(1): 30–62
2461:Ethnologue
2440:References
2093:, and the
1017:Consonants
996:, such as
960:Eastern —
955:Shan State
924:. Initial
851:Shan State
792:big/great
772:ພາສາໄທໃຫຍ່
690:ภาษาเงี้ยว
674:big/great
654:ภาษาไทใหญ่
512:Ethnologue
452:Shan State
433:Shan State
130:Shan State
5170:indicate
5142:Proto-Tai
5135:Proto-Kra
5021:Tai Khang
5016:Tai Thanh
4964:Thai Song
4924:Tai Meuay
4919:Tai Daeng
4910:(Siamese)
4821:Tai Laing
4764:Tsʻün-Lao
4161:Phrae Pwo
4134:Hainanese
4114:Cantonese
3838:Sukhothai
3829:Thai Song
3750:Languages
3264:Mro-Khimi
3167:Bwe Karen
3122:Tai Laing
2819:Kuki-Chin
2424:Resources
1669:high (55)
1550:Shan has
1272:Fricative
1221:aspirated
1012:Phonology
998:Tai Laing
904:(written
896:(written
888:(written
728:kam ngiao
606:ရှမ်းဘာသာ
547:ၵႂၢမ်းတႆး
504:Tachileik
484:Meghalaya
351:Glottolog
335:ISO 639-3
317:ISO 639-2
232:Tai Laing
136:Ethnicity
62:kwáam tái
56:ၵႂၢမ်းတႆး
4978:Southern
4871:Phu Thai
4836:Khamyang
4806:Tai Long
4801:Tai Nuea
4652:Northern
4437:Cao Miao
4248:Japanese
3972:Nyah Kur
3937:Northern
3885:Minority
3798:Phu Thai
3754:Thailand
3676:Japanese
3544:Tai Nuea
3382:Tangkhul
3274:Rohingya
2990:Thaiphum
2942:Southern
2922:Senthang
2828:Northern
2524:21 April
2216:Meaning
2196:Pronouns
2083:syllable
1970:English
1964:Phonetic
1961:Phonemic
1880:/nâ̰(ː)/
1774:English
1754:phonemic
1620:low (11)
1552:phonemic
1058:Alveolo-
1052:Alveolar
982:Mong Mao
978:Kengtung
962:Kengtung
951:Taunggyi
912:becomes
878:/k/,/kʰ/
845:Dialects
826:kam ngio
808:ພາສາງ້ຽວ
796:language
733:กำเงี้ยว
678:language
634:Thailand
582:လိၵ်ႈတႆး
570:language
542:kwam tai
500:Tai Long
472:Cambodia
386:Help:IPA
358:shan1277
247:Khamyang
222:Tai Nuea
208:Dialects
68:လိၵ်ႈတႆး
5168:Italics
5109:Kam–Tai
5086:Cao Lan
5050:Cao Lan
4994:(other)
4969:Tày Tac
4949:Tai Dam
4939:Tai Lue
4929:Tai Dón
4892:Kaloeng
4887:Lao Nyo
4716:Central
4706:Tai Pao
4644:, etc.)
4582:Yuanmen
4552:Baoting
4542:Tongzha
4473:Ai-Cham
4458:Chadong
4418:Kam–Sui
4243:English
4220:Russian
4215:Punjabi
4205:Burmese
4139:Hokchew
4129:Hokkien
4119:Teochew
4109:Sinitic
4076:Iu Mien
3987:Thavung
3982:Ten'edn
3977:Palaung
3944:Western
3871:Tai Nüa
3671:English
3648:Russian
3643:Punjabi
3633:Burmese
3604:Tavoyan
3534:Tai Lue
3521:Kra–Dai
3506:Taungyo
3496:Padaung
3433:Tai Loi
3423:Palaung
3316:Leinong
3289:Sagaing
3249:Rakhine
3241:Rakhine
3187:Western
3182:Eastern
3149:Karenni
3117:Palaung
3071:Lhao Vo
2995:Welaung
2980:Songlai
2866:Central
2787:English
2771:English
2766:Burmese
2584:Apr 27,
2399:ၶဝ်ၸဝ်ႈ
2296:second
2285:ႁဝ်းၶႃႈ
2208:Pronoun
2180:/kwáːi/
2162:/kwaːŋ/
1756:tones:
1505:/ə/~/ɤ/
1488:/ɨ/~/ɯ/
1471:Central
1393:Lateral
1141:Plosive
1073:Glottal
1063:Palatal
859:Burmese
786:
747:
708:kam tai
668:
596:Burmese
577:lik tai
561:
534:Burmese
496:Tai Yai
476:Vietnam
456:Myanmar
382:Unicode
303:Myanmar
175:Kra–Dai
120:Myanmar
74:līk tái
49:Tai Yai
5091:Jiamao
4883:(Nyaw)
4881:Tai Yo
4849:Turung
4816:Khamti
4796:Tai Ya
4777:(Thai)
4697:(Nyaw)
4695:Tai Yo
4665:Bouyei
4642:Zhuang
4627:Jizhao
4614:Jizhao
4600:Jiamao
4592:Jiamao
4577:Baisha
4572:Moyfaw
4547:Zandui
4537:Lauhut
4527:Bouhin
4509:Lakkia
4501:Lakkia
4453:Maonan
4433:(Dong)
4361:Qabiao
4351:Buyang
4253:Korean
4048:Moklen
3962:Mlabri
3952:Kintaq
3926:Kensiu
3819:Tai Lü
3681:Korean
3594:Moklen
3367:Makury
3336:Tangsa
3321:Makyam
3311:Konyak
3254:Chakma
3212:Rungtu
3204:Magway
3107:Khamti
3086:Rawang
3061:Jingpo
3046:Achang
3029:Kachin
2970:Nga La
2927:Zotung
2904:Maraic
2851:Thadou
2610:
2411:ပိူၼ်ႈ
2359:third
2348:သူၸဝ်ႈ
2221:first
2204:Person
2153:/kwàː/
2147:market
2144:/kàːt/
2122:, and
2059:/lāːk/
2034:/làːk/
2009:/la̰k/
2000:creaky
1834:/nà̱ː/
1779:rising
1047:Dental
1042:Labial
1002:Khamti
1000:, and
944:Lashio
900:) and
831:ᦅᧄᦇᦲᧁᧉ
822:Tai Lü
630:exonym
624:သျှမ်း
618:hsyam:
464:Yunnan
300:
252:Turung
227:Khamti
126:Region
5041:mixed
5006:Pa Di
4959:Phuan
4831:Aiton
4826:Phake
4562:Nadou
4532:Ha Em
4442:Nuoxi
4426:Mulam
4399:Telue
4394:Hagei
4389:Mulao
4379:Vandu
4371:Gelao
4341:Lachi
4210:Hindi
4176:Ugong
4146:Nuosu
4124:Hakka
4071:Hmong
4043:Moken
4015:Malay
3931:Khmer
3921:Jahai
3916:Chung
3911:Chong
3824:Phuan
3638:Hindi
3599:S’gaw
3589:Moken
3584:Malay
3481:Lahta
3476:Intha
3428:Riang
3418:Danau
3413:Blang
3345:Other
3326:Ponyo
3259:Laitu
3159:Kayin
3144:Kayaw
3136:Kayah
3100:Other
3091:Zaiwa
3066:Lashi
3051:Drung
3008:Other
2985:Sumtu
2965:Kʼchò
2960:Khumi
2955:Kaang
2932:Zyphe
2912:Lautu
2889:Ngawn
2846:Tedim
2841:Siyin
2836:Falam
2324:ၶိူဝ်
2178:CGVV
2171:/kǎi/
2165:broad
2160:CGVC
2156:to go
2095:rhyme
2091:glide
2087:onset
2065:laak;
2054:လၢၵ်ႈ
2040:laak,
2029:လၢၵ်ႇ
2019:steal
1984:/lák/
1903:/nāː/
1857:/náː/
1811:/nàː/
1796:thick
1788:/nǎː/
1556:tones
1546:Tones
1466:Front
1324:Trill
1080:Nasal
1068:Velar
894:/tʃʰ/
524:Names
480:Assam
474:, in
470:, in
466:, in
462:, in
242:Phake
237:Aiton
5026:Kuan
5001:Sapa
4954:Khün
4944:Yong
4908:Thai
4876:Isan
4842:Ahom
4791:Shan
4754:Nùng
4690:Saek
4519:Hlai
4491:Biao
4483:Biao
4448:Then
4384:A'ou
4346:Paha
4336:Laha
4104:Lisu
4094:Akha
4010:Cham
3866:Shan
3861:Khün
3793:Isan
3768:Thai
3539:Shan
3529:Khün
3501:Pyen
3491:Pa’o
3486:Lahu
3466:Danu
3461:Akha
3456:Akeu
3396:Shan
3377:Para
3362:Koki
3357:Anal
3112:Nùng
3081:Nusu
3076:Lisu
3056:Hpon
2950:Daai
2917:Mara
2894:Tawr
2884:Mizo
2874:Bawm
2810:Chin
2798:(by
2608:ISBN
2586:2020
2526:2023
2456:Shan
2363:မၼ်း
2312:ၸဝ်ႈ
2300:မႂ်း
2273:ႁဝ်း
2169:CVV
2151:CGV
2142:CVC
2138:also
2135:/kɔ/
2081:The
2069:drag
2015:lak.
2004:လၵ်ႉ
1994:post
1990:lak:
1979:လၵ်း
1975:high
1958:Shan
1955:Tone
1945:and
1848:high
1842:face
1819:very
1765:Shan
1762:Tone
1524:/aː/
1476:Back
1031:Isan
1025:and
1023:Thai
990:Laos
974:Khün
930:/pʰ/
902:/mj/
886:/tʃ/
880:and
865:and
783:lit.
744:lit.
713:กำไต
665:lit.
643:and
641:Thai
558:lit.
532:and
492:Thai
482:and
468:Laos
442:The
217:Khün
193:Shan
148:Kula
140:Shan
44:Shan
4866:Lao
4759:Tày
4701:Yoy
4637:Tai
4557:Cun
4468:Mak
4463:Sui
4431:Kam
4404:Qau
4328:Kra
4151:Mpi
3967:Mon
3957:Kuy
3906:Bru
3752:of
3331:Sak
3298:Sal
3279:Sak
3269:Mru
3231:Mon
3223:Mon
3177:Pwo
2975:Shö
2555:hdl
2547:doi
2458:at
2387:ၶဝ်
2261:ႁႃး
2249:ၶႃႈ
2225:ၵဝ်
2212:IPA
2190:/ə/
2174:far
2133:CV
2124:/ʔ/
2120:/p/
2116:/t/
2112:/k/
2108:/m/
2104:/n/
2100:/ŋ/
2050:mid
2025:low
1907:na-
1898:ၼႃႊ
1884:na.
1875:ၼႃႉ
1861:na:
1852:ၼႃး
1838:na;
1829:ၼႃႈ
1815:na,
1806:ၼႃႇ
1802:low
1768:IPA
1741:a-
1725:˧˦˧
1713:a.
1697:˦˨ˀ
1685:a:
1661:a;
1636:a,
1582:IPA
1576:No.
1529:/ɔ/
1522:/a/
1517:/ɛ/
1510:/o/
1500:/e/
1493:/u/
1483:/i/
1027:Lao
926:/f/
922:/w/
918:/m/
914:/l/
910:/n/
898:khy
892:),
882:/m/
867:Lao
820:In
794:Tai
763:Lao
761:In
742:),
724:Tai
702:In
676:Tai
639:In
594:In
568:Tai
536:.
498:or
368:IPA
342:shn
325:shn
180:Tai
144:Dai
65:),
34:or
5187::
4622:Be
4610:Be
4356:En
3438:Wa
2856:Zo
2629:.
2619:.
2577:.
2553:.
2518:23
2516:.
2512:.
2448:^
2375:ၶႃ
2336:သူ
2237:တူ
2192:.
2126:.
2118:,
2114:,
2110:,
2106:,
2102:,
1792:na
1783:ၼႃ
1737:a᷈
1727:/
1709:â̰
1707:,
1705:âʔ
1648:˧˨
1600:˨˦
1257:kʰ
1242:tʰ
1229:pʰ
1181:tɕ
1008:.
932:.
906:my
890:ky
840:).
834:,
817:).
811:,
781:,
775:,
758:).
736:,
716:,
693:,
663:,
657:,
636:).
610:,
591:).
585:,
556:,
550:,
506:.
454:,
146:,
142:,
5081:E
5069:)
5063:(
5043:)
5039:(
4685:E
4640:(
4612:–
4312:e
4305:t
4298:v
3735:e
3728:t
3721:v
2802:)
2744:e
2737:t
2730:v
2692:)
2588:.
2563:.
2557::
2549::
2528:.
2484:.
1729:˧
1718:6
1690:5
1681:á
1673:˥
1666:4
1656:a
1641:3
1632:à
1624:˩
1617:2
1608:ǎ
1593:1
1408:လ
1404:/
1402:l
1400:/
1384:ဝ
1380:/
1378:w
1376:/
1371:ယ
1367:/
1365:j
1363:/
1341:ရ
1338:)
1336:/
1334:r
1332:/
1330:(
1317:ႁ
1313:/
1311:h
1309:/
1300:သ
1296:/
1294:s
1292:/
1287:ၾ
1284:)
1282:/
1280:f
1278:/
1276:(
1263:ၶ
1259:/
1255:/
1248:ထ
1244:/
1240:/
1235:ၽ
1231:/
1227:/
1213:ဢ
1209:/
1207:ʔ
1205:/
1200:ၵ
1196:/
1194:k
1192:/
1187:ၸ
1183:/
1179:/
1174:တ
1170:/
1168:t
1166:/
1161:ပ
1157:/
1155:p
1153:/
1132:င
1128:/
1126:ŋ
1124:/
1119:ၺ
1115:/
1113:ɲ
1111:/
1106:ၼ
1102:/
1100:n
1098:/
1093:မ
1089:/
1087:m
1085:/
1060:)
1056:(
1049:/
1029:(
828:(
805:(
799:'
789:'
769:(
756:'
750:'
730:(
710:(
687:(
681:'
671:'
651:(
620:(
602:(
579:(
573:'
564:'
544:(
422:.
408:.
388:.
276:)
272:(
77:)
71:(
59:(
38:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.