676:
429:
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667:, and enough space for heat to dissipate in order to keep the enclosure between 70 °F (21 °C) and 75 °F (24 °C). 5 centimetres (2.0 in) of substrate at the bottom of the enclosure is generally sufficient to allow for burrowing and also serves as a method to retain water in order to keep the humidity above 75%. Tailless whip scorpions live anywhere between 5–10 years. Feeding can include small insects such as crickets, mealworms, and roaches.
155:
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Amblypygids have eight legs, but use only six for walking, often in a crab-like, sideways fashion. The front pair of legs are modified for use as antennae-like feelers, with many fine segments giving the appearance of a "whip". When a suitable prey is located with the antenniform legs, the amblypygid
602:
The amblypygid diet mostly consists of arthropod prey, but these opportunistic predators have also been observed feeding on vertebrates. Amblypygids generally do not feed for a period of time before, during, and after molting. Like other arachnids, an amblypygid will molt several times during its
598:
suggests that mother amblypygids communicate with their young with her antenniform front legs, and the offspring reciprocate both with their mother and siblings. The ultimate function of this social behavior remains unknown. Amblypygids hold territories that they defend from other individuals.
511:
also show their exoskeleton is enriched with several trace elements, including calcium, magnesium, manganese, potassium, sodium, and zinc, which tends to accumulate as the individual gets older. The same trace elements are also present in the exoskeleton of the other members of
487:. The pedipalps are generally covered in spines, used for impaling and capturing prey. They are kept folded in front of the prosoma when not in use. Recent work suggests that the pedipalps display sexual dimorphism in their size and shape.
490:
Pedipalp anatomy varies strongly with species, with configurations often conforming to a particular style of prey capture. The pedipalps of some genera such as
Euphrynicus are extremely long, and free of spines until near the extreme
1456:
1792:
467:
The first pair of legs act as sensory organs and are not used for walking. The sensory legs are very thin and elongated, have numerous sensory receptors, and can extend several times the length of the body.
394:
regions worldwide, mainly in warm and humid environments. They like to stay protected and hidden within leaf litter, caves, or underneath bark. Some species are subterranean; all are
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567:, which have one or more sperm masses at the tip, onto the ground, and using his pedipalps to guide the female over them. She gathers the sperm and lays fertilized
2518:
548:
then work to grind and chew the prey prior to ingestion. The tailless whip scorpion may go for over a month in which no food is eaten. Often this is due to pre-
1793:"Systematic Revision of the Whip Spider Family Paracharontidae (Arachnida: Amblypygi) with Description of a New Troglobitic Genus and Species from Colombia"
1508:
1864:
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552:. Due to the lack of venom the tailless whip scorpion is very nervous in temperament, retreating away if any dangerous threat is sensed by the animal.
663:. Tailless whip scorpions are kept in tall enclosures with arboreal climbing surfaces to allow for two things: enough vertical space for climbing and
1730:
Engel, M.S.; Grimaldi, D.A. (2014). "Whipspiders (Arachnida: Amblypygi) in amber from the Early Eocene and mid-Cretaceous, including maternal care".
2466:
460:
Amblypygids range from 5 to 16 centimetres (2.0 to 6.3 in) in legspan. Most species have eight eyes; a pair of median eyes at the front of the
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541:, impaling and immobilizing the prey. This is typically done while climbing the side of a vertical surface and looking downward at their prey.
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or vinegaroons that belong to the related order
Thelyphonida. The name "amblypygid" means "blunt tail", a reference to a lack of the
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1446:
Whip spiders (Amblypygi) become water-repellent by a colloidal secretion that self-assembles into hierarchical microstructures
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579:. When the young hatch, they climb up onto the mother's back; any which fall off before their first molt will not survive.
1703:
Catalogue of the smaller arachnid orders of the world: Amblypygi, Uropygi, Schizomida, Palpigradi, Ricinulei and
Solifugae
1313:
1581:
Chapin KJ; Hill-Lindsay S (2015). "Territoriality evidenced by asymmetric intruder-holder motivation in an amblypygid".
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1407:"Sexual dimorphism in the size and shape of the raptorial pedipalps of Giant Whip Spiders (Arachnida: Amblypygi)"
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As of 2023, 5 families, 17 genera, and around 260 species had been discovered and described. They are found in
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Elemental enrichment of the exoskeleton of the whip spider
Phrynus marginemaculatus (Arachnida: Amblypygi)
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Breeding the world's largest living arachnid: amblypygid biology, natural history, and captive husbandry
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457:. Their bodies are broad and highly flattened, with a solid prosoma and a segmented opisthosoma.
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594:, may be among the few examples of arachnids that exhibit social behavior. Research conducted at
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149:
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1509:"Spermatophores and the evolution of female genitalia in whip spiders (Chelicerata, Amblypygi)"
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life. Molting is done while hanging from the underside of a horizontal surface in order to use
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above the chelicerae and 2 smaller clusters of three eyes each further back on each side.
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Moreno-González, Jairo A.; Gutierrez-Estrada, Miguel; Prendini, Lorenzo (2023-06-28).
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Garwood, Russell J.; Dunlop, Jason A.; Knecht, Brian J.; Hegna, Thomas A. (2017).
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1931:
1544:"Social Behavior in Amblypygids, and a Reassessment of Arachnid Social Patterns"
1353:
Whip
Spiders (Chelicerata: Amblypygi): Their Biology, Morphology and Systematics
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Whip spiders are covered with a layer of a solidified secretion that forms a
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1673:"Tailless Whip Scorpion: Facts, Lifespan, Care, Feeding, & Breeding"
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572:
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1754:"Systematics of the Coal Measures whip spiders (Arachnida: Amblypygi)"
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modified for grabbing and retaining prey, much like the forelegs of
1875:
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674:
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379:. They rarely bite if threatened but can grab fingers with their
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that is otherwise seen in whip scorpions. Amblypygids possess no
2219:
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2316:
2276:
1944:
1879:
1867:
summarizing research from
University of Nebraska's Eben Gering
616:
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to assist in separating the old exoskeleton from the animal.
2432:
1486:
10.1636/0161-8202(2003)031[0154:FBIAGW]2.0.CO;2
441:
Being arachnids, Amblypygi possess two body segments; the
1202:. version 1.0. Western Australian Museum. Archived from
734:
Moreno-González, Gutierrez-Estrada, & Prendini, 2023
758:(2 species, Upper Carboniferous Europe, North America)
537:
seizes its victim with large spines on the grasping
262:
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2133:
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2070:
2045:
2014:
1987:
1976:
1955:
1405:McLean, C.J.; Garwood, R.J.; Brassey, C.A. (2019).
559:Comparing the front and back legs of an amblypygid
615:Several genera of Amblypygi are sold and kept as
453:and abdomen), four pairs of legs, pedipalps, and
1109:(1 species, Upper Carboniferous, North America)
1097:(1 species, Upper Carboniferous, North America)
906:(1 species, Burmese amber, Myanmar, Cretaceous)
827:Miranda, Giupponi, Prendini & Scharff, 2018
563:Courtship involves the male depositing stalked
402:amblypygids have been found dating back to the
1891:
1871:Amblypygi. The Antillean (West Indian) fauna.
1468:Ladle, Richard J.; Velander, Kathryn (2003).
1126:
1124:
383:, resulting in thorn-like puncture injuries.
8:
1284:. Greenville, Ohio: Coachwhip Publications.
2313:
2273:
2174:
2139:
2076:
2051:
1984:
1952:
1941:
1898:
1884:
1876:
582:Some species of amblypygids, particularly
432:Parts of an amblypygid, from Pocock (1900)
303:
132:
38:
1470:"Fishing behavior in a giant whip spider"
1422:
1166:
1156:
1627:"Tail-less Whip Scorpion - Damon medius"
1307:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1120:
2593:Extant Pennsylvanian first appearances
1133:"The phylogeny of fossil whip spiders"
1747:
1745:
699:The following genera are recognised:
7:
2459:fc6c764f-9e2c-492e-bf21-7d694b911d89
1275:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1648:"Tailless Whip Scorpion Care Sheet"
1314:"Behavioral ecology of amblypygids"
1232:. Natural History Museum Bern. 2023
736:(1 species, northern South America)
25:
1257:Fauna of British India. Arachnida
2257:are possibly paraphyletic groups
1852:
1837:
1067:(28 species, Oligocene - Recent)
153:
1752:Dunlop, Jason A. (2018-03-01).
1312:Chapin, KJ; Hebets, EA (2016).
1760:. In honor of Peter Weygoldt.
1542:Rayor, Linda (December 2017).
509:spotted tailless whip scorpion
1:
571:into a sac carried under the
2248:Classification is based on
1732:Novitates Paleoentomologicae
1597:10.1016/j.beproc.2015.11.014
1524:(1): 103–116. Archived from
449:, (often referred to as the
2108:(shorttailed whipscorpions)
1382:Holt-Saunders International
887:Engel & Grimaldi, 2014
2629:
1474:The Journal of Arachnology
1028:Dunlop & Martill, 2002
876:Engel & Grimaldi, 2014
778:Engel & Grimaldi, 2014
363:, not to be confused with
29:
2283:
2272:
2244:
2142:
2086:(tailless whip scorpions)
2079:
2054:
1951:
1940:
1914:
1797:American Museum Novitates
1770:10.1016/j.jcz.2017.11.004
1496:– via ResearchGate.
1376:Robert D. Barnes (1982).
1226:"World Amblypygi Catalog"
1200:Whip spiders of the World
1158:10.1186/s12862-017-0931-1
318:
311:
302:
249:
242:
150:Scientific classification
148:
140:
131:
41:
1351:Weygoldt, Peter (2000).
1280:McMonigle, Orin (2013).
1137:BMC Evolutionary Biology
725:(1 species, West Africa)
585:Phrynus marginemaculatus
507:coating. Studies on the
30:Not to be confused with
2598:Carboniferous arachnids
1697:Mark S. Harvey (2003).
1507:Peter Weygoldt (1999).
1230:World Amblypygi Catalog
361:tailless whip scorpions
1548:Journal of Arachnology
1517:Journal of Arachnology
1318:Journal of Arachnology
893:, Myanmar, Cretaceous)
696:
680:
560:
533:
495:end of the appendage.
433:
425:
18:Tailless whip scorpion
2545:Paleobiology Database
1967:(microwhip scorpions)
1758:Zoologischer Anzeiger
1584:Behavioural Processes
1190:Harvey, M.S. (2013).
1034:, Brazil, Cretaceous)
686:
679:An amblypygid molting
678:
558:
532:mother carrying young
527:
431:
423:
2454:Fauna Europaea (new)
2149:(hooded tickspiders)
1384:. pp. 617–619.
1380:. Philadelphia, PA:
1378:Invertebrate Zoology
1206:on 23 September 2024
404:Carboniferous period
1629:. exotic-pets.co.uk
1149:2017BMCEE..17..105G
424:Detail of pedipalps
32:Ariamnes colubrinus
2613:Cenozoic arachnids
2608:Mesozoic arachnids
2022:Pseudoscorpionida
1411:Journal of Zoology
1107:Petrunkevich, 1913
984:Mello-Leitão, 1935
697:
681:
596:Cornell University
561:
534:
434:
426:
27:Order of arachnids
2603:Permian arachnids
2570:
2569:
2532:Open Tree of Life
2319:Taxon identifiers
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2306:
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2210:Opilioacariformes
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2087:
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2025:
2024:(pseudoscorpions)
2006:
1998:
1968:
1845:Arthropods portal
1716:978-0-643-06805-6
1709:. pp. 3–58.
1699:"Order Amblypygi"
1424:10.1111/jzo.12726
1291:978-1-61646-183-6
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505:super-hydrophobic
476:Amblypygids have
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16:(Redirected from
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1996:
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1865:Amblypigid video
1857:Data related to
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1825:
1824:
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1707:CSIRO Publishing
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1677:AllPetsDirectory
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1355:. Apollo Books.
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703:Palaeoamblypygi
689:Damon johnstonii
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45:Temporal range:
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2032:(camel spiders)
2010:
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1554:(12): 399–421.
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1032:Crato Formation
1016:Kraepelin, 1899
1006:Blanchard, 1852
911:Blanchard, 1852
873:Unidistitarsata
774:Paracharonopsis
710:Paracharontidae
673:
642:, Euphrynichus,
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258:Paracharontidae
253:Palaeoamblypygi
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2255:Items in green
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2202:Parasitiformes
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2192:Trombidiformes
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2187:Sarcoptiformes
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2167:(ticks, mites)
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2126:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2119:
2111:
2102:
2100:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2089:
2080:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2064:
2055:
2049:
2047:Tetrapulmonata
2043:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2035:
2027:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2008:
2000:
1991:
1989:
1982:
1974:
1973:
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1970:
1961:
1959:
1957:Incertae sedis
1949:
1948:
1945:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1934:
1928:
1922:
1915:
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1911:
1905:
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1880:
1874:
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1868:
1862:
1861:at Wikispecies
1849:
1848:
1832:
1831:External links
1829:
1827:
1826:
1805:10.1206/4000.1
1799:(4000): 1–36.
1783:
1741:
1722:
1715:
1689:
1664:
1652:Reptile Centre
1639:
1618:
1573:
1534:
1531:on 2008-05-17.
1499:
1460:
1449:
1438:
1397:
1390:
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1243:
1217:
1182:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1112:
1111:
1110:
1098:
1091:Sorellophrynus
1082:Incertae sedis
1078:
1077:
1076:
1075:
1074:
1073:
1072:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1068:
1057:
1046:
1035:
1019:
1012:Acanthophrynus
1000:
999:
998:
995:Weygoldt, 1996
987:
976:
965:
962:Weygoldt, 1996
958:Phrynichodamon
954:
943:
940:Weygoldt, 1995
932:
907:
904:Hu et al. 2020
894:
870:
869:
868:
857:
836:Weygoldt, 1996
832:
831:
830:
819:
808:
795:Weygoldt, 1996
789:
767:Weygoldt, 1996
763:
762:
761:
760:
759:
742:Weygoldtinidae
739:
738:
737:
726:
713:Weygoldt, 1996
705:Weygoldt, 1996
672:
669:
622:Acanthophrynus
612:
609:
565:spermatophores
521:
518:
514:Tetrapulmonata
500:
497:
473:
470:
438:
435:
417:
414:
365:whip scorpions
355:also known as
340:
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2250:Shultz (2007)
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2157:
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2138:
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2118:
2116:(vinegaroons)
2112:
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2096:Thelyphonida
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1079:
1065:Lamarck, 1801
1063:
1062:
1058:
1052:
1051:
1047:
1041:
1040:
1039:Heterophrynus
1036:
1033:
1026:
1025:
1020:
1014:
1013:
1009:
1008:
1004:
1001:
993:
992:
988:
982:
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977:
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970:
966:
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948:
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938:
937:
933:
927:
926:
922:
921:
917:
914:
913:
908:
901:
900:
895:
892:
891:Burmese amber
885:
884:
879:
878:
874:
871:
863:
862:
858:
854:Thorell, 1889
852:
851:
847:
846:
842:
839:
838:
834:Neoamblypygi
833:
825:
824:
820:
814:
813:
809:
803:
802:
798:
797:
793:
790:
787:
783:
776:
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748:
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695:
691:
690:
685:
677:
670:
668:
666:
662:
658:
654:
653:
648:
647:
646:Heterophrynus
643:
641:
637:
635:
631:
629:
624:
623:
618:
610:
608:
606:
600:
597:
593:
592:
591:Damon diadema
587:
586:
580:
578:
574:
570:
566:
557:
553:
551:
547:
542:
540:
531:
530:Damon diadema
526:
519:
517:
515:
510:
506:
498:
496:
494:
488:
486:
482:
479:
471:
469:
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458:
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451:cephalothorax
448:
444:
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415:
413:
411:
410:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
384:
382:
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366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
334:
333:Petrunkevitch
329:
325:
320:
319:
317:
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182:
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172:
171:
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161:
156:
151:
147:
143:
142:Heterophrynus
139:
135:
130:
123:
118:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
62:
56:
52:
48:
40:
37:
33:
19:
2326:
2228:Mesostigmata
2097:
2083:
2015:Haplocnemata
1997:(harvestmen)
1988:Stomothecata
1796:
1786:
1761:
1757:
1735:
1731:
1725:
1702:
1692:
1680:. Retrieved
1676:
1667:
1657:December 27,
1655:. Retrieved
1651:
1642:
1631:. Retrieved
1621:
1588:
1582:
1576:
1551:
1547:
1537:
1526:the original
1521:
1515:
1502:
1477:
1473:
1463:
1452:
1441:
1417:(1): 45–54.
1414:
1410:
1400:
1377:
1371:
1352:
1346:
1321:
1317:
1281:
1256:
1246:
1234:. Retrieved
1229:
1220:
1210:23 September
1208:. Retrieved
1204:the original
1199:
1194:Thorell 1883
1185:
1140:
1136:
1103:Thelyphrynus
1101:
1095:Harvey, 2002
1089:
1080:
1059:
1056:(18 species)
1054:Moreno, 1940
1048:
1045:(14 species)
1043:Pocock, 1894
1037:
1030:(1 species;
1022:
1010:
989:
978:
975:(16 species)
973:Karsch, 1879
967:
956:
945:
936:Euphrynichus
934:
931:(10 species)
923:
916:Phrynichidae
897:
889:(1 species,
881:
865:Karsch, 1879
859:
848:
821:
818:(10 species)
810:
807:(33 species)
799:
782:Cambay amber
780:(1 species,
772:
765:Euamblypygi
756:Dunlop, 2018
750:
745:Dunlop, 2018
728:
723:Hansen, 1921
717:
698:
687:
660:
656:
650:
644:
638:
632:
626:
620:
614:
601:
589:
583:
581:
562:
544:Pincer-like
543:
535:
529:
502:
489:
475:
466:
459:
440:
407:
385:
360:
357:whip spiders
356:
344:
343:
330:Phrynichida
288:Phrynichidae
272:
252:
229:
213:
141:
36:
2480:iNaturalist
2351:Wikispecies
2215:Holothyrida
2179:Acariformes
2135:Acaromorpha
2106:Schizomida
2005:(scorpions)
2003:Scorpiones
1965:Palpigradi
1932:Chelicerata
1930:Subphylum:
1682:27 December
1591:: 110–115.
1480:: 154–156.
1324:(1): 1–14.
1252:R. I. Pocok
1192:"Amblypygi
1050:Paraphrynus
1018:(1 species)
997:(1 species)
991:Xerophrynus
986:(2 species)
980:Trichodamon
964:(1 species)
953:(1 species)
947:Musicodamon
942:(2 species)
919:Simon, 1900
909:Phrynoidea
899:Burmacharon
883:Kronocharon
867:(5 species)
856:(9 species)
844:Simon, 1892
841:Charontidae
829:(3 species)
816:Simon, 1892
805:Simon, 1892
752:Weygoldtina
694:West Africa
657:Paraphrynus
577:opisthosoma
499:Exoskeleton
447:opisthosoma
416:Description
409:Weygoldtina
392:subtropical
321:Phrynéides
283:Charontidae
273:Euamblypygi
197:Chelicerata
193:Subphylum:
59:315–0
2577:Categories
2147:Ricinulei
2084:Amblypygi
2030:Solifugae
1995:Opiliones
1926:Arthropoda
1633:2019-07-13
1362:8788757463
1143:(1): 105.
1116:References
1024:Britopygus
969:Phrynichus
951:Fage, 1939
823:Weygoldtia
792:Charinidae
719:Paracharon
661:Phrynichus
619:including
546:chelicerae
455:chelicerae
406:, such as
400:Fossilized
375:glands or
324:Walckenaer
278:Charinidae
187:Arthropoda
144:, Ecuador
47:Bashkirian
2588:Amblypygi
2371:Amblypygi
2357:Amblypygi
2327:Amblypygi
2288:Haptopoda
2072:Pedipalpi
2061:(spiders)
1979:Dromopoda
1907:Arachnida
1859:Amblypygi
1821:259275494
1813:0003-0082
1778:0044-5231
1764:: 14–22.
1433:0952-8369
1236:24 August
1003:Phrynidae
784:, India,
539:pedipalps
481:pedipalps
478:raptorial
472:Pedipalps
437:Body plan
396:nocturnal
381:pedipalps
369:flagellum
353:arachnids
345:Amblypygi
293:Phrynidae
230:Amblypygi
207:Arachnida
173:Kingdom:
167:Eukaryota
51:Moscovian
42:Amblypygi
2402:BugGuide
2378:BioLib:
2336:Wikidata
2220:Ixodida
2114:Uropygi
2059:Araneae
1924:Phylum:
1920:Animalia
1918:Kingdom
1613:37584495
1605:26616673
1568:34165769
1494:86012520
1338:29923727
1254:(1900).
1177:28431496
850:Catageus
801:Charinus
730:Jorottui
628:Charinus
520:Behavior
485:mantises
462:carapace
445:and the
388:tropical
313:Synonyms
244:Families
183:Phylum:
177:Animalia
163:Domain:
55:Holocene
2560:1769645
2278:Extinct
2222:(ticks)
1738:: 1–17.
1168:5399839
1145:Bibcode
1061:Phrynus
665:molting
652:Phrynus
611:As pets
605:gravity
573:abdomen
443:prosoma
235:Thorell
226:Order:
203:Class:
2557:uBio:
2550:272064
2537:751896
2511:690744
2342:Q19111
1946:Extant
1909:orders
1819:
1811:
1776:
1713:
1611:
1603:
1566:
1492:
1431:
1388:
1359:
1336:
1288:
1175:
1165:
861:Charon
786:Eocene
671:Genera
659:, and
634:Charon
493:distal
347:is an
335:, 1945
326:, 1837
237:, 1883
2524:61977
2498:10897
2493:IRMNG
2485:49722
2446:10624
2394:26063
2381:16787
2161:Acari
1817:S2CID
1609:S2CID
1564:S2CID
1529:(PDF)
1512:(PDF)
1490:S2CID
1334:S2CID
925:Damon
812:Sarax
692:from
640:Damon
575:, or
377:venom
349:order
214:Clade
2519:NCBI
2506:ITIS
2472:1160
2467:GBIF
2407:4603
2389:BOLD
2098:s.l.
1809:ISSN
1774:ISSN
1711:ISBN
1684:2019
1659:2019
1601:PMID
1429:ISSN
1386:ISBN
1357:ISBN
1286:ISBN
1238:2023
1212:2024
1173:PMID
617:pets
588:and
569:eggs
550:molt
390:and
373:silk
67:PreꞒ
2433:256
2428:EoL
2415:CoL
2366:AFD
1801:doi
1766:doi
1762:273
1593:doi
1589:122
1556:doi
1482:doi
1419:doi
1415:310
1326:doi
1163:PMC
1153:doi
359:or
351:of
2579::
2547::
2534::
2521::
2508::
2495::
2482::
2469::
2456::
2443::
2430::
2420:NV
2417::
2404::
2391::
2368::
2353::
2338::
1815:.
1807:.
1795:.
1772:.
1756:.
1744:^
1734:.
1705:.
1701:.
1675:.
1650:.
1607:.
1599:.
1587:.
1562:.
1552:31
1550:.
1546:.
1522:27
1520:.
1514:.
1488:.
1478:31
1476:.
1472:.
1427:.
1413:.
1409:.
1332:.
1322:44
1320:.
1316:.
1300:^
1266:^
1228:.
1198:.
1171:.
1161:.
1151:.
1141:17
1139:.
1135:.
1123:^
1100:†
1088:†
902:?
655:,
649:,
625:,
528:A
516:.
412:.
398:.
216::
117:Pg
61:Ma
1899:e
1892:t
1885:v
1823:.
1803::
1780:.
1768::
1736:9
1719:.
1686:.
1661:.
1636:.
1615:.
1595::
1570:.
1558::
1484::
1435:.
1421::
1394:.
1365:.
1340:.
1328::
1294:.
1260:.
1240:.
1214:.
1196:"
1179:.
1155::
1147::
1084::
1021:†
896:†
880:†
788:)
771:†
749:†
636:,
630:,
263:†
122:N
112:K
107:J
102:T
97:P
92:C
87:D
82:S
77:O
72:Ꞓ
53:–
49:/
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
