31:
594:
766:
484:
786:
214:
610:
277:
368:
747:
469:
161:
289:
230:
260:
301:
compressive strength might require more cement. But addition of more cement can affect the permeability of the walls. Indeed, properly constructed rammed earth endures for thousands of years, as many ancient structures that are still standing around the world demonstrate. Rammed earth walls are reinforced with rebars in areas of high
349:
Rammed earth can effectively regulate humidity if unclad walls containing clay are exposed to an internal space. Humidity is regulated between 40% and 60%. The material mass and clay content of rammed earth allows an edifice to breathe more than concrete edifices. This avoids problems of condensation
267:
The construction of an entire wall begins with a temporary frame, the "formwork", which is usually made of wood or plywood, as a mold for the desired shape and dimensions of each section of wall. The form must be durable and well braced, and the two opposing faces must be clamped together to prevent
672:
when the cost of modern construction materials decreased. Rammed earth is considered substandard, and is opposed by many contractors, engineers, and tradesmen. The prevailing perception that such materials and techniques perform poorly in regions prone to earthquakes has prevented their use in much
431:
for agriculture. When the soil excavated in preparation for a foundation can be used, the cost and energy consumption of transportation are minimal. Rammed earth is probably the least environmentally detrimental construction material and technique that is readily and commercially available today to
300:
of rammed earth is dictated by factors such as soil type, particle size distribution, amount of compaction, moisture content of the mix and type/amount of stabiliser used. Well-produced cement-stabilised rammed earth walls can be anywhere between 5 and 20 MPa (700 and 3,000 psi). Higher
641:
constructed experimental rammed-earth edifices with architect Thomas Hibben. The houses were inexpensively constructed and were sold to the public along with sufficient land for gardens and small plots for livestock. The project successfully provided homes to low-income families.
459:
can add significantly to the overall emissions of modern rammed earth construction. The most basic kind of traditional rammed earth has very low greenhouse gas emissions but the more engineered and processed variant of rammed earth has the potential for significant emissions.
268:
bulging or deformation caused by the large compressing forces. Formwork plays an important role in building rammed earth walls. Historically, wooden planks tied using rope were used to build walls. Modern builders use plywood and/or steel to build formwork.
742:
instructed project leaders to make do with what was available, including building rammed earth housing so that more resources could be directed to production. This policy came to be expressed through the slogan, "First build the factory and afterward
708:. The "Daqing Spirit" represented deep personal commitment in pursuing national goals, self-sufficient and frugal living, and urban-rural integrated land use. Daqing's urban-rural landscape was said to embody the ideal communist society described by
628:
extensively researched and constructed almost one hundred weathering walls of rammed earth. For over 30 years the college investigated the use of paints and plasters in relation to colloids in soil. In 1943, Clemson
Agricultural College of
404:
418:
Edifices of rammed earth are more sustainable and environmentally friendly than other building techniques that use more cement and other chemicals. Because rammed-earth edifices use locally available materials, they usually have low
446:
Mixing cement with the soil can counteract sustainable benefits such as low embodied energy because manufacture of the cement itself creates 1.25 tonnes of carbon dioxide per tonne of cement produced. Although it has low
206:, in batches or courses, so as to gradually erect the wall up to the top of the formwork. Tamping was historically manual with a long ramming pole by hand, but modern construction systems can employ
879:- This French institute provides training in earth construction techniques and in conjunction with UNESCO seeks to disseminate scientific and technical know-how on earthen architecture.
439:
Rammed earth can contribute to the overall energy efficiency of edifices: the density, thickness, and thermal conductivity of rammed earth render it an especially suitable material for
346:
panels within internal and external layers of rammed earth. Depending on the type and content of binder, it must also be protected from heavy rain and insulated with vapour barriers.
965:
543:
30:
432:
construct solid edifices. Rammed earth has potentially low manufacturing impact, contingent on the amount of cement and the amount that is locally sourced; it is often
566:. Six of the 27 dependencies and portions of the main house were constructed using this ancient technique which was introduced to this country in 1806 through the book
579:
375:
The thickness varies widely based on region and code. It can be as little as 6 inches (150 mm) for non load-bearing walls and up to 24 inches (600 mm) for
613:
738:
to develop strategic industries in China's rugged interior to prepare for potential invasion by the United States or Soviet Union, Planning
Commission Director
1326:
237:
After a wall is complete, it is sufficiently strong to immediately remove the formwork. This is necessary if a surface texture is to be applied, e.g., by
312:
observed in 1925 that rammed-earth structures endure indefinitely and can be constructed for less than two-thirds of the cost of standard frame houses.
280:
Detail of the surface of an eroded rammed-earth wall: apart from the patches of damage, the surface shows regular horizontal lines caused by the wooden
712:
because it eliminated (1) the gap between town and country, (2) the gap between workers and peasants, and (3) the gap between manual and mental labor.
995:
646:
638:
309:
361:, are not used by some people because they impair the ability of a wall to desorb moisture, which quality is necessary to preserve its strength.
633:
published the results of their research of rammed earth in a pamphlet titled "Rammed Earth
Building Construction". In 1936, on a homestead near
1499:
1076:
1440:
1408:
1372:
1202:
1107:
981:
330:, it absorbs heat during the day and releases heat at night. This action moderates daily temperature variations and reduces the need for
202:
to a depth of 10 to 25 cm (4 to 10 in) and then compacted to approximately 50% of its original volume. The soil is compacted
1036:
731:
promoted the use of rammed earth construction as a low-cost method which was indigenous to China and required little technical skill.
152:
The French term "pisé de terre" or "terre pisé" was sometimes used in
English for architectural uses, especially in the 19th century.
677:, for example, rammed earth edifices normally cannot be conventionally insured against damage or even be approved by the government.
1509:
750:
681:
315:
Rammed earth works require at least one skilled person for quality control. All other workers can be unskilled or semi-skilled.
1484:
917:
593:
1432:
1400:
1364:
1305:
1227:"National Register Properties in South Carolina: Borough House Plantation, Sumter County (SC Hwy 261, vicinity of Stateburg)"
662:
1504:
1253:"National Register Properties in South Carolina: Church of the Holy Cross, Sumter County (SC Hwy 261, Stateburg vicinity)"
1479:
1489:
551:
308:
Adding cement to soil mixtures low in clay can also increase the load-bearing capacity of rammed-earth edifices. The
1494:
1396:
861:
625:
1514:
1007:
715:
Drawing on the Daqing experience, China encouraged rammed earth construction in the mid-1960s. Starting in 1964,
617:
602:
562:
complex contains the oldest and largest collection of 'high style' pise de terre (rammed earth) buildings in the
547:
249:
700:
Rammed earth construction was both practically and ideologically important during the rapid construction of the
245:
of rammed earth increases as it cures. Cement-stabilised rammed earth is cured for a minimum period of 28 days.
866:
728:
723:, Mao urged that planners should avoid the use of Soviet-style prefabricated materials and instead embrace the
598:
559:
539:
448:
1282:. Clemson, South Carolina: The Clemson Agricultural College of South Carolina, Engineering Experiment Station.
938:
871:
658:
241:, carving, or mold impression, because the walls become too hard to work after approximately one hour. The
1427:
Meyskens, Covell F. (2022). "China's Cold War Motor City". In
Altehenger, Jennifer; Ho, Denise Y. (eds.).
848:
483:
433:
1474:
765:
443:
heating. Warmth requires almost 12 hours to be conducted through a wall 35 cm (14 in) thick.
966:"Farmers' Bulletin No. 1500: Rammed Earth Walls for Buildings - Rammed Earth Books - The Boden Hauser"
650:
297:
242:
785:
1252:
1148:
1084:
735:
634:
477:
253:
1259:. Columbia, South Carolina, USA: South Carolina Department of Archives and History. April 20, 2009
213:
412:
1194:
1188:
1044:
1001:
1436:
1404:
1368:
1208:
1198:
1011:
973:
720:
376:
203:
104:
89:
832:
758:
701:
685:
507:
503:
499:
331:
609:
276:
1226:
1193:. New Haven, CT, USA: Yale University Press and Beijing, China: New World Press. pp.
653:
to improve the engineering of rammed-earth houses. It also financed the authorship of the
420:
338:. In colder climates, rammed-earth walls can be insulated by inserting insulation such as
78:
17:
838:
821:
630:
452:
192:
86:
1468:
1233:. Columbia, SC, USA: South Carolina Department of Archives and History. 20 April 2009
689:
563:
531:
440:
384:
358:
354:
1459:
790:
669:
319:
248:
In modern rammed earth buildings, the walls are constructed on top of conventional
218:
188:, and stabilizer, if any, into a formwork (an externally supported frame or mold).
142:
108:
66:
624:
From the 1920s through the 1940s rammed-earth construction in the US was studied.
1359:
Roskam, Cole (2022). "The Brick". In
Altehenger, Jennifer; Ho, Denise Y. (eds.).
897:
364:
Blemishes can be repaired using the soil mixture as a plaster and sanded smooth.
925:
827:
724:
408:
367:
112:
35:
716:
583:
343:
302:
238:
119:
39:
1294:
1212:
1125:
1015:
977:
514:, dating to 5000 BCE. By 2000 BCE, rammed-earth architectural techniques (怯ć
292:
Surface of a newly built rammed earth wall just after the removal of formwork
69:
foundations, floors, and walls using compacted natural raw materials such as
746:
739:
709:
495:
388:
339:
207:
123:
100:
55:
680:
A notable example of 21st-century use of rammed earth is the façade of the
468:
164:
Traditional model of construction of a wall of rammed earth on a foundation
160:
1112:
Proceedings of the
Institution of Civil Engineers - Construction Materials
403:
1393:
Building for Oil: Daqing and the
Formation of the Chinese Socialist State
1000:
Betts, Morris
Cotgrave; Miller, Thomas Arrington Huntington (May 1937) .
964:
Betts, Morris
Cotgrave; Miller, Thomas Arrington Huntington (May 1937) .
876:
843:
794:
719:
advocated for a "mass design revolution movement". In the context of the
327:
281:
199:
138:
127:
43:
288:
1126:"Soils for Rammed Earth, Caliche Block, and Soil Material Construction"
939:"Rammed earth lecture theatre, Centre for Alternative Technology (CAT)"
856:
852:
798:
774:
754:
587:
428:
424:
392:
380:
335:
222:
146:
134:
824:, a very similar material that adds organic fiber to increase strength
770:
705:
575:
488:
456:
177:
130:
82:
259:
229:
118:
Edifices formed of rammed earth are found on every continent except
1327:"A Rammed-Earth Wall for the Ages at Nk'Mip Desert Cultural Centre"
1187:
Xujie, Liu; et al. (2002). Steinhardt, Nancy Shatzman (ed.).
835:, the architectural practice of using earth against building walls
816:
811:
784:
764:
745:
674:
608:
592:
519:
511:
482:
467:
402:
366:
323:
287:
275:
258:
228:
212:
159:
74:
51:
47:
29:
353:
Rammed-earth walls have the colour and texture of natural earth.
921:
185:
181:
173:
169:
70:
85:. It is an ancient method that has been revived recently as a
855:(and other natural additives) that can be utilized in normal
423:
and generate very little waste. The soils used are typically
1304:. No. 21 (1453 ed.). College Station, Texas, USA:
1108:"Humidity buffering using stabilised rammed earth materials"
789:
Rammed-earth walls form part of the entrance edifice of the
688:, Canada. As of 2014 it is the longest rammed earth wall in
538:
by S. W. Johnson. The technique was used to construct the
494:
Evidence of ancient use of rammed earth has been found in
168:
Making rammed earth involves compacting a damp mixture of
1460:
Rammed earth wall construction at Central Arizona College
1077:"A Traditional Research Paper: Rammed Earth Construction"
1293:
Wolfskill, Lyle A.; Dunlap, Wayne A.; Gallaway, Bob M.
727:
spirit of on-site construction using rammed earth. The
221:
house-building technique in the subtropical climate of
284:
and subtler horizontal strata from successive courses.
1280:"Bulletin No. 3: Rammed Earth Building Construction."
998:, Washington, DC, USA. An alternative version is at:
574:
An outstanding example of a rammed-earth edifice in
318:
One significant benefit of rammed earth is its high
233:
Old rammed-earth wall with deterioration, in France
530:In the 1800s, rammed earth was popularized in the
518:) were commonly used for walls and foundations in
502:, dating to the 9thâ7th millennium BC, and of the
371:A wall surface with oxide colour for visual appeal
1175:A Dictionary of Ancient Near Eastern Architecture
141:regions. The availability of suitable soil and a
556:
149:are two factors that make its use favourable.
1106:Allinson, David; Hall, Matthew (2013-01-10).
383:of rammed-earth walls make them suitable for
8:
1399:monograph series. Cambridge, Massachusetts:
195:or animal blood were used to stabilize it.
498:archaeological sites such as those of the
1257:National Register Sites in South Carolina
1231:National Register Sites in South Carolina
851:, individual bricks of highly compressed
1006:. Denton, TX, USA: UNT Digital Library,
668:Interest in rammed earth declined after
399:Environmental effects and sustainability
1422:
1420:
1302:Texas Transportation Institute bulletin
1081:Ashland Community and Technical College
1075:Cassell, Robert O. (17 December 2001).
996:United States Department of Agriculture
889:
647:US Agency for International Development
639:United States Department of Agriculture
350:and prevents significant loss of heat.
310:United States Department of Agriculture
122:, in a range of environments including
1429:Material Contradictions in Mao's China
1361:Material Contradictions in Mao's China
1295:"Handbook For Building Homes of Earth"
1128:. Austin, TX, USA: Sustainable Sources
1386:
1384:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1149:"Rammed Earth â Pollution and Cement"
1070:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1043:. Victoria, Australia. Archived from
27:Construction material of damp subsoil
7:
487:Rammed-earth edifice on a farm in
25:
769:"Pisé" houses of rammed earth in
590:, erected between 1838 and 1841.
263:Contemporary slip formwork in use
172:that has suitable proportions of
107:. It has been especially used in
1177:, Routledge, London 1988, p. 165
1003:Rammed Earth Walls for Buildings
191:Historically, additives such as
704:and the related development of
620:, erected between 1850 and 1852
1433:University of Washington Press
1401:Harvard University Asia Center
1365:University of Washington Press
1306:Texas Transportation Institute
663:Texas Transportation Institute
1:
1500:Soil-based building materials
751:Nk'Mip Desert Cultural Centre
682:Nk'Mip Desert Cultural Centre
994:Originally published by the
198:Soil mix is poured into the
103:, usually small and made in
54:, at the eastern end of the
1331:www.architecturalrecord.com
1037:"Rammed Earth Construction"
777:; the technique is called "
761:, Canada, completed in 2006
614:Holy Cross Episcopal Church
552:National Historic Landmarks
387:. They are also inherently
38:(202 BCE â 220 CE) Chinese
1531:
1397:Harvard-Yenching Institute
862:Polymer soil stabilization
626:South Dakota State College
580:St. Thomas Anglican Church
115:, and sometimes in China.
99:it is also a material for
1008:University of North Texas
618:Stateburg, South Carolina
603:Stateburg, South Carolina
558:Constructed in 1821, the
548:Stateburg, South Carolina
95:Under its French name of
18:Taipa (Building Material)
1510:Sustainable technologies
867:Sustainable architecture
659:Texas A&M University
655:Handbook of Rammed Earth
599:Borough House Plantation
560:Borough House Plantation
544:Church of the Holy Cross
540:Borough House Plantation
526:United States and Canada
449:greenhouse gas emissions
42:made of rammed earth in
1153:Rammed Earth Consulting
943:Rammed Earth Consulting
872:Vernacular architecture
605:, erected in the 1820s.
395:damage, and non-toxic.
1485:Appropriate technology
1278:Howard, Glenn (1943).
849:Compressed earth block
802:
782:
762:
621:
606:
572:
491:
480:
455:and the production of
415:
372:
293:
285:
264:
234:
226:
165:
145:appropriate for local
59:
900:. Merriam-webster.com
788:
768:
749:
612:
596:
486:
471:
436:rather than "earth".
406:
370:
291:
279:
262:
232:
216:
163:
33:
1505:Sustainable building
1190:Chinese Architecture
984:on February 25, 2012
736:Third Front campaign
651:developing countries
379:. The thickness and
355:Moisture-impermeable
298:compressive strength
243:compressive strength
1480:American inventions
635:Gardendale, Alabama
478:Great Wall of China
434:quarried aggregates
427:which conserve the
254:reinforced concrete
147:climatic conditions
65:is a technique for
1490:Chinese inventions
1047:on 24 January 2018
898:"Pisé terminology"
803:
783:
763:
696:20th century China
622:
607:
570:, by S. W. Johnson
492:
481:
416:
413:Design Build Bluff
377:load-bearing walls
373:
357:finishes, such as
294:
286:
265:
235:
227:
166:
60:
1495:Natural materials
1442:978-0-295-75085-9
1410:978-0-674-26022-1
1374:978-0-295-75085-9
1204:978-0-300-09559-3
1173:Gwendolyn Leick:
1147:Keable, Rowland.
937:Keable, Rowland.
721:Sino-Soviet split
673:of the world. In
210:powered tampers.
48:Province of Gansu
16:(Redirected from
1522:
1515:Earth structures
1454:External sources
1447:
1446:
1424:
1415:
1414:
1391:Hou, Li (2021).
1388:
1379:
1378:
1356:
1341:
1340:
1338:
1337:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1299:
1290:
1284:
1283:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1223:
1217:
1216:
1184:
1178:
1171:
1165:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1144:
1138:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1122:
1116:
1115:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1087:on 22 March 2017
1083:. Archived from
1072:
1057:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1041:Earth Structures
1033:
1027:
1026:
1024:
1022:
993:
991:
989:
980:. Archived from
970:The Boden Hauser
961:
955:
954:
952:
950:
934:
928:
915:
909:
908:
906:
905:
894:
833:Earth sheltering
759:British Columbia
702:Daqing oil field
686:British Columbia
649:is working with
597:Edifices of the
500:Fertile Crescent
332:air conditioning
303:seismic activity
156:Building process
21:
1530:
1529:
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987:
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935:
931:
918:17 objects made
916:
912:
903:
901:
896:
895:
891:
886:
808:
729:Communist Party
698:
528:
476:section of the
466:
421:embodied energy
411:constructed by
401:
391:, resistant to
274:
272:Characteristics
158:
143:building design
90:building method
34:The ruins of a
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1528:
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1285:
1270:
1244:
1218:
1203:
1179:
1166:
1139:
1117:
1098:
1058:
1028:
972:. p. 20.
956:
929:
910:
888:
887:
885:
882:
881:
880:
874:
869:
864:
859:
846:
841:
839:Green building
836:
830:
825:
819:
814:
807:
804:
697:
694:
631:South Carolina
527:
524:
465:
462:
453:transportation
400:
397:
273:
270:
157:
154:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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741:
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713:
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707:
703:
695:
693:
691:
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204:iteratively
113:Tibetan art
87:sustainable
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1469:Categories
1336:2021-03-12
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1237:4 February
1159:4 February
1132:4 February
1091:4 February
1051:4 February
1021:4 February
949:4 February
904:2018-10-03
884:References
717:Mao Zedong
584:Shanty Bay
344:fibreglass
217:A typical
120:Antarctica
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