274:, two other officials in the reform group, Tao took immediate action to end the Ming franchise system in favor of a relatively open market. Any merchant of good standing could buy salt distribution tickets for the purchase of single shipments of large or small amounts which could be retailed anyplace the merchant wished. The tickets themselves could be bought and sold. Tao's reforms opened the system up to small scale traders, depriving the hereditary merchants and the smugglers of their profits and lowering costs to the consumer. However, Tao could not meet the optimistic commitments he had made to the emperor.
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259:, which shipped salt to seven provinces: Jiangsu, Anhui, Henan, Jiangxi, Hunan, Hubei, and Guizhou. The rights to salt produced along the coast was controlled by some 200 private merchants who held hereditary franchises for distribution in specific inland areas. These merchants combined official status and private function, but by the early 19th century failed to deliver the massive amounts of salt they had contracted but instead raised prices. Smuggled and black market sales then outweighed official sales, and government revenues fell.
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was blocked by floods, in 1826, as governor of
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proposed restructuring and renewed oversight of the bureaucracy. The Qing government inherited a Salt
Administration divided geographically into districts, the largest and most central of which was Liang-Huai, on the north coast of Jiangsu, with its headquarters in
212:. The Academy inculcated an ascetic philosophy of self-examination and dedication to rescuing the world from the decadence of recent times. Graduates formed what one historian called a "network of messianic alumni." Tao received his
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who played a key role a broad movement toward institutional reform in the early 19th century. He is especially known for his role as
Governor-General in making changes in the
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In 1832, Tao was tasked by the
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Tao resigned in March 1839, giving illness as the reason, and died four months later. A temple was erected in his memory in
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Tao was trained first by his father, a scholar and teacher, and then in the
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