Knowledge (XXG)

Talk:Cubic function/Archive 5

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research. However, rearranging a formula is really not at a very much higher level of "research" than rephrasing information into one's own words. I see no good reason at all for not including it in the article. I don't regard this as ignoring rules, because I regard it as an unreasonably pedantic interpretation of the "rules" to exclude this as "original research": it is not the sort of thing that the policy on original "research" is intended to stop. Also, as far as I can see, the formulas for the roots already quoted in the article are not referenced to any source, so if we are going to go in for the line that no formula can be quoted in the article without a source then the whole lot will have to be removed. Just stick the clearer and simpler version in, say I.
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fact, that is explained in the article, just after this formula. This is the reason why Mathematica (and also Maple) can not simplify to zero when substituting in the equation: their simplifiers make not the distinction between real and complex. I do not know which formula is provided in Mathematica, but until Maple V, the Maple's solve function provided the formula with two cubic roots and could not simplify to zero the substitution of the solution in the equation. This was corrected in version V.5 only. This shows how this error is common, even among experienced mathematicians.
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Sorry, but I disagree with the present version with a single cubic root appearing twice. The formula with two different cubic roots appears in many (maybe most) textbooks and was Cardano's formula. It has thus to appear first. The fact that it is wrong when the square root is not real is an important
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aren't taught to innocent little children: It's NOT because "when we write the roots DIRECTLY in terms of coefficients, those formulas are SOOO looong!"... but rather it's because of the complex cases and sub-cases of all sorts of special values for all discriminants involved... which in the case of
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I agree with the IP editor and DVdm. This is nothing but a more concise way of writing the same thing, avoiding, for example, writing the great long square root six times. OK, if there is no reliable source that gives the formula in this precise form then it is possible to argue that it is original
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The historical component is indeed interesting -- one of my math professors spoke of these "duels" as rowdy public exhibitions with money and prestige on the line. If only the general populace were educated enough to enjoy such intellectual endeavors, we might have decent reality television today.
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Yes. I can live with it. But I am not sure to prefer this version to the old one with the formula expanded: The new version somewhat masks the true complexity of the formula. For a beginner, and in particular for a kid, it may be interesting to know that there exist big formulas and to understand
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In the illustration of Omar Khayyám's geometric solution, the circle is drawn so that the parabola intersects it at the top, putting the vertical line through the center of the circle. This suggests a trivial solution, x=b/(2a^2). It would be better to draw the circle with a different diameter
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Interesting article. Im also interested in the historical component of this article. It speaks of Tartaglia competing with Ferrari and Cardano and Fiore. But Im curious to know what Tartaglias method was, and how was it unique from Ferro's method?
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section (since obviously his formula is faulty or incomplete). Obviously people going to the latter section (say pupils or students trying to resolve a cubic for homework) are searching for the best and more accurate expression, not for the first
2152: 1272: 1520: 2710:) is one glaringly obvious error. It has been sitting there since ages. I sent a first email to Dear Dr. Weisstein in October 2005, and four more —all friendly— emails later. Never even got a reply. They got it right 333: 860:{\displaystyle t_{k}=2{\sqrt {-{\frac {p}{3}}}}\cos \left({\frac {1}{3}}\arccos \left({\frac {3q}{2p}}{\sqrt {\frac {-3}{p}}}\right)-k{\frac {2\pi }{3}}\right)-{\frac {b}{3a}}\quad {\text{for}}\quad k=0,1,2\,.} 2743:, as the link I provided. BTW, there's an apparently famous Anglo-Saxon mathematical work, an anthology, huge, full with almost every formula, but I don't know its name: maybe that might hopefully help. — 2593:
In any case, if the version with a single cubic root remains at the beginning, the whole section must to be rewritten, and I do not see how to do this, by keeping this important warning in an encyclopedic
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My contributions are valid and intelligent. Why do you insist on withholding valid information from the people? You do not own this page, all people are allowed to contribute meaningful information.
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It's the exact same thing as what's already in the article itself, only more "organized" (instead of constantly and tirelessly repeating the same lengthy expressions over and
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You don't need perfect vision to see that the angles θ are not the same, or that the three red lines intersection points on the circle do not form an equilateral triangle.
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Good catch. I modified the figure by moving the top red line slightly clockwise to make the angles match, and to make it look more like an equilateral triangle. -
1185: 2213:(without any explicit explanation) why they spent so much time on quadratic equation and not on cubic equation. This is for this kind of reasons that, with 2168:
Sorry, but the notation using a double index for two simultaneous definitions and the sophisticated use of \pm and \mp are not convenient for most readers.
3151:. At least now the article is finally complete and well-written (well-thought and well-organized: logically, as well as visually and aesthetically). — 1702:{\displaystyle u_{0}={\bar {u}}_{0}=-1\ ,\qquad u_{1}={\bar {u}}_{2}={1-i{\sqrt {3}} \over 2}\ ,\qquad u_{2}={\bar {u}}_{1}={1+i{\sqrt {3}} \over 2}} 2735:
Billions! :-) But I'm from Romania... perhaps an Anglo-Saxon bibliography would look better. Besides, the things that Weisstein got wrong were
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correct, but sourcing it seems to be a problem... Let's just hope that we can use at least one of the two (correct) links provided above... —
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Please note that a formula which is very similar to the above one appears already at the end of section "General formula for the roots.
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I've found online. WTH ? This is getting really annoying, and proving to be significantly harder than I initially thought... :-\ —
2217:, many beginners ask for the solutions of the general cubic equation. The opinion of other editors would be welcome on this point. 948:
are undefined or, at least, should be taken as 1 and 0 respectively. Thus the previous formula was correct and I have restored it.
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Very nice. If you have the source (book/journal/article title, author, publisher, date, page...), let's put it in the article. -
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Otherwise it works smoothly. (There is also a typo in the artciel on p. 349 where they say v when they mean w in one equation.)--
3201:... :D And, as you can see, those formulas are even more complex, meaning even more special cases... (evil sadistic laughter) — 2375:
might count as possibly valid links. (It's correct, alright, but I'm not so sure if it's OK to copy their content elsewhere). —
2714:, but the other junk is still sitting there. No, I don't trust anything on these sites, but some mileages seem to vary here ;-) 3131:
You beat me to it! :-) I've just now opened up my computer because I've realized that both formulas are "faulty", one when
1981: 94: 89: 84: 72: 67: 59: 2235:, to make people better appreciate the usefulness of the Arab ones, which they might otherwise take for granted... :-) — 3497: 3384: 3326: 349:
And if youre going to change my wording or undo my edits, the least you could do is use proper, intelligible English.
2626:, I think I found a way to do just that: Please take a look again at the article, and tell me if you're satisfied. — 3106:
Adding some comments on the choice or the square and cubic roots and its relation to the numbering of the solutions.
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After trying to verify the following equation using my calculator and some examples, I find it is not correct.
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The denominator should be 27a^2 instead of 27a^3. please someone correct this. You can see a link here:
1167:{\displaystyle x_{i}=-{a \over 3}+u_{i}\cdot {t \over 3}+{\bar {u}}_{i}\cdot {\frac {\Delta _{0}}{3t}}} 878: 2389:
IMO, all formulas in the article were correct except the present one: Presently, you divide twice by 3
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simply do not exist: You extract a complex root of a negative number, but that's it: threre are no
1451: 456: 47: 17: 2147:{\displaystyle {\bar {t}}={\sqrt{\Delta _{1}+{\sqrt {\Delta _{1}^{2}-4\Delta _{0}^{3}}} \over 2}}} 3590: 3119: 2707: 2702:. The Wolfram site is a commercial vehicle for Mathecatica and is full of errors. As an example, 2601: 2402: 2336: 2331:
I do not understand your point: the cubic roots are 3 and -3, which produces the correct result.
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better ? It looks like it's from a published book... He mentions or references a work of Viete,
2393:, inside the radicals and at the end. The resulting formula is thus homogeneous of degree -1 in 2231:
That's sort of like saying that we should intentionally write all numbers on Knowledge (XXG) in
3552:. This could be done, but I am not sure it is a good idea: this will make less clear that when 901: 2929: 2918: 1893: 1485: 424:
The April 2010 issue of Resonance has an alternative solution to a depressed cubic found here
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the cubic root (initial of "cubic", capitalized to emphasize that it is a complex expression)
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By the way, I changed {0,1,2} to {1,2,3} for consistency within the article. I made another
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It involves finding values for u,v,w, so that the cubic is reduced to (x+u)^3 = -v(x+w)^3
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different... Apart from having the coeficients normalized, it also uses the fact that
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It's not a "calculation", let alone "research" (original or otherwise), it's simply a
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Yes, I agree. Unless someone objects, feel free to add it to the article. Ditto for
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Are you saying neither of the two trustworthy sources I offered are acceptable ? —
1819:. An abbreviation. Nothing more. Like saying "Pi" instead of "3.14...". It doesn't 1759:
again). It's not a new formula, or anything. I proposed a similar approach for the
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x^3 +cx + d= 0 c is -3 times q^2 and d is -2 times q^3 then you get a tautology.
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If you wish to start a new discussion or revive an old one, please do so on the
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one as well, also based on what was already there, only "grouped". Maths isn't
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Not to me. Dr. Math is anonymous and i.m.o. certainly does not comply with
2300:) = (0,1,0) produces the correct result. The current article scheme with ( 1760: 208:(choose a different value of b) so as not to give this false impression. 3103:
Correcting some errors (for example in the reference to the discriminant)
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I am not fully satisfied by the following minor fact: The definition of
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The book may be copyrighted, but the link isn't. We can add it like this
2525:)/2. The current version and scheme here above on the talk page produce 3439:. The three possible values of n give 1 and the two possible values of 3144: 3028: 1789:
I agree, and it is perfectly OK, but we can't take in the article per
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I have removed some blank lines from your message—hope you don't mind.
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There is an error in the formula for "q" in the monic trinomial form.
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Alternative solution to depressed published in 2010 but with a glitch
1764: 328:{\displaystyle 4\sin ^{3}(\theta )-3\sin(\theta )+\sin(3\theta )=0} 3260: 1827:, that's all (and perhaps also facilitates the understanding). — 2914:
Numerical Recipes in Fortran 77: The Art of Scientific Computing
1861:. Make sure you mention the talk page in your edit summary. - 25: 3288:
For the current general formula, I think we could get rid of
2765:, but it's hard to locate the text within the book itself. — 2316:) = (1,0,1,0) does not. Work ahead. Where is that source? - 466:
Error in the section "Trigonometric (and hyperbolic) method"
242:. But we must associate the coefficients with the identity 3197:? :-) Because the exact same problems translate themselves 3031:
and his endeavours, I think it's best to put those in the
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To whoever keeps changing my edits back to the original:
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Or you can derive your own expression (which I did too)
3585:, the cubic roots of unit do not appear in the formula. 2721:(that thing made of paper) that list these formulae? - 2549: 2458: 2454: 2346: 1923: 140:
The formula is correct. In your link the polynomial in
2046:{\displaystyle t\cdot {\bar {t}}={\sqrt{2}}(a^{2}-3b)} 448:
which is of no use in finding the solution (x=2 BTW).
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Bad English and a bigoted insistence to CONTROL a page
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http://www.sosmath.com/algebra/factor/fac11/fac11.html
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http://www.ias.ac.in/resonance/April2010/p347-350.pdf
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Try it to solve (I have set q = 1) x^3 - 3x - 2 = 0
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try to keep them as brief andf succint as this one.
1930:. I'll leave the one here for IP79 or JamesB :-) - 1797:. Bummer. Unless of course we all agree and do the 3577: 3545:{\displaystyle ({\frac {-1+i{\sqrt {3}}}{2}})^{i}} 3544: 3486: 3432:{\displaystyle ({\frac {-1+i{\sqrt {3}}}{2}})^{n}} 3431: 3374:{\displaystyle ({\frac {-1+i{\sqrt {3}}}{2}})^{n}} 3373: 3307: 2911:Press, William H.; Vetterling, William T. (1992). 2656:There must indeed have been a good reason why the 2349:was indeed incorrect... Not only that, but so was 2146: 2045: 1793:and it clearly is not a trivial calculation as in 1701: 1507: 1476: 1436: 1387: 1334: 1266: 1166: 1042: 932: 859: 650: 327: 2717:Now, isn't there any good proper old-fashioned 3193:, DVdm... it kinda isn't! :-| And do you know 2655:Tricky without a proper source. <irony: --> 436:Only glitch is that if in the depressed cubic 2415:opinion, they were wrong. NOW the formula is 8: 3143:, the first one becomes the second, that of 3090:Giving a more symmetric shape to the formula 156:the equation of the link before comparing. 152:as coefficient. Thus you have to divide by 3035:section of the article, as opposed to the 2660:policy was put in place :-)</irony: --> 1335:{\displaystyle \Delta _{1}=2a^{3}-9ab+27c} 3563: 3557: 3536: 3519: 3504: 3499: 3478: 3472: 3423: 3406: 3391: 3386: 3365: 3348: 3333: 3328: 3299: 3293: 2137: 2124: 2119: 2103: 2098: 2092: 2083: 2075: 2061: 2060: 2058: 2025: 2011: 2006: 1992: 1991: 1983: 1686: 1674: 1665: 1654: 1653: 1643: 1619: 1607: 1598: 1587: 1586: 1576: 1550: 1539: 1538: 1528: 1522: 1499: 1493: 1468: 1457: 1456: 1453: 1419: 1414: 1408: 1370: 1357: 1351: 1305: 1289: 1283: 1257: 1244: 1239: 1223: 1218: 1212: 1203: 1195: 1187: 1148: 1142: 1133: 1122: 1121: 1107: 1098: 1081: 1069: 1063: 1013: 997: 991: 909: 903: 824: 807: 784: 756: 736: 715: 692: 687: 675: 669: 615: 593: 565: 545: 524: 501: 496: 484: 478: 259: 250: 445:and you wind up with (x+1)^3 = 1(x+1)^3 103:Error in "Q" in the monic trinomial form 3272:"choices" and "discussions" there... — 3046:. Regardless of WHICH formulas you may 2903: 852: 643: 433:Just take the cube root of both sides. 2917:. Cambridge University Press. p. 179. 230:Alternative trigonometric substitution 44:Do not edit the contents of this page. 3147:, but even this one cracks down when 2545:. Tricky business without sources ;-) 7: 1388:{\displaystyle \Delta _{0}=a^{2}-3b} 1043:{\displaystyle x^{3}+ax^{2}+bx+c=0} 234:Instead of the cosine substitution 3259:, I also disagree with you on WHY 2797:But it seems copyrighted... :-( — 2695:- check that policy and then read 2116: 2095: 2080: 1354: 1286: 1236: 1215: 1200: 1145: 24: 3467:I guess that you mean to replace 2397:, when it should be of degree 0. 3315:and simplify a bit by replacing 977:Simpler Formulas for Cubic Roots 29: 2288:). The scheme here above with ( 1823:any "new information", it just 3533: 3501: 3420: 3388: 3362: 3330: 3086:I have edited the section for 3027:. If someone wants to mention 2066: 2040: 2018: 1997: 1767:if you don't want it to be. — 1659: 1592: 1544: 1477:{\displaystyle {\bar {u}}_{i}} 1462: 1127: 898:In this section, the cubic is 414:02:16, 29 September 2012 (UTC) 392:09:23, 25 September 2012 (UTC) 365:23:46, 17 September 2012 (UTC) 316: 307: 295: 289: 274: 268: 1: 1637: 1570: 829: 822: 620: 613: 224:18:55, 19 December 2012 (UTC) 201:11:33, 6 September 2012 (UTC) 186:10:41, 6 September 2012 (UTC) 2461:was not, as with my example 1966:LOL! You guys were actually 1437:{\displaystyle u_{i}^{3}=-1} 1765:"chaotic" and "complicated" 3613: 3282:14:01, 25 April 2013 (UTC) 3242:14:15, 25 April 2013 (UTC) 3225:14:07, 25 April 2013 (UTC) 3211:14:01, 25 April 2013 (UTC) 3183:13:50, 25 April 2013 (UTC) 3161:13:35, 25 April 2013 (UTC) 3124:11:07, 25 April 2013 (UTC) 3067:17:01, 24 April 2013 (UTC) 2976:07:56, 25 April 2013 (UTC) 2807:07:39, 25 April 2013 (UTC) 2793:21:25, 24 April 2013 (UTC) 2775:18:59, 24 April 2013 (UTC) 2753:18:15, 24 April 2013 (UTC) 2731:17:40, 24 April 2013 (UTC) 2687:17:01, 24 April 2013 (UTC) 2671:16:17, 24 April 2013 (UTC) 2636:08:26, 25 April 2013 (UTC) 2606:16:10, 24 April 2013 (UTC) 2562:15:43, 24 April 2013 (UTC) 2552:on the quartic article. - 2429:13:36, 24 April 2013 (UTC) 2407:13:28, 24 April 2013 (UTC) 2385:13:12, 24 April 2013 (UTC) 2363:12:33, 24 April 2013 (UTC) 2341:12:03, 24 April 2013 (UTC) 2326:10:42, 24 April 2013 (UTC) 2245:09:13, 24 April 2013 (UTC) 2227:08:30, 24 April 2013 (UTC) 2192:07:39, 24 April 2013 (UTC) 2178:07:33, 24 April 2013 (UTC) 2164:07:04, 24 April 2013 (UTC) 1954:12:42, 23 April 2013 (UTC) 1940:11:34, 23 April 2013 (UTC) 1902:10:37, 23 April 2013 (UTC) 1871:10:29, 23 April 2013 (UTC) 1837:09:49, 23 April 2013 (UTC) 1811:09:36, 23 April 2013 (UTC) 1777:09:20, 23 April 2013 (UTC) 1747:07:40, 23 April 2013 (UTC) 1719:04:22, 23 April 2013 (UTC) 982:The general cubic equation 933:{\displaystyle x^{3}+px+q} 3135:, and the other one when 1731:This will not stand !! :D 958:16:50, 3 April 2013 (UTC) 891:16:04, 3 April 2013 (UTC) 870:So I try to correct it. 3215:Yet, I do like it :-) - 2783:. Looks good for me...- 2215:computer algebra systems 1444:. are the three complex 172:Geometric interpretation 166:17:01, 25 May 2012 (UTC) 134:15:08, 25 May 2012 (UTC) 3595:09:07, 9 May 2013 (UTC) 3578:{\displaystyle u_{i}=1} 3459:04:24, 9 May 2013 (UTC) 3173:In four words: nice! - 2260:Something's wrong. Try 972:23:13, 2 May 2014 (UTC) 461:20:57, 9 May 2013 (UTC) 3579: 3546: 3488: 3433: 3375: 3309: 2148: 2047: 1825:simplifies the writing 1703: 1509: 1478: 1438: 1389: 1336: 1268: 1168: 1044: 934: 861: 652: 329: 3580: 3547: 3489: 3487:{\displaystyle u_{i}} 3434: 3376: 3310: 3308:{\displaystyle u_{i}} 3057:That would be all. — 2149: 2048: 1704: 1510: 1508:{\displaystyle u_{i}} 1479: 1439: 1390: 1337: 1269: 1169: 1045: 935: 862: 653: 330: 42:of past discussions. 3556: 3498: 3471: 3385: 3327: 3292: 2057: 1982: 1521: 1492: 1452: 1407: 1350: 1282: 1186: 1062: 990: 902: 668: 477: 370: 249: 3100:Removing duplicates 2930:Extract of page 179 2781:Max-Planck-Institut 2129: 2108: 1424: 1249: 1228: 18:Talk:Cubic function 3575: 3542: 3484: 3429: 3371: 3305: 2144: 2115: 2094: 2043: 1699: 1638: 1571: 1505: 1486:complex conjugates 1474: 1434: 1410: 1385: 1332: 1264: 1235: 1214: 1164: 1040: 930: 857: 853: 830: 823: 648: 644: 621: 614: 325: 238:, we can also use 3530: 3524: 3417: 3411: 3359: 3353: 2142: 2136: 2130: 2069: 2016: 2000: 1801:. What say we? - 1732: 1727: 1697: 1691: 1662: 1633: 1630: 1624: 1595: 1566: 1547: 1465: 1262: 1256: 1250: 1162: 1130: 1115: 1089: 894: 877:comment added by 827: 820: 797: 771: 770: 754: 723: 702: 700: 618: 606: 580: 579: 563: 532: 511: 509: 404:comment added by 382:comment added by 355:comment added by 214:comment added by 144:is not monic, as 124:comment added by 100: 99: 54: 53: 48:current talk page 3604: 3584: 3582: 3581: 3576: 3568: 3567: 3551: 3549: 3548: 3543: 3541: 3540: 3531: 3526: 3525: 3520: 3505: 3493: 3491: 3490: 3485: 3483: 3482: 3456: 3450: 3438: 3436: 3435: 3430: 3428: 3427: 3418: 3413: 3412: 3407: 3392: 3380: 3378: 3377: 3372: 3370: 3369: 3360: 3355: 3354: 3349: 3334: 3314: 3312: 3311: 3306: 3304: 3303: 2932: 2927: 2908: 2459:previous version 2457:is correct. The 2153: 2151: 2150: 2145: 2143: 2141: 2132: 2131: 2128: 2123: 2107: 2102: 2093: 2088: 2087: 2077: 2076: 2071: 2070: 2062: 2052: 2050: 2049: 2044: 2030: 2029: 2017: 2015: 2007: 2002: 2001: 1993: 1730: 1725: 1708: 1706: 1705: 1700: 1698: 1693: 1692: 1687: 1675: 1670: 1669: 1664: 1663: 1655: 1648: 1647: 1632: 1631: 1626: 1625: 1620: 1608: 1603: 1602: 1597: 1596: 1588: 1581: 1580: 1565: 1555: 1554: 1549: 1548: 1540: 1533: 1532: 1514: 1512: 1511: 1506: 1504: 1503: 1483: 1481: 1480: 1475: 1473: 1472: 1467: 1466: 1458: 1443: 1441: 1440: 1435: 1423: 1418: 1394: 1392: 1391: 1386: 1375: 1374: 1362: 1361: 1341: 1339: 1338: 1333: 1310: 1309: 1294: 1293: 1273: 1271: 1270: 1265: 1263: 1261: 1252: 1251: 1248: 1243: 1227: 1222: 1213: 1208: 1207: 1197: 1196: 1173: 1171: 1170: 1165: 1163: 1161: 1153: 1152: 1143: 1138: 1137: 1132: 1131: 1123: 1116: 1108: 1103: 1102: 1090: 1082: 1074: 1073: 1049: 1047: 1046: 1041: 1018: 1017: 1002: 1001: 939: 937: 936: 931: 914: 913: 893: 871: 866: 864: 863: 858: 828: 825: 821: 819: 808: 803: 799: 798: 793: 785: 777: 773: 772: 766: 758: 757: 755: 753: 745: 737: 724: 716: 703: 701: 693: 688: 680: 679: 657: 655: 654: 649: 619: 616: 612: 608: 607: 602: 594: 586: 582: 581: 575: 567: 566: 564: 562: 554: 546: 533: 525: 512: 510: 502: 497: 489: 488: 416: 394: 371:Tartaglia's work 367: 334: 332: 331: 326: 264: 263: 226: 136: 81: 56: 55: 33: 32: 26: 3612: 3611: 3607: 3606: 3605: 3603: 3602: 3601: 3559: 3554: 3553: 3532: 3506: 3496: 3495: 3474: 3469: 3468: 3454: 3448: 3444: 3419: 3393: 3383: 3382: 3361: 3335: 3325: 3324: 3295: 3290: 3289: 3050:choose to use, 3037:General Formula 2935: 2924: 2910: 2909: 2905: 2505:=0 it produced 2455:current version 2182:Better now ? — 2079: 2078: 2055: 2054: 2021: 1980: 1979: 1970:: "my" formula 1676: 1652: 1639: 1609: 1585: 1572: 1537: 1524: 1519: 1518: 1495: 1490: 1489: 1455: 1450: 1449: 1405: 1404: 1366: 1353: 1348: 1347: 1301: 1285: 1280: 1279: 1199: 1198: 1184: 1183: 1154: 1144: 1120: 1094: 1065: 1060: 1059: 1009: 993: 988: 987: 979: 905: 900: 899: 872: 812: 786: 759: 746: 738: 735: 731: 714: 710: 671: 666: 665: 595: 568: 555: 547: 544: 540: 523: 519: 480: 475: 474: 468: 422: 399: 377: 373: 350: 341: 255: 247: 246: 232: 209: 174: 119: 105: 77: 30: 22: 21: 20: 12: 11: 5: 3610: 3608: 3600: 3599: 3598: 3597: 3574: 3571: 3566: 3562: 3539: 3535: 3529: 3523: 3518: 3515: 3512: 3509: 3503: 3481: 3477: 3462: 3461: 3442: 3426: 3422: 3416: 3410: 3405: 3402: 3399: 3396: 3390: 3368: 3364: 3358: 3352: 3347: 3344: 3341: 3338: 3332: 3302: 3298: 3286: 3285: 3284: 3254: 3253: 3252: 3251: 3250: 3249: 3248: 3247: 3246: 3245: 3244: 3166: 3165: 3164: 3163: 3108: 3107: 3104: 3101: 3098: 3091: 3084: 3083: 3082: 3081: 3080: 3079: 3078: 3077: 3076: 3075: 3074: 3073: 3072: 3071: 3070: 3069: 3059:79.113.213.225 3055: 3041: 3007: 3006: 3005: 3004: 3003: 3002: 3001: 3000: 2999: 2998: 2997: 2996: 2995: 2994: 2993: 2992: 2991: 2990: 2989: 2988: 2987: 2986: 2985: 2984: 2983: 2982: 2981: 2980: 2979: 2978: 2934: 2933: 2922: 2902: 2901: 2900: 2899: 2898: 2897: 2896: 2895: 2894: 2893: 2892: 2891: 2890: 2889: 2888: 2887: 2886: 2885: 2884: 2883: 2882: 2881: 2880: 2879: 2878: 2877: 2876: 2875: 2874: 2873: 2872: 2841: 2840: 2839: 2838: 2837: 2836: 2835: 2834: 2833: 2832: 2831: 2830: 2829: 2828: 2827: 2826: 2825: 2824: 2823: 2822: 2821: 2820: 2819: 2818: 2817: 2816: 2815: 2814: 2813: 2812: 2799:79.113.215.181 2767:79.113.213.225 2763:De emendatione 2755: 2745:79.113.213.225 2715: 2679:79.113.213.225 2628:79.113.215.181 2621: 2620: 2619: 2618: 2617: 2616: 2615: 2614: 2613: 2612: 2611: 2610: 2609: 2608: 2575: 2574: 2573: 2572: 2571: 2570: 2569: 2568: 2567: 2566: 2565: 2564: 2546: 2440: 2439: 2438: 2437: 2436: 2435: 2434: 2433: 2432: 2431: 2421:79.113.213.225 2377:79.113.213.225 2367:Unless either 2355:79.113.213.225 2258: 2257: 2256: 2255: 2254: 2253: 2252: 2251: 2250: 2249: 2248: 2247: 2237:79.113.213.225 2233:Roman numerals 2201: 2200: 2199: 2198: 2197: 2196: 2195: 2194: 2184:79.113.213.225 2156:79.113.213.225 2140: 2135: 2127: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2111: 2106: 2101: 2097: 2091: 2086: 2082: 2074: 2068: 2065: 2042: 2039: 2036: 2033: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2014: 2010: 2005: 1999: 1996: 1990: 1987: 1964: 1963: 1962: 1961: 1960: 1959: 1958: 1957: 1956: 1911: 1910: 1909: 1908: 1907: 1906: 1905: 1904: 1882: 1881: 1880: 1879: 1878: 1877: 1876: 1875: 1874: 1873: 1846: 1845: 1844: 1843: 1842: 1841: 1840: 1839: 1782: 1781: 1780: 1779: 1735: 1734: 1733: 1722: 1721: 1696: 1690: 1685: 1682: 1679: 1673: 1668: 1661: 1658: 1651: 1646: 1642: 1636: 1629: 1623: 1618: 1615: 1612: 1606: 1601: 1594: 1591: 1584: 1579: 1575: 1569: 1564: 1561: 1558: 1553: 1546: 1543: 1536: 1531: 1527: 1516: 1502: 1498: 1471: 1464: 1461: 1448:of -1 , and . 1433: 1430: 1427: 1422: 1417: 1413: 1396: 1395: 1384: 1381: 1378: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1360: 1356: 1331: 1328: 1325: 1322: 1319: 1316: 1313: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1297: 1292: 1288: 1260: 1255: 1247: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1231: 1226: 1221: 1217: 1211: 1206: 1202: 1194: 1191: 1175: 1174: 1160: 1157: 1151: 1147: 1141: 1136: 1129: 1126: 1119: 1114: 1111: 1106: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1088: 1085: 1080: 1077: 1072: 1068: 1051: 1050: 1039: 1036: 1033: 1030: 1027: 1024: 1021: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1005: 1000: 996: 978: 975: 961: 960: 929: 926: 923: 920: 917: 912: 908: 868: 867: 856: 851: 848: 845: 842: 839: 836: 833: 818: 815: 811: 806: 802: 796: 792: 789: 783: 780: 776: 769: 765: 762: 752: 749: 744: 741: 734: 730: 727: 722: 719: 713: 709: 706: 699: 696: 691: 686: 683: 678: 674: 661:It should be: 659: 658: 647: 642: 639: 636: 633: 630: 627: 624: 611: 605: 601: 598: 592: 589: 585: 578: 574: 571: 561: 558: 553: 550: 543: 539: 536: 531: 528: 522: 518: 515: 508: 505: 500: 495: 492: 487: 483: 467: 464: 421: 418: 406:71.226.189.240 372: 369: 340: 337: 336: 335: 324: 321: 318: 315: 312: 309: 306: 303: 300: 297: 294: 291: 288: 285: 282: 279: 276: 273: 270: 267: 262: 258: 254: 231: 228: 206: 204: 203: 173: 170: 169: 168: 126:140.105.70.136 104: 101: 98: 97: 92: 87: 82: 75: 70: 65: 62: 52: 51: 34: 23: 15: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3609: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3572: 3569: 3564: 3560: 3537: 3527: 3521: 3516: 3513: 3510: 3507: 3479: 3475: 3466: 3465: 3464: 3463: 3460: 3457: 3451: 3445: 3424: 3414: 3408: 3403: 3400: 3397: 3394: 3366: 3356: 3350: 3345: 3342: 3339: 3336: 3322: 3318: 3300: 3296: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3274:79.113.221.50 3271: 3267: 3262: 3258: 3255: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3234:79.113.221.50 3231: 3228: 3227: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3213: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3203:79.113.221.50 3200: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3187: 3186: 3185: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3171: 3170: 3169: 3168: 3167: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3153:79.113.221.50 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3129: 3128: 3127: 3126: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3105: 3102: 3099: 3096: 3092: 3089: 3088: 3087: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3042: 3040:historically. 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3023: 3022: 3021: 3020: 3019: 3018: 3017: 3016: 3015: 3014: 3013: 3012: 3011: 3010: 3009: 3008: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2964: 2963: 2962: 2961: 2960: 2959: 2958: 2957: 2956: 2955: 2954: 2953: 2952: 2951: 2950: 2949: 2948: 2947: 2946: 2945: 2944: 2943: 2942: 2941: 2940: 2939: 2938: 2937: 2936: 2931: 2925: 2923:0-521-43064-X 2920: 2916: 2915: 2907: 2904: 2871: 2870: 2869: 2868: 2867: 2866: 2865: 2864: 2863: 2862: 2861: 2860: 2859: 2858: 2857: 2856: 2855: 2854: 2853: 2852: 2851: 2850: 2849: 2848: 2847: 2846: 2845: 2844: 2843: 2842: 2810: 2809: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2795: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2777: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2733: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2700: 2694: 2690: 2689: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2675: 2674: 2673: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2659: 2654: 2653: 2652: 2651: 2650: 2649: 2648: 2647: 2646: 2645: 2644: 2643: 2642: 2641: 2640: 2639: 2638: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2589: 2588: 2587: 2586: 2585: 2584: 2583: 2582: 2581: 2580: 2579: 2578: 2577: 2576: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2451: 2450: 2449: 2448: 2447: 2446: 2445: 2444: 2443: 2442: 2441: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2413:Mathematica's 2410: 2409: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2387: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2365: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2343: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2329: 2328: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2229: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2211: 2210: 2209: 2208: 2207: 2206: 2205: 2204: 2203: 2202: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2180: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2166: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2138: 2133: 2125: 2120: 2112: 2109: 2104: 2099: 2089: 2084: 2072: 2063: 2037: 2034: 2031: 2026: 2022: 2012: 2008: 2003: 1994: 1988: 1985: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1942: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1920: 1919: 1918: 1917: 1916: 1915: 1914: 1913: 1912: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1890: 1889: 1888: 1887: 1886: 1885: 1884: 1883: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1855: 1854: 1853: 1852: 1851: 1850: 1849: 1848: 1847: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1829:79.113.230.93 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1813: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1787: 1786: 1785: 1784: 1783: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1769:79.113.230.93 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1749: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1729: 1728: 1724: 1723: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1711:79.113.230.93 1694: 1688: 1683: 1680: 1677: 1671: 1666: 1656: 1649: 1644: 1640: 1634: 1627: 1621: 1616: 1613: 1610: 1604: 1599: 1589: 1582: 1577: 1573: 1567: 1562: 1559: 1556: 1551: 1541: 1534: 1529: 1525: 1517: 1500: 1496: 1487: 1469: 1459: 1447: 1431: 1428: 1425: 1420: 1415: 1411: 1403: 1402: 1401: 1400: 1382: 1379: 1376: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1358: 1345: 1329: 1326: 1323: 1320: 1317: 1314: 1311: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1295: 1290: 1277: 1258: 1253: 1245: 1240: 1232: 1229: 1224: 1219: 1209: 1204: 1192: 1189: 1182: 1181: 1180: 1179: 1158: 1155: 1149: 1139: 1134: 1124: 1117: 1112: 1109: 1104: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1086: 1083: 1078: 1075: 1070: 1066: 1058: 1057: 1056: 1055: 1054:has the roots 1037: 1034: 1031: 1028: 1025: 1022: 1019: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1003: 998: 994: 986: 985: 984: 983: 976: 974: 973: 969: 965: 964:217.197.142.0 959: 955: 951: 947: 943: 927: 924: 921: 918: 915: 910: 906: 897: 896: 895: 892: 888: 884: 880: 876: 854: 849: 846: 843: 840: 837: 834: 831: 816: 813: 809: 804: 800: 794: 790: 787: 781: 778: 774: 767: 763: 760: 750: 747: 742: 739: 732: 728: 725: 720: 717: 711: 707: 704: 697: 694: 689: 684: 681: 676: 672: 664: 663: 662: 645: 640: 637: 634: 631: 628: 625: 622: 609: 603: 599: 596: 590: 587: 583: 576: 572: 569: 559: 556: 551: 548: 541: 537: 534: 529: 526: 520: 516: 513: 506: 503: 498: 493: 490: 485: 481: 473: 472: 471: 465: 463: 462: 458: 454: 449: 446: 443: 440: 437: 434: 431: 428: 427: 419: 417: 415: 411: 407: 403: 395: 393: 389: 385: 381: 368: 366: 362: 358: 357:64.134.140.53 354: 347: 344: 338: 322: 319: 313: 310: 304: 301: 298: 292: 286: 283: 280: 277: 271: 265: 260: 256: 252: 245: 244: 243: 241: 237: 229: 227: 225: 221: 217: 213: 202: 198: 194: 190: 189: 188: 187: 183: 179: 171: 167: 163: 159: 155: 151: 147: 143: 139: 138: 137: 135: 131: 127: 123: 116: 115: 111: 108: 102: 96: 93: 91: 88: 86: 83: 80: 76: 74: 71: 69: 66: 63: 61: 58: 57: 49: 45: 41: 40: 35: 28: 27: 19: 3440: 3323:and writing 3320: 3316: 3269: 3256: 3194: 3190: 3149:Delta < 0 3148: 3140: 3137:Delta < 0 3136: 3132: 3111: 3109: 3094: 3085: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3036: 3032: 3024: 2913: 2906: 2780: 2740: 2736: 2718: 2698: 2623: 2622: 2592: 2550:little tweak 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2416: 2412: 2394: 2390: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2259: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1894:JamesBWatson 1824: 1820: 1816: 1756: 1752: 1398: 1397: 1343: 1275: 1177: 1176: 1053: 1052: 981: 980: 962: 945: 941: 879:Alexvong1995 873:— Preceding 869: 660: 469: 450: 447: 444: 441: 438: 435: 432: 429: 423: 400:— Preceding 396: 384:75.172.58.58 378:— Preceding 374: 351:— Preceding 348: 345: 342: 240:x = u sin(θ) 239: 236:x = u cos(θ) 235: 233: 216:64.95.214.18 210:— Preceding 205: 175: 153: 149: 145: 141: 120:— Preceding 117: 112: 109: 106: 78: 43: 37: 3264:the humble 2351:another one 2347:old formula 178:Ssscienccce 36:This is an 3266:quadratics 3048:ultimately 2741:calculated 2268:= 0 with ( 1924:went ahead 1922:I already 1484:. are the 1446:cube roots 3449:Pokajanje 3199:over here 2779:From the 2453:Yes, the 1974:indeed a 453:WickerGuy 95:Archive 8 90:Archive 7 85:Archive 6 79:Archive 5 73:Archive 4 68:Archive 3 60:Archive 1 3587:D.Lazard 3257:D.Lazard 3116:D.Lazard 2966:Nice. - 2624:D.Lazard 2598:D.Lazard 2399:D.Lazard 2333:D.Lazard 2280:2) = (0, 2219:D.Lazard 2170:D.Lazard 2053:, where 1946:D.Lazard 1817:notation 950:D.Lazard 887:contribs 875:unsigned 402:unsigned 380:unsigned 353:unsigned 212:unsigned 158:D.Lazard 122:unsigned 3232:. :-)— 3189:Uhm... 3145:Cardano 3139:. When 3093:Naming 3033:History 3029:Cardano 2737:written 2509:0=-(√3+ 2497:=1 and 2417:finally 2395:a,b,c,d 1928:quartic 1859:quartic 1795:wp:CALC 1761:quartic 940:. Thus 39:archive 3261:cubics 3052:please 2739:, not 2697:their 2521:2=(√3+ 1799:wp:IAR 1791:wp:NOR 1346:. . . 1342:. . . 1278:. . . 1274:. . . 726:arccos 535:arccos 3319:with 3230:Quite 3141:t = 0 3133:t = 0 2706:(and 2699:about 2693:wp:RS 2658:wp:RS 2594:style 2529:0=0, 2517:1=0, 2513:)/2, 2489:with 2264:^3 + 1968:right 1488:of . 1178:where 16:< 3591:talk 3455:Talk 3381:and 3278:talk 3270:real 3238:talk 3221:talk 3217:DVdm 3207:talk 3179:talk 3175:DVdm 3157:talk 3120:talk 3063:talk 2972:talk 2968:DVdm 2919:ISBN 2803:talk 2789:talk 2785:DVdm 2771:talk 2759:this 2749:talk 2727:talk 2723:DVdm 2719:book 2712:here 2708:here 2704:here 2683:talk 2667:talk 2663:DVdm 2632:talk 2602:talk 2558:talk 2554:DVdm 2481:) = 2425:talk 2403:talk 2381:talk 2373:this 2369:this 2359:talk 2345:The 2337:talk 2322:talk 2318:DVdm 2241:talk 2223:talk 2188:talk 2174:talk 2160:talk 1950:talk 1936:talk 1932:DVdm 1898:talk 1867:talk 1863:DVdm 1833:talk 1807:talk 1803:DVdm 1773:talk 1757:over 1755:and 1753:over 1743:talk 1739:DVdm 1715:talk 1709:. — 968:talk 954:talk 944:and 883:talk 457:talk 410:talk 388:talk 361:talk 220:talk 197:talk 193:DVdm 182:talk 162:talk 148:has 130:talk 3494:by 3195:why 2757:Is 2541:2=- 2485:^3+ 2473:)*( 2411:In 2371:or 1976:bit 1972:was 1926:at 1821:add 1399:and 1344:and 1276:and 826:for 705:cos 617:for 514:cos 302:sin 284:sin 257:sin 3593:) 3508:− 3446:. 3395:− 3337:− 3280:) 3240:) 3223:) 3209:) 3191:No 3181:) 3159:) 3122:) 3065:) 2974:) 2928:, 2805:) 2791:) 2773:) 2751:) 2729:) 2685:) 2669:) 2661:- 2634:) 2604:) 2596:. 2560:) 2537:, 2533:1= 2465:*( 2427:) 2405:) 2383:) 2361:) 2339:) 2324:) 2284:,- 2276:1, 2272:0, 2243:) 2225:) 2190:) 2176:) 2162:) 2117:Δ 2110:− 2096:Δ 2081:Δ 2067:¯ 2032:− 1998:¯ 1989:⋅ 1952:) 1938:) 1900:) 1869:) 1835:) 1809:) 1775:) 1745:) 1717:) 1660:¯ 1614:− 1593:¯ 1560:− 1545:¯ 1463:¯ 1429:− 1377:− 1355:Δ 1327:27 1312:− 1287:Δ 1237:Δ 1230:− 1216:Δ 1210:− 1201:Δ 1146:Δ 1140:⋅ 1128:¯ 1105:⋅ 1079:− 970:) 956:) 889:) 885:• 805:− 791:π 779:− 761:− 729:⁡ 708:⁡ 690:− 600:π 588:− 570:− 538:⁡ 517:⁡ 499:− 459:) 412:) 390:) 363:) 314:θ 305:⁡ 293:θ 287:⁡ 278:− 272:θ 266:⁡ 222:) 199:) 184:) 164:) 132:) 64:← 3589:( 3573:1 3570:= 3565:i 3561:u 3538:i 3534:) 3528:2 3522:3 3517:i 3514:+ 3511:1 3502:( 3480:i 3476:u 3452:| 3443:i 3441:u 3425:n 3421:) 3415:2 3409:3 3404:i 3401:+ 3398:1 3389:( 3367:n 3363:) 3357:2 3351:3 3346:i 3343:+ 3340:1 3331:( 3321:n 3317:i 3301:i 3297:u 3276:( 3236:( 3219:( 3205:( 3177:( 3155:( 3118:( 3112:C 3095:C 3061:( 3044:2 3025:1 2970:( 2926:. 2801:( 2787:( 2769:( 2747:( 2725:( 2681:( 2665:( 2630:( 2600:( 2556:( 2543:i 2539:x 2535:i 2531:x 2527:x 2523:i 2519:x 2515:x 2511:i 2507:x 2503:d 2501:= 2499:b 2495:c 2493:= 2491:a 2487:x 2483:x 2479:i 2477:- 2475:x 2471:i 2469:+ 2467:x 2463:x 2423:( 2401:( 2391:a 2379:( 2357:( 2335:( 2320:( 2314:d 2312:, 2310:c 2308:, 2306:b 2304:, 2302:a 2298:c 2296:, 2294:b 2292:, 2290:a 2286:i 2282:i 2278:x 2274:x 2270:x 2266:x 2262:x 2239:( 2221:( 2186:( 2172:( 2158:( 2139:3 2134:2 2126:3 2121:0 2113:4 2105:2 2100:1 2090:+ 2085:1 2073:= 2064:t 2041:) 2038:b 2035:3 2027:2 2023:a 2019:( 2013:3 2009:2 2004:= 1995:t 1986:t 1948:( 1934:( 1896:( 1865:( 1831:( 1805:( 1771:( 1741:( 1713:( 1695:2 1689:3 1684:i 1681:+ 1678:1 1672:= 1667:1 1657:u 1650:= 1645:2 1641:u 1635:, 1628:2 1622:3 1617:i 1611:1 1605:= 1600:2 1590:u 1583:= 1578:1 1574:u 1568:, 1563:1 1557:= 1552:0 1542:u 1535:= 1530:0 1526:u 1515:. 1501:i 1497:u 1470:i 1460:u 1432:1 1426:= 1421:3 1416:i 1412:u 1383:b 1380:3 1372:2 1368:a 1364:= 1359:0 1330:c 1324:+ 1321:b 1318:a 1315:9 1307:3 1303:a 1299:2 1296:= 1291:1 1259:3 1254:2 1246:3 1241:0 1233:4 1225:2 1220:1 1205:1 1193:= 1190:t 1159:t 1156:3 1150:0 1135:i 1125:u 1118:+ 1113:3 1110:t 1100:i 1096:u 1092:+ 1087:3 1084:a 1076:= 1071:i 1067:x 1038:0 1035:= 1032:c 1029:+ 1026:x 1023:b 1020:+ 1015:2 1011:x 1007:a 1004:+ 999:3 995:x 966:( 952:( 946:b 942:a 928:q 925:+ 922:x 919:p 916:+ 911:3 907:x 881:( 855:. 850:2 847:, 844:1 841:, 838:0 835:= 832:k 817:a 814:3 810:b 801:) 795:3 788:2 782:k 775:) 768:p 764:3 751:p 748:2 743:q 740:3 733:( 721:3 718:1 712:( 698:3 695:p 685:2 682:= 677:k 673:t 646:. 641:2 638:, 635:1 632:, 629:0 626:= 623:k 610:) 604:3 597:2 591:k 584:) 577:p 573:3 560:p 557:2 552:q 549:3 542:( 530:3 527:1 521:( 507:3 504:p 494:2 491:= 486:k 482:t 455:( 408:( 386:( 359:( 323:0 320:= 317:) 311:3 308:( 299:+ 296:) 290:( 281:3 275:) 269:( 261:3 253:4 218:( 195:( 180:( 160:( 154:a 150:a 146:y 142:y 128:( 50:.

Index

Talk:Cubic function
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current talk page
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http://www.sosmath.com/algebra/factor/fac11/fac11.html
unsigned
140.105.70.136
talk
15:08, 25 May 2012 (UTC)
D.Lazard
talk
17:01, 25 May 2012 (UTC)
Ssscienccce
talk
10:41, 6 September 2012 (UTC)
DVdm
talk
11:33, 6 September 2012 (UTC)
unsigned
64.95.214.18
talk
18:55, 19 December 2012 (UTC)
unsigned
64.134.140.53

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