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As for distinction between official/unofficial and whether it was a concerted effort....As the article also points out, though it could do with more words on that and many other areas, the armada was sent due to it being one of Halley's rare but clockwork apparitions (when it's relatively close-by)
553:"The occasion of the Halley mission led to the establishment of the IACG (Inter-Agency Consultative Group), which is still extremely effective in functioning as a cooperative organization among Japan, the US, Europe, and Russia."
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Tbh although the article could be greatly improved, I don't think it is currently implying anything wrong. Something like "The Halley Armada is
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Each individual spacecraft was technically a separate programme (this is the norm in international cooperation in space, see
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content on
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which was the reason for the international interest. It certainly wasn't a coincidence an armada of spacecraft was sent!
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a group of space probes...." would be fine. (sorry it's not a very creative example but you get what I mean)
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555:. So you could call it a proto-collaboration.
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