Talk:SMS/Archive 1

2429:

Makkonen is the CEO of Finnet. Initially conceptualized as Message Handling Services, SMS was proposed to be included in the GSM digital mobile phone standard as early as in 1984 by the Nordic Countries (in GSM WP3, a group chaired by J. Audestad). SMS was further discussed in the main GSM Group in February 1985 and it was included in the draft GSM spec (GSM Doc.28-85) the same year. The technical standard known today was largely created by IDEG's Draft Group on Message Handling in 1987–1990, first chaired by Friedhelm Hillebrand. The first commercial short message was sent on 3 December 1992 by Neil Papworth of Sema Group from a personal computer to Richard Jarvis of Vodafone on the Vodafone GSM network in the United Kingdom. SMS was originally designed as part of GSM, but is now available on a wide range of networks, including 3G networks. However, not all text messaging systems use SMS, and some notable alternate implementations of the concept include J-Phone's SkyMail and NTT Docomo's Short Mail, both in Japan. E-mail messaging from phones, as popularized by NTT Docomo's i-mode and the RIM BlackBerry, also typically use standard mail protocols such as SMTP over TCP/IP, not SMS.

1002:

text is unheard of. Larger, separate keyboards which can be attached to mobile phones are now available. An array of smartphones now have larger ’13-line’ displays. This more innovative display technology on phones means that their screens have both a sharper and brighter image. Texting is as simple as 1-2-3. Specific instructions on how to text can be easily accessed on a specific network operators website or by simply asking a friend of family member. Predictive texting, or “word” texting is where the phone guesses the words as one hits the keys, meaning texters do not even have to be able to spell. Text messaging is in the works of evolving into every type of phone. Operators have begun introducing mobile to landline texting, where one can send a text to a home phone number that will further be read out by an automated voice…and vice versa. Additionally, it is also feasible to dictate a message to an operator by way of a landline which can be sent as a text message to a mobile number.

1293:

which was present from the first implementations of the SMSC, is voice mail (VM). Typically the voice mail system submits a short message informing the subscriber that he has a voice message waiting. The interface between the VM system and the SMSC will depend on the manufacturer of the VM system. For example, the original (Sema Group) implementation of SMSC for Vodafone interfaced with an Ericsson voice mail system using SS7. Other implementations may use IP (e.g. using the industry-standard SMPP - Short Message Peer-to-peer protocol), or some other open or proprietary protocol. The choice of this protocol is not usually under the control of the SMSC developer, and may indeed be a matter of legacy in terms of the VM system. There is certainly no reason that it should not be a circuit-switched protocol. A similar arrangement will exist between the SMSC and all non-mobile SMEs (Short Message Entities).

1009:

organize many political protests. Just this past May in Seoul, a sixteen-year-old South Korean text messaged his friend during class not even having to glance at his cell phone keypad while typing in, “Gwanghwamun station. 6:00” (USA Today). In this particular situation, the texts quickly spread, illustrating the news of the spontaneous rally. The following day in downtown Seoul, over 400 students congregated as activists against the extreme pressures they must undergo for the nation’s extremely competitive college-entrance exam. Numerous students decided to come out to the rally at last minute after receiving a text-message from a friend pertaining to it. “I don’t think the rally would have been big if we didn’t have cell phones,” says Im Soon-jae, one of the organizers. “We would not have been able to spread the information about this as quickly” (USA Today).

1360:

and others). From that point on, the HLR will respond to the SMSC's SRI-for-SM with a failure (see note below though), indicating the reason, and automatically add the SMSC's address to the subscriber's Message Waiting Delivery (MWD) list. That way, the network isn't wasting resources trying to deliver SMs to handsets that are known to be unavailable. The HLR is informed of a subscriber's availability in a couple of ways: Where the sub has been out of coverage, when they come back they'll attach to the network, and the Location Update will trigger the HLR to send alerts to all SMSCs stored in the MWD list. Where the MS has had its memory full, and the sub deletes some texts, a Ready-for-SM message is sent from the VMSC/VLR to the HLR, again triggering the alerts to the SMSCs.

1367:(Note on HLR responding with failure to SRI-for-SM. The SMSC can override this behaviour, if it wants to, by setting a priority flag in the SRI-for-SM; in this case, the HLR will always respond with the last known location of the subscriber. Why would the SMSC want to do that? Couple of cases spring to mind: 1) Where the SMS is set to overwrite existing texts in the handset of the same sort, for example voice mail notification. 2) OTA SIM updates - these don't need to be stored on the MS, instead the handset should pass these SMs to the SIM straight away, so the SIM configuration can be updated. OK, not much use where the sub is out of coverage, but useful where the memory is full.) 425:

programme on the SMSC to decode the 7-bit encoded messages. When I was involved in developing an SMSC we had a tool for doing just that - it was initially for debugging purposes, though it was later used in support of the security services of certain countries. Nevertheless, I understand that while using it for debugging, some interesting texts were seen such as covert communications between senior members of the operator's staff and their extra-marital "partners". As with email, don't write anything in a text message you wouldn't put on a postcard (i.e. for the postman to see)!!

1646:. If no objections in the next couple of days, the addition will go. Seems to me if the new law is being proposed, it's about as useful as the mobile phone ban in the UK - ie the specific law isn't needed, since the offence is covered by other, existing, legislation. If there are objections, I'll change the date format to un-Americanize it, as well as try to find out whether the new law applies to NYC or the state. Possibly of more interest would be the relatively small number of states that actually do ban texting whilst driving! 1874:(USSD) messages which aren't that similar to SMS. They're fire and forget messages, no SMSC involved. There can be mobile and network initiated ones, which do a variety of things. A set of USSD codes are defined in standards for performing certain functions, and network operators have the option of using spare ones for their own purposes. Actually, that USSD article looks pretty poor, and needs some work... maybe I'll go and clean it up some time, if I can be bothered. 2001:

and be able to do things that old media couldn’t provide, for example, texting 100 people within a click. Group of people using these tools will gain new forms of social power, new ways to organize their interactions, and exchanges just in time and just in place. Human’s life starts to change within this world of interactive media. Some of these changes are beneficial and empowering, and some amplify the capabilities of people whose intentions are malignant.

1330:

explained below, you would try to deliver a message and on failure queue the messsage for a retry (s&f). If however the target SME (sink of the message) is a fixed, high availability system, then you would expect the message to get through first time; if it doesn't then there is a serious problem which you probably can't do much about, so you wouldn't bother trying again - at least not during the timeframe of an automatic retry, so you might use "f&f".

127:

beers in the evening of Copenhagen after a long and exhausting day at an NMT meeting. Suddenly, Matti bends over and utters: “It should be possible to send text messages on the signalling channel of NMT”. Full stop. The journalist wraps up: Due to a crowded agenda of the NMT meeting, it was not time to submit the crucial idea at that meeting. The interview says nothing about what happened at any subsequent meetings – but still: the idea is born.

31: 634:...this article would really gain from a step-by-step description of how one person would typically send a text message to another (e.g., Person A needs to know Person B's cell phone number; Person A goes into a menu on his her mobile phone for sending a text message; etc.). I'm not the one to write this, because I've literally never sent a text message by phone (bizarre, given that I'm a software developer, but, hey, I'm old). - 2889:"Ability to specify Any Sender ID(sms address of the sender, sending SMS from any telephone number,fun SMS,jokes) on the phone receiver, so you can absolutely anonymously send from Any numbers (11 alphanumeric characters or mobile number) Text SMS (up to 160 characters) Support for Unicode, so you can write in Russian sms etc. (Arabic, Russian, Chinese and so on, up to 70 characters) You can use this service here" 912:. Airwide was formed when Taral Networks bought the messaging part of SchlumbergerSema. SchlumbergerSema was in turn formed when Schlumberger bought Sema Group. You can find other references to it using simple Google searches, though it may be difficult to work out which predated the fact being on Knowledge or on Radio 2 and which came after. If you wish to check the facts with Neil Papworth himself see 610:...an article about GPS/SMS bugs? These tiny devices, hidden somewhere at your car, determine its position via GPS and transmit the coordinates via GSM's (or other standards') SMS service to your surveillant(s). They are apparently widely abused by the LEC, secret services or private snoops, thereby infringing on basic civil liberties. Also the aspect of possible counter-weapons could be discussed. 1131: 112:

GSM, and was after a while split into the original versions of specification GSM 02.02 (GSM bearer services) and GSM 02.03 (GSM tele services). When IDEG (Implementation of Data and Telematics Expert Group) was established in May 1987, the current version of 02.03 was by the chairman (German) declared the starting fundament of the specification of SMS, which was done in that group.

134:

chauvinistic lobbyism. Some German and French pioneers were probably the closest to grab the fatherhood, if any. When they have not done so, it is because they acknowledge the GSM development as the fabulous _team_ work that it was – the most successful collaboration of Europe in modern times. The statement on one common achievement is definitely no cop-out.

1961:

being vast and reachable to absolutely everyone. There is also a high degree of acceptance with the fact that a mobile phone is readily accessible rather than television or radio, considering that the message sent is by a trusted source. They find this acceptable that most media, such as magazine inserts, direct mail and telemarketing sales (Barnes, 2003).

3550:"No delivery receipts"? I've been receiving SMS delivery receipts for many years. Is my phone using a different protocol without my knowing it? Also "lack of timely delivery"? I find that provided both users have their phones switched on, 99% of messages are delivered within a minute. 18:41, 26 September 2008 (UTC) 205:"To avoid the even shorter message lengths available when using Cyrillic letters, some Russians use the Latin alphabet for their own language." - this doesn't seem to make any sense. Why would *users* want to *avoid* shorter message lengths? Users *like* short messages. Anyone know what the intended sense is? -- 3424:

You need to study the relevant protocols further. Most SMSCs do not know what to filter and that is why these attacks work. Also there are several other SMS-related protocols that can push SMS-toolkit applications and even native phone applications, as is done on the Android platform, when installing

1996:

Since the introduction of texting and a phenomenon at Shibuya Crossing, one theme seems to be widespread and well-known after that, Smart Mobs. Smart mobs is an example of the extension in the use of mobile phone. No more a simple phone functioned only for making a call. A phone can now be used as a

1894:

article. I also have a bit of concern about the similarities of the three user names who have been posting this stuff. Anyway, here's the stuff that was added, to be either put back here if people disagree, or to be moved to the more appropriate article (watch out for nowiki tags if you do though).

1338:

A 3rd case would be for premium content MT SMS (Information on Demand, or IoD). Consider football match alerts, where you sign up to receive a text every time your team scores - what would be the point of receiving these alerts on a Monday when the match was on Saturday? And worse, paying for them!

1329:

a) Where the target SME is highly available. The mobile SME (the combination of all subscribers' mobile terminals - handsets) is considered to be low availability. This is because they can be switched off, out of coverage, or their memory can be full (among other error conditions). Usually, except as

976:

Primarily, Nokia jumped all over text messaging in countries such as China and Japan , and consequently the first marketable SMS service debuted in 1995. One main appeal of text messaging for companies is that phones are not required to be in range to receive a message, furthermore all messages will

896:

Thank you for your interest in the "story" about Neil Papworth sending the world's first commercial short message to Richard Jarvis of Vodafone. I understand your request for a citation, but I suspect it would be somewhat difficult (though not impossible) to find a definitive written record. I was on

865:

I can certainly beef up the technical details from a GSM perspective (10 years in the industry, with a fair amount of specialism in the SMS world), but I'm wary of getting too technical (seen enough talk pages complaining about 'expert brain dumps'). I can't address ANSI networks technicalities, and

594:

It is not my statement, so I am not defending, but discussing it. It is a historical loophole in that it existed since the start of SMS and has now been "fixed". I suggest therefore that it belongs under "History". The only thing that is missing is an indication of the date when the hole was plugged.

388:

GSM messages aren't encrypted, but are usually in 7-bit characters. Every seven octets (bytes) can therefore hold eight characters. It's done for compression rather than for obfuscation, but it does mean that the "encoded" text is not immediately obvious to a casual "hacker". It's somewhat similar to

111:

The earliest GSM documents containing anything on SMS are GSM 19/85 and GSM 28/85 (from 1985), which were documents submitted to the main group of GSM. Both derive from joint French-German discussions and collaboration. The content of GSM 28/85 from there on takes the form of the list of services for

1757:

for several reasons. The social and technical aspects are separate - I too am far more interested in the technical than the social, and feel the piecemeal way in which the social aspects are handled gets in the way of a potentially good technical article. Indeed the social aspects could be common to

1359:

That's part of the story, but only on the first occurrence of the subscriber being unable to receive an SM. Once the HLR is informed of the sub's unavailability, it will set an appropriate flag against the subscriber's profile (MNRF - mobile not reachable flag; MCEF - memory capacity exceeded flag;

1258:

Where the SMS is delivered over GPRS, in fact it still uses SS7; the HLR responds to the SRI-for-SM with the SGSN address, and the SMSC sends the mt-ForwardSM to the SGSN over SS7 instead of to the visited MSC. (In actual fact, even though ForwardSM has been split into separate MO and MT messages,

991:

The text message has advanced to become such a vital part of our everyday communication that it has become a main channel of communication for millions of people around the world. Its vast popularity has been gained because it is a way to keep in touch with people no matter their location. Texting

984:

Through the evolution of the cell phone, text messaging has molded to meet the vigorous demands of the industry. Specialty phones like Blackberries, have connected e-mail with text messaging so one can view their e-mail as a text message. Additionally, a wide-range of companies today now offer web

904:

I related the story in an interview with Martin Shankleman on BBC Radio 2 in October 2005 (I can send you the recording if you wish). This was after several people had independently come up with the same story, some including Neil's name, some not. While I knew Neil to be the originator of the short

469:

The article states "only 13 messages were sent by the average user in 2003 ". This is unclear as to whether this means what it states literally, i.e. 13 messages in the whole year, or if it is an error, and the figure refers to the average monthly figure, as is with the figures stated earlier in the

383:

This has already been stated, but, it seems a little short on tech details. I came looking for an answer as to if the messages flew encrypted or in plain text, and it's not discussed at all. It's mentioned that SMS messaging follows the GSM spec, but it doesn't point to said spec anywhere near where

317:

Actually a 5 digit number in the UK (either starting with 8 or 6) indicates that this is a Premium Shortcode, which can be ordered from each Operator and used for a fee. Usually these shortcodes are setup as MO billed, as no content is being delivered which means the Sucess biling ratio is likely

267:

1. The low number of Pre-Paid phones, in Europe, the youth market played a huge role in the growth of SMS. 2. Not all Carriers (Operators) are GSM, therefore the interconnect and compatibility of SMS between networks is hampered. 3. Phone Compatability, it's only recently that all phones have

225:

The technical details section states "3 to 4 segment messages are the practical maximum". While this may have been true several years ago, it is no longer... people routinely send 6-segment messages, which can be sent by most (if not all) Nokia mobile phones on the market now, as well as many other

3379:

Actually, that is NOT fear-mongering, it is a serious and real issue in the SMS protocols (as currently implemented) and should be briefly explained in the Vulnerabilities section. The research was done by security researchers Nico Gold & Collin Mulliner at the 27C3 and is clearly and explained

3121:

I created the text message intending to illustrate 160 total characters in a displayed message, and was not concerned with making sure all letters of the English Alphabet appeared. Additionally, the caption was editied by someone to indicate the message was being composed on that screen. This is

1920:

has impacts on the language standard varieties and conventional linguistic. Doing research in Finland, there is a high population of mobile phone and SMS users, Kasesniemi (2003) observes that “the wider the phenomenon has spread, the more discussion it has aroused in the Finnish media concerning

1843:

I thought i read this expression once for the *number*code# service that some cellphone providers offer to get specific services like the ?flash sms display that is sent back as example for the money you still have on your cell account (as example *121*# in this case) or entering *131*code# for the

1693:

article done! Anyone can feel free to go hack it about. What I'm not sure about is whether or not to move the content up to the main article once the split happens (I'll be doing the split in a couple of days, if there aren't any objections by then), or to leave it as a sub-page and paraphrase it

1008:

A complete host of services are now readily available through text messages. Alerts like medicine reminders and news alerts can now be provided by text messages. In addition, text messaging has become ground-breaking in politics. Nationwide, text messaging is active, and is often used in Asia to

942:

IP address 193.8.50.165 added the "Guiness book of records" section. No problem with that - I heard myself, on a BBC Radio 2 news report, that the world record for speed texting had been broken. What I have a problem with (apart from the missing 'n' in Guinness) is that the time listed in the new

482:

The statement "Classic cannon game and similar are quite suitable for that kind of entertainment." under popularity doesn't seem to make sense, but without knowing what it is trying to say, I can't correct it. I've removed it in the meantime, but if anyone can clarify and add the text back in, that

424:

I didn't think I rambled much on this occasion, though I am prone to it. I am aware of air interface encrytpion, but know little of it. My areas of expertise are messaging and fraud (AUC and EIR principally). From my viewpoint I see the vulnerable area as the SMSC. It is very easy to write a little

74:

I've just removed the iPhone image - the iPhone isn't out yet, so it's not a good example of how people use the SMS platform. A good image should be illustrative - not showing a product that isn't even out and may yet change. Also, the image is copyrighted - we can claim fair use if we are using it

3569:

The section you're referring to is a thinly disguised plug for Tyntec's direct SMS delivery service. It is, however, accurate in the sense that a) SMS delivery is not guaranteed, and b) you can't really trust delivery reports. It's possible for a DR to claim "delivered" when it was not, to claim

3293:

have been added to Unicode 6, apparently in order to standardise encoding of these in Japanese SMS among the major Japanese carriers, as well as in e-mails etc. Since these characters are outside the Unicode BMP, presumably SMS would have to use UTF-16 rather than UCS-2 to encode them. Does anyone

2428:

The inventor of SMS is a Finnish civil servant by the name Matti Makkonen who then worked for a state-owned postal and telecommunications company Posti (Finland). He presented the idea in a pizzeria in Copenhagen, during a conference of mobile phone communication's future in fall of 1982. Today M.

2000:

The people who make up smart mobs cooperate in ways never before possible because they carry devices that possess both communication and computing capabilities. They can connect and link to each other, exchange information, and form a virtual community. New media allow people to have more freedom

1936:

often appears to student's homework or examination. Judith Gillespie, development manager at the Scottish Parent Teacher Council, said: “There must be rigorous efforts from all quarters of the education system to stamp out the use of texting as a form of written language as far as English study is

1593:

Short message service is an unambiguous way of referring to a concept as well as being the name that concept was given by GSM. By all means set up redirects from other, more colloquial terms. Knowledge is an encyclopaedia, not a dictionary of common terms. The use of "SMS" to describe a message is

1354:

When a delivery to a mobile fails the SMSC can send a message to the HLR to set a flag against that mobile (actually msisdn) to indicate that it would like to be alerted when the mobile becomes available again. When the HLR notices that the mobile is once again available (switched on, in coverage,

1035:

Under "Popularity" there is a line: "text messaging is associated with a fast pace of life and France is more reluctant than others to dispense with its traditions." Surely this is pure speculation and is, in a word, rubbish. Is it a universally-agreed fact that the French are more traditional and

583:

Regarding: "One factor in the takeup of SMS was that operators were slow to eliminate billing fraud which was possible by changing SMSC settings on individual handsets to the SMSC's of other operators. Over time, this issue was eliminated by switch-billing instead of billing at the SMSC and by new

507:

Yes, this is known as Premium SMS and comes in two flavours, MT Billing (the message is billed when it terminates on the handset) or MO billing where the message is billed when the request leaves the handset. For a dictionary service, I would suggest MT billing, as the end user would only get

126:

In summer 2006, I was notified that Makkonen had been subject to interviews in major newspapers in the Nordic countries. In the one of them that I checked, Makkonen bluntly steps forward as the father and tells the story of how SMS was invented: He and his colleagues were enjoying a pizza and some

122:

In early 2006, I was notified that Knowledge had come forward with Matti Makkonen as the father of SMS. This was real news. Matti Makkonen had participated in the work on NMT, but I didn’t think that he was much involved in GSM (key persons in GSM later confirmed that my anticipation was correct),

2924:

I can't really see its relevance in this article. It's an application that happens to use the SMS protocol. It's no surprise you can compress text, but if it is only available to people who have this application, and then only for text messages sent and received through this application, it's not

2539:

Gmail has just added a new lab which enables gmail users to send SMS text messages. I am not trying to advertise for Gmail, but it is already a huge thing and so this is probably relevant to the article, perhaps under SMS Today? Here's a temporary link that gives a brief overview of the service

2394:

The story about e2sms seems a bit peripheral. People visiting this topic arguably want to read about the history of SMS itself, not various dot-com era companies and marginal business models. Perhaps digressions of this nature merit their own page, especially as SMS gateways merit their own topic

1960:

defines the term “opt-in”, which is a scheme which “involves the user agreeing to receive advertising before anything is sent, with the opportunity to change preferences or stop messages at any time”. Advertising in such a way also becomes a privacy issue to consumers, which restricts advertising

1309:

Actually, and SMSC is made up of several logical components. The Store and Forward Engine (SFE), and a couple of MSCs - a Gateway MSC (GMSC) for delivery of SMS, and an InterWorking MSC (IWMSC) for receipt of SMS. Physically, of course, it's typically the 1 box. In any case, from a GSM network

1292:

Depending on the implementation, the SMSC is typically responsible for transmission and receipt of short message-releated communication over the SS7 network. Usually, behind the SMSC, there is a set of gateways or interfaces to other systems with interest in SMS. A simple example of this, and one

1001:

Texts are cheap, big, easy, and evolving. Various mobile phone operators offer reduced rates and free texting. On the matter of cost, text messages have the comforting advantage of being fixed in price, whereas phone calls are typically charged by the minute. Getting cut off in the middle of a

89:

The 'no one person/organisation invented SMS' line is a cop-out. Could we have more details about the first phone manufacturer to support text messaging, first network to carry it. Does anyone own any patents? Which country was it first ontroduced in. There are some more useful details that could

1967:

SMS was indeed a true newcomer In fact, our society is erupted by the practices of text messaging. SMS is largely used by many people and in many countries. As Rheingold discuss the his experience at Shibuya Crossing of Tokyo, he points out that "the practice of exchaning short text messages via

1722:

I would like to suggest that this article be split into 2 - 1 article called "Text messaging" or something similar, which deals with the social phenomonomonomonomon that is Texting, and this article dealing with the Short Message Service itself, from a telecoms perspective. Numerous reasons for

1363:

On top of that, the SMSC will go into a retry schedule anyway, attempting to periodically deliver the SM without getting an alert. The retry schedule interval will depend on the original failure cause - transient network failures will result in short retry schedule, whereas out of coverage will

444:

In phrases such as "18 billion SMS were sent in 2001" it would be more correct to use "SM" or "short message" rather than "SMS". "SMS" expands to "Short Message Service" and is the service provided by the "SMSC" (Short Message Service Centre) rather than the message itself. I haven't changed the

3065:

In addition to that, there is real names and numbers about the actual inventors of the SMS idea, namely: Friedhelm Hillebrand of the German Postage Service - Bundespost, Bernard Ghillebaert of the PTT (predecessor of the France Télécom), Finn Trosby of the Norwegian Telenor, Kevin Holly of the

1642:

Recently, an IP address added to the article about a recent proposal in NY to ban texting while driving. I'm considering removing the addition, since a google shows that NY State has a "de facto" ban on texting while driving, since there are laws prohibiting any use of a mobile whilst driving

3588:

A properly implemented SMS system delivers all messages eventually. But it seems that such systems are rare. "SMS makes use of a Short Message Service Center (SMSC), which acts as a store-and-forward system for relaying short messages. Similar to an MSC, the SMSC guarantees delivery of text

2329:

To add, the SMS protocol itself only runs with clear text data going back and forth with communication. That data is notorious for "man-in-the-middle" attacks. Since phone hacking has become an issue with more sophisticated phones, the security question becomes more important for protecting

107:

In WP3: GSM WP3 (working party responsible for network and architecture) was established March 1984 along with the working parties for services (WP1) and radio aspects (WP2). Neither the chairman (Norwegian) nor the secretary (French) of WP3 can recall any input document on SMS that year. The

2919:

An Indian startup myMobile Ergonomics has introduced on phone SMS Compression in its products CleverTexting and Panini Keypad in which they offer an increase in the capacity of the SMS by 40% and 350% respectively. This is done through an application on the phone with its own compression and

1333:

b) Where the loss of a message is of little importance. For example, where a message is sent every minute reporting the status of some device, the loss of a single message may not be considered an error, since there will be another coming along in a minute which would in any case replace it.

1107:

I've considered rewriting the technical section in the past, but I only have GSM knowledge and didn't want to make the article even more GSM-centric. On the technical sections, a load of inline references aren't really applicable - maybe just refs to 2 or 3 of the relevant 3GPP specs (again

3449:

This page states that SMS text messaging has "over 5 billion active users," citing a February 2010 CNET article. It then goes on to say that that 5 billion is "74% of all mobile phone subscribers," without a citation. That 2010 article states that at the time the number of all "cell phone

1070:

Inter-operator SMS delivery isn't, really, any different to delivery within an operator. All that's needed is an SCCP interworking agreement so the MAP messages can get from the SMSC to the OLO's HLR and MSCs. Internationally, that's probably a case of the international carrier having the

1012:

Text messaging has clearly become the new political tool for activists. In technology-centered nations such as South Korea, China, and the Middle East, text messaging has established a “mobile democracy”. REFERENCES Text.it. The UK’s definitive text related information source.

133:

When I asked the journalist of the interview above about how he become aware of “the father of SMS”, he answered: “I googled ‘SMS history’, and the entry of Makkonen in Knowledge popped up”. This is how it works – if the many readers / editors of Knowledge do not draw a line to nonsense and

1989:

SMS allows young people to create their own shrared culture which is distinction from the so called general culture dominated by adults. As Goggins (2006) talks that "Texting became involved in a wider reworking of youth culture, involving other new media form and technologies and cultural

1822:

The split has been done, at a very basic level. There's still a bit too much commonality between the 2 articles for my liking, but I've pruned it a fair bit on both articles. Next step is to go through the several hundred articles that link here, and check to see if they really want the

1218:. Then there is SMS over non-GSM protocols. This is all very confusing, and it also doesn't answer simple questions like, "how does the cell phone tower know that an incoming packet is an SMS and not general Internet traffic?" It would be helpful to show full protocol stacks (see e.g. 278:

Some U.S. carriers charge 5 or 10 cents on both ends, thus discouraging both the sending and receiving of text messages. A pricing model like that of Singapore's (according to the article) would probably be far more successful in the U.S. (first few hundred messages free, then charge).

2799:

Yea, it does and it was changed from the dab page. The edit comment on the move did not even claim that this is the primary use. I think that point needs to be made before a move. Otherwise the redirect should point to the dab page, or the dab page should be moved over the redirect.

1694:

in the main article. I think the latter may be more appropriate, because eventually I hope to either see technical sections on the ANSI and AMPS implementations added by subject matter experts, or I'll go off and read up on those technologies and do those sections myself. Opinions?

1536:. If you want the article named as it's commonly known, then it would be 'text', or some derivative of. If that was done, then the technical section should be removed completely (possibly to the rather poor SMSC article), since in the industry, SMS/Messaging/Short Message Service 2405:

I've pretty much abandoned this article these days - it's so much a spam magnet that I just got fed up with it; however, the recent addition of speedy-delete requests and other templates has made me address this issue. The huge e2sms chunk is now replaced with a single sentence.

1416:. This is only the start of the rewrite - there's a load more stuff to go into it, as well as copy-editing bits of the current section in. I'm posting this here so people can go and have a look - what I really want to know is whether people think that this may end up being just 389:

leaving the key under (or maybe on top of) the doormat rather than in the lock. There's nothing to prevent an application running on top of SMS from encrypting messages, but it's not a standard part of the protocol - in fact txt-speak could be said to be a sort of encryption.

1325:

I think you mean "forward and forget" as opposed to "store and forward". "store and forget" seems a rather useless feature, akin to binning the contents of your in-tray. There are two common situations where "f&f" might be used as opposed to "s&f" (my abbreviations).

677:

says the Dutch gov't paid mobile operators to carry gov't text warnings, making it the first European country to support such broadcasts in October 2005. First country in the world being South Korea, according to the article, in order to emit weather warnings or emergencies.

969:

Text messaging, also known as Short Message Servive (SMS), began in the late 1980’s by a group of Europeans striving to improve systems for the Global System for Mobile communications (GSM). But, in 1993 the messaging was accidently used by an engineering student.

1036:

less inclined to innovation and new modes of thinking than, say, the British? Shall we have a competition as to who is the most "backward" country? Knowledge should a place to gather facts, not opinions - and certainly not those "oh everyone knows that" opinions...

538:

are important here--if the corresponding syllables in the sentences had the same tones, it would make a lot more sense--but this is pure deduction from my part, and I'd appreciate if someone can verify this. If I'm actually wrong, please disregard all of this.

529:

In Mandarin Chinese, numbers that sound similar to words are used in place of those words. For example, the numbers 521 in Chinese ("wu er yi") sound like the words for "I love you" ("wo ai ni"). The sequence 748 ("qi si ba") sounds like the curse for "drop

980:

On the onset of the popularity of the text message, the majority of users were teenagers keeping in touch with their friends on a continual basis, but recently many companies now are using the text message to keep their staff in touch with one another.

226:

brands - some of which allow 8-segment messages (e.g. Orange SPV). I am therefore changing the quoted part of the sentence to read "6 to 8 segment messages are the practical maximum", since people send such messages today without many reported problems. --

648:

I don't think it's possible to give generic instructions for this, every phone is different and most have about a million shortcuts. Eg. if I get a new message, I can just hit the right button a few times to automatically create a reply to the sender.

2225:

You can send an SMS message to any mobile phone using AIM, sending to the screen name +1(areacode)(phonenumber). sending a text message to "+18185551212" would send it to (818) 555-1212. Don't know if mentioning this counts as advertizing for AIM...

2969:

The term "character" really should not be used where, as the number of bits used to represent a character depends on which encoding is used. A character != a byte, please do not interchange the two terms just in order to add variety to the wording.

1519:

I would suggest that it also isn't referred to SMS in common usage, but by other terms. That would suggest that the SMS usage isn't exclusive enough to warrant renaming the article. I do support the capitalization, however: Short Message Service.

402:

Quite a bizarre rambling you've written there, sir. SMS is plaintext and any PDU reader worth its salt (even Ethereal) will trivially display 7-bit characters. However, during actual transmission SMS travels over the GSM radio interface, which

3202:

While there is a line near the beginning of the article about the telecomm cost overhead for text messages, it could be a big enough disparity to warrant a criticism section. I found two refs which may or may not be considered reliable sources.

118:

In 2002, I received a call from a journalist of Helsingin Sanomat, who was interested if I could verify that “Matti Makkonen was the father of SMS”. When I said that I could not, she immediately lost the interest in the SMS history and hang up.

1355:

etc.) it will send an "AlertSC" to the SMSC which requested the alert. The SMSC will usually then retry the transmission of a message. The SMSC may use AlertSC, timed retries or a combination of the two to implement "s&f" functionality.

1889:

As this article states at the top, this is about the technical aspects of the Short Message Service, not the social aspects. All of the recent additions belong, if anywhere (and if not copy-vio as some of it appears to have been), in the

760:

which attempts to enforce no commercial links. Today I have already reverted and left a message on his Talk, which has been deleted and the article re-edited. I don't want to risk three reverts, so I would welcome some help here. Thanks.

1758:

other technologies (MMS, Chat,...) some of which could be combined, others which could not. I am not sure how the split might be handled, since "text messaging" may or may not be the right term for the split, but in principle I agree.

1097:

I agree it is definitely choppy and could benefit from someone going through and rephrasing everything for improved clarity. I've done that for the intro so far. The detailed sections could also use a lot more inline references. --

1984:

In the Study of Finnish and their practices of SMS, Kasesniemi and Rautiainen notes that the culture of text messaging have been quickly formed between teenagers and this culture grows out of unique circumstatces of teenage life

3589:

messages by the network. Messages are stored in the network until the destination cell phone becomes available, so a user can receive or transmit an SMS message at any time, whether a voice call is in progress or not." -Source:

1086:

This article is so poorly written (grammatical errors, sentence structure, organization, etc...) it's a real challenge to read it with any understanding. I'd take a shot at it myself, but am unfamiliar with the subject matter.

860:

The OTA piece doesn't seem complete, or is possibly incorrect in some aspects. For example, the SIM Update mechanism is OTA provisioning, but isn't vendor specific; the information elements on a SIM are pretty well defined in

311:

5 digit SMS numbers are popular both in the UK and the US (and possibly other countries, though I don't know about that), simply because they're easier to remember, etc. I assume that companies can purchase/rent these 5 digit

2484:

In October 2008, Matti Makkonen was awarded The Economist’s Innovation Award of Computing and Telecommunications for his work on Short Message Service (SMS) text messaging. Should he really not be mentioned in this article?

2211:

I genuinely would like to know about the SMS-from-internet service: googling comes up with a lot of sites, and I imagine they're mostly spammers/cowboys. It would be useful to have some discussion of whether this is true.

357:

may or may not be involved to get it to a peer SMSC or some service on the Internet. The SMS Tutorial in the External links section provides a lot more information; it would be a good source for rounding out this article.

1730:

The style of the article, as mentioned numerous times in the talk archive, is all over the place. I feel this is exacerbated by the mix and match between the social aspects of texting, and the actual service in the telco

1234:

It would be interesting to have some discussion of why "store and forget" might be a good idea, where delays can happen, and some technical details on how the SMSC knows a phone which was out of range has become available

2286:

In reviewing SMS/TEXTING on Knowledge, I find it to be very slack on security. I hope we can expand it to address this issue. I have information in several links on my PC that I will attempt to compile and record here.

1259:

most SMSC vendors just stick to using mo-ForwardSM and set the application context to deliver or submit, depending on which direction the message is going... very frustrating if you're writing an SS7 protocol decoder!).

3401:

You can't send anything "directly" to any other user, since all SMS traffic goes through SMSCs, and most filter MOs with dangerous UDHs. Even if you sign up as a VASP, most SMS gateways by default do not allow OTA MTs.

1955:

is done through this medium as well. Businesses send short SMS’s when promoting a new product. Nightclubs, dating services and football updates use this as a means to reach out to the public. Stuart J. Barnes, author of

880:

I've been looking for a source for the "first commercial SMS message" information and can't find a contemporary one. Also, most web sources use an identical form of words to that on this page, suggesting copy and paste.

1420:

technical and in-depth, or even too long for the article. If you can take a peek and let me know if it's worth my while continuing to work on it, I'd be most grateful. If people think it's OTT, then I'll just bin it.

1253:

I am no expert on the air interface, but I would expect the BTS and BSC to know which types of message transported on the SS7 control channels are for them and which are just to be passed on to the specified recipient.

93:

Actually, SMS was invented by just one person, in 1982-1983 by a Finn called Matti Makkonen, who brought the idea to Nordic mobile phone workgroup, which presented it in 1984 in GSM WP3. (References: Finnish wikipedia,

818:

Becuase everything about mobile somehow ties back into Finland? Seriously though if we are giving sections heading, at least they should be accurate. I created new headers, but someone may want to reorg them a bit.

2263:

We should be consistent as to whether "Short Message Service" is capitalized. As an acronym, obviously SMS should be capitalized wherever it is written, but as far as the long-hand version goes, what should we do?

838:

It is quite GSM-centric (reference to MAP protocol, for example - in CDMA networks, that should be AS-41 (or IS-41), with different message names). Does an ANSI network even use GSM 03.40/3GPP 23.040 to define the

584:

features within SMSC's to allow blocking of foreign mobile users sending messages through it." This seems to be misplaced in the history section, it is not dated and somehow doesn't appear relevant. Comments?

2154:

Since SMS was invented as part of the GSM standard, it makes sense that the article would focus on GSM, no? Also, do you have a reference for SMS on AMPS in the 1990's? I thought it was only on digital.

854:

is incorrect - the Store & Forward Engine (SFE) lives on the SMSC. SMSs reach the SMSC using the MAP or AS-41 protocol from the Serving MSC or SGSN. Not even beginning to get into the air interface

595:

I would guess that it is different for different operators (and certainly for different SMSC and network vendors), and that the exact date is not published, but maybe someone can add an indication of it.

75:"to illustrate the work or product being discussed", but we're not - this is not an iPhone or Apple article - it's an SMS article, and anyone can generate a free (as in speach) image of a phone using SMS 900:

On the day in question many members of the team were invited by Richard to Newbury for lunch, and while we were eating our sandwiches Richard announced that he had just received the first short message.

782:. If not, that might be part of the explanation to the lower SMS usage in the states. Or maybe it's just product placement that I have seen, and there is really no difference. Does anybody know more? / 3122:

incorrect. As creator of the image, I can verify that this is the "New Incoming Message" dialogue on a Motorola RAZR V3c, and that was indeed, a message received (not sent) on the handset depicted.

1943:

SMS has a wide impact on lifestyle. People find it easier to send a text message rather than meeting face-to-face, or calling in most cases. The reason being, it is convenient and flexible to send a

1071:

agreements with all the operators, rather than each operator having to have an agreement with all the others, although I'm not sure about that... that's a commercial thing, not a technical thing ;)

542:

Anyway, to make this truly comprehensible, we should include tones in the transliteration (and possibly add a short explanation of why they're important). Mandarin speakers wanted, in other words.

376:). The 3GPP spec is on 3gpp.org (though it might help to read the above-mentioned tutorial before trying to find it). It would be useful to check and include this information in the article. -- 331:

This article seems a little short on technical details. How do text messages get from phone to phone, exactly? Where is the standard specified? Are there successor standards in development? --

1395:

18:46, 12 April 2007 (UTC) Struck out the above rather sarky comment - was unnecessary... it's been a long day, and I've been staring at failing inter system handovers all day! lol. Apologies.

285:

I strongly disagree with the opinion that this article presents of the popularity of text messaging. At my high school, everyone texts, and does so constantly. And when I say constantly, I mean

470:

section. On it's own, the paragraph is clear, but in light of the fact that figures were stated recently that were monthly, it would be helpful to explicitly state the time period involved. --

108:

archives of the documents are not complete, but the minutes of the meetings are and thereby the list of documents and their corresponding subjects, as well as the discussion on each document.

2744:

follows the proposed naming convention. As someone pointed out below, the alternative, to be consistent, would be to redirect SMS to the disambiguation page, which would not be appropriate.

2571:

does) and lack of guaranteed delivery, it is not the best way of calling for help. There are solutions in the works for 9-1-1 centers to accept text messages, but that's likely years away

897:

the team at Sema Group that developed the SMSC for Vodafone and Neil was one of our programmers. Richard Jarvis was at the head of Vodata: the part of Vodafone that commissioned the SMSC.

212:

You get 160 character messages in the Latin alphabet, but only 70 in cyrillics. So they don't use cyrillics. Sorry I wasn't very clear; I've tried re-wording to "limited message lengths".

775:

From various movies, TV-shows etc I get the feeling that BlackBerries, SideKicks, Two-ways and similar devices are more common in the US than in for example Europe and New Zealand.

1772:- this article doesn't have a focal point, we need an article that's about the SMS and one that's about "Text messages" or "Text messaging". There should be a link using one of the 3062:

According to the German version of the same page, the first SMS was sent from a PC to a Vodafone phone in the UK on 3rd December of 1992. Someone may want to have a look at that.

2688: 1507: 1289:

I can see what you mean, that setting up a circuit for the small amount of data contained in a short message would involve significant overhead, but you are missing the point.

949:

I'll change it in a bit, if there's no objection: will remove the new section, and simply replace the old record details (which were out of date anyway) with the new one.

756:

who was previously engaged in the same activity, continuing with this self-publicity campaign, which is against Knowledge policy. Even if it isn't him there is a comment on

503:

Is it possible to charge people extra for sending you an SMS? I mean, could I i.e. develop a dictionary service where I would charge 40 cents per SMS a customer sends me?

303:

When a TV show (in the UK at least) invites viewers to send in votes or comments via sms, sometimes the number given is shorter than the usual 11-digits Anyone know why?

3570:"failed" when it was delivered, and (most commonly) not report back anything at all, leaving the message in a Schrodinger's cat state as far as the sender is concerned. 1690: 1438:"It is available on most digital mobile phones and some personal digital assistants with onboard wireless telecommunications." Why does this apparently need a citation? 2814:

The change to point the redirect here instead of to the DAB occured more than a year ago, and followed the moving of the DAB page away from the undisambiguated term.

1929:"Homework" is "hw", "Got to go" is "g2g" or "gtg". The emergence of a new language form tailored to the immediacy and compactness of these new communication media. 1744:

Anyway - you can vote, oppose, approve, ignore, whatever; depending on the response to this, I'll either try to split (and probably dismally fail), or not. Thanks.

1305:

It communicates using the SS7 Network and sits in the NSS. This is not particularly revealing. What is more interesting is that it communicates with the HLR and MSC.

2360:

Perhaps the technology wasn't an Orbitel handset, OR the link is to the wrong "Orbitel" (ie - Was it a development name for a handset from another Manufacturer?)..

342:

collection of standards originally defined the Short Message Service, but that the definition is now being used elsewhere, as well. So that question's answered.

3453:

Also, the number of "cell phone subscribers" is in no way the same number of "active users" of SMS text messaging. Many people use a cell phone without texting.

1809:

It was suggested that this article be split into 2, keeping the technical aspects in situ and moving the social aspects over the top of the currect redirect page

1947:

rather than trying to meet up with someone across a long distant. The flexibility lies with the availability and knowing that almost everyone has access to SMS.

1734:

Wikilinks - many of the wikilinks that point to this article are actually trying to link to an article on Texting, not an article on the Short Message Service.

1478:, no one says, "I'm gonna send you a short message service." If there's no consensus for this, at the very least it should be moved to Short Message Service. 455:

The accepted format for this is SMS messages, or at least that's how I've heard it used, and that makes sense gramatically. I've changed the article to match.

1475: 943:

section, 57.75 seconds, conflicts with the last entry in "Social development", which states that the previous record was 43.24 seconds. Also, The Register

1932:

Concern has been raised about the effect of text messaging on adolescents' writing style at school. In particular, the frequency of errors in grammar and

664:

There's a brief mention in the article of GSM 03.41 Short Message Service - Cell Broadcast (SMS-CB). Is this ever used, and can we have some detail on it?

1976:

in Europe and Asia". (2002;xi) This practice of text messaging are rapidly spread out to the young users, teenagers, and which contributed to create the

508:

billed when he receives the definition to his question. If he / she never receives the answer they won't get billed and you won't receive any money. ---

926:

Added information about handset hardware after email correspondence with people who were there (thanks Simons). Slightly staggered by Knowledge, again.

268:

supported this technology. 4. Pricing models, some carriers still charge the receive (and not the sender) to use SMS. Which is plainly just bezarre.

1377:

Forgive me; I am a little rusty and no doubt out-of-date in my SMSC knowledge, but I am sure someone else will correct me if I have made any mistakes.

778:

Do those devices use SMS, or some other technologies. If they do, perhaps there should be a section discussing the different kinds of devices used for

534:

To Western ears, "wu er yi" doesn't seem very similar to "wo ai ni"--kind of like if I were to write 582, intending it to mean "I hate you". I suspect

3016:

I updated the article slightly to address this. In the future, rather than adding an issue to talk, please be bold and edit the article directly! :)--

849:

Messages are sent via a store-and-forward mechanism to a Short Message Service Centre (SMSC), which will attempt to send the message to the recipient.

149:

previously linked to has been archived, needing a password to access. This article seems to have indicated that the police monitor text messages. A

2419:. I wonder why this Knowledge article doesn't mention Matti Makkonen at all. He is known as the inventor of the text messaging service, after all. 1871: 1339:

Similarly, stock market alerts. These aren't strictly speaking fire & forget - instead, they typically just have very short expiry times.

866:

I don't think the subject deserves separate AS-41 vs MAP pages, which could make it become messy (if too much detail) or vague (if not enough).

3274:

The article mentions UTF-16 encoding. However the cited reference mentions only UCS-2. Shouldn't it be UCS-2 then, and UTF-16 is not correct?

3531: 3234: 3169: 3150: 3043: 2896: 2315: 1644: 1506:

on a new line in the appropriate section followed by a brief explanation, then sign your opinion using ~~~~. Please remember that this is

977:

be held until the phone is in full function. Text messages are sent via an SMS center that delivers the messages to the correct user.

184:

WRT the recent edit, it just seems to me that when discussing an Australian example of relative pricing, it seems odd to be using USD. --

3557: 3471:

Yes, please do some research and get the latest numbers, then feel free to make edits and provide references. Help is always welcome! --

2361: 2331: 2227: 3256: 2983: 2186: 1844:

recharging of your prepaid cell or *111*telnumber# to have a callback solution if you are in a roaming area to get cheaper calls ..

153:

covering the same incident indicates that the text message was sent to the wrong number and the recipient reported it to the police.

3346: 1173: 372:

number (a standard phone number) and the numbers given on the air just happen to be unusually short (see Special Service Numbers at

1274:) for a handful of typical situations, just so readers can get straight in their heads which layer the various acronyms refer to." 1740:

Maintenance - the social aspects seems to attract a load of link spam, so best have it elsewhere in an article I don't look at ;)

1594:

ugly since SMS correctly refers to the service, not the message - SM is a Short Message - but that's getting off the main point.

1222:) for a handful of typical situations, just so readers can get straight in their heads which layer the various acronyms refer to. 1203: 2019:

Thurlow, C (2003) “Generation Txt? Exposing the sociolinguistics of young people’s text messaging”, Discourse Analysis Online 1

123:

and I was pretty sure that he never showed his face in IDEG / WP4 (up to 1990), neither did anyone else from the Finnish telco.

3084: 2444: 1140: 3165: 3146: 1921:

its influence on the language and, most notably, the written expression of teenagers.” Many young users of SMS now write the

905:

message, I did not remember all of the details, such as the date, so I did some research before appearing on the programme.

800:

page that was just a copyright violation. I cleaned it up and turned it into a wireless stub, but it could use more love.

2028:

Kasesniemi, E.L (2003) “Mobile Messages: Young People and a New Communication Culture”, Tampere University Press, Tampere

1859: 1672: 1321:"It would be interesting to have some discussion of why "store and forget" might be a good idea, where delays can happen," 3393: 3354: 2832: 2092:

Kasesniemi, E. L. (2003) Mobile Messages: Young People and a New Communication culture, Tampere: Tampere University Press

3325: 2855: 2749: 2692: 2458:

The majority of the above quoted text was taken from an old version of this very Knowledge article, as it happens. See

362: 350: 2875:

Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

2605:

Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

1980:. Kasesniemi notes that "the messages became communication for all and their contents came to deal with everyday ife" 1803:

Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

1717:

Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

1615:

Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

1461:

Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

407:

encrypted, and it's thus quite difficult to snoop on somebody else's SMSes unless you have access to the core network.

3309:

GSM-MAP Sepcification only details support for UCS-2 and GSM 7 bit encoding, UCS-2 is not exactly the same as UTF-16

1413: 373: 3524:

A bar graph showing a trend whose last data point is 2008 is not really useful. This should be updated or dropped.

909: 2646:"Generally, article naming should prefer what the greatest number of English speakers would most easily recognize." 2141:{{NPOV}} short SMS existed on AMPS in the 1990's and on all other digital technologies. They are rarely mentioned. 192:

Somebody Americanised (US-ised) it for no good reason. (The point is the ratio, not the actual values.) Reverted.

38: 3384:. Anyone with a suitable phone that can send SMS by scripting, can directly send "SMS-o-death" to any other user. 2490: 3496: 2459: 1623: 3361: 3212: 2900: 2160: 3535: 3238: 3173: 3154: 3047: 2966:

In the "History" section I found the following regarding SMS size: ".. (later improved to 160 characters) .."

2319: 1390:

if any one with non-GSM knowledge wants to add to it, how about adding to it instead of just moaning about it?

884:

Can anyone give a contemporary or otherwise more authoritative source for the date and details of this event?

289:. There should be something added about the exponentially increasing popularity among young people in the US. 245: 3561: 3204: 2486: 2365: 2335: 2231: 2128:

Rheingold, Howard (2002) Smart Mobs: the Next Social Revolution, Perseus, Cambridge, Massachusetts, pp.xiii.

2119:

Rheingold, Howard (2002) Smart Mobs: the Next Social Revolution, Perseus, Cambridge, Massachusetts, pp.xiii.

1350:"and some technical details on how the SMSC knows a phone which was out of range has become available again." 675:

Mobile providers resisting SOS alerts, International Herald Tribune, retrieved 20:59, 17 September 2006 (UTC)

3260: 2987: 2936: 2851: 2745: 2375:

Accodring to http://www.cbronline.com/news/orbitel_to_launch_products_at_cebit_93 They were around in 1993

2190: 2110:

Rheingold, Howard (2002) Smart Mobs: the Next Social Revolution, Perseus, Cambridge, Massachusetts, pp.xii.

1310:

signalling perspective, you could consider the SMSC as an MSC with limited, and specialised, functionality.

1271: 1219: 509: 319: 272: 3350: 1186:

short SMS existed on AMPS in the 1990's and on all other digital technologies. They are rarely mentioned.

563:

If someone should feel so inclined to add such details, 82m messages were sent per day in the UK in 2005.

3430: 3389: 3299: 3279: 2396: 2213: 1144: 908:

You can check this story to some extent by looking at the Web site of Airwide Solutions, which includes a

707: 679: 368:

As for the shorter number business, I assume the SMS protocol requires that the recipient's address be an

3253:

Can someone add more about 8-bit and PDU encoding used in SMS for texting. there is no article about it.

1561: 1050:

There is no mention of how SMS is sent between carriers, or agreements between carriers that allow it. -

992:

is much more cost efficient then paying for long distance phone calls and outrageous cell phone bills.

946:

has the record set by a Singaporean, not "a high school kid in Utah", and the new time as 41.52 seconds.

3510: 2805: 2633: 2083:

Rheingold, Howard (2002) Smart Mobs: the Next Social Revolution, Perseus, Cambridge, Massachusetts, p.xi

1776: 1737:

Personal - I have no interest in the social aspect, but a fair bit in the technical aspects and history;

1467: 1396: 1392: 1368: 1340: 1311: 1260: 1249:"how does the cell phone tower know that an incoming packet is an SMS and not general Internet traffic?" 1199: 1109: 1088: 1072: 1037: 757: 749: 2572: 1439: 753: 665: 168:

fan was questioned by police, who had intercepted a text message containing lyrics from "Tommy Gun" by

2669:

Feel free to state your position on the renaming proposal by beginning a new line in this section with

2549: 2101:

Kasesniemi, E. L. $ Rautiainen, P. (2002) 'Mobile Culture of Children and Teenagers in Finland' p.177

745: 695:

mentioning USA Homeland Security Department wanting ability to send warnings of national emergencies.

3553: 3527: 3492: 3476: 3313: 3230: 3127: 3123: 3072: 3039: 3021: 2979: 2892: 2432: 2311: 2182: 1847: 1557: 1298: 1229: 1054: 696: 570: 282:

Also, in response to the Push-to-Talk argument, text messaging has its advantages in being discrete.

1675:. By the time anyone reads this, I should have copied all the tags in that old page into here too. 150: 3506: 3457: 3208: 3080: 2623: 2440: 2265: 2245: 2156: 2061:

Goggin, G (2006) Cell Phone Culture: Mobile technology in everyday life. New York: Routledge, p115

688: 2563:

Although a common misconception, it probably should be noted that SMS does not work for summoning

2353:

This article says it was sent in 1992 "to Richard Jarvis of Vodafone using an Orbitel 901 handset"

2038: 3575: 3461: 3407: 3369: 3317: 3108: 3007: 2974: 2951: 2932: 2928:

Additionally, I suspect it is written (poorly) by people with too much interest in this company.

2789: 2771: 2709: 2564: 2545: 2517: 2380: 2269: 2249: 1580: 1279: 721:

Article lacks mention of Flash SMS (SMS that appear when received without any user information).

692: 535: 185: 2241: 3491:

Why is there a subsection under Vulnerabilities called "SMS"? This whole article is about SMS.

2050: 674: 3426: 3425:

applications from Android Market. This can be done silently, without the user ever knowing. --

3385: 3295: 3275: 2840: 2819: 2728: 2653: 2574: 1969: 1855: 944: 642: 548: 3342: 1572:

since this is not the common way to refer to the service, although I would support a move to

3321: 3192: 3112: 2801: 639: 3166:

http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&q=allintitle%3A+ISO%2FIEC+21989&btnG=Search

3147:

http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&q=allintitle%3A+ISO%2FIEC+21990&btnG=Search

2330:

personally identifiable information including phone numbers and phone account information.

3590: 3472: 3017: 2467: 2175:

Now there's a way to send SMS from your computer for free it's called <link deleted by

1629: 1051: 820: 801: 730: 567: 304: 290: 173: 146: 76: 963:

Sarah Ailsworth November 15, 2006 Mass Media Communication Ferguson Knowledge Assignment

2740:

Agree that the consensus of the primary meaning of SMS is short message service. Also,

2541: 1285:"Why would anyone send an SMS over a circuit-switched connection? That seems wasteful." 3142: 3076: 2641: 2619: 2436: 2049:

Bane or boon? Educators debate impact of 'text messaging' on students' writing skills,

1891: 1824: 1810: 1225:

Why would anyone send an SMS over a circuit-switched connection? That seems wasteful.

614: 3571: 3403: 3365: 3003: 2947: 2785: 2766: 2762: 2705: 2578: 2512: 2376: 2216:

09:53, 24 August 2007 (UTC) If you want to see such a thing just go to history .. :)

1977: 1577: 1108:

GSM-centric). 29.002 for MAP, and the SMS & SMS-CB specs are already mentioned.

1059: 650: 408: 256:

that SMS was less used due to calls costing less than SMS or something like that. --

241: 206: 2998:

Stating "160 characters" is actually entirely correct — as you can read later on in

564: 445:

article on this basis, because SMS may have come into common usage in this sense. --

3206: 2866: 2836: 2815: 2724: 2649: 2596: 2217: 1944: 1933: 1926: 1922: 1913: 1851: 1783: 1573: 1553: 1479: 1195: 1155: 1019: 617:

and check out '14: GPS tracking'. Feel free to contact me directly, if you prefer.

585: 543: 346: 3227:

Can your employer review the text messages you send on a company paid for phone?

3188: 1952: 1759: 1595: 1412:

I've been tinkering a bit with a new version of the technical section - it's at

1388:

And finally, I will note that all my additions and answers above are GSM ONLY;

1380: 1240: 1099: 929: 917: 887: 762: 635: 596: 446: 426: 390: 377: 332: 257: 227: 213: 193: 46:

If you wish to start a new discussion or revive an old one, please do so on the

1727:

This article as it is is something like 36k in size, so needs splitting anyway;

3593: 3450:

subscribers" was to hit 5 billion. So how can 74% of 5 billion be 5 billion?

3381: 2463: 2407: 2202: 2176: 2144: 1896: 1875: 1828: 1814: 1745: 1695: 1676: 1657: 1647: 1541: 1533: 1521: 1425: 950: 867: 783: 484: 471: 985:

sites where you can send a text message with out even having a cell phone.

349:, I discovered that from GSM phones, SMSes go via a GSM data protocol to the 2417: 726: 172:- confirming that text messages are being monitored for terrorist activity. 169: 165: 161: 264:

SMS usage is less in the US for a number of reasons, these are a couple -

1827:

article. Help appreciated on doing that, cos it'll take ages on my own.

797: 725:

Agreed, needs mention, (perhaps there should be a seperate article about

253: 47: 17: 3032:

graphic of increasing numbers of SMS calls in US needs a credit / source

1626:

that this article be renamed but there was no consensus for it be moved.

2915:

There's a section called "SMS Compression" which states the following:

700: 624: 3596: 3579: 3539: 3514: 3500: 3480: 3465: 3434: 3411: 3373: 3329: 3303: 3283: 3264: 3242: 3216: 3196: 3177: 3158: 3131: 3116: 3088: 3051: 3025: 3011: 2991: 2955: 2940: 2904: 2859: 2844: 2823: 2809: 2793: 2773: 2753: 2732: 2713: 2657: 2627: 2582: 2553: 2522: 2494: 2471: 2448: 2410: 2399: 2384: 2369: 2339: 2323: 2273: 2253: 2235: 2220: 2205: 2194: 2164: 2147: 1899: 1878: 1863: 1831: 1817: 1786: 1762: 1748: 1698: 1679: 1660: 1650: 1632: 1598: 1585: 1564: 1560:

name and would support a move there. It is clearly the primary usage.

1544: 1524: 1482: 1442: 1428: 1399: 1383: 1371: 1343: 1314: 1263: 1243: 1112: 1102: 1091: 1075: 1064: 1040: 953: 932: 920: 890: 870: 823: 804: 786: 779: 765: 733: 710: 682: 668: 653: 599: 588: 573: 553: 449: 429: 411: 393: 293: 230: 79: 2201:

Thank you - Knowledge is not an advertising agency, nor a link farm.

1215: 2704:

Most people don't know that SMS stands for short message service. --

1711:

The following discussion is an archived discussion of the proposal.

1455:

The following discussion is an archived discussion of the proposal.

1014: 3505:

spoofing -- "the only sure way" is an assertion that seems biased

834:

The technical section, as has been noted previously, is lacking.

3290: 2568: 1797:

The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the proposal.

1609:

The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the proposal.

913: 703: 369: 3336: 1207: 354: 2920:

decompression routines which uses the SMS as a transport layer.

2784:

I wouldn't oppose the move, SMS redirects here already anyway.

2567:(yet). With its lack of providing the texter's location (like 2240:

I believe one can also send SMS messages from Outlook as well.

2039:

http://www.webopedia.com/quick_ref/textmessageabbreviations.asp

2999: 2741: 2637: 2615: 1958:

Mbusiness: The Strategic Implications of Mobile Communications

1917: 1782:

templates to the messages article from the technical SMS one.

1656:

Never mind - was already removed by an anonymous IP address.

1471: 1211: 1124: 339: 25: 2835:. About a year and a half ago there wasn't one support vote. 2511:

If you can find a reliable source to cite, then put it in. ~

2051:

http://www.eschoolnews.org/news/showstory.cfm?ArticleID=4333

1270:"It would be helpful to show full protocol stacks (see e.g. 3107:(Otherwise there is no 'b', 'w' or 'n' in the sentence.) — 2143:

This comment, unsigned, taken from the archived talk page.

145:

Re: Clash lyrics text mistaken for terrorist plot: The the

1024: 3187:

any info on the gradual global price increase of sms? --

2349:

There seems to be a discrepancy in the "First SMS Sent":

814:

Why does the US section start rambling on about Finland?

318:

to be higher as messages will be billed immediately. ---

95: 2595:

The following discussion is an archived discussion of a

3591:

http://developers.sun.com/mobility/midp/articles/sms/--

1925:

and symbol rather than standard language. Such as some

691:

mentioning advertisement/service-oriented CB'ing, this

3137:

ISO/IEC 21990 has not been reviewed scientifically....

615:

http://en.wikipedia.org/Talk:Global_Positioning_System

521:

Some clarification is apparently needed in section 5 (

3002:, they're actually squeezed into 140 octets (bytes). 2865:

The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a

2356:

From the Orbitel Page - "Orbitel was founded in 1997"

1997:

tool to gather people together and perform actions.

3360:

Not really, it's just the fear-mongering version of

2542:

http://mail.google.com/mail/help/about_whatsnew.html

495:

The two sections relating to it seem to be unclear.

2691:, please explain your reasons, taking into account 2070:Troby,F (2004) 'SMS, the strange duckilng of GSM', 365:, should be mentioned in the body of the article. 1691:Short message service technical realisation (GSM) 565:http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/4582060.stm 3337:" 'SMS of Death' Could Crash Many Mobile Phones" 1510:; comments must include reasons to carry weight. 1020:http://www.ucalgary.ca/~nlstewar/txt/culture.htm 1198:says that SMS services can be transmitted over 384:it's mentioned. -rafa 22:10, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC) 1951:SMS are not only used within a social aspect. 1671:I archived the old talk page - it's available 876:Source of first commercial message information 606:Active editors: Have you thought of writing... 1214:. In this article, there is some mention of 8: 2462:for the reason Makkonen's name was removed. 1476:Knowledge:Naming conventions (abbreviations) 1210:links, but is more commonly transmitted via 916:. Let me know if you need more information. 115:To the history of the Finnish creationists: 2723:. Primary meaning of SMS, and common name. 353:at the phone company, and then from there, 338:OK, the intro paragraph here says that the 3525: 2689:polling is not a substitute for discussion 2180: 1297:"How does the SMSC fit into this diagram? 1154:. Please do not remove this message until 1228:How does the SMSC fit into this diagram? 1174:Learn how and when to remove this message 1150:Relevant discussion may be found on the 748:from adding a link to MessageVista from 2012: 1872:Unstructured Supplementary Service Data 525:). This paragraph bothers me slightly: 240:Why is SMS relatively less used in the 1813:. The consensus was to do the split. 1552:move to abbreviated SMS but i do thnk 1364:typically result in a longer schedule. 44:Do not edit the contents of this page. 3345:interesting? Should it be mentioned? 2882:What is this section "Anonymous SMS"? 2137:This article is extremely GSM-biased. 1121:This article is extremely GSM-biased. 689:Proximity marketing#GSM-based systems 629: 7: 3294:know the technical details of this? 3066:Cellnet and Ian Harris of Vodafone. 1434:"Citation needed" in first paragraph 625:http://worldimprover.net/EN/en8.html 96:http://fi.wikipedia.org/Tekstiviesti 2850:A lot of things change in 2 years. 2610:The result of the move request was 3069:Could someone check that out too? 1689:I do believe I've finally got the 1334:Therefore you might use "f&f" 24: 3456:Can this be corrected/clarified? 3036:The graphic needs a source tag. 2925:interresting for SMS in general. 2886:An ad for a Russian hacker site? 2290:In particulur we need to address 1015:http://www.text.it/text/truth.cfm 630:I know we're not a how-to, but... 1540:what it's, correctly, known as. 1414:User:Carre/Short_Message_Service 1204:High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data 1129: 699:(pdf) claims SMS-CB was used in 29: 1964:=== Text Messaging Culture === 810:Finnish paragraph in US section 221:Segment limit practical maximum 3105:fox jumped over the lazy dogs. 2693:Knowledge's naming conventions 2411:07:39, 27 September 2007 (UTC) 2400:11:17, 10 September 2007 (UTC) 2345:Orbitel / First SMS Fact Check 1885:Recent non-technical additions 824:07:08, 18 September 2006 (UTC) 711:21:13, 17 September 2006 (UTC) 706:about the event schedules etc. 683:20:59, 17 September 2006 (UTC) 98:and pretty much any web site) 1: 3597:19:09, 12 November 2015 (UTC) 3330:21:24, 12 December 2011 (UTC) 3243:00:46, 16 February 2010 (UTC) 3217:09:52, 2 September 2009 (UTC) 2794:02:59, 27 February 2009 (UTC) 2681:, then sign your comment with 2554:13:29, 11 December 2008 (UTC) 2472:12:17, 15 February 2008 (UTC) 2236:23:00, 14 December 2007 (UTC) 2221:19:58, 1 September 2007 (UTC) 2165:17:14, 28 December 2007 (UTC) 2037:Text Messaging Abbreviations, 1993:== Texting and Smart Mobs == 1879:06:44, 3 September 2007 (UTC) 1864:19:58, 1 September 2007 (UTC) 1041:12:58, 11 December 2006 (UTC) 954:20:47, 14 November 2006 (UTC) 430:00:12, 21 February 2006 (UTC) 412:14:06, 20 February 2006 (UTC) 394:23:48, 19 February 2006 (UTC) 3540:13:54, 27 October 2015 (UTC) 3435:14:06, 22 January 2012 (UTC) 3412:11:08, 20 January 2011 (UTC) 3394:15:30, 19 January 2011 (UTC) 3265:19:41, 12 October 2011 (UTC) 2583:15:36, 29 January 2009 (UTC) 2523:01:12, 5 November 2008 (UTC) 2495:18:43, 4 November 2008 (UTC) 2449:20:01, 3 February 2008 (UTC) 2385:22:54, 22 October 2008 (UTC) 2370:22:47, 22 October 2008 (UTC) 2324:17:28, 15 January 2008 (UTC) 1909:== Impact on linguistics == 1900:15:25, 28 October 2007 (UTC) 1405:Rewrite of technical section 933:20:40, 3 November 2006 (UTC) 921:11:02, 3 November 2006 (UTC) 891:16:20, 2 November 2006 (UTC) 600:09:24, 16 January 2006 (UTC) 589:08:54, 14 January 2006 (UTC) 554:15:51, 13 October 2005 (UTC) 351:Short message service centre 294:03:36, 12 January 2007 (UTC) 130:To the future of Knowledge: 80:11:27, 11 January 2007 (UTC) 3580:14:18, 6 October 2008 (UTC) 3374:08:57, 8 January 2011 (UTC) 3355:19:55, 7 January 2011 (UTC) 3304:05:31, 15 August 2011 (UTC) 3284:04:19, 15 August 2011 (UTC) 3178:10:40, 30 August 2009 (UTC) 3159:10:29, 30 August 2009 (UTC) 2962:SMS size: character != byte 1972:has led to the eruption of 1156:conditions to do so are met 871:13:10, 9 October 2006 (UTC) 805:23:57, 18 August 2006 (UTC) 744:Could someone please block 574:22:23, 4 January 2006 (UTC) 374:UK telephone numbering plan 104:To the SMS history of GSM: 3615: 3481:19:39, 27 April 2012 (UTC) 3466:19:37, 27 April 2012 (UTC) 3117:08:31, 24 April 2009 (UTC) 2905:18:30, 23 March 2009 (UTC) 2860:04:55, 14 March 2009 (UTC) 2845:23:57, 13 March 2009 (UTC) 2824:07:53, 13 March 2009 (UTC) 2810:07:01, 13 March 2009 (UTC) 2774:22:32, 13 March 2009 (UTC) 2754:19:41, 13 March 2009 (UTC) 2733:07:53, 13 March 2009 (UTC) 2714:07:11, 13 March 2009 (UTC) 2658:05:47, 13 March 2009 (UTC) 2628:04:53, 19 March 2009 (UTC) 2259:Capitalization Consistency 1940:== Impact on Lifestyle == 1651:19:36, 30 April 2007 (UTC) 1633:16:11, 29 April 2007 (UTC) 1599:22:47, 26 April 2007 (UTC) 1586:01:28, 25 April 2007 (UTC) 1565:20:20, 24 April 2007 (UTC) 1545:18:16, 24 April 2007 (UTC) 1525:16:48, 24 April 2007 (UTC) 1483:16:05, 24 April 2007 (UTC) 1443:17:52, 21 April 2007 (UTC) 1429:12:04, 17 April 2007 (UTC) 1400:18:50, 12 April 2007 (UTC) 1372:18:46, 12 April 2007 (UTC) 1344:18:46, 12 April 2007 (UTC) 1315:18:46, 12 April 2007 (UTC) 1264:18:46, 12 April 2007 (UTC) 1113:18:55, 12 April 2007 (UTC) 1076:19:00, 12 April 2007 (UTC) 734:18:19, 8 August 2006 (UTC) 3515:19:22, 2 April 2015 (UTC) 3501:05:37, 6 March 2012 (UTC) 3197:15:26, 25 June 2009 (UTC) 3132:21:59, 20 July 2009 (UTC) 3089:13:05, 26 June 2009 (UTC) 2956:03:54, 7 April 2009 (UTC) 2941:18:16, 6 April 2009 (UTC) 2340:19:58, 12 July 2008 (UTC) 2206:17:28, 31 July 2007 (UTC) 2195:17:35, 27 July 2007 (UTC) 1990:developments". (2006;74) 1384:01:01, 8 April 2007 (UTC) 1244:06:22, 7 April 2007 (UTC) 1103:05:58, 7 April 2007 (UTC) 1092:04:48, 8 March 2007 (UTC) 1065:20:28, 1 March 2007 (UTC) 787:15:47, 26 July 2006 (UTC) 766:12:16, 21 July 2006 (UTC) 752:. I believe this is just 669:14:37, 12 July 2006 (UTC) 654:22:26, 21 June 2006 (UTC) 643:17:45, 21 June 2006 (UTC) 335:23:51, 27 Dec 2004 (UTC) 307:13:29, 29 Oct 2004 (UTC) 252:I remembering reading on 248:22:05, 19 Oct 2003 (UTC) 231:00:20, 19 June 2006 (UTC) 188:03:30 Jan 8, 2003 (UTC) 3445:Number of "active users" 3362:Over-the-air programming 3052:18:54, 5 June 2009 (UTC) 2872:Please do not modify it. 2602:Please do not modify it. 2274:14:43, 8 July 2008 (UTC) 2254:14:40, 8 July 2008 (UTC) 2148:19:46, 15 May 2007 (UTC) 1832:14:06, 23 May 2007 (UTC) 1818:13:06, 23 May 2007 (UTC) 1800:Please do not modify it. 1787:22:04, 15 May 2007 (UTC) 1763:21:04, 15 May 2007 (UTC) 1749:20:19, 15 May 2007 (UTC) 1714:Please do not modify it. 1699:21:27, 17 May 2007 (UTC) 1680:19:40, 15 May 2007 (UTC) 1612:Please do not modify it. 1458:Please do not modify it. 1005:Major Benefits of Texts 796:Their already existed a 487:2 July 2005 23:57 (UTC) 474:2 July 2005 23:57 (UTC) 380:16:13, 9 Jan 2005 (UTC) 361:The successor standard, 275:10 September 2005 (GMT) 260:07:45, 26 Nov 2003 (UTC) 3026:17:24, 4 May 2009 (UTC) 3012:15:20, 4 May 2009 (UTC) 2992:12:23, 4 May 2009 (UTC) 1661:19:12, 3 May 2007 (UTC) 1272:Mobile Application Part 1220:Mobile Application Part 1025:http://www.USATODAY.com 830:Technical Section again 512:10 September 2005 (GMT) 483:would be preferable. -- 450:11:56, 4 May 2005 (UTC) 322:10 September 2005 (GMT) 216:00:23 10 Jul 2003 (UTC) 90:complete this section. 3163:so do to ISO/IEC 21989 1151: 510:User:Rmalcolm:Rmalcolm 491:Malaysian\ Islamic law 320:User:Rmalcolm:Rmalcolm 273:User:Rmalcolm:Rmalcolm 196:22:45 9 Jul 2003 (UTC) 2761:SMS is the much more 2634:Short message service 2416:Following taken from 1685:GSM Technical section 1468:Short message service 1299:Image:Gsm network.png 1278:That can be found at 1230:Image:Gsm network.png 1200:Circuit Switched Data 998:The Truth about Text 938:Guinness World Record 758:Short message service 750:Short message service 42:of past discussions. 3289:However, I see that 1576:as the common name. 1046:SMS across networks? 1031:Cultural Speculation 959:Posted to the bottom 3270:UTF-16 versus UCS-2 2544:I hope this helps! 1143:of this article is 1082:Needs a re-write... 1018:Text Messaging < 246:Den fjättrade ankan 2975:Character_encoding 2852:JustGettingItRight 2746:JustGettingItRight 2565:emergency services 2487:Garrulus carelicus 1912:The popularity of 1280:Signaling System 7 3556:comment added by 3546:Delivery receipts 3542: 3530:comment added by 3333: 3316:comment added by 3233:comment added by 3075:comment added by 3042:comment added by 2982:comment added by 2895:comment added by 2521: 2460:/archive1#History 2451: 2435:comment added by 2326: 2314:comment added by 2197: 2185:comment added by 1970:mobile telephones 1866: 1850:comment added by 1184: 1183: 1176: 1063: 754:User:MessageVista 552: 478:Unclear statement 345:After working on 327:Technical details 67: 66: 54: 53: 48:current talk page 3606: 3565: 3332: 3310: 3245: 3099:That should be: 3091: 3054: 3000:SMS#Message size 2994: 2907: 2874: 2769: 2685: 2679: 2673: 2604: 2540:Gmail provides: 2515: 2430: 2309: 2129: 2126: 2120: 2117: 2111: 2108: 2102: 2099: 2093: 2090: 2084: 2081: 2075: 2068: 2062: 2059: 2053: 2047: 2041: 2035: 2029: 2026: 2020: 2017: 1870:These codes are 1845: 1802: 1781: 1775: 1716: 1704:Split suggestion 1614: 1583: 1460: 1179: 1172: 1168: 1165: 1159: 1133: 1132: 1125: 1057: 1023:USA Today. < 966:Text Messaging 746:User:67.70.97.59 546: 517:Mandarin Chinese 465:US Usage figures 151:Guardian article 63: 56: 55: 33: 32: 26: 3614: 3613: 3609: 3608: 3607: 3605: 3604: 3603: 3551: 3548: 3522: 3493:Ordinary Person 3489: 3487:Vulnerabilities 3447: 3339: 3311: 3272: 3251: 3228: 3225: 3185: 3139: 3097: 3070: 3060: 3037: 3034: 2977: 2964: 2913: 2911:SMS Compression 2890: 2884: 2879: 2870: 2782: 2767: 2683: 2677: 2671: 2665: 2640:— Quoting from 2600: 2590: 2561: 2537: 2397:129.240.235.122 2392: 2347: 2281: 2261: 2242:Outlook plug-in 2214:131.111.164.120 2173: 2150: 2139: 2134: 2133: 2132: 2127: 2123: 2118: 2114: 2109: 2105: 2100: 2096: 2091: 2087: 2082: 2078: 2069: 2065: 2060: 2056: 2048: 2044: 2036: 2032: 2027: 2023: 2018: 2014: 1907: 1887: 1841: 1807: 1798: 1779: 1773: 1712: 1706: 1687: 1669: 1640: 1619: 1610: 1581: 1504: 1498: 1497:# '''Support''' 1490: 1456: 1450: 1436: 1407: 1192: 1180: 1169: 1163: 1160: 1149: 1134: 1130: 1123: 1084: 1048: 1033: 961: 940: 910:reference to it 878: 832: 812: 794: 773: 742: 719: 708:RasqualTwilight 680:RasqualTwilight 662: 632: 608: 581: 561: 519: 501: 493: 480: 467: 462: 442: 329: 301: 238: 223: 203: 201:Message lengths 182: 156:Previous text: 143: 87: 72: 59: 30: 22: 21: 20: 12: 11: 5: 3612: 3610: 3602: 3601: 3600: 3599: 3583: 3582: 3547: 3544: 3532:216.85.170.149 3521: 3518: 3488: 3485: 3484: 3483: 3446: 3443: 3442: 3441: 3440: 3439: 3438: 3437: 3417: 3416: 3415: 3414: 3377: 3376: 3338: 3335: 3307: 3306: 3271: 3268: 3250: 3247: 3235:71.200.230.112 3224: 3221: 3220: 3219: 3209:ExtremeSquared 3184: 3181: 3170:124.78.227.208 3164: 3151:124.78.227.208 3145:point of view 3143:Google scholar 3138: 3135: 3096: 3093: 3059: 3056: 3044:205.130.228.84 3033: 3030: 3029: 3028: 3014: 2963: 2960: 2959: 2958: 2922: 2921: 2912: 2909: 2897:216.218.41.190 2883: 2880: 2878: 2877: 2867:requested move 2862: 2829: 2828: 2827: 2826: 2781: 2778: 2777: 2776: 2756: 2735: 2717: 2716: 2698: 2697: 2672:*'''Support''' 2664: 2661: 2631: 2608: 2607: 2597:requested move 2591: 2589: 2588:Requested move 2586: 2560: 2557: 2536: 2533: 2532: 2531: 2530: 2529: 2528: 2527: 2526: 2525: 2502: 2501: 2500: 2499: 2498: 2497: 2477: 2476: 2475: 2474: 2453: 2452: 2426: 2414: 2413: 2391: 2388: 2374: 2358: 2357: 2354: 2346: 2343: 2316:67.180.202.204 2302:Impersonation 2280: 2277: 2260: 2257: 2209: 2208: 2172: 2169: 2168: 2167: 2157:Billgordon1099 2142: 2138: 2135: 2131: 2130: 2121: 2112: 2103: 2094: 2085: 2076: 2063: 2054: 2042: 2030: 2021: 2011: 2010: 2006: 1988: 1983: 1950: 1906: 1903: 1892:Text messaging 1886: 1883: 1882: 1881: 1840: 1837: 1836: 1835: 1834: 1825:Text messaging 1811:Text messaging 1806: 1805: 1792: 1790: 1789: 1766: 1765: 1742: 1741: 1738: 1735: 1732: 1728: 1720: 1719: 1707: 1705: 1702: 1686: 1683: 1668: 1665: 1664: 1663: 1639: 1636: 1618: 1617: 1604: 1602: 1601: 1588: 1567: 1562:205.157.110.11 1547: 1527: 1513: 1512: 1505: 1503:# '''Oppose''' 1502: 1499: 1496: 1489: 1486: 1466: 1464: 1463: 1451: 1449: 1448:Requested move 1446: 1435: 1432: 1406: 1403: 1375: 1374: 1365: 1361: 1352: 1351: 1347: 1346: 1323: 1322: 1318: 1317: 1303: 1302: 1287: 1286: 1276: 1275: 1267: 1266: 1251: 1250: 1237: 1236: 1232: 1226: 1223: 1191: 1188: 1182: 1181: 1137: 1135: 1128: 1122: 1119: 1118: 1117: 1116: 1115: 1083: 1080: 1079: 1078: 1052:Keith D. Tyler 1047: 1044: 1032: 1029: 995: 960: 957: 939: 936: 924: 894: 877: 874: 863: 862: 857: 856: 852: 851: 850: 844: 843: 840: 831: 828: 827: 826: 811: 808: 793: 790: 772: 769: 741: 738: 737: 736: 718: 715: 714: 713: 685: 661: 658: 657: 656: 631: 628: 620: 607: 604: 603: 602: 580: 577: 560: 557: 532: 531: 518: 515: 514: 513: 500: 497: 492: 489: 479: 476: 466: 463: 461: 458: 457: 456: 441: 438: 437: 436: 435: 434: 433: 432: 417: 416: 415: 414: 397: 396: 328: 325: 324: 323: 314: 313: 300: 297: 262: 261: 237: 234: 222: 219: 218: 217: 202: 199: 198: 197: 181: 178: 177: 176: 142: 139: 86: 83: 71: 68: 65: 64: 52: 51: 34: 23: 15: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3611: 3598: 3595: 3592: 3587: 3586: 3585: 3584: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3568: 3567: 3566: 3563: 3559: 3558:86.165.209.19 3555: 3545: 3543: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3519: 3517: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3503: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3469: 3468: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3454: 3451: 3444: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3423: 3422: 3421: 3420: 3419: 3418: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3400: 3399: 3398: 3397: 3396: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3358: 3357: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3334: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3292: 3288: 3287: 3286: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3269: 3267: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3249:8-bit and PDU 3248: 3246: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3207: 3205: 3201: 3200: 3199: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3182: 3180: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3161: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3136: 3134: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3119: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3104: 3094: 3092: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3067: 3063: 3057: 3055: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2996: 2995: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2976: 2971: 2967: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2944: 2943: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2933:Bajsejohannes 2929: 2926: 2918: 2917: 2916: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2887: 2881: 2876: 2873: 2868: 2863: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2848: 2847: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2812: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2798: 2797: 2796: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2779: 2775: 2772: 2770: 2764: 2760: 2757: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2736: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2719: 2718: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2700: 2699: 2696: 2694: 2690: 2682: 2678:*'''Oppose''' 2676: 2670: 2667: 2666: 2662: 2660: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2630: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2606: 2603: 2598: 2593: 2592: 2587: 2585: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2573: 2570: 2566: 2559:SMS and 9-1-1 2558: 2556: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2534: 2524: 2519: 2514: 2510: 2509: 2508: 2507: 2506: 2505: 2504: 2503: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2483: 2482: 2481: 2480: 2479: 2478: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2456: 2455: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2427: 2425: 2422: 2421: 2420: 2418: 2412: 2409: 2404: 2403: 2402: 2401: 2398: 2389: 2387: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2372: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2362:59.167.210.62 2355: 2352: 2351: 2350: 2344: 2342: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2332:70.123.179.98 2327: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2308:Persistance 2306: 2303: 2300: 2297: 2294: 2291: 2288: 2285: 2278: 2276: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2258: 2256: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2238: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2228:64.169.124.76 2223: 2222: 2219: 2215: 2207: 2204: 2200: 2199: 2198: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2178: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2153: 2152: 2151: 2149: 2146: 2136: 2125: 2122: 2116: 2113: 2107: 2104: 2098: 2095: 2089: 2086: 2080: 2077: 2073: 2067: 2064: 2058: 2055: 2052: 2046: 2043: 2040: 2034: 2031: 2025: 2022: 2016: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1991: 1986: 1981: 1979: 1978:youth culture 1975: 1971: 1965: 1962: 1959: 1954: 1948: 1946: 1941: 1938: 1935: 1930: 1928: 1924: 1919: 1915: 1910: 1904: 1902: 1901: 1898: 1893: 1884: 1880: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1868: 1867: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1838: 1833: 1830: 1826: 1821: 1820: 1819: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1801: 1795: 1794: 1793: 1788: 1785: 1778: 1771: 1768: 1767: 1764: 1761: 1756: 1753: 1752: 1751: 1750: 1747: 1739: 1736: 1733: 1729: 1726: 1725: 1724: 1718: 1715: 1709: 1708: 1703: 1701: 1700: 1697: 1692: 1684: 1682: 1681: 1678: 1674: 1666: 1662: 1659: 1655: 1654: 1653: 1652: 1649: 1645: 1637: 1635: 1634: 1631: 1627: 1625: 1616: 1613: 1607: 1606: 1605: 1600: 1597: 1592: 1589: 1587: 1584: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1568: 1566: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1548: 1546: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1528: 1526: 1523: 1518: 1515: 1514: 1511: 1509: 1501: 1495: 1492: 1491: 1487: 1485: 1484: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1462: 1459: 1453: 1452: 1447: 1445: 1444: 1441: 1433: 1431: 1430: 1427: 1422: 1419: 1415: 1410: 1404: 1402: 1401: 1398: 1397:86.144.170.33 1394: 1393:86.144.170.33 1391: 1386: 1385: 1382: 1378: 1373: 1370: 1369:86.144.170.33 1366: 1362: 1358: 1357: 1356: 1349: 1348: 1345: 1342: 1341:86.144.170.33 1337: 1336: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1320: 1319: 1316: 1313: 1312:86.144.170.33 1308: 1307: 1306: 1300: 1296: 1295: 1294: 1290: 1284: 1283: 1282: 1281: 1273: 1269: 1268: 1265: 1262: 1261:86.144.170.33 1257: 1256: 1255: 1248: 1247: 1246: 1245: 1242: 1233: 1231: 1227: 1224: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1194: 1193: 1189: 1187: 1178: 1175: 1167: 1164:December 2007 1157: 1153: 1147: 1146: 1142: 1136: 1127: 1126: 1120: 1114: 1111: 1110:86.144.170.33 1106: 1105: 1104: 1101: 1096: 1095: 1094: 1093: 1090: 1089:68.32.143.124 1081: 1077: 1074: 1073:86.144.170.33 1069: 1068: 1067: 1066: 1061: 1056: 1053: 1045: 1043: 1042: 1039: 1038:85.210.209.41 1030: 1028: 1026: 1021: 1016: 1010: 1006: 1003: 999: 996: 993: 989: 986: 982: 978: 974: 971: 967: 964: 958: 956: 955: 952: 947: 945: 937: 935: 934: 931: 927: 923: 922: 919: 915: 911: 906: 902: 898: 893: 892: 889: 885: 882: 875: 873: 872: 869: 859: 858: 853: 848: 847: 846: 845: 841: 837: 836: 835: 829: 825: 822: 817: 816: 815: 809: 807: 806: 803: 799: 791: 789: 788: 785: 781: 776: 770: 768: 767: 764: 759: 755: 751: 747: 740:Message Vista 739: 735: 732: 728: 724: 723: 722: 716: 712: 709: 705: 702: 698: 697:This document 694: 690: 686: 684: 681: 676: 673: 672: 671: 670: 667: 659: 655: 652: 647: 646: 645: 644: 641: 637: 627: 626: 622: 618: 616: 611: 605: 601: 598: 593: 592: 591: 590: 587: 578: 576: 575: 572: 569: 566: 559:UK Popularity 558: 556: 555: 550: 545: 540: 537: 528: 527: 526: 524: 516: 511: 506: 505: 504: 498: 496: 490: 488: 486: 477: 475: 473: 464: 460:Clarification 459: 454: 453: 452: 451: 448: 439: 431: 428: 423: 422: 421: 420: 419: 418: 413: 410: 406: 401: 400: 399: 398: 395: 392: 387: 386: 385: 381: 379: 375: 371: 366: 364: 359: 356: 352: 348: 343: 341: 336: 334: 326: 321: 316: 315: 310: 309: 308: 306: 298: 296: 295: 292: 288: 283: 280: 276: 274: 269: 265: 259: 255: 251: 250: 249: 247: 243: 242:United States 235: 233: 232: 229: 220: 215: 211: 210: 209: 208: 200: 195: 191: 190: 189: 187: 186:Robert Merkel 179: 175: 171: 167: 163: 159: 158: 157: 154: 152: 148: 140: 138: 135: 131: 128: 124: 120: 116: 113: 109: 105: 102: 99: 97: 91: 84: 82: 81: 78: 69: 62: 58: 57: 49: 45: 41: 40: 35: 28: 27: 19: 3549: 3526:— Preceding 3523: 3504: 3490: 3455: 3452: 3448: 3427:Jahibadkaret 3386:Jahibadkaret 3378: 3340: 3312:— Preceding 3308: 3296:Cmcqueen1975 3276:Cmcqueen1975 3273: 3257:85.254.64.36 3255: 3252: 3226: 3223:SMS security 3186: 3162: 3140: 3120: 3102: 3100: 3098: 3071:— Preceding 3068: 3064: 3061: 3035: 2984:195.18.201.1 2972: 2968: 2965: 2930: 2927: 2923: 2914: 2888: 2885: 2871: 2864: 2831:Have a look 2830: 2783: 2758: 2737: 2720: 2701: 2686: 2680: 2674: 2668: 2645: 2632: 2611: 2609: 2601: 2594: 2562: 2538: 2423: 2415: 2393: 2373: 2359: 2348: 2328: 2307: 2304: 2301: 2298: 2296:Reliability 2295: 2292: 2289: 2284:SMS Security 2283: 2282: 2262: 2239: 2224: 2210: 2187:24.11.13.104 2181:— Preceding 2174: 2140: 2124: 2115: 2106: 2097: 2088: 2079: 2072:Telektronikk 2071: 2066: 2057: 2045: 2033: 2024: 2015: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1992: 1987: 1982: 1973: 1966: 1963: 1957: 1949: 1945:text message 1942: 1939: 1937:concerned” 1934:SMS language 1931: 1927:SMS language 1923:abbreviation 1914:mobile phone 1911: 1908: 1905:Removed Text 1888: 1842: 1799: 1796: 1791: 1769: 1754: 1743: 1721: 1713: 1710: 1688: 1670: 1641: 1638:New York ban 1621: 1620: 1611: 1608: 1603: 1590: 1574:Text message 1569: 1556:is the most 1554:Text message 1549: 1537: 1529: 1516: 1493: 1465: 1457: 1454: 1440:77.97.213.30 1437: 1423: 1417: 1411: 1408: 1389: 1387: 1379: 1376: 1353: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1304: 1291: 1288: 1277: 1252: 1238: 1196:GSM services 1185: 1170: 1161: 1139: 1085: 1049: 1034: 1011: 1007: 1004: 1000: 997: 994: 990: 987: 983: 979: 975: 972: 968: 965: 962: 948: 941: 928: 925: 914:his Web site 907: 903: 899: 895: 886: 883: 879: 864: 842:The sentence 833: 813: 795: 777: 774: 743: 720: 666:86.136.3.184 663: 633: 623: 619: 612: 609: 582: 562: 541: 533: 522: 520: 502: 494: 481: 468: 443: 404: 382: 367: 360: 347:GSM services 344: 337: 330: 302: 286: 284: 281: 277: 270: 266: 263: 239: 224: 204: 183: 164:, a British 155: 144: 141:Clash lyrics 136: 132: 129: 125: 121: 117: 114: 110: 106: 103: 100: 92: 88: 73: 60: 43: 37: 3552:—Preceding 3347:85.76.43.22 3229:—Preceding 3038:—Preceding 2978:—Preceding 2931:Delete it? 2891:—Preceding 2802:Vegaswikian 2763:common name 2431:—Preceding 2310:—Preceding 1953:Advertising 1846:—Preceding 568:violet/riga 299:UK TV Shows 147:sun article 36:This is an 3124:Scaredpoet 3101:The quick 3018:Karl.brown 2780:Discussion 2305:Diversion 2177:User:Carre 2008:References 1974:subculture 1630:Stemonitis 1508:not a vote 1141:neutrality 861:standards. 821:Mathiastck 802:Mathiastck 731:Mathiastck 693:blog entry 305:Adambisset 291:Sloverlord 287:constantly 77:Tompagenet 3520:Bar graph 3095:Brown Fox 3077:Sgracanin 2620:Aervanath 2437:Sigmundur 1777:redirectx 1624:requested 1190:Questions 1152:talk page 727:Flash SMS 717:Flash SMS 687:See also 523:Txt speak 236:US useage 170:The Clash 166:punk rock 162:June 2004 61:Archive 1 3572:Jpatokal 3554:unsigned 3528:unsigned 3507:Gregcohn 3458:Nabelekt 3404:Jpatokal 3366:Jpatokal 3326:contribs 3314:unsigned 3231:unsigned 3085:contribs 3073:unsigned 3040:unsigned 3004:Jpatokal 2980:unsigned 2948:Jpatokal 2893:unsigned 2786:Jpatokal 2768:dissolve 2706:Siddhant 2702:Support. 2687:. Since 2513:Amatulić 2445:contribs 2433:unsigned 2395:anyway. 2377:Speer320 2312:unsigned 2293:Latency 2279:Security 2183:unsigned 2171:Free SMS 1860:contribs 1848:unsigned 1839:Fast SMS 1578:Dekimasu 1145:disputed 988:Culture 973:History 855:aspects. 798:Wap push 792:wap push 771:US Usage 651:Jpatokal 621:Michael 409:Jpatokal 312:numbers. 254:Slashdot 180:Currency 18:Talk:SMS 3058:History 2837:Guy0307 2816:Andrewa 2759:Support 2738:Support 2725:Andrewa 2721:Support 2650:Guy0307 2642:WP:NAME 2424:History 2390:History 2218:Ebricca 2074:, p.187 1852:Ebricca 1784:Yonatan 1770:Support 1755:Support 1667:Archive 1622:It was 1532:as per 1480:Yonatan 1424:Thanks 1409:Folks, 780:SMS:ing 701:Hanover 586:Colin99 579:History 544:EldKatt 499:Payment 85:History 39:archive 3318:Twar99 3189:eiland 3109:Dgtsyb 2663:Survey 2546:Lekkin 2299:Theft 1760:SMeeds 1731:world; 1723:this: 1596:SMeeds 1591:Oppose 1570:Oppose 1558:common 1550:Oppose 1530:Oppose 1517:Oppose 1488:Survey 1474:— per 1381:SMeeds 1241:Beland 1235:again. 1216:TCP/IP 1100:Beland 930:Mswake 918:SMeeds 888:Mswake 839:APDUs? 763:SMeeds 660:SMS-CB 636:Jmabel 613:Go to 597:SMeeds 530:dead". 485:me_and 472:me_and 447:SMeeds 427:SMeeds 391:SMeeds 378:Beland 333:Beland 258:hoshie 228:Buyoof 214:Andy G 194:Andy G 70:iPhone 3594:Elvey 3473:KarlB 3291:Emoji 3141:from 3103:brown 2973:See: 2946:Yes. 2612:moved 2569:9-1-1 2535:Gmail 2464:Carré 2408:Carre 2203:Carre 2179:: --> 2145:Carre 2004:---- 1897:Carre 1876:Carre 1829:Carre 1815:Carre 1746:Carre 1696:Carre 1677:Carre 1658:Carre 1648:Carre 1542:Carre 1534:Nposs 1522:Nposs 1494:Add 1426:Carre 1206:, or 1027:: --> 1022:: --> 1017:: --> 951:Carre 868:Carre 784:Kriko 704:CeBIT 536:tones 370:E.164 16:< 3576:talk 3562:talk 3536:talk 3511:talk 3497:talk 3477:talk 3462:talk 3431:talk 3408:talk 3390:talk 3382:here 3370:talk 3351:talk 3343:this 3322:talk 3300:talk 3280:talk 3261:talk 3239:talk 3213:talk 3193:talk 3183:cost 3174:talk 3155:talk 3128:talk 3113:talk 3081:talk 3048:talk 3022:talk 3008:talk 2988:talk 2952:talk 2937:talk 2901:talk 2856:talk 2841:talk 2833:here 2820:talk 2806:talk 2790:talk 2750:talk 2729:talk 2710:talk 2684:~~~~ 2654:talk 2624:talk 2579:talk 2550:talk 2518:talk 2491:talk 2468:talk 2441:talk 2381:talk 2366:talk 2336:talk 2320:talk 2270:talk 2250:talk 2232:talk 2191:talk 2161:talk 1916:and 1856:talk 1673:here 1500:or 1208:GPRS 1138:The 1013:< 640:Talk 549:Talk 440:SMS? 355:SMPP 137:--- 101:--- 3341:Is 2869:. 2742:GSM 2638:SMS 2616:SMS 2614:to 2575:Jc3 1918:SMS 1538:are 1472:SMS 1418:too 1239:-- 1212:SS7 1060:AMA 571:(t) 363:MMS 340:GSM 271:--- 160:In 3578:) 3564:) 3538:) 3513:) 3499:) 3479:) 3464:) 3433:) 3410:) 3392:) 3372:) 3364:. 3353:) 3328:) 3324:• 3302:) 3282:) 3263:) 3241:) 3215:) 3195:) 3176:) 3168:-- 3157:) 3149:-- 3130:) 3115:) 3087:) 3083:• 3050:) 3024:) 3010:) 2990:) 2954:) 2939:) 2903:) 2858:) 2843:) 2822:) 2808:) 2792:) 2765:. 2752:) 2731:) 2712:) 2675:or 2656:) 2648:— 2644:: 2636:→ 2626:) 2618:. 2599:. 2581:) 2552:) 2493:) 2470:) 2447:) 2443:• 2383:) 2368:) 2338:) 2322:) 2272:) 2266:AL 2252:) 2246:AL 2244:. 2234:) 2193:) 2163:) 1862:) 1858:• 1780:}} 1774:{{ 1628:-- 1582:よ! 1470:→ 1202:, 729:. 638:| 405:is 244:? 207:AW 3574:( 3560:( 3534:( 3509:( 3495:( 3475:( 3460:( 3429:( 3406:( 3388:( 3368:( 3349:( 3320:( 3298:( 3278:( 3259:( 3237:( 3211:( 3191:( 3172:( 3153:( 3126:( 3111:( 3079:( 3046:( 3020:( 3006:( 2986:( 2950:( 2935:( 2899:( 2854:( 2839:( 2818:( 2804:( 2788:( 2748:( 2727:( 2708:( 2695:. 2652:( 2622:( 2577:( 2548:( 2520:) 2516:( 2489:( 2466:( 2439:( 2379:( 2364:( 2334:( 2318:( 2268:( 2248:( 2230:( 2189:( 2159:( 1854:( 1301:" 1177:) 1171:( 1166:) 1162:( 1158:. 1148:. 1062:) 1058:( 1055:¶ 551:) 547:( 174:1 50:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index