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family name. Regarding the family name or names, the general tendency is to receive 1 to 2 names from each parent (generally mother's paternal surname + father's paternal surname, as said above), but a huge number of other possibilities occur, such as interpolated mother's and father's names, just one of the parents surnames, etc. Also, all of this refers to what happens in the state registry, since catholic baptismal procedures are not necessarily the same (one can have more first names or family names, I know of someone called "Teresa" in her identity card, but put down as "Teresa do Menino Jesus" in her baptismal record, another known case is that of some children of the aristocracy, who in the batismal records may ended having as much as 4 or 5 first names and a huge number of surnames). And of course all this is complexified with compound names and particles (such as "de"). In state records, take someone born of "João Luís Mão-de-Vaca de Santa Rita Possidónio
Vinagre" and "Joana Luísa Drumond de Bettencourt e Teixeira de Vasconcelos" - the following cases are possible:
1808:"In Portugal, the custom of giving a child four last names is getting popular, since this way a child can have each of their grandparents' last names. In Portugal and Brazil, some people view this as a sign of snobbery, since it used to be the noble families who had a large number of surnames. (For instance, the Emperor Pedro I of Brazil (also known as Pedro IV of Portugal) (1798–1834) had the full name of Pedro de Alcântara Francisco Antônio João Carlos Xavier de Paula Miguel Rafael Joaquim José Gonzaga Pascoal Cipriano Serafim de Bragança e Bourbon, and his son, the Emperor Pedro II of Brazil, had the full name of Pedro de Alcântara João Carlos Leopoldo Salvador Bibiano Francisco Xavier de Paula Leocádio Miguel Gabriel Rafael Gonzaga de Bragança e Bourbon)."
760:— I don't think it has necessarily to do with the name being "not verifiable or considered unpronounceable". For most of Portuguese history there were no such thing as family names that passed from a generation to the next (at least for commoners). Families were then often known or referred to by their location in the village: near the main square (Largo), near a tank (Tanque), near the threshing-floor (Eira), near the well (Poço), near the creek (Ribeiro), on some extreme (Fundo, Cimo), etc. When the locative denoted something that could be owned (Azenha, Moinho, Eira, Tanque, Poço), it could denote ownership by that family (and not just proximity).
1529:"Nelson" is an English name, which entered the Portuguese language as homage to Vice-Admiral Horatio Nelson, of Trafalgar fame. Maybe it was imported to Portugal before Brazilian Independence. It is unlikely; Nelson's carreer dates of the late XVIII Century, and his name became famous for his victories in the Napoleonic Wars - but it is a possibility. However, the origin of the name is clearly English, and the rationale behind it is the same as that of the other names (Danton, Lamartine, Wilson, Lenin, Anderson) in the article - homage to someone perceived as a great man.
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continental
Portugal. The Church was careful to enter names and genealogies. It was principally responsible for doing so over a period of centuries. Names of fathers, mothers, grandparents, godparents and witnesses who gave testimony under oath were usually recorded. The incidence of illegitimacy was below the average for Europe (less than 2%) and in those instances the child was usually given the mother's surname. After nearly 30 years of research in Portugal and having reviewed over 20,000 individual entries from 1540 to 1854, I feel qualified to make that statement.
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671:(Holy Spirit): we can go back in time how many centuries we want, but we won't find a generation whose parents were someone with the surname "Espírito" and someone with the surname "Santo"... (but we would find a "Pacheco" and a "Pereira" having a child whose family names were "Pacheco Pereira"); the same is true for such names as Castelo Branco (a toponym), Corte Real, Mil-Homens, Seis-Dedos, Santa Rita, etc.
471:, that most nationalities have a page of their own for their naming conventions. I don't see why Portuguese names should be lumped together with Spanish and Catalan names, given that there are significant differences between the two groups. So, I'm proposing that what is currently at Iberian naming customs about Portuguese be moved here, and that this article be renamed "Portuguese names". Any objections...?
1504:, etc, which are in fact names that did not arrive in Brazil via Portugal. Then, Nelson is not a "non-Portuguese name" since it came from Portugal and it is widely used in Portugal, even though its origin seem to be English. But it is not an exception, since virtually all the names in Portuguese are of foreign origin, mostly from Latin and others languages, like the most common name "Maria" is from Hebrew
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1350:, or even the middle (maternal) surnames instead. If this child were to have only two last names, he could have some eight different surname combinations, depending of the parents preference! Foreign or exotic surnames are widely accepted and passed on by the same rules any Portuguese surname would, and they aren't at all uncommon (see
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Yes, that's basically it! However regarding the "exotic names" issue, I don't think one can make such a big generalization... I personally know many instances were a foreign name was dropped. On the whole, today, there aren't that many rules... I mean, everyone has to have at least a first name and a
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Assuming that only two surnames are kept (i know u can have 4), how are they selected? each parent has two surnames (a maternal followed by paternal surname). Will the child take the mother's paternal surname followed by the father's paternal surname? ie each parent's maternal surname will be dropped
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I'll leave you this clarification just for the record and for future readers. On this very page, just a few months before your considerations, someone mentioned two names with hyphens: Mil-homens and Seis-dedos. There's a further Castel-Branco, Ponta-garça, Corte-Real, Vilas-boas, Pé-curto... I also
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Sobrinho is an old family name , known at least since the 13th century (one can find a 1285 reference to a Martim
Sobrinho living in Minho, a kin of the priest of Orense, Pedro Sobrinho, which may point to a Galician origin for the name). Now, regarding Filho or Júnior, I also never heard of them as
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I find ofensive that it says people give four or five names to their kids as an expression of snobbism. Portuguese people know that's not true, what happens is that many families go by two names (like
Pacheco Pereira, or Espirito Santo), so there's nothing wrong with someone being called, lets say,
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The idea that people were given the name "Costa" or "Silva" if no other means of identifying them was readily available is not true with regard to
Portugal. It may have been a common practice in Brazil or perhaps other colonies of the mother country, but, if it happened at all, it was very rare in
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To confuse matters worse, in 1911, after the
Republic was established, and during the first Republican census, thousands upon thousands of people simply didn't have a last name, and were given the name of the place where they were born, e.g. "João de Sintra" or "José de Lisboa", without having any
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Note, however, that there is the possibility that a woman whose family name is
Castelo and a man whose family name is Branco have a child whose combined family names create the appearance of a single, two-word family name... In the absence of any information about his/her parents, everybody would
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the same in all regions, and should be sublisted separately in each region: intermunicipal entities are sometimes larger and split by subregions (e.g. the
Metropolitan Area of Lisbon has two subregions), some intercommunal entities are containing only parts of subregions. All subregions should be
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I want to ask a questio related both to the article and to this specific talk page entry: why is the word "surname" used instead of the phrase "last name"? I mean, I often get confused because I think that by "surname" they are referring to what we call "nickname" in
English because it shares a
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About men adopting the wife's name is said: «This custom has been fading since the 1970s and nowadays it is rarely found, due to the cumbersome need to update registries, documents, etc., after the name change and back again in the event of divorce.» I have an opposite impression. Just recently
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African slaves were deprived of their own culture by forced christianization. After a couple of generations they were uprooted and forgot their languages and all. So they were just named at the will of their patrons. Indians did not use "names" in the sense that we do, but only nicknames which
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had someone who claimed his family claimed his surname
Formigo was unique to his family, even though there are so many people on Facebook with the name. All these people thinking that they have unique names can't make up false believes and need to do some basic search instead.
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similitude with the word of that in Portuguese, "apelido" which one would think (in terms of Spanish-speaking countries) means "last name/surname", but it's not the case. The confusing word for me is "sobrenome" because I tend to confuse it with "apelido", as stated above.--
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No worries. Thanks for the feedback. One thing I've noticed is that a lot of the 'surnames' look very much like a first name - e.g. Xavier. This of course happens in English too, e.g. England's goalie David James. I'm not sure how these surnames have evolved in either
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sometime in the past, which was then transmitted as pseudo-single family name to the subsequent generations; the same is true for Freitas do Amaral, Cavaco Silva, and Câmara Pereira (just to name a few famous ones). By contrast, Espírito Santo is a single family name,
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By the way, I don't need to claim any remote "colonial Portuguese ancestry" to know enough about Portugal. On the other hand, there are people who seem to be so proud of their remote Portuguese ancestry but know nothing about Portugal. What a shame.
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I corrected section 10.2 in the artcle, titled "Most common names in Portugal and Brazil", by adding the article "the" before the noun "newspaper" based on actual usage, because... don't we say in English "(to) read
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1358:). Funny enough, these surnames are more likely to get transmitted through the generations because people favour unusual names over common ones. I imagine Mr João Smith Silva would very much prefer to use the
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It is definitely pretension, not just snobbery. Normal married Portuguese parents transmit only the father's surname. Adding the mother's surname took place only if she was a noblewoman who had no brothers.
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The article states that the custom of changing your last name has disappeared - this may be true in Portugal, but in Brazil it is still widely in practice (can't find any statistics on that, though :-( )
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statistic subdivisions but real administrative entities, so they should be listed below, probably using a smaller font: we can safely eliminate the subgrouping by type of intermunicipal entity from this
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When producing alphabetised lists of Portuguese names, the last family name is chosen as the key. The conjunctives and affixes preceding or following it, such as "da" and "Filho", should not be used.
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There's no legal prohibition in brazilian law for the pratice of Roman numerals, such as II, III, etc. for son, grandson, and great-grandson. See the Civil Code and the Law of Public Registries.
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out? e.g. mother = maria xavier dos santos, father = jose veloso almeida: child = antonio dos santos almeida? In addition, what happens when one parent doesn't have a portuguese name, e.g. smith?
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As you see number of permutations is imense! Creativity has an open filed, although most people go for the 1st two in the example above. BTW thanks for the tip about my talk page. Cheers!!
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I didn't find the aspect of inheritance covered in the article. Which surname do people transfer to their children - their own maternal (first) or paternal (second) surname?
1494:. For those who do not know that, in Portugal the parents must name their children with a name included in a list of allowed names. Nelson or Nélson is included in that list.
1346:. The order of the surnames could also, of course, be reversed ('António Almeida dos Santos'). Moreover, it isn't at all unusual for one or both of the parents to pass on
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In Portugal it is not considered part of the name, and that's for sure... It's just a matter of changing the text to make it clear that that rule only applies in Portugal.
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names in there, too. I would just move the bits on Portuguese here. If Catalan speakers wish to move to an article of their own, they can propose the split themselves.
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Please, I don't want to contribute to Knowledge (XXG). This is not serious, and I don't want to be associated with it; people might think I'm not serious either.
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says nothing about is surname, it could be Izidio (Neto meaning granson - but then it should not be capitalized) or it could be Neto (yes, it's a family name).
599:, ie. places where those people come from, and was also used, once in a while, for the nobility, although in Portugal that usage was not very popular. Example:
1072:´s surname is Neto which is also an old surname, orginally Italian. Most families use the old form with double -t- (Netto). So, there are family names like
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So Filho, Neto, Sobrinho, Junior, etc aren't ALWAYS suffixes, and there's no way to know if they're suffixes, than asking the person...? Kinda weird... --
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When someone's surname was unknown, not verifiable or considered unpronounceable in Portuguese language, his or her surname was usually registered as "da
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The airport is not listed as João Paulo II anywhere. The airport's own website calls itself simply Ponta Delgada, and has no mention of João Paulo.
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It is spelled Gurjão. Do you mean Brazilian as opposed to Portuguese, or just that it is common in Brazil, although being of Portuguese origin?
1508:. Nelson, like Maria or any other name in the list are "Portuguese names", despite the foreign origin of virtually all the names in Portuguese.
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1613:) it is not of Portuguese origin, though it dates back to colonial times in Brazil. So what is the origin and meaning of this surname?
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consider "Castelo Branco" as a single logical unit, and would never call that person "XPTO Branco", but rather "XPTO Castelo Branco"
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When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.
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The name Nelson or Nélson arrived in Brazil with the Portuguese immigrants, unlike the other names listed in the article, like
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newspaper"? The original section read "According to newspaper Público..." and the corrected section reads "According to
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1491:", because the name Nelson or Nélson is included in the list of names that people from Portugal can name their children
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In Portugal "apelido" means, exactly, "last name" (my name is Miguel Jorge Madeira, and my "apelido" is "Madeira")--
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I have a problem with that. Iberian means the whole Iberian Peninsula, including Spain and Portugal. If the article
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to delete these "External links modified" talk page sections if they want to de-clutter talk pages, but see the
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Well... things in Brazil are sort of hazy, nevertheless FilipeS is right, and, furthermore, Vavá's real name
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watching a tv show about weddings I noticed that most of them were changing names, both husband and wife.
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If you have discovered URLs which were erroneously considered dead by the bot, you can report them with
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on Knowledge (XXG). If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join
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on Knowledge (XXG). If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join
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I'm not sure about renaming Iberian naming customs "Spanish naming customs". There's some stuff about
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I would not talk here about whatever goes on in "Germanic names". In fact, it's different in Dutch (
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Several people claim to belong to families that "owned" cities or rivers because of the particle
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before doing mass systematic removals. This message is updated dynamically through the template
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It's not true anywhere. This unsourced claim has no basis for inclusion and should be removed.
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Nevertheless, the vast majority of Portuguese language names do have at least one family name.
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I am not really pretty sure of that. Here in Brazil it is usually considered part of the name (
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listed explicitly and not assume they are only intermunicipal entities (which accessorily are
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described their appearance or their deeds. Such nicknames tended to change along their lives.
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children. This explains why these names (da Costa, da Silva, dos Santos) are so common
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If you found an error with any archives or the URLs themselves, you can fix them with
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Thank you Quissamã...! This lack of rules in Portuguese naming is really a mess... --
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Are they that common? Where are the numbers? Is there anything at all to "explain"?
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930:). Better go on discussing about Portuguese names! BTW, this wikipage is very good!
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relationship to any ancestral noble family who might have had a title to that land.
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Ana Espirito Santo Pacheco Pereira. I also have five names and I am no snob.
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In fact, if it is the Portuguese language surname, it is most often spelled
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Well... not deleting, just renaming, that is to say, using the Move option.
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https://web.archive.org/web/20080212173202/http://jornal.publico.clix.pt/
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I couldn't agree more with you, Chester! In Brazil we still do it a lot!
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alright? Shouldn't it come between maternal and paternal surnames, i.e.
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Maria do Carmo Mão de Ferro e Cunha de Almeida Santa Rita Santos Abreu
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I mean the surname spelled Gurjão. But according to this website (
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Demétrio Quintino Possidónio Vinagre e Teixeira de Vasconcelos
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I live in Portugal, and I have a friend whose last surname is
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newspaper Público..." --Marce 12:19, 15 September 2014 (UTC)
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http://www.geneall.net/P/forum_msg.php?id=181576&fview=e
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Demétrio Quintino Teixeira Vinagre Possidónio de Vasconcelos
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Demétrio Quintino Teixeira de Vasconcelos Possidónio Vinagre
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The most accepted norm is that the each parent passes their
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for additional information. I made the following changes:
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Surely most of those names are given names, not surnames ?
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Demétrio Quintino Mão-de-Vaca de Santa Rita de Vasconcelos
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surname in his daily life and pass it on to his children.
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Or maybe the Africans simply didn't use family names!
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The use of "de/da/do" is very often used to implicate
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Yes, good point. Which would mean eventually deleting
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There's a lot more about Portuguese naming customs at
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Nelson is not a "non-Portuguese given name in Brazil"
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mother's paternal surname + father's paternal surname
402:, a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of
101:, a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of
1877:using the archive tool instructions below. Editors
1191:) and z-s (e.g.: Luiz-Luís) deserve a chapter... --
782:in Brazil and the Portuguese-speaking countries in
467:. However, I've also noticed, looking at the page
1955:? The example could use delimiters (maybe pipes,
1244:Plus, all those contributions were unsourced...
654:fall in the same category. Pacheco Pereira is a
1863:This message was posted before February 2018.
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525:only comprises Spain, then it should be named
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1959:). Also, is the Spanish practice of putting
1502:Wagner, Mozart, Donizetti, Lamartine, Danton
1487:I removed the name Nelson from the list of "
1428:Demétrio Quintino Bettencourt de Vasconcelos
1407:Demétrio Quintino Mão-de-Vaca de Santa Rita
1833:I have just modified one external link on
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829:I added some more information about it. --
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650:"Pacheco Pereira" and "Espírito Santo" do
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1431:Demétrio Quintino Drumond de Vasconcelos
1410:Demétrio Quintino Drumond de Bettencourt
1386:Demétrio Quintino Vinagre de Vasconcelos
1380:Demétrio Quintino de Vasconcelos Vinagre
416:Knowledge (XXG):WikiProject Anthroponymy
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1826:External links modified (January 2018)
1622:Adoption of a surname through marriage
2007:High-importance Anthroponymy articles
1551:Gurjao is also a Brazilian surname.
1437:Demétrio Quintino Possidónio Teixeira
1434:Demétrio Quintino Mão-de-Vaca Vinagre
778:and why, although the high degree of
577:Previous discussions can be found at
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1489:non-Portuguese given names in Brazil
742:) if lived inland. The surname "dos
396:This article is within the scope of
193:Improve key articles to Good article
115:Knowledge (XXG):WikiProject Portugal
95:This article is within the scope of
1680:Pinto (chick, i.e. gentle and kind)
38:It is of interest to the following
794:, Portuguese names are so common.
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1837:. Please take a moment to review
1783:Grammar correction to the article
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1992:Mid-importance Portugal articles
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1356:Sophia de Mello Breyner Andresen
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2002:C-Class Anthroponymy articles
1997:WikiProject Portugal articles
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1422:Demétrio Quintino Bettencourt
1413:Demétrio Quintino Mão-de-Vaca
1404:Demétrio Quintino Vasconcelos
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410:and see a list of open tasks.
118:Template:WikiProject Portugal
109:and see a list of open tasks.
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1821:01:45, 17 October 2016 (UTC)
1605:17:32, 7 February 2010 (UTC)
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579:Talk: Spanish naming customs
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1455:13:37, 7 January 2010 (UTC)
1372:05:27, 7 January 2010 (UTC)
1333:18:48, 6 January 2010 (UTC)
404:the study of people's names
2023:
1973:12:12, 25 April 2022 (UTC)
1894:(last update: 5 June 2024)
1830:Hello fellow Wikipedians,
1723:18:53, 4 August 2013 (UTC)
1704:14:42, 26 March 2013 (UTC)
1641:) 19:56, 3 July 2011 (UTC)
1401:Demétrio Quintino Teixeira
865:02:57, 11 April 2008 (UTC)
625:19:56, 19 March 2007 (UTC)
442:project's importance scale
309:Portuguese Knowledge (XXG)
141:project's importance scale
1987:C-Class Portugal articles
1715:twitter.com/YOMALSIDOROFF
1669:22:44, 19 June 2012 (UTC)
1419:Demétrio Quintino Drumond
1395:Demétrio Quintino Vinagre
1311:15:29, 23 July 2018 (UTC)
1254:11:15, 17 June 2009 (UTC)
1240:11:15, 17 June 2009 (UTC)
1226:Removing my contributions
1161:15:21, 23 June 2008 (UTC)
1126:14:56, 7 April 2008 (UTC)
1108:08:53, 7 April 2008 (UTC)
1090:18:09, 6 April 2008 (UTC)
912:15:58, 7 March 2008 (UTC)
770:16:26, 7 March 2008 (UTC)
700:15:53, 7 March 2008 (UTC)
681:15:53, 7 March 2008 (UTC)
667:, as it corresponds to a
491:Portuguese naming customs
435:
384:
147:
134:
67:
46:
1760:rename to Lusophone name
1654:13:00, 12 May 2012 (UTC)
399:WikiProject Anthroponymy
292:Help assessing articles.
224:Coat of arms of Portugal
1318:How are names collated?
1259:Women and married names
1206:Oh, and w-v too (e.g.:
730:" when living near the
601:João, Duque de Bragança
527:Naming customs in Spain
481:No. I agree. Of course
1943:– is the placement of
1183:Portuguese spelling...
1030:Yes... life is weird!
926:) compared to German (
796:
752:
541:Iberian naming customs
523:Iberian naming customs
487:Spanish naming customs
483:Iberian naming customs
465:Iberian naming customs
248:: lots to remove there
28:This article is rated
1953:de Almeida Santa Rita
887:in Germanic names. --
776:
724:
658:, resulting from the
422:Anthroponymy articles
32:on Knowledge (XXG)'s
1875:regular verification
489:! I also think that
98:WikiProject Portugal
1949:Mão do Ferro Cunha
1865:After February 2018
1766:lusophone countries
1143:(we never call him
992:Edvaldo Izidio Neto
495:Portuguese surnames
1919:InternetArchiveBot
1870:InternetArchiveBot
946:Naming controversy
605:Duarte de Bragança
563:Merger completed.
485:should be renamed
280:Requested articles
34:content assessment
1895:
1804:Strange assertion
1756:
1739:comment added by
1692:Armorial Lusitano
1633:comment added by
1557:comment added by
1352:Alexandre O'Neill
1313:
1301:comment added by
871:The particle 'de'
870:
867:
851:comment added by
792:Indigenous people
656:composite surname
573:Other discussions
456:
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187:Find correct name
121:Portugal articles
2014:
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622:Gwyneth Llewelyn
459:Merge and rename
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1957:put | like | so
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1879:have permission
1869:
1843:this simple FaQ
1835:Portuguese name
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493:is better than
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438:High-importance
421:
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379:High‑importance
378:
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344:Watch this list
307:Translate from
180:
152:Portugal To-do:
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90:Portugal portal
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721:Dubious claims
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348:Edit this list
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1889:source check
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1789:
1786:
1763:
1735:— Preceding
1731:
1712:
1709:Inheritance.
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1678:
1661:81.84.189.67
1635:94.252.3.239
1629:— Preceding
1625:
1559:59.88.73.181
1550:
1510:
1505:
1501:
1499:
1488:
1359:
1347:
1343:
1340:last surname
1339:
1321:
1297:— Preceding
1262:
1243:
1229:
1186:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
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1077:
1073:
1068:Well, maybe
1044:Thanks :) --
991:
956:
951:
927:
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842:
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738:" (from the
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40:WikiProjects
1813:Lathamibird
1770:Fgnievinski
1688:Reconquista
1553:—Preceding
1281:Crespus2006
1212:necronudist
1193:necronudist
1100:necronudist
1046:necronudist
1018:necronudist
963:necronudist
847:—Preceding
298:Need images
217:Os Lusíadas
1981:Categories
1926:Report bug
1646:Marceki111
1266:Chester br
1153:Midasminus
1116:surnames.
853:Grandcross
597:toponymics
591:Toponymics
1909:this tool
1902:this tool
1915:Cheers.—
1749:contribs
1741:Amorim79
1737:unsigned
1696:Tonyjeff
1690:. Check
1684:painting
1631:unsigned
1597:The Ogre
1555:unsigned
1460:culture.
1447:The Ogre
1299:unsigned
1145:da Costa
1118:The Ogre
1082:Quissamã
1032:The Ogre
996:The Ogre
904:Gazilion
889:Tonyjeff
877:da Silva
861:contribs
849:unsigned
831:Tonyjeff
816:jggouvea
762:Gazilion
692:Gazilion
673:Gazilion
630:Ofensive
555:The Ogre
531:The Ogre
499:The Ogre
273:Requests
199:Portugal
112:Portugal
103:Portugal
59:Portugal
1839:my edit
1575:Ninguém
1531:Ninguém
1514:Opinoso
1462:Utopial
1325:Utopial
1246:Ninguém
1232:Ninguém
1210:)... --
1131:Hyphens
978:FilipeS
800:FilipeS
583:FilipeS
565:FilipeS
545:FilipeS
513:FilipeS
509:Catalan
473:FilipeS
440:on the
231:More...
210:Improve
166:history
139:on the
30:C-class
1591:. See
1589:Gorjão
1506:Miryam
1440:Etc...
784:Africa
748:orphan
744:Santos
740:forest
320:Wikify
286:Assess
238:Review
204:Lisbon
36:scale.
1675:Pinto
1360:Smith
1141:Costa
736:Silva
728:Costa
330:Vote:
266:box).
176:purge
171:watch
1969:talk
1817:talk
1774:talk
1745:talk
1719:talk
1700:talk
1665:talk
1650:talk
1639:talk
1601:talk
1593:here
1579:talk
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1329:talk
1307:talk
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1270:talk
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1216:talk
1197:talk
1173:talk
1157:talk
1149:Beja
1122:talk
1104:talk
1086:talk
1070:Vavá
1050:talk
1036:talk
1022:talk
1000:talk
982:talk
967:talk
959:Vavá
936:talk
908:talk
893:talk
857:talk
835:talk
820:talk
804:talk
788:Asia
786:and
766:talk
696:talk
677:talk
641:talk
543:...
432:High
278:See
161:edit
1883:RfC
1853:to
1797:the
1791:the
1354:or
1076:or
928:von
920:van
885:van
883:or
881:von
732:sea
652:not
263:not
258:not
131:Mid
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1896:.
1891:}}
1887:{{
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346:—
1967:(
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42::
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